| an antigen detection enzyme immunoassay for the diagnosis of rhodesiense sleeping sickness. | a monoclonal antibody raised against a non-variable surface antigen of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense procyclic trypomastigotes was used to develop an antigen detection enzyme immunoassay for the diagnosis of rhodesiense sleeping sickness. the assay was evaluated using 211 sera from clinically suspected cases: 142 from parasitologically proven cases and 69 from patients who were negative on parasitological examination. the test was positive in 128 out of 142 parasitologically proven cases. the n ... | 1989 | 2927956 |
| glycolytic enzymes of trypanosoma brucei. simultaneous purification, intraglycosomal concentrations and physical properties. | we have developed a method for the simultaneous purification of hexokinase, glucosephosphate isomerase, phosphofructokinase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase, triosephosphate isomerase, d-glyceraldehyde-phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphoglycerate kinase, glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and glycerol kinase from trypanosoma brucei in yields varying over 8-55%. crude glycosomes were prepared by differential centrifugation of cell homogenates. subsequent hydrophobic interaction chromatography on ... | 1986 | 2940090 |
| mung bean nuclease cleaves preferentially at the boundaries of variant surface glycoprotein gene transpositions in trypanosome dna. | telomere-linked genes coding for the variant surface glycoproteins (vsgs) of african trypanosomes have been difficult to clone because their flanking regions frequently lack restriction sites. therefore, we constructed a genomic dna library of fragments generated by digestion of purified trypanosome dna with mung bean nuclease, an enzyme that cleaves before and after genes in plasmodium falciparum dna (mccutchan, t. f., hansen, j. l., dame, j. b., and mullins, j. a. (1984) science 225, 625-628). ... | 1986 | 2942540 |
| glycosyl-sn-1,2-dimyristylphosphatidylinositol is the membrane anchor for trypanosoma equiperdum and t. (nannomonas) congolense variant surface glycoproteins. | we have analysed the structures of the trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense and t. equiperdum variant surface glycoprotein (vsg) membrane anchors. myristic acid uptake, phospholipase treatment, and nitrous acid deamination showed that, for each species, the anchor is glycosyl-sn-1,2-dimyristylphosphatidylinositol, as has been previously described for t. brucei. osmotic lysis of these trypanosomes resulted in the release of soluble vsg, lacking fatty acid. in both species and in t. evansi, an endo ... | 1987 | 2957588 |
| anti-basement membrane glomerulopathy in experimental trypanosomiasis. | the nature of kidney lesions in bd ix rats infected with trypanosoma brucei was investigated. proteinuria developed and increased up to 236 +/- 35 mg/24 hr at 7 wk after the infection. antibodies were found to be deposited along the glomerular basement membrane (gbm) predominantly in a linear fashion, which changed to a more granular pattern 7 wk after the infection. at this stage of the disease, electron-dense deposits were found subendothelially along the gbm. in the sera and kidney eluates of ... | 1987 | 2958551 |
| kinetic studies on the reaction catalysed by phosphofructokinase from trypanosoma brucei. | the steady-state kinetics of the reaction catalysed by the bloodstream form of trypanosoma brucei were studied at ph 6.7. in the presence of 50 mm-potassium phosphate buffer, the apparent co-operativity with respect to fructose 6-phosphate and the non-linear relationship between initial velocity and enzyme concentration, which were found when the enzyme was assayed in 50 mm-imidazole buffer [cronin & tipton (1985) biochem. j. 227, 113-124], are not evident. studies on the variations of the initi ... | 1987 | 2959272 |
| the roles of magnesium ions in the reaction catalysed by phosphofructokinase from trypanosoma brucei. | the involvement of mg2+ ions in the reaction catalysed by phosphofructokinase from trypanosoma brucei was studied. the true substrate for the enzyme was shown to be the mgatp2-complex, and free mg2+ ions are also required for enzyme activity. at concentrations of mgatp2- of 2.92 mm and greater, and a fructose 6-phosphate concentration of 1 mm and in the presence of edta as a mg2+ buffer, the km value for mg2+ was determined to be 294 +/- 18 microm. neither mgatp nor free atp is an inhibitor of t ... | 1987 | 2961325 |
| a program for the identification of steady-state processes in biological systems. | a dedicated nonlinear regression program for the identification of steady-state processes is described in detail. experimental data are fitted to the rational function which describes such systems. the algorithm makes use of parameter separation to relieve the user from the need to assign initial estimates to the linear parameters and to speed up the computation. a modified marquardt algorithm is used and some properties of the function are exploited to improve the convergence rate and execution ... | 1988 | 2971502 |
| adp-ribosyl transferase activity in trypanosoma brucei. | nuclear adenosine diphosphoribosyl transferase (adprt) catalyses the covalent modification of chromatin proteins by (adp-ribose)n. this activity, which is entirely dependent on dna containing strand breaks, is required for efficient dna excision repair possibly because it regulates dna ligation. adprt activity is also required for cytodifferentiation in a number of different cell types. we report here the presence of adprt activity in the blood-stream form of trypanosoma brucei and its activatio ... | 1985 | 2985984 |
| further analysis of intraspecific variation in trypanosoma brucei using restriction site polymorphisms in the maxi-circle of kinetoplast dna. | we have compared the maxi-circle kinetoplast dna of 21 trypanosoma brucei sp. stocks by analysis of restriction sites for nine restriction endonucleases. the analysis shows most of these stocks to have a maxi-circle sequence similar to that of 11 previously analysed stocks, with a difference of less than 3% between any two stocks. however, seven stocks stand out from the rest with at least two sites lost or gained for six of the nine restriction enzymes used. these seven distinctive stocks fall ... | 1985 | 2985985 |
| (taa)n within sequences flanking several intrachromosomal variant surface glycoprotein genes in trypanosoma brucei. | in trypanosoma brucei telomeric copies of intrachromosomal variant surface glycoprotein (vsg) genes are produced through a gene conversion mechanism and are expressed if the telomere is or becomes transcriptionally activated. we have analyzed a sequence that occurs 1 to 1.5 kb 5' to several intrachromosomal vsg genes. this flanking sequence has three distinct sections: a 5' section containing 5 to 116 taa or taa-like tandem repeats; a moderately conserved sequence with an alternating gt characte ... | 1985 | 2987874 |
