| alternative animal and non-animal models for drug discovery and development: bonus or burden? | mammalian models have served as a basis for r&d over the past decades. nevertheless, these models are expensive, laborious, may yield results that cannot always be translated into the human in vivo situation and, more recently, have reverberated great social and ethical dilemmas. hence, the prospect of changes in the global scientific scenario and the three rs principle (reduction, replacement and refinement) have encouraged the development of alternative methods to the use of mammals. despite t ... | 2017 | 27858217 |
| improving the biocontrol potential of steinernema feltiae against delia radicum through dosage, application technique and timing. | the potential of the entomopathogenic nematode (epn) steinernema feltiae filipjev as a biocontrol agent against the cabbage maggot delia radicum (l.), was assessed in three field tests, focusing on epn dosage, application technique and timing. | 2014 | 23943630 |
| heterorhabditid behavior in the presence of the cabbage maggot, delia radicum, and its host plants. | the behavior of heterorhabditis zealandica poinar strain t327 was investigated in the presence of the cabbage maggot, delia radicum l., and plants that are susceptible to d. radicum infestation. newly formed puparia and freeze-killed third instar larvae were attractive to infective nematodes. newly harvested infective nematodes did not respond to the puparia, whereas 1-month-old and 2-month-old nematodes reached the insect targets within 15 minutes. there were no significant differences in the a ... | 1992 | 19283195 |
| nonmammalian model systems to investigate fungal biofilms. | medical advances have resulted in an increase in the number of patients in immunocompromised states, vulnerable to infection, or individuals fitted with medical devices that form niches for microbial infections. these infections are difficult to treat and have significant morbidity and mortality rates. an important factor in the pathogenesis of fungal diseases is the development of biofilm-forming communities, enabling the invasion of host tissues and resistance to antimicrobial compounds. to in ... | 2014 | 24664832 |
| utility of insects for studying human pathogens and evaluating new antimicrobial agents. | insect models, such as galleria mellonella and drosophila melanogaster have significant ethical, logistical, and economic advantages over mammalian models for the studies of infectious diseases. using these models, various pathogenic microbes have been studied and many novel virulence genes have been identified. notably, because insects are susceptible to a wide variety of human pathogens and have immune responses similar to those of mammals, they offer the opportunity to understand innate immun ... | 2013 | 23604210 |
| invertebrate models of fungal infection. | the morbidity, mortality and economic burden associated with fungal infections, together with the emergence of fungal strains resistant to current antimicrobial agents, necessitate broadening our understanding of fungal pathogenesis and discovering new agents to treat these infections. using invertebrate hosts, especially the nematode caenorhabditis elegans and the model insects drosophila melanogaster and galleria mellonella, could help achieve these goals. the evolutionary conservation of seve ... | 2013 | 23517918 |
| activation of insect phenoloxidase after injury: endogenous versus foreign elicitors. | the enzyme phenoloxidase (po) is one of the first immune molecules that was identified in invertebrates. recently, the immune function of po has been challenged. we tested how po is activated following injury in 2 insects, i.e. the fruit fly drosophila melanogaster and the wax moth galleria mellonella. rapid po activation in drosophila was limited to discrete areas of the hemolymph clot which forms after injury. surprisingly, unlike systemic po activation during bacterial sepsis, clot melanizati ... | 2009 | 20375588 |
| hemolymph coagulation and phenoloxidase in drosophila larvae. | hemolymph coagulation is a first response to wounding in insects. although studies have been performed in large-bodied insects such as the moth galleria mellonella, less is known about clotting in drosophila melanogaster, the insect most useful for genetic and molecular analyses of innate immunity. here we show the similarities between clots in drosophila and galleria by light- and electron microscopy. phenoloxidase changes the drosophila clot's physical properties through cross-linking and mela ... | 2005 | 15854679 |
| insect inhibitors of metalloproteinases. | two types of peptidic metalloproteinase inhibitors have recently been identified in insects. a homologue of vertebrate tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (timps) was found in the fruitfly drosophila melanogaster which may contributes to regulation of a corresponding matrix metalloproteinase (mmp). the first member of mmps from insects which shares similarity with vertebrate mmps has also been cloned and characterized from drosophila, suggesting conserved evolution of both mmps and timps. th ... | 2002 | 12665244 |
| corazonin gene expression in the waxmoth galleria mellonella. | we cloned and sequenced a full length cdna coding for [arg7]-corazonin in the greater wax moth galleria mellonella. the deduced corazonin preprohormone consists of a nineteen amino acid signal peptide, the actual eleven amino acid corazonin sequence, followed by a gly serving for amidation, a lys-arg processing site and an eighty amino acid corazonin precursor-related peptide. the data confirm the phylogenetic conservation of the actual corazonin sequence. the signal peptide and the precursor-re ... | 2001 | 11520357 |
| the presence of n-acetylneuraminic acid in malpighian tubules of larvae of the cicada philaenus spumarius. | sialic acid-containing glycoconjugates are generally considered to be unique to the deuterostomes, a lineage of the animal kingdom which includes animals from the echinoderms up to the vertebrates. there are, however, two isolated reports of sialic acid occurring in the insect species drosophila melanogaster and galleria mellonella. since insects are classified as protostomes, these findings call previous assumption on the phylogenetic distribution and thus on the evolution of sialic acids into ... | 1999 | 11003558 |
| galactolipase, phospholipase and triacylglycerol lipase activities in the midgut of six species of lepidopteran larvae feeding on different lipid diets. | galactolipase, phospholipase and triacylglycerol lipase activities were measured from the midgut of six species of lepidopteran larvae, two folivores, epiphyas postvittana (tortricidae) and helicoverpa armigera (noctuidae); two granivores, plodia interpunctella (pyralidae) and ephestia kuehniella (pyrallidae); a presumptive carnivore, galleria mellonella (pyralidae); and a keratinophage, tineola bisselliella (tineidae). galactolipase has not been previously reported in insects. galactolipase and ... | 2011 | 21704634 |
| molecular divergence of the w chromosomes in pyralid moths (lepidoptera). | most lepidoptera have a wz/zz sex chromosome system. we compared structure of w chromosomes in four representatives of the family pyralidae--ephestia kuehniella, cadra cautella, plodia interpunctella, and galleria mellonella--tracing pachytene bivalents which provide much higher resolution than metaphase chromosomes. in each species, we prepared a w-chromosome painting probe from laser-microdissected w-chromatin of female polyploid nuclei. the ephestia w-probe was cross-hybridized to chromosomes ... | 2007 | 17985203 |
