| release of gpi-anchored zn2+-glycerophosphocholine cholinephosphodiesterase as an amphiphilic form from bovine brain membranes by bee venom phospholipase a2. | enzymatic release of zn(2+)-glycerophosphocholine (gpc)cholinephosphodiesterase, as an amphiphilic form, from bovine brain membranes was examined. of various membrane hydrolases, bee pla2 was the most effective in the release of the gpc cholinephosphodiesterase (amphiphilic form, 63-70%) from membrane. compared to pancreatic pla2, bee pla2 was more efficient in the release of gpc cholinephosphodiesterase. in ph-dependent release of gp1-anchored phosphodiesterase, there was a similar ph-release p ... | 1999 | 10478944 |
| effect of propolis on endotoxin-induced uveitis in rabbits. | to test the anti-inflammatory effect of propolis, a natural bee-produced compound, and compare it with corticosteroids for the treatment of endotoxin-induced uveitis (eiu). | 1999 | 10482473 |
| expression of amylase and glucose oxidase in the hypopharyngeal gland with an age-dependent role change of the worker honeybee (apis mellifera l.). | worker honeybees change their behaviour from the role of nurse to that of forager with age. we have isolated cdna clones for two honeybee (apis mellifera l.) genes, encoding alpha-amylase and glucose oxidase homologues, that are expressed in the hypopharyngeal gland of forager bees. the predicted amino acid sequence of the putative apis amylase showed 60.5% identity with drosophila melanogaster alpha-amylase, whereas that of apis glucose oxidase showed 23.8% identity with aspergillus niger gluco ... | 1999 | 10491166 |
| pharmacological dissociation between the reinforcing, sensitizing, and response-releasing functions of reward in honeybee classical conditioning. | reserpine depletes biogenic amines from their stores in the honeybee (apis mellifera carnica) brain and leads to impaired appetitive conditioning using sucrose as a reinforcer. compensatory injection of octopamine or dopamine directly into the brain restores these behavioral losses. dopamine rescues the slowing-down effect on motor patterns, but not sensitization or conditioning. octopamine leaves the motor patterns as well as sensitization unchanged but rescues conditioning. specifically, octop ... | 1999 | 10495082 |
| occurrence of acute paralysis virus of the honey bee (apis mellifera) in a hungarian apiary infested with the parasitic mite varroa jacobsoni. | viruses of the honey bee have been known for a long time; however, recently the attention of scientists and apiculturalists has turned towards the relationship between these viruses and the parasitic mite varroa jacobsoni. although clinical symptoms indicated the presence of some of the viruses of bees in hungary, none have previously been isolated or identified. during july unusual adult bee and brood mortality was observed in some colonies of an apiary in budapest known to be infested with var ... | 1999 | 10497825 |
| a novel fab-based antivenom for the treatment of mass bee attacks. | the frequency of mass bee attacks has dramatically increased in the americas following the introduction and spread of the aggressive africanized 'killer' bee (apis mellifera scutellata). as yet no specific therapy is available, which led us to develop an ovine fab-based antivenom as a potential new treatment. sera from sheep immunized against the venom contained high levels of specific antibodies, as demonstrated by elisa and by small-scale affinity chromatography, against both whole (a. m. mell ... | 1999 | 10497971 |
| primary hyperalgesia to mechanical and heat stimuli following subcutaneous bee venom injection into the plantar surface of hindpaw in the conscious rat: a comparative study with the formalin test. | to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of pathological pain, it is important and necessary to develop an animal model characterized by both spontaneous tonic pain and hyperalgesia with a prolonged duration post-tissue injury. in this report, we investigated whether the two animal models of spontaneous tonic pain (the formalin test and the bee venom test) could develop a hyperalgesia to mechanical and thermal stimuli in the injured area following subcutaneous (s.c. ) administration of the two che ... | 1999 | 10506673 |
| the effect of insecticides on learning in the africanized honey bee (apis mellifera l.). | the present study was designed to examine the effects of endosulfan, decis, baytroid, and sevin on the learning ability of africanized honey bees (apis mellifera l.). although these insecticides were recommended by the government of brazil to control the cotton boll weevil, the effects on bees have been unknown. results of the present research show that: (1) bees readily consume each of the pesticides when placed in a sucrose solution; (2) the odors of the pesticides are not repellent to bees, a ... | 1999 | 10508901 |
| investigation of combwax of honeybees with high-temperature gas chromatography and high-temperature gas chromatography-chemical ionization mass spectrometry. i. high-temperature gas chromatography. | the combwaxes of the honeybee species apis mellifera, apis cerana, apis dorsata, apis laboriosa, apis florea and apis andreniformis have been examined by high-temperature gas chromatography. combwax consists of a complex mixture of homologous neutral lipids. these compounds containing up to 64 carbons were chromatographed intact on a 10 m x 0.2 mm high-temperature stable sop-50-pfd (50%-diphenyl/50%-1h,1h,2h,2h-perfluorodecylmethylpolysiloxane)-co ated duran glass capillary column. the use of th ... | 1999 | 10519097 |
| honeybee memory: navigation by associative grouping and recall of visual stimuli. | studies of navigation in bees and ants are beginning to reveal that foraging insects traveling repeatedly to a food source navigate by using a series of visual images of the environment acquired en route (collett, 1996; collett et al., 1993; judd & collett, 1998; wehner et al., 1990, 1996). by comparing the currently viewed scene with the appropriate stored image, the insect is able to ascertain whether or not it is on the correct path and make any necessary corrections. if a bee happens to fora ... | 1999 | 10536097 |
| involvement of peripheral nmda and non-nmda receptors in development of persistent firing of spinal wide-dynamic-range neurons induced by subcutaneous bee venom injection in the cat. | to study the roles of peripheral excitatory amino acids receptor subtypes n-methyl-d-aspartate (nmda) and non-nmda receptors in persistent nociception, extracellular single unit recording technique was used to assess the effects of a single dose nmda and non-nmda receptor antagonists, ap(5) (5-aminophosphonovaleric acid) and cnqx (6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione) or dnqx (6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione), on s.c. bee venom-induced increase in firing of wide-dynamic-range (wdr) neurons in t ... | 1999 | 10536265 |
| effect of oxidative stress and erythropoietin on cytoskeletal protein and lipid organization in human erythrocytes. | phenylhydrazine (phx)-mediated damage in human red blood cells has been assessed by monitoring the release of tyrosine from cell proteins as well as using sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page). phx-treated red blood cells exhibited concentration- and time-dependent tyrosine release. atp has no effect on the release of tyrosine. this observation is supported by sds-page pattern of rbc membrane proteins, which shows a correlation between tyrosine release and cytoskel ... | 1999 | 10540966 |