| two simultaneously active vsg gene transcription units in a single trypanosoma brucei variant. | trypanosomes can change their surface coat either by slotting a different surface antigen gene copy into an active (telomeric) expression site or by activating a new vsg gene expression site and inactivating the old one. how expression sites are activated or inactivated is not clear. we report an exceptional trypanosome variant in which the inactivation of a surface antigen gene is accompanied by a 30 kb dna insertion 5' of the gene. transcription of the region upstream of the insertion continue ... | 1985 | 2988791 |
| identification of mitochondrial genes in trypanosoma brucei and homology to cytochrome c oxidase ii in two different reading frames. | we have determined the nucleotide sequence of a 3.3 kilobase segment of the kdna maxicircle of trypanosoma brucei brucei 164. the nucleotide sequence and its predicted translated sequence have homology to cytochrome c oxidase subunits i and ii (co i and ii) and mammalian unidentified reading frame 1 (urf 1). amino acid homology to co ii extends for 170 residues from the amino terminus in one reading frame and then continues in another reading frame for 39 residues to the carboxyl terminus. simil ... | 1985 | 2989684 |
| inactivation and reactivation of a variant-specific antigen gene in cyclically transmitted trypanosoma brucei. | in trypanosoma brucei, the activation of the variant-specific antigen gene antat 1.1 proceeds by the synthesis of an additional gene copy, the antat 1.1 elc, which is transposed to a new location, the expression site, where it is transcribed. using the antat 1.1 variant to infect flies, we investigated the fate of the antat 1.1 elc during cyclic transmission of t. brucei. we show here that the antat 1.1 elc is conserved in procyclic trypanosomes, obtained either from the midgut of infected gloss ... | 1985 | 2990917 |
| synthesis of a hydrolase for the membrane-form variant surface glycoprotein is repressed during transformation of trypanosoma brucei. | a membrane-bound phospholipase c-like hydrolase present in lysates of bloodstream forms of trypanosoma brucei rapidly converts the membrane form of the variant surface protein to the soluble form and 1,2-dimyristoylglycerol [(1985) m.a.j. ferguson et al. j. biol. chem., 260, 4963-4968]. the hydrolase is inhibited by p-chloromercuribenzenesulfonate. the synthesis of the enzyme is rapidly repressed upon differentiation of bloodstream forms to procyclic cells and the enzyme activity declines to an ... | 1985 | 2991000 |
| helical packing in the hydrophobic sector of cytochrome c oxidase. | an arrangement for the membrane-spanning segments of the three larger subunits of cytochrome c oxidase is proposed on the basis of sequence comparison and polarity distribution estimated from the data available for 11 different organisms. | 1985 | 2991455 |
| biochemical peculiarities of trypanosomes, african and south american. | | 1985 | 2992672 |
| effect of theophylline on differentiation of trypanosoma brucei. | differentiation of trypanosoma brucei in the mammal limits the degree of parasitemia and prepares the trypanosome for passage back into the tsetse fly. in an attempt to define the signals that control differentiation, we found that theophylline, in contrast to indomethacin, blocked differentiation, prolonged parasitemia, elevated prostaglandin and cyclic amp concentrations of rat plasma, and depressed intratrypanosomal cyclic amp. relatively nontoxic drugs that alter differentiation are powerful ... | 1985 | 2993168 |
| the two mechanisms for antigenic variation in trypanosoma brucei are independent processes. | antigenic switching in trypanosoma brucei can occur either by the production of a telomeric copy of a variant surface glycoprotein (vsg) gene through a gene conversion mechanism or by the nonduplicative activation of a telomeric vsg gene. the 5 vsg gene telomeric copy that is expressed in istar 1 variant antigenic type (vat) 5 is retained in an inactive state following an antigenic switch to vat a5. this inactive telomeric 5 vsg gene copy is absent following independent single antigenic switches ... | 1985 | 2993880 |
| a 5' spliced leader is added in trans to both alpha- and beta-tubulin transcripts in trypanosoma brucei. | the approximately 15 alpha- and 15 beta-tubulin genes of trypanosoma brucei are arranged in a tandem array of alternating alpha- and beta-tubulin genes. we have examined the structure of mrna transcripts from the tubulin gene family and have found at the 5' ends of both alpha- and beta-tubulin messages a 35-nucleotide spliced leader (sl) identical to that identified previously on the 5' ends of variant surface glycoprotein (vsg) mrnas. no 35-nucleotide sl sequences were encoded in the tubulin in ... | 1985 | 2994042 |
| effect of 3-aminobenzamide on antigenic variation of trypanosoma brucei. | african trypanosomes, like trypanosoma brucei, depend on antigenic variation to evade the immune response of the vertebrate host. an antigenic switch corresponds to the activation of a variable surface glycoprotein (vsg) gene from a large silent repertoire. most switches require the duplicative transposition of a vsg gene, which involves strand breaks in dna and subsequent repair. the nuclear enzyme adenosine-diphosphoribosyl transferase (adprt), which is dependent on the presence of dna strand ... | 1985 | 2998400 |
| structure and regulated expression of genes encoding fructose biphosphate aldolase in trypanosoma brucei. | low stringency hybridisation with a rabbit aldolase cdna was used to select cdna clones encoding fructose biphosphate aldolase in trypanosoma brucei. a clone which is almost full length encodes a protein of 41 027 daltons which has 50% identity with rabbit aldolase a and slightly lower homology with b-type aldolases. the homologous mrna is at least 6-fold more abundant in bloodstream trypomastigotes than in procyclic forms, as expected from measurements of enzyme activity. genomic mapping result ... | 1985 | 2998772 |
| the role of compartmentation and glycerol kinase in the synthesis of atp within the glycosome of trypanosoma brucei. | glycosomes, purified from trypomastigote forms of trypanosoma brucei, contained all the enzymes necessary to convert glucose to alpha-glycerophosphate and 3-phosphoglycerate. the multienzyme reaction which produces 2 alpha-glycerophosphate, 2 adp, and 2 nad+ from 1 glucose, 2 atp, and 2 nadh was studied spectrophotometrically. intact glycosomes, suspended with 5.6 mm alpha-glycerophosphate and 2 mm adp, produced atp inside the glycosomes for glucose phosphorylation at a rate of 0.7 mumol/min/mg ... | 1985 | 2999127 |
