| isolation of a 14 kda antigen from taenia solium cyst fluid by hplc and its evaluation in enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for diagnosis of porcine cysticercosis. | a fraction with a major band of 14kda was obtained from crude cyst fluid of taenia solium cysticerci by 2-step chromatography. a first fraction isolated by gel filtration (sephacryl s-300 high resolution) was purified using an anion exchange column (mono q hr 5/5) on high performance liquid chromatography. evaluation of the analytic sensitivity of this fraction (f3) was carried out in an antibody enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ab-elisa-f3) using serum samples from pigs experimentally infecte ... | 2007 | 17101161 |
| point mutations in mitochondrial topoisomerase enzymes of trypanosoma congolense are not involved in isometamidium resistance. | | 2007 | 17123643 |
| bovine transcriptome analysis by sage technology during an experimental trypanosoma congolense infection. | in central and sub-saharan africa, trypanosomosis is a tsetse fly-transmitted disease, which is considered as the most important impediment to livestock production in the region. however, several indigenous west african taurine breeds (bos taurus) present remarkable tolerance to the infection. this genetic capability, named trypanotolerance, results from numerous biological mechanisms most probably under multigenic dependences, among which are control of the trypanosome infection by limitation o ... | 2006 | 17135528 |
| trypanosomosis in goats: current status. | trypanosomosis is a major constraint on ruminant livestock production in africa, asia, and south america. the principal host species affected varies geographically, but buffalo, cattle, camels, and horses are particularly sensitive. natural infections with trypanosoma congolense, t. vivax, t. brucei, and t. evansi have been described in goats. trypanosomosis in goats produces acute, subacute, chronic, or subclinical forms, being t. vivax, t. congolense, and t. evansi, the most invasive trypanoso ... | 2006 | 17135529 |
| the effect of starvation on the susceptibility of teneral and non-teneral tsetse flies to trypanosome infection. | transmission of vector-borne diseases depends largely on the ability of the insect vector to become infected with the parasite. in tsetse flies, newly emerged or teneral flies are considered the most likely to develop a mature, infective trypanosome infection. this was confirmed during experimental infections where laboratory-reared glossina morsitans morsitans westwood (diptera: glossinidae) were infected with trypanosoma congolense or t. brucei brucei. the ability of mature adult tsetse flies ... | 2006 | 17199750 |
| trypanosoma congolense infections: mhc class ii-restricted immune responses mediate either protection or disease, depending on il-10 function. | balb/c mice are highly susceptible and c57bl/6 relatively resistant to trypanosoma congolense infections. here we show that relatively resistant wild-type b6 mice infected with t. congolense survive significantly longer (> 200 days) than infected major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class ii-deficient b6 mice (approximately 50 days). we also show that blocking of the interleukin-10 (il-10) receptor induces early death of wild-type b6 mice infected with t. congolense (approximately 10 days), bu ... | 2007 | 17241399 |
| effects of exogenous transforming growth factor beta on trypanosoma congolense infection in mice. | the socioeconomic implications of trypanosomosis in sub-saharan africa and the limitations of its current control regimes have stimulated research into alternative control methods. considering the pro- and anti-inflammatory properties of transforming growth factor beta1 (tgf-beta1) and its potential to enhance immunity against protozoan parasites, we examined the effects of intraperitoneally delivered tgf-beta1 in c57bl/6 mice infected with trypanosoma congolense, the hemoprotozoan parasite caus ... | 2007 | 17261602 |
| toxicity and anti-trypanosomal effects of ethanolic extract of butyrospermum paradoxum (sapotaceae) stem bark in rats infected with trypanosoma brucei and trypanosoma congolense. | the ethanolic extract of butyrospermum paradoxum stem bark, commonly used in the traditional treatment of various diseases including animal and human trypanosomosis in north-eastern nigeria, was tested for toxicity and anti-trypanosomal efficacy in rats infected with trypanosoma congolense and trypanosoma brucei. following intra-peritoneal administration, the extract induced behavioural changes, morbidity and mortality in the rats. the symptoms observed included anorexia, dehydration, depression ... | 2007 | 17321088 |
| livestock farmers' perception and epidemiology of bovine trypanosomosis in kwale district, kenya. | we did cross-sectional surveys in kwale district, kenya to determine the epidemiology of bovine trypanosomosis and livestock owners' perceptions of the disease. the surveys involved relative importance of trypanosomosis, examination of the current disease constraints, current control practices and drug-use patterns. informal meetings were held with farmers and cattle census undertaken. tsetse-fly densities and trypanosomosis prevalences in cattle were determined. a total of 132 farmers were inte ... | 2007 | 17324481 |
| cytokine mrna profiles in bovine macrophages stimulated with trypanosoma congolense. | it is known that different breeds of cattle display differential susceptibilities to trypanosome congolense infections, and that n'dama cattle remain more productive after infection than boran cattle which are more susceptible to t. congolense. macrophages from both breeds were cultured in vitro and the expressions of a number of cytokines and inos mrna were analyzed using real time rt-pcr after stimulation with antibody-opsonized trypanosomes. no significant difference was seen between the resp ... | 2007 | 17485933 |
| semen sialic acid surge and modulation of alpha-l-fucosidase activity: possible link to loss in reproductive capacity during trypanosomiasis. | the profiles of semen sialic acid and the enzyme alpha-l-fucosidase were studied in rams undergoing chronic infection by trypanosoma congolense. our data showed a significant surge in the level of sialic acid with parasitaemia. the pattern followed a polynomial function we had reported for erythrocyte sialic acid in mice undergoing acute infection by t. congolense. the activity of the enzyme alpha-fucosidase decreased progressively with approximately 60% decrease at the end of the 14 weeks of in ... | 2008 | 17487932 |
| the comparative role of cattle, goats and pigs in the epidemiology of livestock trypanosomiasis on the plateau of eastern zambia. | to determine and compare the prevalence of trypanosome infections in different livestock species (cattle, pigs and goats) in areas where game animals are scarce and livestock constitute the main food source of tsetse, a survey was conducted on the plateau of the eastern province of zambia in katete and petauke districts where glossina morsitans morsitans is the only tsetse species present. blood was collected from a total of 734 cattle, 333 goats and 324 pigs originating from 59 villages in both ... | 2007 | 17493757 |