| caffeic acid phenethyl ester prevents intestinal reperfusion injury in rats. | ischemia-reperfusion injury is encountered frequently in conditions that diminish intestinal blood flow. caffeic acid phenethyl ester (cape), which is a specific component of the honeybee hive product propolis, exhibits potential antioxidant properties. this experimental study was designed to determine the effect of cape on ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat intestine. | 1999 | 10549747 |
| does the spatial distribution of the parasitic mite varroa jacobsoni oud. (mesostigmata: varroidae) in worker brood of honey bee apis mellifera l. (hymenoptera: apidae) rely on an aggregative process? | varroa jacobsoni is an ectoparasite of honey bees which reproduces in capped brood cells. multi-infestation is frequently observed in worker brood and can be interpreted as an aggregative phenomenon. the aim of this study was to determine whether the distribution of v. jacobsoni in worker brood cells relies on a random or an aggregative process. we studied the distribution of varroa females in capped worker brood at similar age by comparing, by a monte carlo test, the observed frequency distribu ... | 1999 | 10551950 |
| development of a gel formulation of formic acid for control of parasitic mites of honey bees. | formic acid has been used in various countries for the control of parasitic mites of honey bees (apis mellifera), particularly the varroa mite (varroa jacobsoni) and the tracheal mite (acarapis woodi). its corrosivity and consequent fear of liability have precluded commercial interest in the united states, and its rapid vaporization requires frequent reapplication. we have developed a gel formulation of formic acid which provides controlled release over 2-3 weeks and improves the convenience and ... | 1999 | 10552733 |
| tyr-->trp-substituted peptide 115-129 of a lys49 phospholipase a(2) expresses enhanced membrane-damaging activities and reproduces its in vivo myotoxic effect. | myotoxin ii is a group ii lys49 phospholipase a(2) (pla(2)) isolated from the venom of the snake bothrops asper. previous studies on a synthetic peptide derived from its heparin-binding, cationic/hydrophobic sequence 115-129 demonstrated a direct functional role of this particular region in the in vitro cytolytic and bactericidal actions of the protein. nevertheless, no significant myonecrosis has been observed after local intramuscular injection of peptide 115-129 (p115-129) in mice. since the ... | 1999 | 10556485 |
| ttagg telomeric repeats in chromosomes of some insects and other arthropods. | we studied the occurrence of the ttagg telomere repeats by fluorescence in-situ hybridization (fish) and southern hybridization in ten insect species and two other arthropods. (ttagg)n-containing telomeres were found in three lepidoptera species, the silkworm bombyx mori (in which the telomeric sequence was recently discovered), the flour moth ephestia kuehniella, and the wax moth galleria mellonella, in one species of hymenoptera, the honey bee apis mellifera, in one species of coleoptera, the ... | 1999 | 10560968 |
| in situ localization of heat-shock and histone proteins in honey-bee (apis mellifera l.) larvae infected with paenibacillus larvae. | the immunohistochemical localization of the heat shock proteins (hsp70 and hsp90) and histone protein in healthy and paenibacillus larvae infected honeybee (apis mellifera l.) larvae has been studied. hsp70 was found in the nuclei and the cytoplasm of infected midgut, salivary gland cells and haemocytes, but not in uninfected larvae. hsp90 was localized in both infected and uninfected cells. exposed histone proteins were localized in the nuclei of dying uninfected cells undergoing programmed cel ... | 1999 | 10562442 |
| interaction of cationic peptides with lipoteichoic acid and gram-positive bacteria. | compounds with antiendotoxin properties have been extensively studied for their potential as therapeutic agents for sepsis attributable to gram-negative bacteria. however, with the increasing incidence of gram-positive sepsis, there is interest in identifying compounds with a broad spectrum of action against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. a series of synthetic alpha-helical cationic peptides related to bee melittin and silk moth cecropin have previously been shown to bind lipopol ... | 1999 | 10569762 |
| a method for distinguishing 1-acyl from 2-acyl lysophosphatidylcholines generated in biological systems. | phospholipases a(1) and a(2) frequently coexist in biological systems. generation of lysophosphatidylcholine (lpc) in such systems cannot be assigned to any of these types of enzymes unless the position of the fatty acid in the lysocompound can be unambiguously determined. we here present a simple method to achieve this purpose. it is based on the initial chemical acylation of the isolated lpc with a labeled fatty acid, followed by the enzymatic analysis of the resulting phosphatidylcholine (pc) ... | 1999 | 10585739 |
| inhibitory effect of propolis and bee venom on the mutagenicity of some direct- and indirect-acting mutagens. | the antimutagenic effect of ethanolic extract of propolis (eep) and honeybee (apis mellifera) venom, both collected in the state of são paulo, brazil, was assessed by the salmonella/microsome assay upon direct- and indirect-acting mutagens. eep had inhibitory effect (in an ascending order) on the mutagenicity power of daunomycin (ta102), benzo(a)pyrene (ta100), and aflatoxin b(1)(ta98) and the venom acted against the mutagenicity of 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine (ta98) and daunomycin (ta102). terat ... | 1999 | 10587410 |
| core alpha1-->3-fucose is a common modification of n-glycans in parasitic helminths and constitutes an important epitope for ige from haemonchus contortus infected sheep. | synthesis of parasite specific ige plays a critical role in the defence against helminth infections. we report here that ige from serum from schistosoma mansoni infected mice and haemonchus contortus infected sheep recognizes complex-type n-glycans from arabidopsis thaliana, which contain r-glcnacbeta1-->4(fucalpha1-->3)glcnacbeta1-asn (core alpha1-->3-fuc) and xylbeta1-->2manbeta1-->4glcnacbeta1-r (core beta1-->2-xyl) modifications, and honeybee phospholipase a2, which carries n-glycans that co ... | 1999 | 10601665 |
| peripheral and central structures involved in insect gustation. | studies in insect gustation have a long history in general physiology, particularly with work on fly labellar and tarsal sensilla and in the general field of insect-plant interactions, where work on immature lepidoptera and chrysomelid beetles has been prominent. much more emphasis has been placed on the physiological characteristics of the sensory cells than on the central cellular mechanisms of taste processing. this is due to the fairly direct access for physiological experimentation presente ... | 1999 | 10607380 |
| [effect of modification of been venom components on its hemolytic activity and ability to decrease the volume of the human erythrocyte]. | the crude bee venom was modified by different chemical substances. the inverse correlation was established between increase of the hemolytic activity and decrease of the contractive one under modification of the bee venom by naoh and koh. the negligible decrease of the contractive activity occurs in the acid conditions (ph 1,0), while hemolytic one is stationary. dithiothreitol, mercaptoethanol, urea and high temperature (60-90 degrees c) did not affect activity of the bee venom. | 1999 | 10609324 |