| putative regulatory sequences for the transcription of mini-exons in trypanosoma brucei as revealed by s1 sensitivity. | the 35-nucleotide (nt) mini-exon found at the 5' end of most trypanosoma brucei mrnas is encoded as part of a tandem 1.35-kb repeat in genomic dna. we cloned this dna and identified an s1-sensitive site in supercoiled plasmids containing mini-exon repeats. this site is situated on a poly(da-dt) stretch that is variable in length in different copies of repeat. poly(da-dt) is capable of forming abnormal dna helix configurations, some of which are induced by supercoiling. the s1 site may have a rol ... | 1985 | 3000878 |
| cytofluorometry as a method for the differentiation of trypanosomes. | the dna binding guanine specific antibiotic, chromomycin a3, has been evaluated for fluorescence intensity measurements of t. cruzi, t. brucei brucei and t. musculi. optimal fixation and staining conditions have been determined. the fluorometry was performed with a microscope photometer equipped with electronic systems for short time excitation of 7 milliseconds and operation control. the trypomastigote bloodstream forms of these species have a different chromomycin specific dna content. the tot ... | 1985 | 3001914 |
| 3'-nucleotidase activity in procyclic and bloodstream stages of trypanosoma rhodesiense. | both procyclic and bloodstream-derived trypanosomes of trypanosoma rhodesiense exhibit a nucleotidase activity which is capable of hydrolyzing 3'-ribonucleotides. nucleotidase activity in assays employing 5'-nucleotide substrates is not detectable in preparations of either phenotype. the 3'-nucleotidase activity in lysates of procyclic trypanosomes is pelletable at 100,000 g, whereas that activity from bloodstream forms is operationally soluble under the conditions employed. the 3'-nucleotidase ... | 1986 | 3002717 |
| transcription of a transposed trypanosome surface antigen gene starts upstream of the transposed segment. | the non-telomeric variant surface glycoprotein (vsg) genes in trypanosoma brucei are activated by a duplicative transposition to a telomeric expression site. we have determined the 5' end of the transposed segment of the gene for vsg 117 and infer from comparison with similar data obtained by others that the crossover can occur at variable positions within short repeats present upstream of this gene and in the expression site. we have analysed nascent and steady state transcripts of the transpos ... | 1985 | 3004950 |
| topogenesis of microbody enzymes: a sequence comparison of the genes for the glycosomal (microbody) and cytosolic phosphoglycerate kinases of trypanosoma brucei. | to determine how microbody enzymes enter microbodies, we are studying the genes for cytosolic and glycosomal (microbody) isoenzymes in trypanosoma brucei. we have found three genes (a, b and c) coding for phosphoglycerate kinase (pgk) in a tandem array in t. brucei. gene b codes for the cytosolic and gene c for the glycosomal isoenzyme. genes b and c are 95% homologous, and the predicted protein sequences share approximately 45% amino acid homology with other eukaryote pgks. the microbody isoenz ... | 1985 | 3004970 |
| the molecular biology of antigenic variation in trypanosomes: gene rearrangements and discontinuous transcription. | | 1986 | 3007387 |
| variant surface glycoprotein gene expression site switches in trypanosoma brucei. | in trypanosoma brucei bloodstream forms, transcription of variant surface glycoprotein (vsg) genes occurs at only one of several possible expression sites at any given time. activation and inactivation of some expression sites are correlated with recombinational events that alter their chromosomal position (van der ploeg, l. h. t., cornelissen, a. w. c. a., michels, p. a. m., and borst, p. (1984) cell 39, 213-221). we present evidence that a 430-kilobase pair (kb) chromosome, containing the 1.8 ... | 1986 | 3009443 |
| absence of substrate channeling in the glycosome of trypanosoma brucei. | glycolytic enzymes in the purified glycosomes of trypanosoma brucei brucei bloodstream forms were crosslinked to form a large protein complex by the bifunctional reagent dimethyl suberimidate [aman, r.a., kenyon, g.l. and wang, c.c. (1985) j. biol. chem. 260, 6966-6973]. the crosslinked enzyme complex was found capable of catalyzing the chain reactions leading from glucose to the formation of alpha-glycerophosphate in the presence of atp and nadh. to determine whether the crosslinked enzyme comp ... | 1986 | 3012332 |
| two tandemly linked identical genes code for the glycosomal glyceraldehyde-phosphate dehydrogenase in trypanosoma brucei. | trypanosoma brucei contains two isoenzymes for glyceraldehyde-phosphate dehydrogenase (gapdh); one enzyme resides in a microbody-like organelle, the glycosome, the other one is found in the cytosol. we show here that the glycosomal enzyme is encoded by two tandemly linked genes of identical sequence. these genes code for a protein of 358 amino acids, with a mol. wt of 38.9 kd. this is considerably larger than all other gapdh proteins studied so far, including the enzyme that is located in the cy ... | 1986 | 3013612 |
| trypanosoma rhodesiense: mitochondrial proteins of bloodstream and procyclic trypomastigotes. | one- and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of the solubilized mitochondrial proteins of bloodstream and procyclic trypomastigote trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and radiolabeling of proteins in the presence of cycloheximide were used to identify proteins synthesized in the trypanosome mitochondrion. the proteins which comprise the mitochondrion were found to be very similar in both bloodstream and procyclic trypomastigotes, but do differ in their level of synthesis. a protein putatively identif ... | 1986 | 3013670 |
| the association of distinct acid phosphatases with the flagella pocket and surface membrane fractions obtained from bloodstream forms of trypanosoma rhodesiense. | cell fractionation of bloodstream trypanosoma rhodesiense, using isopycnic sucrose gradient centrifugation, reveals acid phosphatase activities against a range of substrates to be associated, to varying degrees, with subcellular particle populations identified as derived from flagella pocket membrane and surface membrane. using these same substrates (alpha and beta glycerophosphate, p-nitrophenyl phosphate and glucose-6-phosphate) at least two distinct acid phosphatase activities can be distingu ... | 1986 | 3014309 |
| a comparative study of the purine- and pyrimidine-metabolising enzymes of a range of trypanosomatids. | a range of trypanosomatids (amastigotes and cultured promastigotes of leishmania mexicana mexicana, cultured promastigotes of l. m. amazonensis, l. donovani and l. tarentolae, culture forms of crithidia fasciculata, herpetomonas muscarum muscarum and h. m. ingenoplastis and procyclic trypomastigotes of trypanosoma brucei brucei) have been surveyed for the presence of purine- and pyrimidine-metabolising enzymes. several common features were observed, including the presence of nucleosidases, catab ... | 1986 | 3015485 |