| absence of correlation between karyotype profiles of trypanosoma congolense and resistance to isometamidium chloride. | chromosome profiles of 10 trypanosoma (t.) congolense populations with different isometamidium sensitivities were compared using the pulsed field gel electrophoresis technique. the aim was to elucidate whether there was a karyotype pattern specific to eight isometamidium resistant phenotypes. analysis of the profiles indicated that all populations displayed several discrete bands at the region of small, intermediate and large chromosomes. the highest similarity was observed between two isolates ... | 2007 | 17537578 |
| heterogeneity in the trypanosomosis incidence in zebu cattle of different ages and sex on the plateau of eastern zambia. | on the plateau of eastern zambia, trypanosomosis is endemic. glossina morsitans morsitans westwood (diptera: glossinidae), the only tsetse species present, is almost entirely dependent on livestock as its source of food with cattle being the most preferred host. to determine if tsetse challenge is distributed equally over the various age categories and sexes within a cattle herd, a longitudinal study of trypanosomosis incidence was conducted during the rainy season. a total of 354 head of cattle ... | 2007 | 17618594 |
| tumor necrosis factor (tnf) receptor-1 (tnfp55) signal transduction and macrophage-derived soluble tnf are crucial for nitric oxide-mediated trypanosoma congolense parasite killing. | control of trypanosoma congolense infections requires an early cell-mediated immune response. to unravel the role of tumor necrosis factor (tnf) in this process, 6 different t. congolense strains were used in 6 different gene-deficient mouse models that included tnf(-/-), tnf receptor-1 (tnfp55)(-/-), and tnf receptor-2 (tnfp75)(-/-) mice, 2 cell type-specific tnf(-/-) mice, as well as tnf-knock-in mice that expressed only membrane-bound tnf. our results indicate that soluble tnf produced by mac ... | 2007 | 17703428 |
| african trypanosomiasis: naturally occurring regulatory t cells favor trypanotolerance by limiting pathology associated with sustained type 1 inflammation. | tolerance to african trypanosomes requires the production of ifn-gamma in the early stage of infection that triggers the development of classically activated macrophages controlling parasite growth. however, once the first peak of parasitemia has been controlled, down-regulation of the type 1 immune response has been described. in this study, we have evaluated whether regulatory t cells (tregs) contribute to the limitation of the immune response occurring during trypanosoma congolense infection ... | 2007 | 17709488 |
| a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-based treatment alleviates trypanosomiasis-associated immunopathology. | the gpi-anchored trypanosome variant surface glycoprotein (vsg) triggers macrophages to produce tnf, involved in trypanosomiasis-associated inflammation and the clinical manifestation of sleeping sickness. aiming at inhibiting immunopathology during experimental trypanosoma brucei infections, a vsg-derived gpi-based treatment approach was developed. to achieve this, mice were exposed to the gpi before an infectious trypanosome challenge. this gpi-based strategy resulted in a significant prolonge ... | 2007 | 17785839 |
| first report of canine african trypanosomosis in the uk. | a six-year-old neutered male jack russell terrier was presented two years after importation into the uk from southern africa with severe anaemia and abdominal distension. abdominal ultrasonography revealed the presence of hepato-splenomegaly and ascites. a diagnosis of trypanosomosis was made by blood smear examination. shortly after admission the dog collapsed and died. pcr analysis revealed a single infection with trypanosoma congolense savannah type. this is the first reported case of canine ... | 2007 | 17850267 |
| age prevalence of trypanosomal infections in female glossina morsitans morsitans (diptera: glossinidae) on the plateau area of eastern zambia. | trypanosomal infections in female glossina morsitans morsitans were investigated in an area in the eastern province of zambia between 1992 and 1994. a total of 4416 flies were captured, aged using the ovarian ageing method and screened for trypanosomal infections in both the mouthparts, salivary glands and the midgut. congolense-type infections were identified in 4.8% of the flies. vivax-type and immature infections were identified in 1.8% and 6.8% of the flies, respectively. the prevalence of c ... | 2007 | 17933364 |
| acute phase response in mice experimentally infected with trypanosoma congolense: a molecular gauge of parasite-host interaction. | mice infected with trypanosoma congolense developed a severe anaemia 1 week after infection, which persisted till treatment with diminazine aceturate when the packed cell volume (pcv) recovered to pre-infection levels. this was accompanied by a marked increase in the plasma levels of the acute phase proteins (app), serum amyloid p-component (sap) and haptoglobin (hp). the initial peak levels of hp and sap were attained 7 and 12 days post-infection (dpi), respectively. thereafter sap levels decre ... | 2008 | 18063482 |
| the chemotherapy of trypanosoma congolense infection with phenanthridinium compounds etc. | | 1948 | 18099672 |
| prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and trypanocidal drug sensitivity studies on trypanosoma congolense in wolyta and dawero zones of southern ethiopia. | cross-sectional studies were conducted in tsetse and non-tsetse-controlled areas of the southern nation nationalities and peoples regional state (snnprs) of ethiopia to determine the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis as well as drug sensitivity tests on trypanosoma congolense in both naturally and experimentally infected cattle and mice, respectively. a total trypanosome prevalence of 4.8% (95% ci: 1.8-7.5) and 20.4% (95% ci: 14-26.8) were recorded in the tsetse-controlled study area of humbo ... | 2008 | 18207329 |
| in vitro trypanocidal activity of the anti-helminthic drug niclosamide. | only a few drugs are available for chemotherapy of african trypanosomiasis and there is an urgent need for the development of new anti-trypanosomal agents. in this study, the anti-helminthic drug niclosamide was tested for its trypanocidal activity in vitro using culture-adapted bloodstream forms of trypanosoma brucei brucei and trypanosoma congolense. the concentrations of niclosamide to reduce the growth rate by 50% and to kill all cells were in the low- and mid micromolar ranges for t. b. bru ... | 2008 | 18226810 |
| regulatory t cells prevent control of experimental african trypanosomiasis. | african trypanosomes are single-cell, extra-cellular blood parasites causing profound immunosuppression. susceptible balb/c mice infected s.c. into a footpad with 10(4) trypanosoma congolense die with fulminating parasitemia within 10 days. we injected balb/c mice 2 days before such an infection with different doses of a depleting mab specific for cd25, a surface marker of regulatory t cells (tregs). pretreatment with a low, optimal dose of anti-cd25 resulted in a dramatic effect, in that the in ... | 2008 | 18250461 |
| biphasic survival analysis of trypanotolerance qtl in mice. | a marker-assisted introgression (mai) experiment was conducted to transfer trypanotolerance quantitative trait loci (qtl) from a donor mouse strain, c57bl/6, into a recipient mouse strain, a/j. the objective was to assess the effect of three previously identified chromosomal regions on mouse chromosomes 1 (mmu1), 5 (mmu5) and 17 (mmu17) in different genetic backgrounds on the survival pattern following infection with trypanosoma congolense. an exploratory data analysis revealed a biphasic patter ... | 2008 | 18253157 |