| inhibition of rat microsomal lipid peroxidation by the oral administration of d002. | the effect of d002, a defined mixture of higher primary alcohols purified from bee wax, on in vivo and in vitro lipid peroxidation was studied. the extent of lipid peroxidation was measured on the basis of the levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (tbars). when d002 (5-100 mg/kg body weight) was administered orally to rats for two weeks, a partial inhibition of the in vitro enzymatic and non-enzymatic lipid peroxidation was observed in liver and brain microsomes. maximal protection ( ... | 2000 | 10625879 |
| virus-like particles found in the ectoparasitic bee mite varroa jacobsoni oudemans. | | 2000 | 10631063 |
| trichuris suis: a secretory serine protease inhibitor. | a trypsin inhibitor was identified in extracts of adult trichuris suis and culture fluids from 24-h in vitro cultivation of adult parasites. the inhibitor was isolated by acid precipitation, affinity chromatography (trypsin-agarose), and reverse phase hplc as a single polypeptide with a molecular weight estimated at 6.6 kda by laser desorption mass spectrometry. the purified inhibitor associated strongly with trypsin (equilibrium dissociation inhibitory constant (k(j)) of 3.07 nm) and chymotryps ... | 2000 | 10631074 |
| secretion and purification of recombinant beta1-4 galactosyltransferase from insect cells using pfmel-prota, a novel transposition-based baculovirus transfer vector. | the palette of transfer vectors available for generation of recombinant baculoviruses based on transposition-mediated recombination has been enlarged by constructing the pfmel-prota vector. the pfmel-prota plasmid includes the honeybee melittin secretion signal and a staphylococcus aureus protein a fusion protein tag, which allows the secretion and purification of recombinant proteins. using this system, the human beta1-4 galactosyltransferase-i protein was expressed in sf9 insect cells at a lev ... | 2000 | 10640389 |
| effects of bcg, lymphotoxin and bee venom on insulitis and development of iddm in non-obese diabetic mice. | to investigate whether bcg, lymphtoxin (lt) or bee venom (bv) can prevent insulitis and development of diabetes in non-obese diabetic (nod) mice, we measured the degree of insulitis and incidence of diabetes in 24 icr and 96 female nod mice. nod mice were randomly assigned to control, bcg-, lt-, and bv-treated groups. the bcg was given once at 6 weeks of age, and lt was given in 3 weekly doses from the age of 4 to 10 weeks. the bv was injected in 2 weekly doses from the age of 4 to 10 weeks. dia ... | 1999 | 10642943 |
| modulatory roles of the adenosine triphosphate p2x-purinoceptor in generation of the persistent nociception induced by subcutaneous bee venom injection in the conscious rat. | to study the role of adenosine triphosphate (atp) p2x-purinoceptor in the persistent nociceptive response induced by subcutaneous (s.c.) bee venom injection, we used a selective p2x receptor antagonist, pyridoxal-phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid (ppads), to evaluate whether spinal p2x receptor play a role in development of spontaneous persistent pain. injection s.c. of bee venom into the plantar surface of one hindpaw in the conscious rat produces a monophasic, prolonged persistent no ... | 2000 | 10643796 |
| insect juvenile hormone: from "status quo" to high society. | juvenile hormone (jh) exerts pleiotropic functions during insect life cycles. the regulation of jh biosynthesis by neuropeptides and biogenic amines, as well as the transport of jh by specific binding proteins is now well understood. in contrast, comprehending its mode of action on target organs is still hampered by the difficulties in isolating specific receptors. in concert with ecdysteroids, jh orchestrates molting and metamorphosis, and its modulatory function in molting processes has gained ... | 2000 | 10657056 |
| microsatellites in the silkworm, bombyx mori: abundance, polymorphism, and strain characterization. | we have isolated and characterized microsatellites (simple sequence repeat (ssr) loci) from the silkworm genome. the screening of a partial genomic library by the conventional hybridization method led to the isolation of 28 microsatellites harbouring clones. the abundance of (ca)n repeats in the silkworm genome was akin to those reported in the other organisms such as honey bee, pig, and human, but the (ct)n repeat motif is less common compared to bumble bee and honey bee genomes. detailed analy ... | 1999 | 10659770 |
| effect of crotapotin and heparin on the rat paw oedema induced by different secretory phospholipases a2. | the effects of crotapotin (a non-toxic and non-enzymatic acid polypeptide naturally complexed with phospholipase a2) and heparin on rat paw edema induced by different secretory phospholipases a2 (spla2) have been investigated. the ability of crotapotin to affect the enzymatic activity of the spla2(s) have also been evaluated. secretory pla2(s) obtained from both snake (naja naja, naja mocambique mocambique, crotalus adamanteus and crotalus durissus terrificus) and bee (apis mellifera) venoms as ... | 2000 | 10665801 |
| mitochondrial function in flying honeybees (apis mellifera): respiratory chain enzymes and electron flow from complex iii to oxygen. | the biochemical bases for the high mass-specific metabolic rates of flying insects remain poorly understood. to gain insights into mitochondrial function during flight, metabolic rates of individual flying honeybees were measured using respirometry, and their thoracic muscles were fixed for electron microscopy. mitochondrial volume densities and cristae surface densities, combined with biochemical data concerning cytochrome content per unit mass, were used to estimate respiratory chain enzyme de ... | 2000 | 10667973 |
| isolation and structures of grammistins, peptide toxins from the skin secretion of the soapfish grammistes sexlineatus. | two peptide toxins (named grammistins gs 1 and gs 2) with hemolytic and ichthyotoxic activities were isolated from the skin secretion of the soapfish grammistes sexlineatus. grammistin gs 2 showed 6-11 x higher hemolytic activity and 10x higher ichthyotoxicity than grammistin gs 1. the complete amino acid sequences of gs 1 comprising 25 residues and gs 2 comprising 24 residues were determined. although a search by the database failed to find any homologous toxins from other sources, the grammist ... | 2000 | 10669014 |
| phospholipase a2-induced coagulation abnormalities after bee sting. | we will examine the correlation between various bee venom phospholipase a2 (pla2) concentrations and several parameters of coagulation in human plasma in order to offer a rationale for requesting a particular laboratory coagulation test after bee sting(s). we will also evaluate in vitro the influence of clinically available drugs with a noncompetitive inhibitory effect on pla2 on the anticoagulant effect of bee venom pla2. prothrombin index (pti), partial thromboplastin time (ptt), antithrombin ... | 2000 | 10674526 |
| ontogeny of orientation flight in the honeybee revealed by harmonic radar. | cognitive ethology focuses on the study of animals under natural conditions to reveal ecologically adapted modes of learning. but biologists can more easily study what an animal learns than how it learns. for example, honeybees take repeated 'orientation' flights before becoming foragers at about three weeks of age. these flights are a prerequisite for successful homing. little is known about these flights because orienting bees rapidly fly out of the range of human observation. using harmonic r ... | 2000 | 10676960 |
| expression of functional recombinant antibody molecules in insect cell expression systems. | recombinant single-chain variable-fragment molecules (scfv) were constructed from a cell line expressing a monoclonal antibody against african cassava mosaic virus (acmv) and expressed in escherichia coli. dna sequences that encoded the scfv were manipulated to allow scfv expression in insect cell lines. a recombinant baculovirus containing the scfv cdna was constructed and large amounts of scfv were produced in each of three insect cell lines infected with the baculovirus. however, the scfv wer ... | 2000 | 10686153 |