| raising antibodies by coupling peptides to ppd and immunizing bcg-sensitized animals. | the use of ppd (purified protein derivative of tuberculin) as a carrier has several significant advantages. it provides very powerful t cell help and it gives rise to virtually no antibody response against itself. this is particularly useful if it is intended to go on to make monoclonal antibodies, where the presence of a large amount of anti-carrier antibody is a nuisance! furthermore, unlike most comparably powerful adjuvant systems, it can be used in man. ppd coupling has been used to raise a ... | 1986 | 3015516 |
| characterization of the gene for the microbody (glycosomal) triosephosphate isomerase of trypanosoma brucei. | to determine how microbody enzymes enter microbodies, we are studying the genes for glycosomal (microbody) enzymes in trypanosoma brucei. here we present our results for triosephosphate isomerase (tim), which is found exclusively in the glycosome. we found a single tim gene without introns, having one major polyadenylated transcript of 1500 nucleotides with a long untranslated tail of approximately 600 nucleotides. by a novel method, suitable for low abundance transcripts, we demonstrate that ti ... | 1986 | 3015595 |
| pulsed field gradient electrophoresis of dna digested in agarose allows the sizing of the large duplication unit of a surface antigen gene in trypanosomes. | intact chromosome-sized dna molecules from eukaryotes may be prepared by performing lysis and enzymic deproteinization on cells embedded in agarose [schwartz and cantor, cell 37 (1984), 67-75]. here we show that dna prepared by this method may be cut with restriction enzymes, or modified with site-specific methylases and cut by dpni. as the dna remains incorporated in the gel matrix, shear degradation of large fragments is avoided. the fragments can then be sized by conventional or pulsed field ... | 1986 | 3015741 |
| inhibitors of the mitochondrial cytochrome b-c1 complex inhibit the cyanide-insensitive respiration of trypanosoma brucei. | the cyanide-insensitive respiration of bloodstream trypomastigote forms of trypanosoma brucei (75 +/- 8 nmol o2 min-1(mg protein)-1) is completely inhibited by the mitochondrial ubiquinone-like inhibitors 2-hydroxy-3-undecyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (uhnq) and 5-n-undecyl-6-hydroxy-4,7-dioxobenzothiazole (uhdbt). the ki values for uhdbt (30 nm) and uhnq (2 microm) are much lower than the reported ki for salicylhydroxamic acid (sham) (5 microm), a widely used inhibitor of the cyanide-insensitive oxidas ... | 1986 | 3016533 |
| purification and characterisation of membrane-form variant surface glycoproteins of trypanosoma brucei. | membrane-form variant surface glycoprotein of trypanosoma brucei can be prepared in the presence of para-chloromercuriphenylsulphonic acid. the membrane-bound enzyme that usually cleaves a lipid from this glycoprotein, thus producing the soluble variant surface glycoprotein, is inhibited by a range of sulphydryl reagents. the effect of such inhibitors, both on cell lysates and on semi-purified enzyme, reveals that the enzyme may have a sulphydryl at or near its active site. fatty acid analysis a ... | 1986 | 3016534 |
| effects on trypanosoma brucei differentiating bloodstream trypomastigotes and established procyclic trypomastigotes when grown in the presence of respiratory inhibitors. | | 1986 | 3018211 |
| [release of plasma membrane-bound enzymes by phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase c]. | | 1986 | 3018843 |
| major transcript of the frameshifted coxii gene from trypanosome mitochondria contains four nucleotides that are not encoded in the dna. | the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase (cox) subunit ii gene from trypanosomes contains a frameshift at amino acid 170. this gene is highly conserved in different trypanosome species, suggesting that it is functional. sequence determination of coxii transcripts of t. brucei and c. fasciculata reveals four extra, reading frame-restoring nucleotides at the frameshift position that are not encoded in the dna. southern blot analysis of dna of both trypanosome species failed to show the existence of a ... | 1986 | 3019552 |
| evidence for genetic diversity in trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense. | genetic proximity between two karyotypic groups of trypanosoma congolense was investigated using as hybridization probes: total genomic dna, a 35 nucleotide long synthetic oligonucleotide, and non-variant antigen type (non-vat) specific complementary dnas. the phylogenetic relationship between trypanosoma brucei and t. evansi, both of which are accepted species in the subgenus trypanozoon, was used as a reference to assess the phylogenetic proximity of the two groups of t. congolense. results in ... | 1986 | 3024094 |
| the nucleotide sequence of a 3.2 kb segment of mitochondrial maxicircle dna from crithidia fasciculata containing the gene for cytochrome oxidase subunit iii, the n-terminal part of the apocytochrome b gene and a possible frameshift gene; further evidence for the use of unusual initiator triplets in trypanosome mitochondria. | a 3.2 kb segment of the maxicircle of crithidia fasciculata mitochondrial (mt) dna contains the gene for cytochrome oxidase subunit iii (coxiii), the n-terminal portion of the gene for apocytochrome b (cytb) and two partially overlapping unassigned reading frames (c.urf2/1). transcript analysis of the segment reveals that both the coxiii gene and the c.urf2/1 area are transcribed into a pair of rna products. with the c. fasciculata gene version as a probe, a coxiii gene could not be detected in ... | 1987 | 3029678 |
| frequent independent duplicative transpositions activate a single vsg gene. | the expression of several surface antigen genes in trypanosoma brucei is mediated by the duplicative transposition of a basic-copy variant surface glycoprotein (vsg) gene into an expression site. we determined that the appearance of variant 118, in a parasitemia, resulted from at least four independent duplicative transpositions of the same vsg 118 gene. variants 117 and 118 both appeared at specific periods but resulted from multiple independent activations. antigenic variants thus occur in an ... | 1987 | 3031467 |
| comparison of the maxicircle (mitochondrial) genomes of leishmania tarentolae and trypanosoma brucei at the level of nucleotide sequence. | the entire 16.7-kilobase (kb) transcribed region of the leishmania tarentolae maxicircle was compared to the entire 15-kb transcribed region of the trypanosoma brucei maxicircle at the nucleotide sequence level by dot matrix analysis and by alignments of individual genes. the l. tarentolae nadh dehydrogenase subunit 1 (nd1) gene was identified in a newly obtained 2.9-kb sequence. all but two regions which flank the cytochrome b gene are highly conserved in both species. one 3.1-kb region in l. t ... | 1987 | 3032958 |