| evidence for an immune function of lepidopteran silk proteins. | hemolymph coagulation stops bleeding and protects against infection. clotting factors include both proteins that are conserved during evolution as well as more divergent proteins in different species. here we show that several silk proteins also appear in the clot of the greater wax moth galleria mellonella. rt-pcr analysis reveals that silk proteins are expressed in immune tissues and induced upon wounding in both galleria and ephestia kuehniella, a second pyralid moth. our results support the ... | 2007 | 17126296 |
| new cell lines from ephestia kuehniella: characterization and susceptibility to baculoviruses. | new cell lines from embryos of ephestia kuehniella were recently developed. primary cultures were initiated in september 2002 from 2 to 4 day old eggs in either modified tc-100 or excell 400 medium. from these initial cultures, one, originally isolated in the ex-cell medium, produced sufficient cell growth to allow subcultivation and eventually led to the establishment of two cell strains, one that forms multicellular vesicles in suspension and one consisting of tightly attached epithelial-like ... | 2004 | 15861225 |
| correlation between fibroin amino acid sequence and physical silk properties. | the fiber properties of lepidopteran silk depend on the amino acid repeats that interact during h-fibroin polymerization. the aim of our research was to relate repeat composition to insect biology and fiber strength. representative regions of the h-fibroin genes were sequenced and analyzed in three pyralid species: wax moth (galleria mellonella), european flour moth (ephestia kuehniella), and indian meal moth (plodia interpunctella). the amino acid repeats are species-specific, evidently a diver ... | 2003 | 12816957 |
| a novel restraint device for injection of galleria mellonella larvae that minimizes the risk of accidental operator needle stick injury. | larvae of the insect galleria mellonella are increasingly being used for studying pathogenic microbes and their virulence mechanisms, and as a rapid model for screening novel antimicrobial agents. the larvae (waxworms) are most frequently infected by injection of pathogenic organisms into the haemocoel through the insect's prolegs. the mostly widely used method for restraining the waxworms for injection is by grasping them between the operator's fingers, which puts the operator at risk of needle ... | 2017 | 28401069 |
| expression of the insect metalloproteinase inhibitor impi in the fat body of galleria mellonella exposed to infection with beauveria bassiana. | the inducible metalloproteinase inhibitor (impi) discovered in galleria mellonella is currently the only specific inhibitor of metalloproteinases found in animals. its role is to inhibit the activity of metalloproteinases secreted by pathogenic organisms as virulence factors to degrade immune-relevant polypeptides of the infected host. this is a good example of an evolutionary arms race between the insect hosts and their natural pathogens. in this report, we analyze the expression of a gene enco ... | 2017 | 28399190 |
| entomopathogenic nematodes in agricultural areas in brazil. | entomopathogenic nematodes (epns) (steinernematidae and heterorhabditidae) can control pests due to the mutualistic association with bacteria that kill the host by septicemia and make the environment favorable for epns development and reproduction. the diversity of epns in brazilian soils requires further study. the identification of epns, adapted to environmental and climatic conditions of cultivated areas is important for sustainable pest suppression in integrated management programs in agricu ... | 2017 | 28382937 |
| the galleria mellonella larvae as an in vivo model for evaluation of shigella virulence. | shigella spp. causing bacterial diarrhea and dysentery are human enteroinvasive bacterial pathogens that are orally transmitted through contaminated food and water and cause bacillary dysentery. although natural shigella infections are restricted to humans and primates, several smaller animal models are used to analyze individual steps in pathogenesis. no animal model fully duplicates the human response and sustaining the models requires expensive animals, costly maintenance of animal facilities ... | 2017 | 28277944 |
| a neuropeptide modulates sensory perception in the entomopathogenic nematode steinernema carpocapsae. | entomopathogenic nematodes (epns) employ a sophisticated chemosensory apparatus to detect potential hosts. understanding the molecular basis of relevant host-finding behaviours could facilitate improved epn biocontrol approaches, and could lend insight to similar behaviours in economically important mammalian parasites. fmrfamide-like peptides are enriched and conserved across the phylum nematoda, and have been linked with motor and sensory function, including dispersal and aggregating behaviour ... | 2017 | 28253355 |
| dna methyltransferases contribute to the fungal development, stress tolerance and virulence of the entomopathogenic fungus metarhizium robertsii. | dna methylation is an important epigenetic mark in mammals, plants, and fungi and depends on multiple genetic pathways involving de novo and maintenance dna methyltransferases (dnmtases). metarhizium robertsii, a model system for investigating insect-fungus interactions, has been used as an environmentally friendly alternative to chemical insecticides. however, little is known concerning the molecular basis for dna methylation. here, we report on the roles of two dnmtases (mrrid and mrdim-2) by ... | 2017 | 28238081 |
| analysis of the acute response of galleria mellonella larvae to potassium nitrate. | potassium nitrate (e252) is widely used as a food preservative and has applications in the treatment of high blood pressure however high doses are carcinogenic. larvae of galleria mellonella were administered potassium nitrate to establish whether the acute effects in larvae correlated with those evident in mammals. intra-haemocoel injection of potassium nitrate resulted in a significant increase in the density of circulating haemocytes and a small change in the relative proportions of haemocyte ... | 2017 | 28232230 |
| [a rare and mortal infection agent in patients with hematological malignancies: saprochaete capitata]. | saprochaete capitata (formerly known as geotrichum capitatum and blastoschizomyces capitatus) is a rare invasive fungal agent that may lead to mortal clinical course in patients with hematological malignancies. this agent can be colonized in skin, lungs and intestines, and it can cause major opportunistic infections. invasive systemic infections due to s.capitata have been reported in immunosuppressed patients. in this report, two patients with invasive s.capitata infections detected during the ... | 2016 | 28124967 |
| antimicrobial activity and interactions of cationic peptides derived from galleria mellonella cecropin d-like peptide with model membranes. | antimicrobial peptides are effector molecules of the innate immune system against invading pathogens. the cationic charge in their structures has a strong correlation with antimicrobial activity, being responsible for the initial electrostatic interaction between peptides and the anionic microbial surface. this paper contains evidence that charge modification in the neutral peptide gm cecropin d-like (wt) improved the antimicrobial activity of the modified peptides. two cationic peptides derived ... | 2017 | 27999446 |