| molecular and biochemical characterization of a cathepsin b-like protease family unique to trypanosoma congolense. | cysteine proteases have been shown to be essential virulence factors and drug targets in trypanosomatids and an attractive antidisease vaccine candidate for trypanosoma congolense. here, we describe an important amplification of genes encoding cathepsin b-like proteases unique to t. congolense. more than 13 different genes were identified, whereas only one or two highly homologous genes have been identified in other trypanosomatids. these proteases grouped into three evolutionary clusters: tcocb ... | 2008 | 18281598 |
| trypanosomosis in the gambia: prevalence in working horses and donkeys detected by whole genome amplification and pcr, and evidence for interactions between trypanosome species. | the gambia has an increasing population of equidae largely used for agriculture and transportation. a review of cases at the gambian horse and donkey trust (ghdt) indicated that a common reason for presentation is a poorly defined medical condition often attributed to trypanosomosis. there are few reports describing the prevalence or the range of clinical signs associated with infection with different species of trypanosomes in horses and donkeys, but given the importance of these animals, the r ... | 2008 | 18289378 |
| assessment of the occurrence of trypanocidal drug resistance in trypanosomes of naturally infected cattle in the adamaoua region of cameroon using the standard mouse test and molecular tools. | from may to november 2005, a study was carried out to assess the occurrence of trypanocidal drug resistance (dr) in trypanosomes of naturally infected cattle of the adamaoua region of cameroon. two distinct polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (pcr-rflp) procedures were used together with an allele specific-pcr (as-pcr) and the standardized single-dose mouse test. using the mouse test, 3 of the 13 trypanosoma brucei isolates and all 14 tested trypanosoma congolense ... | 2008 | 18355771 |
| alternatively activated myeloid cells limit pathogenicity associated with african trypanosomiasis through the il-10 inducible gene selenoprotein p. | uncontrolled inflammation is a major cause of tissue injury/pathogenicity often resulting in death of a host infected with african trypanosomes. thus, comparing the immune response in hosts that develop different degrees of disease severity represents a promising approach to discover processes contributing to trypanosomiasis control. it is known that limitation of pathogenicity requires a transition in the course of infection, from an ifn-gamma-dependent response resulting in the development of ... | 2008 | 18424738 |
| health management of horses under high challenge from trypanosomes: a case study from serengeti, tanzania. | horses kept for recreational riding purposes by a wildlife tourism company in a heavily tsetse fly-infested region of north-western tanzania were systematically monitored to investigate the occurrence, presentation and management of tsetse-transmitted trypanosomosis. during a 23-month period, 18 clinical cases were diagnosed (trypanosoma brucei or trypanosoma congolense were identified) and treated and trypanosomes were implicated of involvement in four deaths. pyrexia consistently aided early d ... | 2008 | 18450381 |
| preliminary application and evaluation of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) for detection of bovine theileriosis and trypanosomosis in tanzania. | the sensitivity of lamp, pcr and microscopy to detect theileria spp. and trypanosoma congolense in field-derived bovine blood samples from tanzania was evaluated and compared. no parasites were detected by microscopy. furthermore, no bovine theileria spp. were detected by lamp and pcr from all the 24 samples collected from arusha. four and one out of 24 samples were positive for theileria congolense infection by lamp and pcr respectively while, 18 and nine out of 40 samples from dar es salaam we ... | 2007 | 18453242 |
| investigations on the transmissibility of trypanosoma congolense by the tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans during its development in a mammalian host. | experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of the developmental stage of a monomorphic t. congolense il1180 strain, in a vertebrate host, on its transmissibility by the tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans westwood (diptera: glossinidae). batches of 160 male teneral tsetse flies were given a single bloodmeal on mice infected with this t. congolense strain 4, 5, 6, 7 or 10 days post-infection. the proportion of infected flies in each of those batches showed that the stage of developm ... | 2008 | 18485324 |
| does isometamidium chloride treatment protect tsetse flies from trypanosome infections during sit campaigns? | african animal trypanosomosis is a major pathological constraint to cattle breeding across 10 million km2 of sub-saharan west african countries infested by tsetse flies, their cyclic vectors. the release of sterile males (sterile insect technique [sit]) is a potentially important control technique aimed at eliminating the vectors. prior to release, tsetse are generally treated with isometamidium chloride, a trypanocide, to prevent them from transmitting parasites. the present study investigated ... | 2008 | 18498613 |
| molecular detection of tick-borne protozoal and ehrlichial infections in domestic dogs in south africa. | a total of 1,138 blood specimens were collected over a 6-year period (2000-2006) from domestic dogs in south africa. specimens from domestic dogs were obtained from the onderstepoort veterinary academic hospital (ovah) in pretoria, the society for the prevention of cruelty to animals (johannesburg, durban, east london and bloemfontein) and private practices from four provinces (gauteng, mpumalanga, kwazulu-natal and western cape). all specimens were screened for babesia, theileria, hepatozoon an ... | 2008 | 18502588 |
| identification and molecular characterization of a novel stage-specific surface protein of trypanosoma congolense epimastigotes. | the cattle pathogen trypanosoma congolense expresses life cycle stage-specific surface molecules involved in adaptation to different host and vector environments. here we report the discovery and molecular characterization of a novel stage-specific gpi-anchored surface glycoprotein that is selectively expressed in the epimastigote (emf) life cycle stage of t. congolense. culture supernatants of emf but not of procyclic culture forms (pcfs) promoted adhesion of pcf parasites in an in vitro assay. ... | 2008 | 18571746 |
| prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis in central mozambique from 2002 to 2005. | the study is the result of analyzing 16895 blood smears of cattle collected at 180 sites in the provinces of manica, sofala, zambézia and tete in mozambique. of the blood smears 73.9% were from manica, 11.8% from tete, 8.5% from sofala and 5.8% from zambézia; 75.6% of these were collected from smallholder cattle. infections with trypanosomes were highest in smallholder cattle from sofala province with 36.8% of the 872 blood smears examined positive for trypanosomes, and lowest in cattle of comme ... | 2008 | 18575067 |