| amtyr1: characterization of a gene from honeybee (apis mellifera) brain encoding a functional tyramine receptor. | biogenic amine receptors are involved in the regulation and modulation of various physiological and behavioral processes in both vertebrates and invertebrates. we have cloned a member of this gene family from the cns of the honeybee, apis mellifera. the deduced amino acid sequence is homologous to tyramine receptors cloned from locusta migratoria and drosophila melanogaster as well as to an octopamine receptor cloned from heliothis virescens. functional properties of the honeybee receptor were s ... | 2000 | 10693920 |
| pharmacological characterization of small-conductance ca(2+)-activated k(+) channels stably expressed in hek 293 cells. | three genes encode the small-conductance ca(2+)-activated k(+) channels (sk channels). we have stably expressed hsk1 and rsk2 in hek 293 cells and addressed the pharmacology of these subtypes using whole-cell patch clamp recordings. the bee venom peptide apamin blocked hsk1 as well as rsk2 with ic(50) values of 3.3 nm and 83 pm, respectively. the pharmacological separation between the subtypes was even more prominent when applying the scorpion peptide blocker scyllatoxin, which blocked hsk1 with ... | 2000 | 10696100 |
| genetic and biochemical diversity among isolates of paenibacillus alvei cultured from australian honeybee (apis mellifera) colonies. | twenty-five unique cfoi-generated whole-cell dna profiles were identified in a study of 30 paenibacillus alvei isolates cultured from honey and diseased larvae collected from honeybee (apis mellifera) colonies in geographically diverse areas in australia. the fingerprint patterns were highly variable and readily discernible from one another, which highlighted the potential of this method for tracing the movement of isolates in epidemiological studies. 16s rrna gene fragments (length, 1,416 bp) f ... | 2000 | 10698777 |
| the contribution of spinal neuronal changes to development of prolonged, tonic nociceptive responses of the cat induced by subcutaneous bee venom injection. | to elucidate neurophysiological mechanisms of persistent pain induced by tissue injury, the present study was designed to investigate the effects of s.c. bee venom injection on responses of the dorsal horn nociceptive neurons and those of behavior in anesthetized and awake cats, respectively. a parallel comparative study was also performed to compare the effects of s.c. bee venom and formalin injections on neuronal responses by using an extracellular single-unit recording technique. the present ... | 1998 | 10700331 |
| detection of nerve growth factor (ngf) in venoms from diverse source: isolation and characterization of ngf from the venom of honey bee (apis melifera). | pearce (1973) reported the absence of ngf in the venoms of bees, scorpions, spiders, and toads. contrary to the negative findings in the past, results of this research prove the presence of ngf in bee and scorpion venoms. venoms from various species of snake, bee, scorpion, and toad were screened by two methods: immunological test elisa using antibodies versus mouse ngf and venom ngf and the biological test of neurite outgrowth, the characteristic of ngf on pc cells. the presence of ngf was dete ... | 2000 | 10701177 |
| novel human secreted phospholipase a(2) with homology to the group iii bee venom enzyme. | venom and mammalian secreted phospholipases a(2) (spla(2)s) have been associated with numerous physiological, pathological, and toxic processes. so far, structurally related group i and ii spla(2)s have been found in vertebrates such as mammals and snakes, whereas group iii spla(2)s have mainly been found in venom from invertebrates such as bees and scorpions. here we report the cloning and expression of a cdna coding for a human group iii (hgiii) spla(2). the full-length cdna codes for a signal ... | 2000 | 10713052 |
| origins and ecological consequences of pollen specialization among desert bees. | an understanding of the evolutionary origins of insect foraging specialization is often hindered by a poor biogeographical and palaeoecological record. the historical biogeography (20,000 years before present to the present) of the desert-limited plant, creosote bush (larrea tridentata), is remarkably complete. this history coupled with the distribution pattern of its bee fauna suggests pollen specialization for creosote bush pollen has evolved repeatedly among bees in the lower sonoran and moja ... | 2000 | 10714881 |
| molecular cloning and expression analysis of a cdna encoding a glutamate transporter in the honeybee brain. | we have cloned and characterized a cdna encoding a putative glutamate transporter, am-eaat, from the brain of the honeybee, apis mellifera. the 543-amino-acid ameaat gene product shares the highest sequence identity (54%) with the human eaat2 subtype. am-eaat is expressed predominantly in the brain, and its transcripts are abundant in the optic lobes and inner compact kenyon cells of the mushroom bodies (mbs), with most other regions of the brain showing lower levels of am-eaat expression. high ... | 2000 | 10721734 |
| tertiapin potently and selectively blocks muscarinic k(+) channels in rabbit cardiac myocytes. | tertiapin is a 21-residue peptide isolated from honey bee venoms. a recent study indicated that tertiapin is a potent blocker of certain types of inwardly rectifying k(+) (kir) channels (). we examined the effect of tertiapin on ion channel currents in rabbit cardiac myocytes using the patch-clamp technique. in the whole-cell configuration, tertiapin fully inhibited acetylcholine (1 microm)-induced muscarinic k(+) (k(ach)) channel currents in atrial myocytes with the half-maximum inhibitory conc ... | 2000 | 10734170 |
| sulfated sialic acid-polymers inhibit the cytotoxic action of bee and snake venom. | colominic acid is an alpha2,8-linked sialic acid polymer produced by escherichia coli. we found that synthetic sulfated-colominic acids (sc) remarkably inhibited the cytotoxicity of bee and snake venom toward mouse fibroblast cells, but colominic acids showed no inhibition themselves, indicating the important role of sulfate groups in the inhibitory activity of sc. other sulfated carbohydrates such as chondroitin sulfates, heparin and heparan sulfate showed no inhibition. sc also exhibited poten ... | 1999 | 10737330 |
| turkish honeybees: genetic variation and evidence for a fourth lineage of apis mellifera mtdna. | the mtdna of bees from 84 colonies of turkish honeybees (apis mellifera) was surveyed for variation at four diagnostic restriction sites and the sequence of a noncoding intergenic region. these colonies came from 16 locations, ranging from european turkey and the western mediterranean coast to the caucasus mountains along the georgian border, the eastern lake van region, and the extreme south. combined restriction site and sequence data revealed four haplotypes. three haplotypes belonged to the ... | 2000 | 10739124 |
| changes in the metabolic rate of the foraging honeybee: effect of the carried weight or of the reward rate? | the metabolic rate of free flying honeybees (apis mellifera ligustica) foraging on a multiple automatic feeder was measured in complete absence of perturbation. each time the sucrose flow rate was doubled, the metabolic rate increased by 18.2 +/- 2.0% (14.7 microl co2 min(-1) and final crop load by 25.1 +/- 2.4% (7.04 microl). the possibility that the heavier load carried by the bees caused the increase in the metabolic rate was analyzed in detail. it was found that, for the same weight in the c ... | 2000 | 10757245 |