| changes occurred in the testes and dna pattern of males wax moth (galleria mellonella) first generation as a result of irradiation of their parents. | nowadays, the sterile insect technique is broadly used as a pest control measure. therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the alteration occurred in testes and dna pattern as an effect of inherited sterility. full grown pupae of the wax moth, galleria mellonella were irradiated with 80 and 160 gy of γ irradiation. the size of the testes was decreased by increasing of γ irradiation dose. also, the size of the testes was decreased in f 1 males comparing with the size of the teste ... | 2016 | 27974072 |
| fungal infection dynamics in response to temperature in the lepidopteran insect galleria mellonella. | this study examines how the dynamics of fungus-insect interactions can be modulated by temperature. the wax moth, galleria mellonella, is a well-studied and important model insect whose larvae in the wild develop optimally at around 34 °c in beehives. however, surprisingly little research on wax moths has been conducted at relevant temperatures. in this study, the entomopathogenic fungus metarhizium robertsii inflicted rapid and substantial mortality on wax moth larvae maintained at a constant t ... | 2016 | 27900825 |
| inhibition of eicosanoid signaling leads to increased lipid peroxidation in a host/parasitoid system. | we posed the hypothesis that inhibition of eicosanoid biosynthesis leads to increased lipid peroxidation in insects. here we report that rearing the greater wax moth, galleria mellonella, on media supplemented with selected inhibitors of eicosanoid biosynthesis throughout the larval, pupal and adult life led to major alterations in selected oxidative and antioxidative parameters of wax moth and its ectoparasitoid, bracon hebetor. the highest dietary dexamethasone (dex), esculetin (esc) and pheni ... | 2017 | 27887946 |
| preparation, characterization and in vivo antimycobacterial studies of panchovillin-chitosan nanocomposites. | chitosan (cs, molecular weight 20.2 kda, degree of deacylation (dd) 73.31%) was successfully obtained by deacetylation of chitin extracted from shrimp (litopenaeus vannamei) shell wastes. the encapsulation of the bioactive natural product, panchovillin (panv), isolated from erythrina schliebenii, on a chitosan-tripolyphosphate (cs/tpp) nano-framework was achieved by ionotropic gelation. characterization of pure cs, cs/tpp and panv-cs/tpp nanocomposites was performed by ftir, sem and xrd. the mol ... | 2016 | 27689997 |
| antifungal effect of novel 2-bromo-2-chloro-2-(4-chlorophenylsulfonyl)-1-phenylethanone against candida strains. | we investigated the antifungal activity of novel a 2-bromo-2-chloro-2-(4-chlorophenylsulfonyl)-1-phenylethanone (compound 4). the synthesis of compound 4 was commenced from sodium 4-chlorobenzene sulfinate and the final product was obtained by treatment of α-chloro-β-keto-sulfone with sodium hypobromite. the sensitivity of 63 clinical isolates belonging to the most relevant candida species toward compound 4 using the method m27-a3 was evaluated. we observed among most of the clinical strains of ... | 2016 | 27610100 |
| ingestion of the anti-bacterial agent, gemifloxacin mesylate, leads to increased gst activity and peroxidation products in hemolymph of galleria mellonella l. (lepidoptera: pyralidae). | gemifloxacin mesylate (gem) is a synthetic, fourth-generation fluoroquinolone antibacterial antibiotic that has a broad spectrum of activity against bacteria. gem inhibits dna synthesis by inhibiting dna gyrase and topoisomerase iv activities. recent research into insect nutrition and mass-rearing programs, in which antibiotics are incorporated into the culture media to maintain diet quality, raised a question of whether clinical antibiotics influence the health or biological performance of the ... | 2016 | 27588824 |
| effects of antiviral agent, acyclovir, on the biological fitness of galleria mellonella (lepidoptera: pyralidae) adults. | the effects of a synthetic purine nucleoside analog, antiviral agent, acyclovir (acv), on adult longevity, fecundity, and hatchability of a serious honeycomb pest, greater wax moth galleria mellonella l. were investigated by adding 0.01, 0.1, 1.0, and 3.0% acv into artificial and natural diets. control larvae were reared on diet without acv. the artificial diet containing the lowest level of acv, 0.01%, raised egg production from a number of 12.9 ± 0.6 to 163.2 ± 1.3. the hatching rate of these ... | 2016 | 27515595 |
| microbiota from rhabditis regina may alter nematode entomopathogenicity. | here we report the presence of the entomopathogenic nematode rhabditis (rhabditoides) regina affecting white grubs (phyllophaga sp. and anomala sp.) in mexico and r. regina-associated bacteria. bioassays were performed to test the entomopathogenic capacity of dauer and l2 and l3 (combined) larval stages. furthermore, we determined the diversity of bacteria from laboratory nematodes cultivated for 2 years (dauer and l2-l3 larvae) and from field nematodes (dauer and l2-l3 larvae) in addition to th ... | 2016 | 27492201 |
| death becomes them: bacterial community dynamics and stilbene antibiotic production in cadavers of galleria mellonella killed by heterorhabditis and photorhabdus spp. | insect larvae killed by entomopathogenic nematodes are thought to contain bacterial communities dominated by a single bacterial genus, that of the nematode's bacterial symbiont. in this study, we used next-generation sequencing to profile bacterial community dynamics in greater wax moth (galleria mellonella) larvae cadavers killed by heterorhabditis nematodes and their photorhabdus symbionts. we found that, although photorhabdus strains did initially displace an enterococcus-dominated community ... | 2016 | 27451445 |
| galleria mellonella as a model host for microbiological and toxin research. | mammals are widely used by microbiologists as a model host species to study infectious diseases of humans and domesticated livestock. these studies have been pivotal for our understanding of mechanisms of virulence and have allowed the development of diagnostics, pre-treatments and therapies for disease. however, over the past decade we have seen efforts to identify organisms which can be used as alternatives to mammals for these studies. the drivers for this are complex and multifactorial and i ... | 2016 | 27362761 |
| the role of epigenetics in host-parasite coevolution: lessons from the model host insects galleria mellonella and tribolium castaneum. | recent studies addressing experimental host-parasite coevolution and transgenerational immune priming in insects provide evidence for heritable shifts in host resistance or parasite virulence. these rapid reciprocal adaptations may thus be transferred to offspring generations by either genetic changes or mechanisms that do not involve changes in the germline dna sequence. epigenetic inheritance refers to changes in gene expression that are heritable across generations and mediated by epigenetic ... | 2016 | 27341739 |
| evaluation of galleria mellonella larvae as an in vivo model for assessing the relative toxicity of food preservative agents. | larvae of galleria mellonella are widely used for evaluating the virulence of microbial pathogens and for measuring the efficacy of anti-microbial agents and produce results comparable to those that can be obtained using mammals. in this work, the suitability of using g. mellonella larvae to measure the relative toxicity of a variety of food preservatives was evaluated. the response of larvae to eight commonly used food preservatives (potassium nitrate, potassium nitrite, potassium sorbate, sodi ... | 2016 | 27122324 |