| distinct roles of apolipoprotein components within the trypanosome lytic factor complex revealed in a novel transgenic mouse model. | humans express a unique subset of high-density lipoproteins (hdls) called trypanosome lytic factors (tlfs) that kill many trypanosoma parasite species. the proteins apolipoprotein (apo) a-i, apol-i, and haptoglobin-related protein, which are involved in tlf structure and function, were expressed through the introduction of transgenes in mice to explore their physiological roles in vivo. transgenic expression of human apolipoprotein l-i alone conferred trypanolytic activity in vivo. coexpression ... | 2008 | 18606856 |
| experimental expansion of the regulatory t cell population increases resistance to african trypanosomiasis. | inflammatory responses mounted to eliminate parasites can be lethal if not counterbalanced by regulatory responses protecting the host from collateral tissue damage. here, we show that the maintained inflammation associated with tissue damage, anemia, and reduced survival of trypanosoma brucei-infected mice correlates with the absence of the expansion of the regulatory t (t(reg)) cell population. induction of t(reg) cell expansion via cd28 superagonist antibody treatment in these mice down-regul ... | 2008 | 18627271 |
| development of a mathematical model for mechanical transmission of trypanosomes and other pathogens of cattle transmitted by tabanids. | mechanical transmission of pathogens by biting insects is a non-specific phenomenon in which pathogens are transmitted from the blood of an infected host to another host during interrupted feeding of the insects. a large range of pathogens can be mechanically transmitted, e.g. hemoparasites, bacteria and viruses. some pathogens are almost exclusively mechanically transmitted, while others are also cyclically transmitted. for agents transmitted both cyclically and mechanically (mixed transmission ... | 2009 | 18755195 |
| effect of cd4+cd25+ t cell-depletion on acute lethal infection of mice with trypanosoma congolense. | despite the immense socio-economic repercussions of african trypanosomosis (at), there is currently no effective control measure against the disease. characterization of mechanisms governing resistance and/or susceptibility to at could suggest interventions that might lead to more effective disease control. the present study was designed in an attempt to address the possible role of cd4+cd25+ t cells during an acute lethal infection of mice with trypanosoma congolense, the causative agent of at ... | 2008 | 18772548 |
| interleukin-12p70 deficiency increases survival and diminishes pathology in trypanosoma congolense infection. | to determine the immunological role played by interleukin (il)-12 family members in trypanosoma congolense infection, il-12p35(-/-), il-12p40(-/-), and il-12p35(-/-)/p40(-/-) mice were used. while the latter 2 strains lack all il-12 homologues, il-12p35(-/-) mice still produce il-12p80 homodimers and il-23. compared with wild-type mice, all infected il-12-deficient mouse strains showed prolonged survival, whereas parasitemia levels were unaltered. interferon (ifn)-gamma production in il-12-defic ... | 2008 | 18816189 |
| a systematic, data-driven approach to the combined analysis of microarray and qtl data. | high-throughputtechnologies inevitably produce vast quantities of data. this presents challenges in terms of developing effective analysis methods, particularly where the analysis involves combining data derived from different experimental technologies. in this investigation, a systematic approach was applied to combine microarray gene expression data, quantitative trait loci (qtl) data and pathway analysis resources in order to identify functional candidate genes underlying tolerance to trypano ... | 2008 | 18817316 |
| t cells and immunopathogenesis of experimental african trypanosomiasis. | summary: african trypanosomes are pathogens for humans and livestock. they are single-cell, extra-cellular parasites that cause persistent infections of the blood and induce profound immunosuppression. here, we review recent work on experimental african trypanosomiasis, especially infections with trypanosoma congolense, in mice with regard to mechanisms of immunosuppression and immunopathology. the center of the immunopathology is the t-cell-independent production of antibodies to the variant su ... | 2008 | 18837780 |
| prevalence and source of trypanosome infections in field-captured vector flies (glossina pallidipes) in southeastern zambia. | the prevalence of trypanosome infections in tsetse flies, glossina pallidipes, collected from chiawa and chakwenga in zambia with endemic trypanosomosis was assessed by polymerase chain reaction (pcr). out of the 550 g. pallidipes, 58 (10.5%) flies were found to harbor trypanosome dna. infection rates of tsetse with trypanosoma vivax universal, trypanosoma congolense savannah, t. congolense forest and t. congolense kilifi were 4.2% (23/550), 4.7% (26/550), 1.1% (6/550) and 1.6% (9/550), respecti ... | 2008 | 18840966 |
| further observations on the curative value of dimidium bromide in trypanosoma congolense infections in bovines in uganda. | | 1948 | 18861668 |
| trypanosoma congolense infection in cattle in the sudan; treatment with dimidium bromide. | | 1948 | 18878607 |
| cinnoline derivatives as chemotherapeutic agents for trypanosoma congolense infections. | | 1948 | 18916829 |
| five-fold increase in trypanosoma congolense isolates resistant to diminazene aceturate over a seven-year period in eastern zambia. | two groups of trypanosoma congolense isolates collected from cattle in 1996 (n=39) and 2003 (n=38) in the eastern province of zambia were analyzed by bcli-pcr-rflp to assess the evolution of diminazene aceturate (da) resistance over a period of seven years. the results show a significant increase of da resistance in this relatively short period of time. in 1996, among the 39 isolates, 61.5% were found sensitive, 12.8% resistant and 25.7% had a mixed bcli-pcr-rflp profile. in 2004, among the 38 i ... | 2008 | 18993109 |
| trace minerals in serum of sheep infected with trypanosoma congolense. | yankassa sheep (20) were grouped into a and b and infected with trypanosoma congolense isolated from a cow and maintained in mice. two milliliter x 10(7) parasites were used to infect group a. the course of the infection and serum trace minerals (iron, (fe) and copper, (cu) were studied and determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (aas). there was significant drop in concentration of iron (p<0.001) post infection (pi) while that of copper, no significant change (p>0.05). the values o ... | 2007 | 19070033 |
| study of bovine trypanotolerance by whole transcriptome analysis. | african trypanosomiases are parasitic diseases transmitted by tse-tse flies, considered as the main sanitary obstacle to animal production development in sub-saharan africa. however, if trypanosomiases have dramatic consequences on zebu (bos indicus) populations, they have a weaker impact on the western african taurine (bos taurus), which is known to be naturally tolerant to trypanosome infection. mechanisms governing this trypanotolerant trait are still poorly understood, but today, recent post ... | 2008 | 19120177 |