| kinetoplast dna of trypanosoma evansi. | we show here that the kinetoplast dna (kdna) networks from six trypanosoma evansi strains differ from those of t. brucei by their lack of maxi-circles and absence of mini-circle sequence heterogeneity. the lack of maxi-circles is sufficient to account for the inability of t. evansi to multiply in tsetse flies, since this requires functional mitochondria containing maxi-circle gene products. judged by restriction enzyme analysis, five of the six t. evansi strains contain mini-circles that differ ... | 1987 | 3033499 |
| calmodulin from trypanosoma brucei: immunological analysis and genomic organization. | | 1987 | 3035325 |
| cloning and sequencing of the ornithine decarboxylase gene from trypanosoma brucei. implications for enzyme turnover and selective difluoromethylornithine inhibition. | ornithine decarboxylase of the african trypanosome trypanosoma brucei brucei had an estimated native molecular weight of 100,000 by gel filtration and a subunit molecular weight of 45,000 by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. the gene encoding this enzyme, present in a single copy in t. brucei, was identified by mouse ornithine decarboxylase cdna under relatively stringent conditions of hybridization and subcloned in a 5.9-kilobase (kb) ssti fragment from a cosmid clone i ... | 1987 | 3036823 |
| ingi, a 5.2-kb dispersed sequence element from trypanosoma brucei that carries half of a smaller mobile element at either end and has homology with mammalian lines. | a dispersed repetitive element named ingi, which is present in the genome of the protozoan parasite trypanosoma brucei, is described. one complete 5.2-kilobase element and the ends of two others were sequenced. there were no direct or inverted terminal repeats. rather, the ends consisted of two halves of a previously described 512-base-pair transposable element (g. hasan, m.j. turner, and j.s. cordingley, cell 37:333-341, 1984). oligo(da) tails and possible insertion site duplications suggested ... | 1987 | 3037321 |
| phosphomonoesterases of leishmania mexicana mexicana and other flagellates. | amastigotes and log-phase promastigotes of leishmania mexicana mexicana contained distinct acid phosphatase, 3'-nucleotidase and 5'-nucleotidase activities, distinguishable by their response to ph and inhibitors. both tartrate-sensitive and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase were present in the two forms, amastigotes possessed less tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase than promastigotes. a tartrate-sensitive acid phosphatase was secreted into the medium in large amounts during the growth in vitr ... | 1987 | 3037369 |
| effects of various metabolic conditions and of the trivalent arsenical melarsen oxide on the intracellular levels of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate and of glycolytic intermediates in trypanosoma brucei. | upon differential centrifugation of cell-free extracts of trypanosoma brucei, 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase and fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase behaved as cytosolic enzymes. the two activities could be separated from each other by chromatography on both blue sepharose and anion exchangers. 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase had a km for both its substrates in the millimolar range. its activity was dependent on the presence of inorganic phosphate and was inhibited by phosphoenolpyruvate but not by citrate or glycer ... | 1987 | 3038548 |
| the 5' flanking sequence of a trypanosoma brucei variable surface glycoprotein gene. | the mechanism controlling transcription at several telomeric expression sites for variable surface glycoprotein (vsg) genes in trypanosoma brucei is unknown. most vsg genes in expression sites have a region 5' of the gene lacking restriction enzyme sites. this 'barren region' is involved in recombination events which replace the vsg gene with a copy of a different, non-telomeric, vsg gene leading to a switch in vsg expression. alterations in the barren region have been considered as possible mod ... | 1987 | 3041210 |
| a major 125-kd membrane glycoprotein of saccharomyces cerevisiae is attached to the lipid bilayer through an inositol-containing phospholipid. | a number of plasma membrane glycoproteins of mammalian and protozoan origin are released from cells by phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase c. some of these proteins have been shown to be attached to the lipid bilayer via a covalently linked, structurally complex glycophospholipid. here we establish the existence of similarly linked glycoproteins in the yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae. the most abundant of these is a tightly membrane-bound glycoprotein of 125 kd. the detergent-binding moie ... | 1988 | 3046936 |
| growth of pleomorphic trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense in irradiated inbred mice. | it was shown that irradiation (650 rad) of 7 inbred strains of mice did not block the ability of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense to transform from the long slender (ls) to the short stumpy (ss) form or alter the plateau in parasitemia. in addition, it was observed that significant differences in parasitemia levels, in the rate of transformation from the ls to the ss form, as well as in the survival times occurred between the irradiated c3heb/fej and several of the other strains. these differences ... | 1988 | 3047352 |
| trypanosoma brucei ornithine decarboxylase: enzyme purification, characterization, and expression in escherichia coli. | ornithine decarboxylase from the african trypanosome is an important target for antitrypanosomal chemotherapy. despite this, the enzyme had not been previously purified or extensively characterized as it is a very low level protein. in this paper we describe the purification of trypanosoma brucei brucei ornithine decarboxylase from bloodstream form trypomastigotes by 107,000-fold to a specific activity of 2.7 x 10(6) nmol co2/h/mg of protein in the parasite. t. brucei ornithine decarboxylase had ... | 1988 | 3056933 |
| immunodiagnosis of rhodesiense sleeping sickness: detection of circulating trypanosomal antigens in sera and cerebrospinal fluid by enzyme immunoassay using a monoclonal antibody. | | 1988 | 3058357 |
| an estimate of the size of the metacyclic variable antigen repertoire of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. | a group of 27 variable antigen type (vat)-specific monoclonal antibodies (mcabs) have been made against metacyclic forms of a cloned stock of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. in combination, these labelled in immunofluorescence 99.3% of trypanosomes in salivary probes from tsetse flies. the 0.7% of unlabelled trypanosomes were believed to be uncoated forms. the ability of a mixture of antibodies to kill metacyclics in vitro by complement-mediated lysis, thus neutralizing their infectivity for mic ... | 1988 | 3059263 |