| in silico and bio assay of juvenile hormone analogs as an insect growth regulator against galleria mellonella (wax moth) - part i. | juvenile hormone (jh) analogs are nowadays in use to control harmful pests. in order to develop new bioactive molecules as potential pesticides, we have incorporated different active structural features like sulfonamide, aromatic rings, amide group, and amino acid moiety to the base structure. we have screened a series of designed novel jh analogs against jh receptor protein (jhbpgm-2rck) of galleria mellonella in comparison to commercial insect growth regulators (igrs) - pyriproxyfen (t1) and f ... | 2016 | 27070862 |
| effect of storage temperature and duration on survival and infectivity of steinernema innovationi (rhabditida: steinernematidae). | entomopathogenic nematode species differ in their optimum storage temperature; therefore, we conducted a study on the survival and infectivity of the recently described steinernema innovationi from south africa at five storage temperatures (5°c, 10°c, 15°c, 20°c, and 25°c) over 84 d using 20,000 infective juveniles (ij) in 25 ml aqueous suspension containing 0.1% formalin. our results showed that survival was highest and most stable at 15°c, ranging from 84% to 88% after 84 d. infectivity of ij ... | 2015 | 26941462 |
| multifaceted effects of host plants on entomopathogenic nematodes. | the success of parasites can be impacted by multi-trophic interactions. tritrophic interactions have been observed in parasite-herbivore-host plant systems. here we investigate aspects of multi-trophic interactions in a system involving an entomopathogenic nematode (epn), its insect host, and host plant. novel issues investigated include the impact of tritrophic interactions on nematode foraging behavior, the ability of epns to overcome negative tritrophic effects through genetic selection, and ... | 2016 | 26896698 |
| distribution of entomopathogenic nematodes in lower northern thailand. | entomopathogenic nematodes (epns) are used successfully for biological control of subterranean larval pests leading to reduced environmental contamination if chemical control measures are employed. their diversity and distribution in thailand are unclear, so the present study sought to obtain a better understanding these epn populations in the lower northern region of thailand. we collected 930 soil samples from 186 sites of kamphaeng phet, nakhon sawan, phetchabun, phichit, phitsanulok, sukhoth ... | 2015 | 26867375 |
| comprehensive physiology and toxicology of ecdysogens--the metabolically activated porphyrin-ecdysteroid complexes in insects. | the polyhydroxylated derivatives of 6-keto,7-dehydrocholesterol (ecdysone, ecdysteroids, ecd) are natural compounds widely distributed in plants. they exhibit strong anabolic, vitamin d-like, pharmacological effects in vertebrate animals and in the human body. in the larval stages of insects, injections of pure ecd cause serious pathophysiological, "hyperecdysonic" syndromes associated with neuromuscular paralysis, premature cuticular apolysis and complete inhibition of ecdysis. ecds do not pene ... | 2016 | 26802554 |
| galleria mellonella: an invertebrate model to study pathogenicity in correctly defined fungal species. | the high mortality rates and economic burden associated with fungal infections, plus the emergence of fungal strains resistant to antifungal drugs, make it necessary to get a deeper understanding of fungal pathogenesis, as well as to identify new target structures for antifungal drug development. still, murine models are considered as the gold standard for studying pathogenesis, quantifying virulence, and analysing the efficacy of antifungal drugs. however, invertebrates, such as the larvae of t ... | 2016 | 26781383 |
| molecular characterization and amplified ribosomal dna restriction analysis of entomopathogenic bacteria associated with rhabditis (oscheius) spp. | bacterial strains associated with entomopathogenic nematodes (epns) rhabditis (oscheius) spp. were isolated from infected cadavers of galleria mellonella. the obtained 18 isolates were subdivided into nine phylogenetically different genera based on comparative sequence analysis of their 16s rrna genes. the isolates were affiliated to three different class namely γ-proteobacteria (enterobacter, proteus, providencia, pseudomonas, stenotrophomonas), β-proteobacteria (alcaligenes) and bacilli (bacil ... | 2016 | 28330100 |
| characteristics, clinical relevance, and the role of echinocandins in fungal-bacterial interactions. | fungal-bacterial interactions are common in the environment. the interactions between invasive fungi (eg, candida species and aspergillus species) and pathogenic bacteria can be particularly significant in the outcome of human infections. study of these interactions in vivo using murine or invertebrate models, such as caenorhabditis elegans or galleria mellonella, has been very helpful in increasing our understanding of the pathogenesis of mixed infections and in identifying ways to use this bet ... | 2015 | 26567281 |
| erratum to: micafungin elicits an immunomodulatory effect in galleria mellonella and mice. | | 2016 | 26525974 |
| backbone and side chain chemical shift assignments of apolipophorin iii from galleria mellonella. | apolipophorin iii, a 163 residue monomeric protein from the greater wax moth galleria mellonella (abbreviated as apolp-iiigm), has roles in upregulating expression of antimicrobial proteins as well as binding and deforming bacterial membranes. due to its similarity to vertebrate apolipoproteins there is interest in performing atomic resolution analysis of apolp-iiigm as part of an effort to better understand its mechanism of action in innate immunity. in the first step towards structural charact ... | 2016 | 26493308 |
| reduced fitness in adults from larval, galleria mellonella (lepidoptera: pyralidae) reared on media amended with the antihelmintic, mebendazole. | benzimidazole antihelmintics, including mebendazole, have a broad antiparasitic spectrum. these drugs play a major role in the treatments of parasites of intestines or other organs of vertebrates, humans, and other animals.the impact of mebendazole on the biology of the greater wax moth, galleria mellonella (l.), was assessed by observation of several developmental parameters as follows: survivorship, developmental time, and adult longevity. sublethal toxicity was measured through reproductive p ... | 2016 | 26491189 |
| helix 1 tryptophan variants in galleria mellonella apolipophorin iii. | apolipophorin iii (apolp-iii) from galleria mellonella is a critical apolipoprotein aiding in lipid transport and has gained considerable interest for a role in innate immunity. both functions are likely related and form the rationale to gain a more detailed understanding of the lipid binding properties of this insect apolipoprotein. tryptophan residues were introduced at positions 16, 20 or 24, all in helix 1 as it may play a critical role in the initial steps of lipid binding. steady-state flu ... | 2015 | 26462904 |
| determination of gibberellic acid (ga3)-induced oxidative stress in a model organism galleria mellonella l. (lepidoptera: pyralidae). | the plant growth regulator gibberellic acid (ga3) is known to negatively impact growth and development of insects. in this study, larvae of galleria mellonella l. (lepidoptera: pyralidae) were fed a diet with varying dosages of ga3 to investigate how antioxidant enzymes are influenced. activity levels in last instars reared in laboratory at 25 ± 2°c, 60 ± 5% relative humidity, and a photoperiod of 12:12 (l:d) h were measured for superoxide dismutase (sod), glutathione s-transferase (gst), and ca ... | 2015 | 26308811 |