| establishment of an in vitro transgene expression system in epimastigotes of trypanosoma congolense. | trypanosoma congolense epimastigote forms (emfs) adhere to the tsetse fly proboscis, proliferate, and differentiate into animal-infective metacyclic forms (mcfs). this differentiation step, called metacyclogenesis, is indispensable for the cyclical transmission of the parasite. although an in vitro metacyclogenesis culture system was established several decades ago, few genetic tools have been utilized to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying t. congolense metacyclogenesis. this study ... | 2009 | 19135170 |
| atypical human trypanosomiasis: a neglected disease or just an unlucky accident? | | 2009 | 19162551 |
| trypanotolerance in small ruminants of sub-saharan africa. | although a lot of information is currently available on trypanotolerance in cattle, until recently the trypanotolerant nature of small ruminants was not well known. trypanotolerance in small ruminants is less pronounced than in cattle and should be considered as resilience rather than resistance. west african dwarf (wad) goats seem to be less trypanotolerant than djallonke sheep. however, recent studies have shown that there is an important introgression of genes of trypanosusceptible breeds int ... | 2009 | 19200783 |
| internal quality control and external quality management of data in practice. | in this chapter, the use of control charts to both continuously evaluate testing in individual laboratories as well as provide data for external monitoring is examined in detail. the data is based on the publication by d. e. rebeski' et al., "charting methods to monitor the operational performance of elisa method for the detection of antibodies against trypanosomes" in veterinary parasitology, 2001, 96, 11-50, and is a detailed example of the investigation of the performance of four indirect eli ... | 2009 | 19219595 |
| immunodiagnosis of bovine trypanosomiasis in anambra and imo states, nigeria, using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay: zoonotic implications to human health. | the prevalence of trypanosomiasis was studied in cattle, being a major source of animal protein in nigeria, thus, a very likely means of spread of human african trypanosomosis (hat). | 2008 | 19248656 |
| natural infection of cattle and tsetse flies in south africa with two genotypic groups of trypanosoma congolense. | the polymerase chain reaction was used to detect trypanosomes in samples collected from cattle, wild animals and tsetse flies in kwazulu-natal province, south africa. a total of 673 samples from cattle and 266 from tsetse flies in the study area located near the hluhluwe-umfolozi game reserve were analysed. both trypanosoma congolense and t. vivax were found as single or mixed infections in cattle and tsetse flies. moreover, the t. congolense in the infections were found to comprise 2 genotypic ... | 2009 | 19250578 |
| current trends in follow-up of trophoblastic function in ruminant species. | during the pregnancy of ruminants, different hormones and proteins are secreted by placenta or corpus luteum allowing the follow up of gestation. among them, progesterone (p4) and pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (pag) were proposed as laboratory tools to establish or to confirm pregnancy diagnosis. in last years, pag assay also provided useful information for researchers working in programs focused on the follow up of trophoblastic function. concentrations of pag appeared as altered after the ... | 2008 | 19261972 |
| identification of total and differentially expressed excreted-secreted proteins from trypanosoma congolense strains exhibiting different virulence and pathogenicity. | animal trypanosomosis is a major constraint to livestock productivity in the tropics and has a significant impact on the life of millions of people globally (mainly in africa, south america and south-east asia). in africa, the disease in livestock is caused mainly by trypanosoma congolense, trypanosoma vivax, trypanosoma evansi and trypanosoma brucei brucei. the extracellular position of trypanosomes in the bloodstream of their host requires consideration of both the parasite and its naturally e ... | 2009 | 19285981 |
| synthetic nonamer peptides derived from insect defensin mediate the killing of african trypanosomes in axenic culture. | synthetic antimicrobial 9-mer peptides (designated as peptides a and b) designed on the basis of insect defensins and their effects on the growth of african trypanosomes were examined using two isolates of trypanosoma congolense, il1180 and il3338, and two isolates of trypanosoma brucei brucei, iltat1.1and gutat 3.1, under axenic culture conditions. both peptides inhibited the growth of all bloodstream form (bsf) trypanosomes at 200-400 microg/ml in the complete growth medium, with peptide a bei ... | 2009 | 19308456 |
| selenoprotein p-expression, functions, and roles in mammals. | selenoprotein p (sepp1) is a secreted protein that is made up of 2 domains. the larger n-terminal domain contains 1 selenocysteine residue in a redox motif and the smaller c-terminal domain contains the other 9 selenocysteines. sepp1 isoforms of varying lengths occur but quantitation of them has not been achieved. hepatic synthesis of sepp1 affects whole-body selenium content and the liver is the source of most plasma sepp1. apoer2, a member of the lipoprotein receptor family, binds sepp1 and fa ... | 2009 | 19345254 |
| endemic type of animal trypanosomiasis is not associated with lower genotype variability of trypanosoma congolense isolates circulating in livestock. | in order to verify whether the low impact on livestock production in endemic areas is related to a low number of trypanosome strains circulating in livestock, 37 trypanosoma congolense isolates collected from cattle in 11 sites in an endemic trypanosomiasis area in eastern zambia were characterised for genotype variability using a modified amplified fragment length polymorphism technique (aflp). isolates were further cloned to evaluate the occurrence of mixed infections in individuals. the resul ... | 2009 | 19356778 |
| mechanisms controlling anaemia in trypanosoma congolense infected mice. | trypanosoma congolense are extracellular protozoan parasites of the blood stream of artiodactyls and are one of the main constraints on cattle production in africa. in cattle, anaemia is the key feature of disease and persists after parasitaemia has declined to low or undetectable levels, but treatment to clear the parasites usually resolves the anaemia. | 2009 | 19365556 |
| transcriptional profiling of cattle infected with trypanosoma congolense highlights gene expression signatures underlying trypanotolerance and trypanosusceptibility. | african animal trypanosomiasis (aat) caused by tsetse fly-transmitted protozoa of the genus trypanosoma is a major constraint on livestock and agricultural production in africa and is among the top ten global cattle diseases impacting on the poor. here we show that a functional genomics approach can be used to identify temporal changes in host peripheral blood mononuclear cell (pbmc) gene expression due to disease progression. we also show that major gene expression differences exist between cat ... | 2009 | 19409086 |
| cross-protection between trypanosoma congolense strains of low and high virulence. | the aim of this study was to assess the existence of possible cross-protection between trypanosoma congolense strains of low and extreme virulence circulating in the same trypanosomiasis focus. groups of six mice were infected using one of three strains of low virulence and challenged with one of three strains of extreme virulence. a group of six mice was used as control for each strain of low and extreme virulence. the results showed that mice infected with one of the strains of extreme virulen ... | 2009 | 19423225 |