| parasitic mites of honey bees: life history, implications, and impact. | the hive of the honey bee is a suitable habitat for diverse mites (acari), including nonparasitic, omnivorous, and pollen-feeding species, and parasites. the biology and damage of the three main pest species acarapis woodi, varroa jacobsoni, and tropilaelaps clareae is reviewed, along with detection and control methods. the hypothesis that acarapis woodi is a recently evolved species is rejected. mite-associated bee pathologies (mostly viral) also cause increasing losses to apiaries. future stud ... | 2000 | 10761588 |
| common elements of spiroplasma plectroviruses revealed by nucleotide sequence of svts2. | dna of spv1-like spiroplasma plectroviruses (rods with single-stranded circular dna) is scattered in the genome of the phytopathogen spiroplasma citri and has significant consequences for evolution of the s. citri genome. we determined the complete nucleotide sequence of svts2, a spv1-like virus of s. melliferum, a honeybee pathogen, to ascertain, by comparison with s. citri spv1 viruses (genbank u28974 and x51344), the defining features of this important group. the 6,824 nt dna contains nine or ... | 2000 | 10766306 |
| contralateral heat hyperalgesia induced by unilaterally intraplantar bee venom injection is produced by central changes: a behavioral study in the conscious rat. | in a previous study, we found that subcutaneous (s.c.) intraplantar injection of bee venom unilaterally could produce bilateral heat hyperalgesia. however, the bee venom-induced heat hyperalgesia identified in the injection site was presumed to be different from that identified in the contralateral hindpaw, since the former co-existed with the mechanical hyperalgesia while the latter did not. the aim of the present study was to testify whether the contralateral heat hyperalgesia identified in th ... | 2000 | 10771158 |
| analysis of drosophila yellow-b cdna reveals a new family of proteins related to the royal jelly proteins in the honeybee and to an orphan protein in an unusual bacterium deinococcus radiodurans. | the yellow locus in drosophila is involved in both cuticle development and behaviour. however, the function of the encoded protein is unknown. here we have characterised the sequence and expression pattern of a new drosophila gene, designated yellow-b, encoding a 453-amino-acid protein that is 57% identical to yellow. high levels of yellow-b mrna are present in the larval-pupal stages, but the gene is also expressed in the head. bioinformatics analysis indicates that the drosophila genome encode ... | 2000 | 10772900 |
| lipopeptides as immunoadjuvants and immunostimulants in mucosal immunization. | in previous studies we have shown that lipopeptides constitute potent immunoadjuvants in mice, rabbits and other species: in parenteral immunization, lipopeptide adjuvants were comparable, or in some cases superior to freund's adjuvant, and were devoid of the side effects of this additive. here we demonstrate that lipopeptides also constitute adjuvants for mucosal immunizations. the serum antibody responses against the wheat storage protein gliadin, the bee venom constituent melittin, or the hen ... | 2000 | 10776795 |
| involvement of spinal protein kinase c in induction and maintenance of both persistent spontaneous flinching reflex and contralateral heat hyperalgesia induced by subcutaneous bee venom in the conscious rat. | to further study the roles of spinal protein kinase c (pkc) in induction and maintenance of both the persistent spontaneous nociception and the contralateral heat hyperalgesia induced by subcutaneous (s.c.) bee venom injection, the effects of intrathecal (i.t.) treatment with a pkc inhibitor, chelerythrine chloride (ch), were evaluated in conscious rats. pre-treatment i.t. with ch at three doses of 0.01, 0.1 and 1 nmol produced a dose-dependent suppressive effect on the flinching reflex with the ... | 2000 | 10793237 |
| evaluation of the inactivation of infectious herpes simplex virus by host-defense peptides. | a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide microplate assay was adapted to screen for the ability of 20 host-defense peptides to inactivate herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2. the procedure required minimal amounts of material, was reproducible, and was confirmed with standard antiviral testing techniques. in screening tests, with the exception of melittin, a highly cytotoxic and hemolytic peptide found in bee venom, the alpha-helical peptides in our test panel (magainins ... | 2000 | 10795591 |
| histochemical characterization of cell death in honeybee larvae midgut after treatment with paenibacillus larvae, amitraz and oxytetracycline. | a number of techniques were employed to assess cell death induced in honeybee larvae midgut after per os inoculation of bacterium paenibacillus larvae var. larvae, the causative agent of american foulbrood disease, and separately with acaricide amitraz and antibiotic oxytetracycline. in honeybee larvae exposed to amitraz, which demonstrates both necrosis and apoptosis, cell death was found in 82% of midgut columnar and in 50% of regenerative epithelial cells, 24 h after treatment. cell death red ... | 2000 | 10805966 |
| [effects of the bee and various snake venoms on the rat thermoregulation]. | the most sensitive organ to any kind of venoms is the skin, whereas muscles response of milder, and the intestine response reveals no difference between effects of different venoms. the isobarin desympathetising effect combined with v.lebetina venom shows that the venom affects thermoregulation interacting with the sympathetic nervous system, and exerts a sympathomimetic effect. this action seems to be not adrenergic as there is no compensation of the catecholamine decrease due to isobarin admin ... | 2000 | 10808513 |
| role of various phospholipases a2 and inhibitors in the pathogenesis and prevention of pancreatic acinar cell necrosis: studies with isolated rat pancreatic acini. | phospholipase a2 (pla2) may play a central role in the pathogenesis of pancreatic acinar cell necrosis. several questions, however, are unsolved: is acinar cell necrosis caused by pla2 derived from infiltrating leukocytes or from pancreatic pla2 itself? does pla2 cause cellular lysis by the release of lysolecithin from lecithin or by generation of free radicals? the aims of this study were to determine which form of pla2 is responsible for cellular damage and how to inhibit its action. | 2000 | 10811021 |
| molecular genetics of color vision and color vision defects. | color is an extremely important component of the information that we gather with our eyes. most of us use color so automatically that we fail to appreciate how important it is in our daily activities. it serves as a nonlinguistic code that gives us instant information about the world around us. from observing color, for example, we can find the bee sting on an infant's arm even before it begins to swell by looking for the little spot where the infant's skin is red. we know when fruit is ripe; th ... | 2000 | 10815162 |
| importance of proline and other amino acids during honeybee flight--apis mellifera carnica pollmann). | the levels of proline and other amino acids in the haemolymph and other body parts of honeybee foragers were investigated by hplc analysis. the concentrations of proline in the blood of glucose-fed or -injected bees finishing their exhaustive tethered flights on a roundabout were significantly reduced compared to bees that were fed and rested for one hour. this indicates some utilization of proline during flight metabolism. the levels of essential amino acids and of the sum of all amino acids ex ... | 2000 | 10817408 |