| temperature-dependent galleria mellonella mortality as a result of yersinia entomophaga infection. | the bacterium yersinia entomophaga is pathogenic to a range of insect species, with death typically occurring within 2 to 5 days of ingestion. per os challenge of larvae of the greater wax moth (galleria mellonella) confirmed that y. entomophaga was virulent when fed to larvae held at 25°c but was avirulent when fed to larvae maintained at 37°c. at 25°c, a dose of ~4 × 10(7) cfu per larva of a y. entomophaga toxin complex (yen-tc) deletion derivative, the y. entomophaga δtc variant, resulted in ... | 2015 | 26162867 |
| galleria mellonella as a novel in vivo model for assessment of the toxicity of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ionic liquids. | the larval form of the greater wax moth (galleria mellonella) was evaluated as a model system for the study of the acute in vivo toxicity of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ionic liquids. 24-h median lethal dose (ld50) values for nine of these ionic liquids bearing alkyl chain substituents ranging from 2 to 18 carbon atoms were determined. the in vivo toxicity of the ionic liquids was found to correlate directly with the length of the alkyl chain substituent, and the pattern of toxicity obs ... | 2015 | 26121605 |
| venom from the ectoparasitic wasp habrobracon hebetor activates calcium-dependent degradation of galleria mellonella larval hemocytes. | ectoparasitoids inject venom into hemolymph during oviposition. we determined the influence of envenomation by the parasitoid, habrobracon hebetor, on the hemocytes of its larval host, galleria mellonella. an increase in both intracellular са(2+) content and phospholipase c activity of the host hemocytes was recorded during 2 days following envenomation by the parasitoid. the decreased hemocyte viability was detected 1, 2, and 24 h after the envenomation. injecting of the crude venom (final prot ... | 2015 | 26089096 |
| adaptation to thermotolerance in rhizopus coincides with virulence as revealed by avian and invertebrate infection models, phylogeny, physiological and metabolic flexibility. | mucormycoses are fungal infections caused by the ancient mucorales. they are rare, but increasingly reported. predisposing conditions supporting and favoring mucormycoses in humans and animals include diabetic ketoacidosis, immunosuppression and haematological malignancies. however, comprehensive surveys to elucidate fungal virulence in ancient fungi are limited and so far focused on lichtheimia and mucor. the presented study focused on one of the most important causative agent of mucormycoses, ... | 2015 | 26065324 |
| oscheius onirici sp. n. (nematoda: rhabditidae): a new entomopathogenic nematode from an italian cave. | oscheius onirici sp. n. (nematoda: rhabditidae) was isolated from a karst cave soil of central italy. molecular and morphological analyses were performed. total dna was extracted from individual nematodes and the mitochondrial coi, the its containing region, the d2-d3 expansion domains of the 28s rrna gene and the 18s rrna gene were amplified and sequenced. blast search at ncbi by using all molecular markers revealed that this taxon is similar to oscheius species. phylogenetic trees of its, 28s ... | 2015 | 25947484 |
| paving the way to acceptance of galleria mellonella as a new model insect. | | 2015 | 25906067 |
| synthesis, characterization, biological evaluation and docking study of heterocyclic-based synthetic sulfonamides as potential pesticide against g. mellonella. | juvenile hormone is an important hormone which controls the developmental process in the lepidopteran insects, hence, referred as insect growth regulator. juvenile hormone binding proteins are the carrier of juvenile hormone from the site of secretion to the site of action and play vital role in juvenile hormone action. we have designed four different juvenile hormone analogs incorporating sulfonamide and heterocyclic moieties using computer-aided tools. all analogs (t3-t6) gave comparative ener ... | 2015 | 25904035 |
| the effects of xanthotoxin on the biology and biochemistry of galleria mellonella l. (lepidoptera: pyralidae). | the effects of a dietary plant allelochemical, xanthotoxin (xa), on survivorship, development, male and female adult longevity, fecundity, and hatchability of the greater wax moth galleria mellonella l. were investigated. oxidative stress indicators, the lipid peroxidation product, malondialdehyde (mda), and protein oxidation products, protein carbonyl (pco) contents, and activities of a detoxification enzyme glutathione s-transferase (gst) activity were determined in wax moth adults. the insect ... | 2015 | 25821173 |
| insecticidal and oxidative effects of azadirachtin on the model organism galleria mellonella l. (lepidoptera: pyralidae). | the insecticidal effects, specifically, changes in hemolymph total protein and malondialdehyde (mda) levels, and antioxidant enzyme activities of azadirachtin (aza) given to the wax moth, galleria mellonella l. (lepidoptera: pyralidae) larvae via force feeding were investigated. bioassays showed that the ld50 and ld99 (lethal dose) values of aza were 2.1 and 4.6 μg/larva, respectively. experimental analyses were performed with five doses of aza (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 3 μg/larva). total protein lev ... | 2015 | 25777183 |
| steinernema jeffreyense n. sp. (rhabditida: steinernematidae), a new entomopathogenic nematode from south africa. | during a non-targeted survey for entomopathogenic nematodes in south africa, a new species of steinernema was isolated from a soil sample collected from underneath a guava tree, close to the shore at jeffrey's bay. the nematode was isolated by means of the insect-baiting technique using last-instar larvae of galleria mellonella. it is described herein as steinernema jeffreyense n. sp. the nematode can be separated from other described, closely related species in terms of the morphological and mo ... | 2016 | 25758326 |
| metamorphosis of galleria mellonella research. | | 2015 | 25588106 |
| [an increase in the immune system activity of the wax moth galleria mellonella and of the colorado potato beetle leptinotarsa decemlineata under effect of organophosphorus insecticide]. | there has been performed evaluation of the effect of the organophosphorus insecticide (pirimifos-methyl) on some components of the insect immune response. the cellular (a change of the number of hemocytes and of intensity of incapsulation) and the humoral (a change of phenoloxidase activity) components of the immune response were studied in larvae of representatives of two orders--the colorado potato beetle (leptinotarsa decemlineata, chrysomelidae, coleoptera) and the wax moth (galeriia mellone ... | 2014 | 25509049 |
| [an increase in the immune system activity of the wax moth galleria mellonella and of the colorado potato beetle leptinotarsa decemlineata under effect of organophosphorus insecticide]. | there has been performed evaluation of the effect of the organophosphorus insecticide (pirimifos-methyl) on some components of the insect immune response. the cellular (a change of the number of hemocytes and of intensity of incapsulation) and the humoral (a change of phenoloxidase activity) components of the immune response were studied in larvae of representatives of two orders--the colorado potato beetle (leptinotarsa decemlineata, chrysomelidae, coleoptera) and the wax moth (galeriia mellone ... | 2014 | 25490848 |