| spectrin-like proteins in the paraflagellar rod structure of trypanosoma brucei. | a polyclonal, monospecific rabbit antibody to human erythrocyte spectrins cross-reacted with two sets of proteins (a doublet of 180/200k and a triplet of 67-66-65k; k = 10(3) mr) in the parasitic protozoon trypanosoma brucei brucei. except for the 66k protein, the cross-reacting proteins are localized in the flagellum, on the basis of evidence from cell fractionation and immunofluorescence microscopy. immunogold labelling and electron micrographs further revealed that the spectrin-like proteins ... | 1988 | 3073166 |
| tubulin post-translational modifications and the construction of microtubular organelles in trypanosoma brucei. | we have used specific monoclonal antibodies to facilitate a study of acetylated and tyrosinated alpha-tubulin in the microtubule (mt) arrays in the trypanosoma brucei cell. acetylated alpha-tubulin is not solely located in the stable microtubular arrays but is present even in the ephemeral microtubules of the mitotic spindle. moreover, there is a uniform distribution of this isoform in all arrays. studies of flagella complexes show that acetylation is concomitant with assembly of mts. there is n ... | 1988 | 3075618 |
| trypanosoma brucei releases proteases extracellularly. | | 1988 | 3076715 |
| necessity of antibody response in the treatment of african trypanosomiasis with alpha-difluoromethylornithine. | the role of the immune system in the clearance of trypanosoma brucei brucei from the bloodstream during alpha-difluoromethylornithine (dfmo) treatment was studied by determining the effects of dexamethasone on immune and therapeutic responses in rats infected with t.b. brucei. normal dfmo-treated animals exhibited strong antibody responses to trypanosomes and were cured of t. b. brucei infection by a 7-day regimen of 2% dfmo in drinking water. animals pretreated with dexamethasone were not cured ... | 1986 | 3080008 |
| uptake of alpha-difluoromethylornithine by trypanosoma brucei brucei. | | 1986 | 3080009 |
| cellular and humoral defenses of glossina (diptera: glossinidae): reactions against bacteria, trypanosomes, and experimental implants. | | 1986 | 3081723 |
| kinetoplast dna in trypanosomid flagellates. | | 1986 | 3082787 |
| polyamine depletion following exposure to dl-alpha-difluoromethylornithine both in vivo and in vitro initiates morphological alterations and mitochondrial activation in a monomorphic strain of trypanosoma brucei brucei. | dl-alpha-difluoromethylornithine (dfmo), a specific irreversible inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase (odc), rapidly depletes cells of intracellular putrescine. when administered to animals and humans, dfmo cures acute infections of trypanosomiasis. in order to determine if the mechanism of drug action is related to initiation of transformation and biochemical alterations subsequent to polyamine depletion, trypanosome morphology and mitochondrial activation were studied in a monomorphic strain o ... | 1986 | 3090240 |
| effect of putrescine on the respiration of trypanosoma brucei brucei. | when bloodstream forms of trypanosoma brucei brucei were exposed to exogenous putrescine for 24 h during in vitro culture, the rate of o2 consumption increased significantly in a concentration-related and time-dependent manner. trypanosomes cultured with 100 microm dl-alpha-difluoromethylornithine (dfmo), an irreversible inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase, were depleted of intracellular putrescine, and the rate of o2 consumption decreased by more than 50%. this effect could be abrogated if 100 ... | 1986 | 3092047 |
| inhibition of polyamine biosynthesis by alpha-difluoromethylornithine in african trypanosomes and pneumocystis carinii as a basis of chemotherapy: biochemical and clinical aspects. | the symposium provided dramatic evidence of the value of the use of polyamine inhibition via alpha-difluoromethylornithine (dfmo, eflornithine) for advances in chemotherapy of trypanosoma brucei gambiense sleeping sickness and pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids) and also for further understanding the metabolic importance of the ubiquitous polyamines in these organisms. | 1986 | 3098121 |
| epidemiology and control of african trypanosomiasis. report of a who expert committee. | | 1986 | 3099479 |
| treatment of trypanosome-infected mice with exogenous interferon, interferon inducers, or antibody to interferon. | | 1986 | 3100761 |
| a trypanosoma brucei mutant resistant to alpha-difluoromethylornithine. | procyclic trypanosoma brucei brucei strain 366d is susceptible to dl-alpha-difluoromethylornithine (dfmo) with an in vitro ed50 value of 225 microm. a mutant of the procyclic strain resistant to 20 mm of dfmo was isolated by serial in vitro passages of the organisms in increasing concentrations of the drug. drug resistance remains unchanged after at least ten serial passages in the absence of dfmo. the mutant contains the same level of ornithine decarboxylase activity as the wild-type procyclic, ... | 1987 | 3100950 |
| effects of the ornithine decarboxylase inhibitors dl-alpha-difluoromethylornithine and alpha-monofluoromethyldehydroornithine methyl ester alone and in combination with suramin against trypanosoma brucei brucei central nervous system models. | two ornithine decarboxylase inhibitors, dl-alpha-difluoromethylornithine (eflornithine; dfmo) and a-monofluoromethyldehydroornithine methyl ester (delta mfmo x ch3) were compared in their ability to cure two distinct trypanosoma brucei brucei central nervous system murine model infections. both inhibitors cured the treu 667 and lump 1001 isolates if used in combination with a single (20 mg/kg) injection of suramin, a trypanocide in current clinical use. the curative dose of delta mfmo x ch3 in c ... | 1987 | 3101528 |
| a simple method for the production of specific antiserum to protein encoded in cloned genes. immunization with precipitin lines. | a simple technique for raising specific antisera to protein encoded by cloned genes is described. the procedure involves preparation of an antiserum to escherichia coli beta-galactosidase and the use of that serum to immunoprecipitate a fusion protein in a crossed immunoelectrophoresis gel followed by immunization with fusion protein precipitin arcs. an antiserum was prepared against protein encoded by an open reading frame in a dispersed repeated dna sequence found in the protozoan trypanosoma ... | 1987 | 3102616 |