| thermoregulation of water collecting honey bees (apis mellifera). | honey bees (apis mellifera carnica, apidae, hymenoptera) visited a pond in order to collect water. during their stays at the pond the body surface temperature of water foragers was measured using contactless thermography. irrespective of the ambient temperature (t(a)) which ranged from 13.6 to 27.2 degrees c, the water carriers reached thoracic temperatures of 36-38.8 degrees c (mean values of the measuring periods). the maximum thoracic value of an individual bee was 44.5 degrees c. at higher t ... | 2000 | 10818246 |
| evidence of a role for galectin-1 in acute inflammation. | galectin-1 (gal-1), a member of a family of beta-galactoside-binding proteins, has been suggested to play key roles in immunological and inflammatory processes. the present study deals with the concept of an in vivo role for gal-1 in acute inflammation by using the rat hind paw edema test. local administration of gal-1 (0.5, 2, 4 and 8 microg/ml) inhibited acute inflammation induced by bee venom phospholipase a(2) (pla(2)) when it was injected 30 min before the enzyme or co-injected together wit ... | 2000 | 10820379 |
| laboratory evaluation of miticides to control varroa jacobsoni (acari: varroidae), a honey bee (hymenoptera: apidae) parasite. | a laboratory bioassay was developed to evaluate miticides to control varroa jacobsoni (oudemans), an important parasite of the honey bee, apis mellifera l. bees and mites were exposed to applications of essential oil constituents in petri dishes (60 by 20 mm). the registered mite control agents tau-fluvalinate (apistan) and formic acid also were evaluated as positive controls. treatments that caused high mite mortality (> 70%) at doses that produced low bee mortality (< 30%) were considered mite ... | 2000 | 10826162 |
| comparative laboratory toxicity of neem pesticides to honey bees (hymenoptera: apidae), their mite parasites varroa jacobsoni (acari: varroidae) and acarapis woodi (acari: tarsonemidae), and brood pathogens paenibacillus larvae and ascophaera apis. | laboratory bioassays were conducted to evaluate neem oil and neem extract for the management of key honey bee (apis mellifera l.) pests. neem pesticides inhibited the growth of paenibacillus larvae (ash, priest & collins) in vitro but had no effect on the growth of ascophaera apis (olive & spiltoir). azadirachtin-rich extract (neem-aza) was 10 times more potent than crude neem oil (neem oil) against p. larvae suggesting that azadirachtin is a main antibiotic component in neem. neem-aza, however, ... | 2000 | 10826163 |
| new clinically relevant sheep model of severe respiratory failure secondary to combined smoke inhalation/cutaneous flame burn injury. | to develop a predictable, dose-dependent, clinically relevant model of severe respiratory failure associated with a 40% total body surface area, full-thickness (third-degree) cutaneous flame burn and smoke inhalation injury in adult sheep. | 2000 | 10834698 |
| molecular genetics of allergic diseases. | allergic diseases affect approximately one third of the general population. this class of disease, characterized by elevated serum ige levels and hypersensitivity to normally innocuous antigen, can manifest in practically any mucosal tissue or as a systemic response. a few examples of serious allergic diseases include asthma, dermatitis, bee sting allergy, food allergy, conjunctivitis, and severe systemic anaphylaxis. taken together, allergic diseases constitute one of the major problems of mode ... | 2000 | 10837062 |
| properties of cytotoxic peptide-formed ion channels. | cytotoxic peptides are relatively small cationic molecules such as those found 1) in venoms, e.g., melittin in bee, scorpion toxins in scorpion, pilosulin 1 in jumper ant, and lycotoxin i and ii in wolf spider; 2) in skin secretions (e.g., magainin i and ii from xenopus laevis, dermaseptin from frog, antimicrobials from carp) and cells of the immune system (e.g., insect, scorpion, and mammalian defensins and cryptdins); 3) as autocytotoxicity peptides, e.g., amylin cytotoxic to pancreatic beta-c ... | 2000 | 10837335 |
| nmr solution structure of apis mellifera chymotrypsin/cathepsin g inhibitor-1 (amci-1): structural similarity with ascaris protease inhibitors. | the three-dimensional structure of the 56 residue polypeptide apis mellifera chymotrypsin/cathepsin g inhibitor 1 (amci-1) isolated from honey bee hemolymph was calculated based on 730 experimental nmr restraints. it consists of two approximately perpendicular beta-sheets, several turns, and a long exposed loop that includes the protease binding site. the lack of extensive secondary structure features or hydrophobic core is compensated by the presence of five disulfide bridges that stabilize bot ... | 2000 | 10850807 |
| giant hornet (vespa mandarinia) venomous phospholipases. the purification, characterization and inhibitory properties by biscoclaurine alkaloids. | two species of giant hornet phospholipase b (plb), alpha and beta, were purified from the venom of vespa mandarinia. the purification procedure was simplified by two steps of column chromatographies, sephadex g-100 and sp-sepharose. the molecular sizes of plb alpha and beta were 29.5 and 26.0 kda, respectively. the isoelectric point of alpha and beta enzymes were ph 10.6 and 10.7, respectively. the temperature optimum for egg yolk lecithin was a broad peak at 40-60 degrees c for both enzymes. am ... | 2000 | 10858518 |
| trichuris suis: a secretory chymotrypsin/elastase inhibitor with potential as an immunomodulator. | a serine protease inhibitor, termed tscei, was purified from adult-stage trichuris suis by acid precipitation, affinity chromatography (elastase-agarose), and reverse-phase hplc. the molecular weight of tscei was estimated at 6.437 kda by laser desorption mass spectrometry. tscei potently inhibited both chymotrypsin (k(i) = 33.4 pm) and pancreatic elastase (k(i) = 8.32 nm). neutrophil elastase, chymase (mouse mast cell protease-1, mmcp-1), and cathepsin g were also inhibited by tscei, whereas tr ... | 2000 | 10864516 |
| terminal steps in jh biosynthesis in the honey bee (apis mellifera l. ): developmental changes in sensitivity to jh precursor and allatotropin. | juvenile hormone (jh) is considered the prime endogenous signal for the induction of queen development in honey bees (apis mellifera l.). at the beginning of the last (5th) larval stadium, worker corpora allata synthesize less jh than queen corpora allata as a consequence of a limited production of jh precursors and a caste- and stage-specific block of the terminal step in jh biosynthesis. as previously shown, the manduca sexta allatotropin stimulates jh biosynthesis in honey bee corpora allata ... | 2000 | 10876116 |
| bees scavenge airborne bacteria. | an air conditioned wind tunnel system was designed, fabricated, and tested to determine whether tethered bees scavenge microbeads or bacillus subtilis var. niger spores from aerosols. tests showed that microbeads and spores were scavenged by bumblebees and honeybees, respectively. five independent variables and their interactions were used in a stepwise multiple regression. two of them, the cube root of the electrostatic charge on the honeybee and the dose of the spore aerosol, accounted for mos ... | 2000 | 10882436 |