| effects of dietary heavy metals on the immune and antioxidant systems of galleria mellonella larvae. | in this work, we analyzed the effects of chromium (cr) and lead (pb) on immune and antioxidant systems of galleria mellonella. in particular, after exposure to diets containing environmentally relevant concentrations (5, 50 and 100 μg/g) of cr or pb for 7 d, alterations in innate immune parameters and the activity of endogenous enzymes were measured in larvae. the results showed that 1) compared with the control, the lowest doses (5 μg/g) of cr and pb significantly increased the levels of innate ... | 2015 | 25463648 |
| atomic resolution structure of a protein prepared by non-enzymatic his-tag removal. crystallographic and nmr study of gmspi-2 inhibitor. | purification of suitable quantity of homogenous protein is very often the bottleneck in protein structural studies. overexpression of a desired gene and attachment of enzymatically cleavable affinity tags to the protein of interest made a breakthrough in this field. here we describe the structure of galleria mellonella silk proteinase inhibitor 2 (gmspi-2) determined both by x-ray diffraction and nmr spectroscopy methods. gmspi-2 was purified using a new method consisting in non-enzymatic his-ta ... | 2014 | 25233114 |
| potato leaf extract and its component, α-solanine, exert similar impacts on development and oxidative stress in galleria mellonella l. | plants synthesize a broad range of secondary metabolites that act as natural defenses against plant pathogens and herbivores. among these, potato plants produce glycoalkaloids (gas). in this study, we analyzed the effects of the dried extract of fresh potato leaves (epl) on the biological parameters of the lepidopteran, galleria mellonella (l.) and compared its activity to one of the main epl components, the ga α-solanine. wax moth larvae were reared from first instar on a diet supplemented with ... | 2014 | 25041927 |
| galleria mellonella native and analogue peptides gm1 and δgm1. i) biophysical characterization of the interaction mechanisms with bacterial model membranes. | natural occurring antimicrobial peptides (amps) are important components of the innate immune system of animals and plants. they are considered to be promising alternatives to conventional antibiotics. here we present a comparative study of two synthetic peptides: gm1, corresponding to the natural overall uncharged peptide from galleria mellonella (gm) and δgm1, a modified overall positively charged gm1 variant. we have studied the interaction of the peptides with lipid membranes composed of dif ... | 2014 | 25017800 |
| investigating the insecticidal potential of geomyces (myxotrichaceae: helotiales) and mortierella (mortierellacea: mortierellales) isolated from antarctica. | fungi isolated from environmentally challenging habitats can have adaptations of potential value when developed as insect pest-controls. fungal isolates collected from antarctica, geomyces sp. i, geomyces sp. ii, mortierella signyensis and m. alpina, were investigated for (i) growth characteristics at 0-35°c, (ii) spore production at 10 and 20°c, (iii) viability following exposure to freezing temperatures, and (iv) insecticidal activity against waxmoths (galleria mellonella l.), houseflies (musc ... | 2014 | 25013747 |
| heat-induced post-stress growth delay: a biological trait of many metarhizium isolates reducing biocontrol efficacy? | the habitats of many pest insects have fluctuating climatic conditions. to function effectively, the pathogens of these pests must be capable of infecting and developing disease at a wide range of temperatures. the current study examines ten metarhizium spp. isolates as to their ability to recover normal metabolic activity after exposure to high temperature for several hours daily; and whether such recovery, with at least some isolates, requires a temporary repair ("retooling") period. fungal co ... | 2014 | 24909120 |
| ammonia concentration at emergence and its effects on the recovery of different species of entomopathogenic nematodes. | the life cycle of entomopathogenic nematodes (epn) occurs inside an insect cadaver and an accumulation of ammonia initiates as a consequence of the nematodes defecation. this accumulation reduces the food resources quality and creates a detrimental environment for nematodes. when a given ammonia concentration is reached, the nematodes start their emergence process, searching for a new host. in the present work, this parameter, ammonia triggering point (atp) was measured in 7 steinernema species/ ... | 2014 | 24880156 |
| steinernema poinari sp. n. (nematoda: steinernematidae) a new entomopathogenic nematode from the czech republic. | a new steinernematid nematode, herein described as steinernema poinari sp. n., was recovered by baiting soil samples with the last instar wax moth larvae galleria mellonella in three localities of southwest bohemia, czech republic. morphological and molecular data confirmed this nematode as a new species which belongs to the affine/intermedium group. s. poinari sp. n. was characterized by male, female and infective juvenile morphological observations. male spicules are robust with a pointed tip, ... | 2014 | 24870085 |
| the effect of initial dose on the recovery and final yields of heterorhabditis megidis (rhabditida: heterorhabditidae) in larvae of the great wax moth, galleria mellonella. | the aim of this study was to determine the effect of different initial doses of the infective juveniles (ijs) (50 ijs, 200 ijs, 1000 ijs) of heterorhabditis megidis poinar (rhabditida: heterorhabditidae) strain ism15/09 on recovery, final yields and percent final yields in larvae galleria mellonella ( l.). percent recovery was not directly related to initial dose. final yields also did not change with the initial dose. however, percent yields was highly negatively correlated with initial dose of ... | 2014 | 24827089 |
| clinical outcomes of hospital-acquired infection with acinetobacter nosocomialis and acinetobacter pittii. | the role of acinetobacter nosocomialis and acinetobacter pittii, which belong to the a. calcoaceticus-a. baumannii complex, in hospital-acquired infections is increasingly recognized. here we describe a retrospective cohort study of hospital-acquired a. calcoaceticus-a. baumannii complex infections at a university hospital in thailand. a total of 222 unique cases were identified between january 2010 and december 2011. the genomospecies of the a. calcoaceticus-a. baumannii complex isolates were c ... | 2014 | 24820079 |
| purification and characterization of β-glucosidase from greater wax moth galleria mellonella l. (lepidoptera: pyralidae). | the greater wax moth, galleria mellonella, is one of the most ruinous pests of honeycomb in the world. beta-glucosidases are a type of digestive enzymes that hydrolytically catalyzes the beta-glycosidic linkage of glycosides. characterization of the beta-glucosidase in g. mellonella could be a significant stage for a better comprehending of its role and establishing a safe and effective control procedure primarily against g. mellonella and also some other insect pests. laboratory reared final in ... | 2014 | 24789069 |
| effects of food quality on trade-offs among growth, immunity and survival in the greater wax moth galleria mellonella. | the resources available to an individual in any given environment are finite, and variation in life history traits reflect differential allocation of these resources to competing life functions. nutritional quality of food is of particular importance in these life history decisions. in this study, we tested trade-offs among growth, immunity and survival in 3 groups of greater wax moth (galleria mellonella) larvae fed on diets of high and average nutritional quality. we found rapid growth and wea ... | 2015 | 24771711 |