| proline racemases are conserved mitogens: characterization of a trypanosoma vivax proline racemase. | trypanosoma cruzi proline racemases (tcprac) are the only eukaryotic proline racemases described so far. except their role in the interconversion of free l- and d-proline enantiomers, parasite tcpracs are involved in major t. cruzi biological pathways. these essential enzymes are implicated in the process of parasite differentiation and the acquisition of virulence during metacyclogenesis and are currently considered as key targets for drug development against chagas' disease. in this study, we ... | 2009 | 19428664 |
| discovery of mating in the major african livestock pathogen trypanosoma congolense. | the protozoan parasite, trypanosoma congolense, is one of the most economically important pathogens of livestock in africa and, through its impact on cattle health and productivity, has a significant effect on human health and well being. despite the importance of this parasite our knowledge of some of the fundamental biological processes is limited. for example, it is unknown whether mating takes place. in this paper we have taken a population genetics based approach to address this question. t ... | 2009 | 19440370 |
| nutritional stress of adult female tsetse flies (diptera: glossinidae) affects the susceptibility of their offspring to trypanosomal infections. | the epidemiology of tsetse-transmitted trypanosomiasis depends, among other factors, on the proportion of infected flies in a tsetse population. a wide range of intrinsic and extrinsic factors seem to determine the ability of a tsetse fly to become infected and to transmit the parasite. in this paper, we investigated the effect of nutritional stress of reproducing female glossina morsitans morsitans on the susceptibility of their offspring to trypanosomal infections. adult female flies that were ... | 2009 | 19445895 |
| trypanosoma vivax displays a clonal population structure. | african animal trypanosomiasis, or nagana, is a debilitating and economically costly disease with a major impact on animal health in sub-saharan africa. trypanosoma vivax, one of the principal trypanosome species responsible for the disease, infects a wide host range including cattle, goats, horses and donkeys and is transmitted both cyclically by tsetse flies and mechanically by other biting flies, resulting in a distribution covering large swathes of south america and much of sub-saharan afric ... | 2009 | 19520081 |
| modulation of the immunogenicity of the trypanosoma congolense cysteine protease, congopain, through complexation with alpha(2)-macroglobulin. | the protozoan parasite trypanosoma congolense is the main causative agent of livestock trypanosomosis. congopain, the major lysosomal cysteine proteinase of t. congolense, contributes to disease pathogenesis, and antibody-mediated inhibition of this enzyme may contribute to mechanisms of trypanotolerance. the potential of different adjuvants to facilitate the production of antibodies that would inhibit congopain activity was evaluated in the present study. rabbits were immunised with the recombi ... | 2009 | 19549486 |
| analysis of expressed sequence tags from the four main developmental stages of trypanosoma congolense. | trypanosoma congolense is one of the most economically important pathogens of livestock in africa. culture-derived parasites of each of the three main insect stages of the t. congolense life cycle, i.e., the procyclic, epimastigote and metacyclic stages, and bloodstream stage parasites isolated from infected mice, were used to construct stage-specific cdna libraries and expressed sequence tags (ests or cdna clones) in each library were sequenced. thirteen est clusters encoding different variant ... | 2009 | 19559733 |
| altered proinflammatory cytokine production and enhanced resistance to trypanosoma congolense infection in lymphotoxin beta-deficient mice. | balb/c mice are highly susceptible to trypanosoma congolense infection, whereas c57bl/6 mice are relatively resistant. overproduction of interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma) and other proinflammatory cytokines contribute to death in susceptible mice. here, we show that lymphotoxin beta-deficient (ltbeta(-/-)) mice are more resistant than wild-type (wt) mice to t. congolense infection, as shown by a lower parasitemia level and a longer survival duration. the enhanced resistance of ltbeta(-/-) mice was as ... | 2009 | 19563258 |
| clinical chemistry of congenic mice with quantitative trait loci for predicted responses to trypanosoma congolense infection. | trypanosoma congolense is a protozoan parasite that causes severe diseases in livestock. three major quantative trait loci (qtl), tir1, tir2, and tir3, control the survival time of mice after infection with t. congolense. congenic mice carrying the c57bl/6 resistance alleles on the a/j background were developed for each of these loci. the congenic mice were used to physically map the regions containing the qtl gene(s) and to investigate the physiological effect of each locus. clinical chemistry ... | 2009 | 19596769 |
| specific detection and identification of african trypanosomes in bovine peripheral blood by means of a pcr-elisa assay. | the aim of the present study was to develop a pcr-elisa assay for the detection and differentiation of the main african pathogen trypanosomal species present in peripheral blood of cattle. the proposed methodology allows to specifically differentiate trypanosoma congolense, trypanosoma vivax and the subgenus trypanozoon, by means of a sensitive universal pcr amplifying trypanosome dna followed by an elisa-based hybridization with three highly specific probes. the semi-nested pcr had a sensitivit ... | 2009 | 19619947 |
| inoculation of killed leishmania major into immune mice rapidly disrupts immunity to a secondary challenge via il-10-mediated process. | recovery from natural or experimental leishmania major infection, the causative agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis, results in development of durable immunity in mice and humans that is manifested as rapid control of parasite replication and resolution of cutaneous lesion after secondary challenge. this form of "infection-induced" immunity is thought to occur naturally in endemic areas and is generally considered the gold standard for any effective vaccine against cutaneous leishmaniasis. to deter ... | 2009 | 19666482 |
| trypanosomatid genomes contain several subfamilies of ingi-related retroposons. | retroposons are ubiquitous transposable elements found in the genomes of most eukaryotes, including trypanosomatids. the african and american trypanosomes (trypanosoma brucei and trypanosoma cruzi) contain long autonomous retroposons of the ingi clade (tbingi and l1tc, respectively) and short nonautonomous truncated versions (tbrime and nartc, respectively), as well as degenerate ingi-related retroposons devoid of coding capacity (dires). in contrast, leishmania major contains only remnants of e ... | 2009 | 19666780 |