| evolutionary aspects of trypanosomes: analysis of genes. | the genes for four glycolytic enzymes of trypanosoma brucei have been analyzed. the proteins encoded by these genes show 38-57% identity with their counterparts in other organisms, whether pro- or eukaryotic. these data are consistent with a phylogenetic tree in which trypanosomes diverged very early from the main branch of the eukaryotic lineage. no definite conclusion can be drawn yet about the evolutionary origin of glycosomes, the microbodies of trypanosomes which contain most enzymes of the ... | 1986 | 3104618 |
| surface carbohydrates of procyclic forms of african trypanosomes studied using fluorescence activated cell sorter analysis and agglutination with lectins. | living culture form procyclics of trypanosoma brucei brucei, t.b. rhodesiense, t.b. gambiense, t. congolense and t. simiae were tested for binding of eight different lectins. the binding of fluorescein isothiocyanate (fitc)-conjugated lectins was measured using a fluorescence activated cell sorter (facs) and by agglutination with unlabelled lectins. five of the lectins failed to bind to any of the procyclic organisms in both tests. all parasites bound concanavalin a (con a) and all t.b. brucei, ... | 1987 | 3106807 |
| [a new molecule in antiparasitic therapy: alpha-difluoromethylornithine]. | alpha-difluoromethylornithine (dfmo) is a specific irreversible inhibitor of ornithine-decarboxylase (odc), key enzyme in the biosynthesis of polyamines, physiological compounds involved in cell multiplication. pharmacokinetic studies of the drug revealed good oral absorption, low metabolisation and mainly urinary excretion. short half-life (3 hrs to 3 hrs 30) implicates daily repeated administrations. dfmo is well tolerated, side effects being reversible on discontinuing drug therapy. they chie ... | 1987 | 3108836 |
| effects of trypanosoma brucei and babesia microti infections on the primary granulomatous reaction to schistosoma eggs in mice. | mouse infection with the blood protozoa trypanosoma brucei suppressed significantly the frequency and intensity of the primary granulomatous inflammatory response to eggs of the blood flukes schistosoma mansoni and s. bovis injected into the pulmonary microvasculature. in addition, the dynamics of the cellular infiltrate of the egg granuloma were strongly affected. it is suggested that the modulation of the granulomatous response is a result of impairment of the cell-mediated immunological respo ... | 1987 | 3110500 |
| in vivo effects of difluoromethylornithine on trypanothione and polyamine levels in bloodstream forms of trypanosoma brucei. | the effect of d,l-alpha-difluoromethylornithine (dfmo) on thiol and polyamine levels in trypanosoma brucei was investigated by isolating trypanosomes from infected rats treated with dfmo for 12-48 h. concentrations of thiols, polyamines and other amino-compounds were measured by an automated high-performance liquid chromatography method. the levels of dfmo in rat plasma (0.02-1.34 mm) is similar to that found in the parasites (0.27-0.99 mm), concentrations which exceed the ki of dfmo for t. bruc ... | 1987 | 3114634 |
| synergism between 9-deazainosine and dl-alpha-difluoromethylornithine in treatment of experimental african trypanosomiasis. | kinetoplastid hemoflagellates are sensitive to growth inhibition by various purine analogs. in this study the activities of 9-deazainosine (9-dino), formycin b, and sinefungin were compared in experimental murine trypanosoma brucei subsp. brucei infections, both singly and in combination with the ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor dl-alpha-difluoromethylornithine (dfmo, eflornithine). used singly, all of the purine analogs were able to suppress an acute t. brucei subsp. brucei infection. 9-dino a ... | 1987 | 3118799 |
| experimental trypanosoma brucei infections selectively suppress both interleukin 2 production and interleukin 2 receptor expression. | experimental infections with trypanosoma brucei antat 1.1.e not only account for a suppression of interleukin 2 (il 2) production, but also induce an impairment of il 2 receptor expression. indeed, lymph node cells derived from infected mice failed to express il 2 receptors following mitogenic stimulation as compared to normal controls. this impairment was not attributed to a modulation of the number of t cells and was not caused by the presence of living parasites. furthermore, the basal level ... | 1987 | 3119349 |
| trypanosome mrnas have unusual "cap 4" structures acquired by addition of a spliced leader. | a single capped oligonucleotide is released from trypanosoma brucei poly(a)+ rna upon digestion with rnase t2. this observation supports the hypothesis that all t. brucei mrnas share a common leader sequence. digestion of the t2-resistant species with nucleotide pyrophosphatase shows that the capping nucleotide is 7-methylguanosine 5'-monophosphate (pm7g). additional characterization of the t2-resistant fragment indicates that modifications are present on the first four transcribed nucleotides; ... | 1987 | 3120186 |
| compartmentation of carbohydrate metabolism in trypanosomes. | | 1987 | 3120638 |
| genetics of resistance to the african trypanosomes. vi. heredity of resistance and variable surface glycoprotein-specific immune responses. | the question of genetic linkage of parasite-specific immune responses to resistance to infection in experimental african trypanosomiasis was addressed. for this purpose, major histocompatibility complex-compatible resistant and susceptible inbred mouse strains and their f1 hybrid, f2 hybrid, and backcross offspring were infected with trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense loutat 1. immunologic control of the first peak of parasitemia and survival times were the parameters measured. as we have reported p ... | 1988 | 3121739 |
| biochemical changes associated with alpha-difluoromethylornithine uptake and resistance in trypanosoma brucei. | procyclic trypanosoma brucei grown in semi-defined media are sensitive to alpha-difluoromethylornithine (dfmo) (ec50 100 microm), an inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase (odc), a key enzyme in polyamine biosynthesis. organisms resistant to 5 mm dfmo (ec50 greater than 20 mm) were obtained by passage in incremental amounts of drug. resistant and wild-type cells accumulated dfmo by passive diffusion with a consequent decrease in polyamine levels, indicating inhibition of odc in both cell types. th ... | 1987 | 3122042 |
| interference with homologous immunity and faecal egg excretion in schistosoma infections in mice concurrently infected with trypanosoma brucei and schistosoma mansoni. | the effects of the blood protozoan, trypanosoma brucei, was assessed on the homologous immunity to schistosoma mansoni infection and the distribution of s. mansoni eggs in the tissues and faeces of dually infected mice. the trypanosome infection reduced the homologous protection induced by a primary s. mansoni infection against a challenge infection and the faecal excretion of eggs during the primary schistosome infection. the findings are discussed in relation to the immunosuppressive action of ... | 1987 | 3123344 |