| antioxidant and antitumor activities of 4-arylcoumarins and 4-aryl-3,4-dihydrocoumarins. | five 4-arylcoumarins (1c-g) and twelve 3,4-dihydro-4-arylcoumarins (2a-l) were synthesized and tested for antioxidant activity, antitumor activity, toxicity and structure-activity relationships analysis. 4-arylcoumarins and 3,4-dihydro-4-arylcoumarins that possess two hydroxyl groups in ortho position, such as 1d, 1f, 2a, 2f, 2g and 2h had stronger radical scavenging properties than that of vitamin c (vit c) in abts(+) assay. kinetic traces of scavenging abts(+) and dpph radicals showed that all ... | 2014 | 24721580 |
| expanding the use of alternative models to investigate novel aspects of immunity to microbial pathogens. | | 2014 | 24717215 |
| the effect of galleria mellonella hemolymph polypeptides on legionella gormanii. | among legionella species, which are recognized to be pathogenic for humans, l. gormanii is the second prevalent causative agent of community-acquired pneumonia after l. pneumophila. anti-l. gormanii activity of galleria mellonella hemolymph extract and apolipophorin iii (apolp-iii) was examined. the extract and apolp-iii at the concentration 0.025 mg/ml caused 75% and 10% decrease of the bacteria survival rate, respectively. the apolp-iii-induced changes of the bacteria cell surface were analyze ... | 2014 | 24649482 |
| quantitative determination of nitric oxide production in haemocytes: nitrite reduction activity as a potential pathway of no formation in haemolymph of galleria mellonella larvae. | the generation of nitric oxide by galleria mellonella larvae haemocytes has been investigated. for this purpose, a fluorescent method, specific for detection of no, has been developed. the method is based on the application of fluorescence probe daf-fm diacetate and nitronyl nitroxyl radical, nnr, which accelerates the no-dependent formation of fluorescence product, daf-fm triazole. the key feature of the method is the registration and analysis of differential kinetics, namely, the difference of ... | 2014 | 24406682 |
| penetration and encapsulation of the larval endoparasitoid exorista larvarum (diptera: tachinidae) in the factitious host galleria mellonella (lepidoptera: pyralidae). | the tachinid fly exorista larvarum (l.) (diptera: tachinidae) is a polyphagous larval endoparasitoid that deposits its eggs on the host exoskeleton of lepidopteran and tenthredinid larvae. the attachment of larval e. larvarum and the formation of the respiratory funnel were studied during infestation in the last larval instar of the wax moth, galleria mellonella (l.) (lepidoptera: pyralidae). the tachinid larvae burrow through the host integument after hatching, using their robust cephalopharyng ... | 2014 | 24355436 |
| protein contact dermatitis caused by worms and insects used to feed exotic birds. | | 2014 | 24341469 |
| desiccation and cold storage of galleria mellonella cadavers and effects on in vivo production of steinernema carpocapsae. | direct application of insect cadavers infected with entomopathogenic nematodes (epn) can successfully control target pest insects. little is known about the effects of environmental factors (desiccation and temperature) on the production process for infective juveniles (ij) in insects. | 2014 | 24254471 |
| ecological characterisation of the colombian entomopathogenic nematode heterorhabditis sp. sl0708. | the entomopathogenic nematode heterorhabditis sp. sl0708 (rhabditida: heterorhabditidae) isolated from soil in alcalá, valle del cauca (colombia) was characterised ecologically using galleria mellonella larvae (l) (pyralidae: galleriinae) as hosts. the effect of temperature on the viability, infectivity and reproduction, and of moisture on infectivity and storage in liquid were evaluated in infective juveniles (ijs). significant differences were found in the viability, infectivity and reproducti ... | 2013 | 23917550 |
| effect of ester to amide or n-methylamide substitution on bacterial membrane depolarization and antibacterial activity of novel cyclic lipopeptides. | cyclic lipopeptides derived from the fusaricidin/li-f family of naturally occurring antibiotics represent particularly attractive candidates for the development of new antibacterial agents. in comparison with natural products, these derivatives may offer better stability under physiologically relevant conditions and lower nonspecific toxicity, while preserving their antibacterial activity. in this study we assessed the ability of cyclic lipodepsipeptide 1 and its analogues--amide 2, n-methylamid ... | 2013 | 23780744 |
| the glutathione-related detoxication responses to juvenile and ecdysone hormones in galleria mellonella. | the effect of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20e) and juvenile hormone (jh) on the glutathione pathway of the greater wax moth galleria mellonella (lepidoptera: pyralidae) was determined by investigating glutathione peroxidase (gsh-px), glutathione s-transferases (gst), and glutathione reductase (gr) activities as well as reduced and oxidized glutathione (gsh and gssg) content with respect to developmental stage. the continuous decreases of gsh-px and gst activities dependent on the growth period of g. mel ... | 2013 | 23684736 |
| extremely high frequency sensitivity in a 'simple' ear. | an evolutionary war is being played out between the bat, which uses ultrasonic calls to locate insect prey, and the moth, which uses microscale ears to listen for the approaching bat. while the highest known frequency of bat echolocation calls is 212 khz, the upper limit of moth hearing is considered much lower. here, we show that the greater wax moth, galleria mellonella, is capable of hearing ultrasonic frequencies approaching 300 khz; the highest frequency sensitivity of any animal. with audi ... | 2013 | 23658005 |
| the influence of dietary α-solanine on the waxmoth galleria mellonella l. | plant allelochemicals are nonnutritional chemicals that interfere with the biology of herbivores. we posed the hypothesis that ingestion of a glycoalkaloid allelochemical, α-solanine, impairs biological parameters of greater wax moths galleria mellonella. to test this idea, we reared wax moths on artificial diets with 0.015, 0.15, or 1.5 mg/100 g diet of α-solanine. addition of α-solanine to the diet affected survival of seventh-instar larvae, pupae, and adults; and female fecundity and fertilit ... | 2013 | 23494897 |
| effect of boric acid on antioxidant enzyme activity, lipid peroxidation, and ultrastructure of midgut and fat body of galleria mellonella. | boric acid is widely used as an insecticide, acaricide, herbicide, and fungicide and also during various industrial processings. hence, numerous populations are subjects to this toxic compound. its action on animals is still not fully known and understood. we examined the effect of boric acid on larvae of greater wax moth (galleria mellonella). the chemical appeared to be toxic for larvae, usually in a concentration-dependent manner. exposed groups revealed increased lipid peroxidation and alter ... | 2013 | 23475114 |