| the effect of alpha-tocopherol transfer protein gene disruption on trypanosoma congolense infection in mice. | at present 15 to 20 million people are estimated to be infected with pathogenic trypanosome parasites worldwide, mainly in developing countries. there are a number of factors that affect the severity of trypanosomiasis, including the nutritional status of the host. however, the relationship between micronutrient levels and trypanosomiasis outcome has yet to be reported in detail. here, we demonstrate that the inhibition of alpha-tocopherol transfer protein, a determinant of the vitamin e concent ... | 2009 | 19695323 |
| nutritional stress affects the tsetse fly's immune gene expression. | tsetse-transmitted trypanosomiasis poses a serious threat to human and animal health in sub-saharan africa. the majority of tsetse flies (glossina spp.) in a natural population will not develop a mature infection of either trypanosoma congolense or trypanosoma brucei sp. because of refractoriness, a phenomenon that is affected by different factors, including the tsetse fly's immune defence. starvation of tsetse flies significantly increases their susceptibility to the establishment of a trypanos ... | 2009 | 19712150 |
| bovine trypanosomosis in three districts of east gojjam zone bordering the blue nile river in ethiopia. | bovine trypanosomosis is a serious constraint to agricultural production in extensive areas of ethiopia. | 2007 | 19734612 |
| transmissibility, by glossina morsitans morsitans, of trypanosoma congolense strains during the acute and chronic phases of infection. | in order to verify whether chronic trypanosomal infections can affect the transmissibility of trypanosoma congolense by tsetse flies, batches of glossina morsitans morsitans were fed on mice infected with the same level of parasitemia (10(8.1)trypanosomes/ml of blood) of two cloned low virulent t. congolense strains during the acute and the chronic phases of infection. results showed that the proportions of procyclic infections in flies that were fed during the acute phase (32.6% and 45.4% for i ... | 2010 | 19765543 |
| divergent antimicrobial peptide (amp) and acute phase protein (app) responses to trypanosoma congolense infection in trypanotolerant and trypanosusceptible cattle. | african animal trypanosomiasis (aat) is endemic across sub-saharan african and is a major constraint to livestock production. the ability of certain cattle breeds to remain productive despite infection is known as trypanotolerance; however, the underlying immune mechanisms contributing to this trait remain poorly understood. antimicrobial peptides (amps) and acute phase proteins (apps) are evolutionarily conserved effector molecules of the innate immune system that have important roles in the re ... | 2009 | 19889461 |
| from clonal to sexual: a step in t. congolense evolution? | although clearly demonstrated in trypanosoma brucei, genetic exchange remains controversial in other trypanosome species. recently, morrison and co-workers applied a population-genetics analysis, and established the existence of mating in trypanosoma congolense. starting from this original discovery, we focus here on the important question of how mating is induced during the trypanosome life cycle and discuss the use of statistics to evidence this type of non-obligatory biological process. | 2010 | 20006549 |
| prevalence and incidence of bovine trypanosomosis in an agro-pastoral area of southwestern burkina faso. | the present study was conducted to determine the prevalence and incidence of trypanosomosis and to investigate some factors influencing them in an agro-pastoral area of southwestern burkina faso. a total of 363 crossbred cattle (baoule-zebu peul), which were bred under natural trypanosomosis challenge, were monitored monthly for parasitaemia, packed cell volume (pcv) and serological analyses over 2years. the parasitological prevalence estimated at the beginning of the survey using the buffy coat ... | 2010 | 20044115 |
| no gold standard estimation of the sensitivity and specificity of two molecular diagnostic protocols for trypanosoma brucei spp. in western kenya. | african animal trypanosomiasis is caused by a range of tsetse transmitted protozoan parasites includingtrypanosoma vivax, trypanosoma congolense and trypansoma brucei. in western kenya and other parts of east africa two subspecies of t. brucei, t.b. brucei and the zoonotict.b. rhodesiense, co-circulate in livestock. a range of polymerase chain reactions (pcr) have been developed as important molecular diagnostic tools for epidemiological investigations of t. brucei s.l. in the animal reservoir a ... | 2010 | 20062795 |
| [eco-distribution and trypanosoma infection of glossina palpalis palpalis in the banco forest of and its relics, abidjan (côte d'ivoire)]. | in order to implement an anti-vector programme in the suburb of abidjan (côte d'ivoire), investigations were conducted to assess the tsetse fly densities as well as infection with trypanosomes. catches were carried out during the rainy season and dry season with vavoua traps laid during four consecutive days in different sites (banco forest, abidjan zoological park, area of the university of abobo-adjamé). one species of tsetse fly (glossina polpalis palpalis) and two species of trypanosomes (tr ... | 2009 | 20092060 |
| epidemiological study of canine trypanosomosis in an urban area of ivory coast. | following confirmed cases of trypanosomosis in military working dogs, a cross-sectional study was undertaken to evaluate the source of infection and determine the prevalence of canine infection with trypanosoma congolense in the urban focus of abidjan, ivory coast. blood from 123 dogs were collected and subjected to pcr using specific primers for trypanosoma congolense "forest type". in addition, an entomological study was conducted in an urban area near the forest surronding the military camp. ... | 2009 | 20092062 |
| the protease resistant surface (prs) glycoconjugate from trypanosoma congolense has an inositol-acylated glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor, containing a significant proportion of myristate at the sn-2 position. | in the tsetse fly, the surface of trypanosoma congolense parasites is covered by a dense layer of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (gpi)-anchored molecules. these include epgengt procyclin and protease resistant surface molecule (prs), as well as congolense epimastigote-specific protein, cesp, and glutamic acid- and alanine-rich protein (garp). the gpi structures of epgengt and garp have been partially elucidated, but very little is known about prs. we now purified prs and analyzed its gpi lipid str ... | 2010 | 20138924 |
| a cross-sectional study of trypanosomosis and its vectors in donkeys and mules in northwest ethiopia. | a preliminary study was conducted in january 2009 in four peasant associations (pas) selected from two districts in benishangul gumuz regional state, northwest ethiopia to investigate the prevalence and species of trypanosomes infecting donkeys and mules and identify the fly vectors playing a role in the transmission of trypanosomosis. blood samples were collected from a total of 334 donkeys and 52 mules and examined by dark ground/phase contrast buffy coat technique and giemsa-stained blood sme ... | 2010 | 20143093 |