| [acute myocardial infarction after honeybee sting]. | myocardial infarction due to honeybee sting is rare, and only a few authors have discussed the relationship between the sting, anaphylactic shock and myocardial infarction. we describe a case of acute myocardial infarction in a 44-year-old man after anaphylactic shock following honeybee sting. he did not have heart disease nor any known risk factors attributable to atherosclerotic coronary artery disease. he had almost normal coronary angiography with non-significant hemodynamic changes. | 2000 | 10883180 |
| hybrid origins of honeybees from italy (apis mellifera ligustica) and sicily (a. m. sicula). | the genetic variability of honeybee populations apis mellifera ligustica, in continental italy, and of a. m. sicula, in sicily, was investigated using nuclear (microsatellite) and mitochondrial markers. six populations (236 individual bees) and 17 populations (664 colonies) were, respectively, analysed using eight microsatellite loci and drai restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) of the cytochrome oxidase i (coi)-cytochrome oxidase ii (coii) region. microsatellite loci globally confirm ... | 2000 | 10886654 |
| [site-directed mutagenesis of melittin gene and its expression in escherichia coli]. | the cdna encoding promelittin was obtained from the total rna of bee poison gland by rt-pcr. moreover, hydroxylamine clearage site was arranged before the melittin sequences by site-directed mutagenesis. the expression vector containing the mutagenic promelittin sequence with partial sequence of beta-galactosidase was constructed. the result of dna sequence analysis demonstrated that the obtained cdna sequence include the desired codon and the reading frame of fusion gene was correct. the induce ... | 2000 | 10887687 |
| restoration of gap junctional intercellular communication by caffeic acid phenethyl ester (cape) in a ras-transformed rat liver epithelial cell line. | caffeic acid phenethyl ester (cape), an active ingredient of honeybee propolis, has been identified as having anti-inflammatory, anti-viral and anti-cancer properties. since the deficiency of gap junctional intercellular communication (gjic) has been shown to be a characteristic of most cancer cells, this study was designed to test the hypothesis that the anti-carcinogenic activity of cape might be related to its ability to restore gjic in tumorigenic gjic-deficient cells (wb-ras2 cells). the re ... | 2000 | 10893439 |
| a sequential sampling scheme for detecting infestation levels of tracheal mites (heterostigmata: tarsonemidae) in honey bee (hymenoptera: apidae) colonies. | the introduction of parasitic honey bee mites, the tracheal mite, acarapis woodi (rennie) in 1984 and the varroa mite, varroa jacobsoni, in 1987, has dramatically increased the winter mortality of honey bee, apis mellifera l., colonies in many areas of the united states. some beekeepers have minimized their losses by routinely treating their colonies with menthol, currently the only environmental protection agency-approved and available chemical for tracheal mite control. menthol is also expensi ... | 2000 | 10902298 |
| field evaluation of neem and canola oil for the selective control of the honey bee (hymenoptera: apidae) mite parasites varroa jacobsoni (acari: varroidae) and acarapis woodi (acari: tarsonemidae). | neem oil, neem extract (neem-aza), and canola oil were evaluated for the management of the honey bee mite parasites varroa jacobsoni (oudemans) and acarapis woodi (rennie) in field experiments. spraying neem oil on bees was more effective at controlling v. jacobsoni than feeding oil in a sucrose-based matrix (patty), feeding neem-aza in syrup, or spraying canola oil. neem oil sprays also protected susceptible bees from a. woodi infestation. only neem oil provided v. jacobsoni control comparable ... | 2000 | 10902299 |
| evidence that the serum inhibitor of hyaluronidase may be a member of the inter-alpha-inhibitor family. | a study of the uncharacterized serum inhibitors of hyaluronidase, first described half a century ago, was undertaken. activity was measured against bovine testicular hyaluronidase using a microtiter-based assay and reverse hyaluronan substrate gel zymography. the predominant inhibitory activity was magnesium-dependent and could be eliminated by protease or chondroitinase digestion and by heat treatment. kinetics of inhibition were similar against hyaluronidases from testis and snake and bee veno ... | 2000 | 10908571 |
| effect of a new variety of apis mellifera propolis on mutans streptococci. | the effects of a new variety of propolis, from northeastern brazil (ba), on growth of mutans streptococci, cell adherence, and water-insoluble glucan (wig) synthesis were evaluated. propolis from southeastern (mg) and southern (rs) brazil were also tested as an extension of our previous work. ethanolic extracts of propolis (eep) were prepared and analyzed by reversed-phase hplc. for the antibacterial activity assays, minimum inhibitory concentrations (mic) and minimum bactericidal concentrations ... | 2000 | 10915206 |
| optic neuritis after bee sting. | the purpose of this report is to document an unusual case of fully recovered vision after optic neuritis caused by bee sting. a 46-year-old man presented with sudden visual loss after being stung by a bee on the left conjunctiva. he developed optic disc swelling and there was a delay in the p100 wave of the pattern visual evoked potential (vep). the patient received acute treatment, with intravenous methylprednisolone followed by oral prednisolone. two days later, visual acuity in the left eye w ... | 2000 | 10933020 |
| current lead natural products for the chemotherapy of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection. | a large variety of natural products have been described as anti-hiv agents, and for a portion thereof the target of interaction has been identified. cyanovirin-n, a 11-kda protein from cyanobacterium (blue-green alga) irreversibly inactivates hiv and also aborts cell-to-cell fusion and transmission of hiv, due to its high-affinity interaction with gp120. various sulfated polysaccharides extracted from seaweeds (i.e., nothogenia fastigiata, aghardhiella tenera) inhibit the virus adsorption proces ... | 2000 | 10934347 |
| pattern vision of the honeybee (apis mellifera). what is an oriented edge? | pairs of black patterns on a white background, one rewarded the other not, were presented vertically each in one arm of a y-maze. during training the locations of the black areas were changed every 5 min to prevent the bees using them as cues, but cues from edges were kept consistent. bees detect orientation even in a gradient that subtends 36 degrees from black to white (normal to the edge). orientation cues in short lengths of edge are detected and summed on each side of the fixation point, ir ... | 2000 | 10947234 |
| seven experiments on pattern vision of the honeybee, with a model. | when vertically presented patterns are fixed in relation to the point of choice of the bees, the locations of areas of colour or black can be discriminated in the vertical direction, and in the horizontal direction when the bees use some mark with green contrast on which to stabilize. the bees can fixate on a radial pattern, a spot, or a ring of spots. resolution depends on fixation, which depends on green contrast, but the discrimination of locations then depends on the photon flux at green and ... | 2000 | 10958911 |
| [propolis: its properties and administration to patients treated for some surgical diseases]. | the authors tested a bee-hive product propolis as a drug to treat patients operated for goitre, patients with wounds and ulcerations difficult to heal and patients with non-specific rectal inflammation. they also tested the effectiveness of propolis as supplementary means in eradicating treatment of helicobacter pylori. it was found that the drug was tolerated very well, practically had no side-effects and was highly effective. preparations of propolis can be successfully used in surgery. | 2000 | 10967929 |