| studies on the development of metacyclic trypanosoma brucei sspp. cultivated at 27 degrees c with insect cell lines. | when transformed procyclic trypanosomes of three stocks of trypanosoma brucei brucei and one stock of t.b. rhodesiense were grown at 27 degrees c in 25-cm2 flasks containing anopheles gambiae cells, some of them developed into forms infective for mice. infectivity titrations on trypanosome suspensions revealed that up to 2.8 x 10(5) metacyclic forms per ml could be produced, and the cultures remained infective for varying periods of up to 72 days when they were terminated. of the various culture ... | 1987 | 3123646 |
| chemotherapy of trypanosomiasis: the use of guanylhydrazone compounds in the treatment of experimental murine trypanosomiasis. | the efficacy of 1,3,5-triacetylbenzene tris(guanylhydrazone) trihydrochloride i.e. [(tbg)] in the treatment of early and late stage infections of trypanosoma brucei in mice was investigated. successful treatment on day 3 after infection could be achieved by doses of 2 x 2.5 mg kg-1. if treatment was delayed to 21 days after infection then the mice had to be given either suramin (1 x 20 mg kg-1) or difluoromethyl-ornithine (dfmo) 2% solution for 14 days in addition to either 15 mg kg-1 (tbg) dail ... | 1987 | 3124253 |
| effect of dl-alpha-difluoromethylornithine on methionine cycle intermediates in trypanosoma brucei brucei. | activities of enzymes involved in transmethylation reactions were determined in bloodstream trypomastigotes of trypanosoma brucei brucei infection in rats. s-adenosyl-l-methionine synthetase (ec 2.5.1.6), s-adenosyl-l-homocysteine hydrolase (ec 3.3.1.1), cystathionine synthase (ec 4.2.1.21), as well as several transmethylases were detected and localized in cytosolic rather than particulate fractions. high performance liquid chromatography analysis of methionine cycle intermediates in cells from ... | 1988 | 3125429 |
| substrate specificities of 5'-deoxy-5'-methylthioadenosine phosphorylase from trypanosoma brucei brucei and mammalian cells. | the separation by chromatofocusing of two distinct purine nucleoside cleaving activities from crude extracts of trypanosoma brucei brucei is described. one catalyzes the reversible phosphorolysis of 5'-deoxy-5'-methylthioadenosine (mesado) and adenosine (ado) and was designated an mesado/ado phosphorylase, while the other catalyzes the hydrolysis of adenosine, inosine, and guanosine but not mesado. the substrate specificity of trypanosomal mesado/ado phosphorylase differed from that of a mammali ... | 1988 | 3125430 |
| the predicted secondary structures of class i fructose-bisphosphate aldolases. | the results of several secondary-structure prediction programs were combined to produce an estimate of the regions of alpha-helix, beta-sheet and reverse turns for fructose-bisphosphate aldolases from human and rat muscle and liver, from trypanosoma brucei and from drosophila melanogaster. all the aldolase sequences gave essentially the same pattern of secondary-structure predictions despite having sequences up to 50% different. one exception to this pattern was an additional strongly predicted ... | 1988 | 3128269 |
| effects of alpha-difluoromethylornithine on protein synthesis and synthesis of the variant-specific glycoprotein (vsg) in trypanosoma brucei brucei. | protein synthesis in trypanosoma brucei brucei was rapidly inhibited during polyamine depletion by dl-alpha-difluoromethylornithine (dfmo) in vitro and in vivo. [3h]leucine incorporation was depressed 30-40% by 24 h and 80-90% by 48 h of dfmo treatment. concomitantly there was an apparent decrease in the synthesis of the variant-specific glycoprotein (vsg) in dfmo-treated trypanosomes, as measured by decreased incorporation of [3h]myristic acid into vsg. the discovery of decreased protein synthe ... | 1988 | 3128277 |
| decreased interleukin-2 responsiveness in leukocytes from trypanosoma brucei-infected mice. | immunosuppression with respect to those inducible processes which regulate lymphocyte mitogenesis was examined in experimental trypanosomiasis. splenic leukocytes from trypanosoma brucei-infected mice showed a decreased proliferative response to the t-cell mitogen concanavalin a. activated cells secreted normal levels of the endogenous t-cell proliferative signal interleukin-2 (il-2) and expressed high-affinity il-2 receptors. however, the ability of activated cells to proliferate in response to ... | 1988 | 3128404 |
| dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase: a 'new' function for an old enzyme? | | 1988 | 3131165 |
| [african sleeping sickness]. | | 1988 | 3135564 |
| heterologous synergistic interactions in concurrent experimental infection in the mouse with schistosoma mansoni, echinostoma revolutum, plasmodium yoelii, babesia microti, and trypanosoma brucei. | primary infections with plasmodium yoelii and echinostoma revolutum in the mouse induced a significant increase in the heterologous schistosoma mansoni challenge worm establishment, whereas s. mansoni worm establishment remained unaffected by primary infections with trypanosoma brucei and babesia microti. concurrent infection in the mouse with p. yoelii or t. brucei, but not with b. microti, blocked the resistance to homologous e. revolutum challenge infection, and primary p. yoelii and t. bruce ... | 1988 | 3143108 |
| [action of drugs tested in an acellular medium and in mice infected with trypanosoma brucei brucei]. | this study reports the action of ten drugs on two strains of trypanosoma brucei brucei (antat 1.9 virulent in mice and antat 1.1e more chronic) in vitro in acellular semi defined medium and in vivo in swiss mice. minimum efficient concentration of drugs is evaluated by means of an in vitro assay: melarsoprol (1 microgram/ml); dfmo (cytostatic effect from 50 micrograms/ml); suramin (1 microgram/ml); 2 nitroimidazole derivative ro 15-0216 (1 microgram/ml); triacetylbenzene trisguanylhydrazone (tbg ... | 1988 | 3143489 |
| [dfmo: an alternative therapeutic agent for human african trypanosomiasis]. | alpha-difluoromethyl ornithine (dfmo) irreversibly inhibits ornithine decarboxylase (odc), an essential enzyme for the synthesis of polyamines, and results in decreased biosynthesis of putrescine and spermidine, factors necessary for cellular multiplication. use of this chemical agent in trypanosoma brucei brucei infected mice eradicated the parasite from circulating blood. this treatment is now being developed for use in human pathology. | 1988 | 3143490 |
| chemotherapy of trypanosomiasis: the potentiation of melarsoprol by concurrent difluoromethylornithine (dfmo) treatment. | | 1988 | 3151412 |
| rna editing and the mysterious undercover genes of trypanosomatid mitochondria. | | 1988 | 3154277 |