| characterization of major surface protease homologues of trypanosoma congolense. | trypanosomes encode a family of proteins known as major surface metalloproteases (msps). we have identified six putative msps encoded within the partially sequenced t. congolense genome. phylogenic analysis indicates that t. congolense msps belong to five subfamilies that are conserved among african trypanosome species. molecular modeling, based on the known structure of leishmania major gp63, reveals subfamily-specific structural variations around the putative active site despite conservation o ... | 2010 | 20145707 |
| complete in vitro life cycle of trypanosoma congolense: development of genetic tools. | animal african trypanosomosis, a disease mainly caused by the protozoan parasite trypanosoma congolense, is a major constraint to livestock productivity and has a significant impact in the developing countries of africa. rna interference (rnai) has been used to study gene function and identify drug and vaccine targets in a variety of organisms including trypanosomes. however, trypanosome rnai studies have mainly been conducted in t. brucei, as a model for human infection, largely ignoring livest ... | 2010 | 20209144 |
| tsetse ep protein protects the fly midgut from trypanosome establishment. | african trypanosomes undergo a complex developmental process in their tsetse fly vector before transmission back to a vertebrate host. typically, 90% of fly infections fail, most during initial establishment of the parasite in the fly midgut. the specific mechanism(s) underpinning this failure are unknown. we have previously shown that a glossina-specific, immunoresponsive molecule, tsetse ep protein, is up regulated by the fly in response to gram-negative microbial challenge. here we show by kn ... | 2010 | 20221444 |
| trypanosome counts in trypanosoma congolense infections. | | 1947 | 20249295 |
| bovine trypanosomiasis risk in an endemic area on the eastern plateau of zambia. | the control of bovine trypanosomiasis could be improved by using the available control tools during periods when the incidence of the disease is highest. the present study assessed the monthly risk of bovine trypanosomiasis in 85 sentinel cattle kept on the tsetse-infested eastern plateau of zambia during a period of 19 consecutive months. to avoid problems associated with persistence of infections because of trypanocidal drug resistance and/or the time lag between sampling and molecular analysi ... | 2011 | 20466392 |
| tsetse fly blood meal modification and trypanosome identification in two sleeping sickness foci in the forest of southern cameroon. | the blood meal origins of 222 tsetse flies (213 glossina palpalis palpalis, 7 glossina pallicera pallicera, one glossina nigrofusca and one glossina caliginea) caught in 2008 in two human african trypanosomiasis foci (bipindi and campo) of south cameroon were investigated. 88.7% of tsetse flies blood meals were identified using the heteroduplex method and the origin of the remaining blood meals (11.3%) was identified by sequencing the cytochrome b gene. most of the meals were from humans (45.9%) ... | 2010 | 20541513 |
| bovine trypanosomosis and its vectors in two districts of bench maji zone, south western ethiopia. | a cross-sectional study was carried out from november 2008 to february 2009 in guraferda and sheko districts of bench maji zone, south western ethiopia. the objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and the density of its vectors. an overall prevalence of trypanosome infection in the study area was 4.4%. trypanosoma congolense (36.36%) was the dominant trypanosome species followed by trypanosoma vivax (18.18%) and trypanosoma brucei (9.09%). mean packed cell ... | 2010 | 20577803 |
| the effect of aqueous extracts of hibiscus sabdariffa (sorrel) calyces on heamatological profile and organ pathological changes in trypanasoma congolense - infected rats. | the effects of aqueous extract of hibiscus sabdariffa calyces on haematology and pathological changes in some selected organs during experimental trypanosoma congolense infection of rats were investigated. three groups of rats were intraperitoneally infected with t. congolense (karu stock). one group was administered with the aqueous extract and another given a solution of vitamin c in drinking water; the remaining infected group was left untreated. data from these groups were compared with thos ... | 2009 | 20606781 |
| expression, purification and characterisation of two variant cysteine peptidases from trypanosoma congolense with active site substitutions. | congopain, the major cysteine peptidase of trypanosoma congolense is an attractive candidate for an anti-disease vaccine and target for the design of specific inhibitors. a complicating factor for the inclusion of congopain in a vaccine is that multiple variants of congopain are present in the genome of the parasite. in order to determine whether the variant congopain-like genes code for peptidases with enzymatic activities different to those of congopain, two variants were cloned and expressed. ... | 2010 | 20609389 |
| serodiagnosis of bovine trypanosomosis based on hsp70/bip inhibition elisa. | animal trypanosomosis is a serious constraint to livestock productivity in tropical and sub-tropical countries. the pathogenic trypanosomes in bovidae are trypanosoma congolense, t. vivax, t. brucei and t. evansi. current serological tests to detect trypanosome infections are based on the use of whole trypanosome lysates; their potential is limited by antigen instability, lack of reproducibility and lack of test specificity due to the antibody's long persistence after treatment. the development ... | 2010 | 20637547 |
| comparative haematological study of single and mixed infections of mongrel dogs with trypanosoma congolense and trypanosoma brucei brucei. | the haematological effects of single and mixed infections of trypanosoma congolense and trypanosoma brucei brucei were compared in experimentally infected mongrel dogs. twenty mongrel dogs of both sexes aged between 3 and 6 months, and weighing between 2.5 and 5.9 kg were used for the study. the dogs were kept in clean metal cages in a fly-proof house and were adequately fed and given water ad libitum. the twenty dogs were divided into four groups of five dogs each. group i dogs were uninfected ... | 2010 | 20638796 |
| [glossina feeding habits and diversity of species of trypanosomes in an active focus of human african trypanosomiasis in gabon]. | feeding host is an important factor upon which depend the glossina infection rate and the proportion of different species of trypanosome. glossina feed both upon animals and humans. in order to identify species of trypanosomes present in the komo-mondah focus and to verify whether there is any relationship between the prevalence of sleeping sickness and the feeding habits of glossina, we have carried out an entomological survey in this focus of gabon. flies were dissected and organs were analyse ... | 2010 | 20821180 |
| production of congopain, the major cysteine protease of trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense, in pichia pastoris reveals unexpected dimerisation at physiological ph. | african animal trypanosomosis (nagana) is arguably the most important parasitic disease affecting livestock in sub-saharan africa. since none of the existing control measures are entirely satisfactory, vaccine development is being actively pursued. however, due to antigenic variation, the quest for a conventional vaccine has proven elusive. as a result, we have sought an alternative 'anti-disease vaccine approach', based on congopain, a cysteine protease of trypanosoma congolense, which was show ... | 2011 | 20828616 |