| microsatellite loci in the honey bee parasitic mite varroa jacobsoni. | | 2000 | 10972785 |
| effective fall treatment of varroa jacobsoni (acari: varroidae) with a new formulation of formic acid in colonies of apis mellifera (hymenoptera: apidae) in the northeastern united states. | new formulations of formic acid and thymol, both individually and in combination with various essential oils, were compared with apistan to determine their efficacy as fall treatments for control of varroa jacobsoni (oudemans), a parasitic mite of the honey bee, apis mellifera l. percent mite mortality in colonies treated with 300 ml of 65% formic acid averaged 94.2 +/- 1.41% (least square means +/- se, n = 24), equivalent to those receiving four, 10% strips of apistan (92.6 +/- 1.79%, n = 6). t ... | 2000 | 10985013 |
| effect of d-002 on gastric mucus composition in ethanol-induced ulcer. | this study was designed to determine the effect of d-002, a natural product isolated and purified from beeswax (apis mellifera), on gastric mucus composition on ethanol-induced ulcer in rats. the morphology of the lesions was analysed histologically, and morphometric analysis of gastric-gland content in total glycoprotein and sulphated macromolecules were done. oral pretreatment with d-002 at 5 and 25 mgkg(-1)1 before oral administration of ethanol at 60%, produced a significant increase in the ... | 2000 | 10987992 |
| bee venom phospholipase a2 induces stage-specific growth arrest of the intraerythrocytic plasmodium falciparum via modifications of human serum components. | secreted phospholipases a(2) (spla(2)s) from snake and insect venoms and from mammalian pancreas are structurally related enzymes that have been associated with several toxic, pathological, or physiological processes. we addressed the issue of whether toxic spla(2)s might exert specific effects on the plasmodium falciparum intraerythrocytic development. we showed that both toxic and non-toxic spla(2)s are lethal to p. falciparum grown in vitro, with large discrepancies between respective ic(50) ... | 2000 | 10988294 |
| n-glycan analysis by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry of electrophoretically separated nonmammalian proteins: application to peanut allergen ara h 1 and olive pollen allergen ole e 1. | a method has been developed which allows the analysis of glycoproteins separated by sds-page. the procedure, though applicable to n-glycosylated glycoproteins of any origin, is particularly devised for glycoproteins potentially containing fucose in alpha1,3-linkage to the reducing glcnac as may be found in plants and invertebrates, e.g., insects and parasitic helminths. starting with an established procedure for mass spectrometric peptide mapping, the analysis of n-glycans by matrix-assisted las ... | 2000 | 10998264 |
| lacidipine decreases the honeybee venom-induced vasoconstriction of the isolated porcine coronary artery. | the venom of the honeybee apis mellifera induces cardiovascular dysfunction. as its effects on coronary arteries have not yet been described, we studied the effects of the whole honeybee venom (non-volatile part) in the isolated porcine left anterior descending coronary artery (lad) and the influence of l-type ca2+ channel blocker, lacidipine, upon the venom effects in lad. the venom produced concentration dependent contractions (7-70 microg/ml) of the porcine lad; maximal effect of the venom wa ... | 2000 | 11005644 |
| effects of apis mellifera propolis on the activities of streptococcal glucosyltransferases in solution and adsorbed onto saliva-coated hydroxyapatite. | propolis, a resinous hive product collected by apis mellifera bees, has been used for thousands of years in folk medicine. ethanolic extracts of propolis (eep) have been shown to inhibit the activity of a mixture of crude glucosyltransferase (gtf) enzymes in solution. these enzymes synthesize glucans from sucrose, which are important for the formation of pathogenic dental plaque. in the present study, the effects of propolis from two different regions of brazil on the activity of separate, purif ... | 2000 | 11014909 |
| the bee venom peptide tertiapin underlines the role of i(kach) in acetylcholine-induced atrioventricular blocks. | acetylcholine (ach) is an important neuromodulator of cardiac function that is released upon stimulation of the vagus nerve. despite numerous reports on activation of i(kach) by acetylcholine in cardiomyocytes, it has yet to be demonstrated what role this channel plays in cardiac conduction. we studied the effect of tertiapin, a bee venom peptide blocking i(kach), to evaluate the role of i(kach) in langendorff preparations challenged with ach. ach (0.5 microm) reproducibly and reversibly induced ... | 2000 | 11015309 |
| two polyisoprenylated benzophenones from the trunk latex of clusia grandiflora (clusiaceae). | the polyisoprenylated benzophenones, chamones i and ii, were isolated from the trunk latex of clusia grandiflora (clusiaceae) growing in southeastern venezuela. a third benzophenone, nemorosone ii, was isolated from the pollinator reward resin of the female flowers of the same plant. chamone i and nemorosone ii are structurally similar, differing only in the degree of prenylation. bioassays of chamone i and nemorosone ii using the honeybee pathogens, paenibacillus larvae and paenibacillus alvei, ... | 2000 | 11021641 |
| antimutagenicity of ethanol extracts of bee glue against environmental mutagens. | the antimutagenicity of ethanol extracts of bee glue (propolis) (eebg) was evaluated, using salmonella typhimurium strain ta98 as a test model, against two direct mutagens, 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine (4-no) and 1-nitropyrene (1-np), and two indirect mutagens, 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (iq) and benzo[a]pyrene (b[a]p) with s9 mix. eebg was shown to suppress the mutagenicity of these compounds in a dose-dependent fashion. to delineate the mechanism of action of the antimutagenic effec ... | 2000 | 11039323 |
| isolation of a 250 million-year-old halotolerant bacterium from a primary salt crystal. | bacteria have been found associated with a variety of ancient samples, however few studies are generally accepted due to questions about sample quality and contamination. when cano and borucki isolated a strain of bacillus sphaericus from an extinct bee trapped in 25-30 million-year-old amber, careful sample selection and stringent sterilization techniques were the keys to acceptance. here we report the isolation and growth of a previously unrecognized spore-forming bacterium (bacillus species, ... | 2000 | 11057666 |
| detection of antimicrobials in bee products with activity against viridans streptococci. | bee products have been studied extensively for their healing properties and have become part of cosmetic preparations and folk medicine. the major objective of this study was to examine the presence of antimicrobials in various bee products. | 2000 | 11059500 |
| a comparative study of the proventricular structure in corbiculate apinae (hymenoptera, apidae). | the present study compares the proventricular structure, analyzed under scanning electronic microscope (sem), among tribes of corbiculate apinae. fifty-one species of stingless bees (meliponini), one species of honeybee (apini), three species of bumblebees (bombini) and seven species of orchid bees (euglossini), were analyzed as in-group, and one species of sphecid wasp (sphecidae) and two species of halictidae bees, as out-groups. the proventricular bulb presents a basic morphology pattern simi ... | 2001 | 11070358 |