| different pattern of galleria mellonella jhbp gene expression in high five and sf9 cells. | juvenile hormone binding protein (jhbp) is the key element of the system that transmits hormone signals to target tissues. recently, we found that the core promoter of the jhbp gene is strongly under the control of the tata box and the transcription start site. in this report, we have shown that the jhbp promoter contains distal regulatory elements whose functionality clearly depends on the particular cell environment and that the scope of research from one cell line is insufficient to generaliz ... | 2013 | 23334896 |
| expression analysis of inhibitor of apoptosis and related caspases in the midgut and silk gland of the greater wax moth, galleria mellonella, during metamorphosis and under starvation. | we cloned a cdna encoding inhibitor of apoptosis (iap) from the greater wax moth, galleria mellonella. the deduced amino acid sequence showed that gmiap contains two baculoviral iap repeat (bir) motifs, followed by a ring finger. the sequence comparison showed that gmiap had high homology to lepidopteran iaps and baculoviral iaps, as well as dipteran iaps. gmiap transcript and its protein appeared in both the midgut and the silk gland during metamorphosis and starvation where cell death was dete ... | 2012 | 22975212 |
| expression of autophagy 8 (atg8) and its role in the midgut and other organs of the greater wax moth, galleria mellonella, during metamorphic remodelling and under starvation. | a 345 base pair cdna encoding autophagy 8 (atg8) of galleria mellonella (gmatg8) was cloned and sequenced. the deduced protein was estimated to be 118 amino acids long. structural comparison and phylogenetic analysis showed that gmatg8 belong to the atg8 family of ubiquitin-like proteins. it is predicted to contain four β-sheets and four α-helices. it also contains a highly conserved glycine residue at the c-terminal, as well as highly conserved phe77 and ph79 at a recognition cleavage site of a ... | 2012 | 22830988 |
| in silico screening of the juvabione category of juvenile hormone analogues with juvenile hormone binding protein of galleria mellonella--a docking study. | juvabione, dehydrojuvabione and their aromatic analogues act as juvenile hormone mimics against diverse strains of insect species. large numbers of modified juvenoids containing the juvabione skeleton, with various structural variations, are synthesized. some of these compounds exhibit a very high degree of juvenile hormone activity and are presently in use. in this paper we report a comparative molecular docking study of synthesized juvabione, natural juvenile hormone iii and synthetic insect g ... | 2012 | 22799597 |
| purification and characterization of prophenoloxidase from galleria mellonella l. | prophenoloxidase (ppo) was purified from galleria mellonella l. a 67-fold purification of the proenzyme with 352% yield was achieved by using a sepharose 4b-l-tyrosine-p-amino benzoic acid affinity column. the purified enzyme was migrated as a single band on sds-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. k(m) and v(max) values were 0.017 m and 1430.45 eu for catechol. inhibition of ppo was investigated with inhibitors such as p-aminobenzoic acid, etyleneglycol, and ascorbic acid. among them, ascorbic a ... | 2012 | 22780216 |
| subterranean, herbivore-induced plant volatile increases biological control activity of multiple beneficial nematode species in distinct habitats. | while the role of herbivore-induced volatiles in plant-herbivore-natural enemy interactions is well documented aboveground, new evidence suggests that belowground volatile emissions can protect plants by attracting entomopathogenic nematodes (epns). however, due to methodological limitations, no study has previously detected belowground herbivore-induced volatiles in the field or quantified their impact on attraction of diverse epn species. here we show how a belowground herbivore-induced volati ... | 2012 | 22761668 |
| effects of gibberellic acid on hemocytes of galleria mellonella l. (lepidoptera: pyralidae). | the impacts of different doses of the plant growth regulator gibberellic acid (ga(3)) in diet on the number of total and differential hemocytes, frequency of apoptotic, and necrotic hemocytes, mitotic indices, encapsulation, and melanization responses were investigated using the greater wax moth galleria mellonella l. (lepidoptera: pyralidae) larvae. total hemocyte counts increased in g. mellonella larvae at all treatment doses whereas ga(3) application had no effect on the number of different h ... | 2012 | 22732628 |
| express method for determination of low value of trans-membrane potential of living cells with fluorescence probe: application on haemocytes at immune responses. | the method for measurement of trans-membrane potential of cell membrane was evaluated for the case of low potential value using fluorescence probe 4-(4-dimethylaminostyryl)-1-methylpyridinium, dsm. the method is based on comparative titration of cells with probe in buffers containing na(+) or k(+). the apparent trans-membrane potential obtained with this way is a result of k(+)-na(+) pump activity. the presented approach allowed measuring the low value of potential with 1-2 mv of accuracy withou ... | 2012 | 22576473 |
| genetic basis of destruxin production in the entomopathogen metarhizium robertsii. | destruxins are among the most exhaustively researched secondary metabolites of entomopathogenic fungi, yet definitive evidence for their roles in pathogenicity and virulence has yet to be shown. to establish the genetic bases for the biosynthesis of this family of depsipeptides, we identified a 23,792-bp gene in metarhizium robertsii arsef 2575 containing six complete nonribosomal peptide synthetase modules, with an n-methyltransferase domain in each of the last two modules. this domain arrangem ... | 2012 | 22367459 |
| genetic variation and virulence of autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus and trichoplusia ni single nucleopolyhedrovirus isolates. | to determine the genetic diversity within the baculovirus species autographa calfornica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (acmnpv; baculoviridae: alphabaculovirus), a pcr-based method was used to identify and classify baculoviruses found in virus samples from the lepidopteran host species a. californica, autographa gamma, trichoplusia ni, rachiplusia ou, anagrapha falcifera, galleria mellonella, and heliothis virescens. alignment and phylogenetic inference from partial nucleotide sequences of three ... | 2012 | 22349146 |
| galleria mellonella as a model for fungal pathogenicity testing. | insects are convenient models for assessing the virulence of microbial pathogens or for assessing the -efficacy of antimicrobial drugs and give results comparable to those that can be obtained using mammals. galleria mellonella larvae are easy to purchase and inoculate and provide results within 48 h. various parameters may be used to monitor the effect of a pathogen on the insect and, as a consequence, measure its relative virulence. larval death, changes in immune cells (haemocytes) numbers, o ... | 2012 | 22328396 |
| utility of greater wax moth larva (galleria mellonella) for evaluating the toxicity and efficacy of new antimicrobial agents. | there is an urgent need for new antimicrobial agents to combat infections caused by drug-resistant pathogens. once a compound is shown to be effective in vitro, it is necessary to evaluate its efficacy in an animal infection model. typically, this is achieved using a mammalian model, but such experiments are costly, time consuming, and require full ethical consideration. hence, cheaper and ethically more acceptable invertebrate models of infection have been introduced, including the larvae of th ... | 2012 | 22305092 |