| clostridium difficile and inflammatory bowel disease. | stools from 109 patients with inflammatory bowel disease (13.4%) contained clostridium difficile or its toxin, an incidence similar to the stools of 99 control patients with diarrhoea (11.9%), but significantly higher than the stools of 77 control patients with a normal bowel habit (1.4%). sixty-six per cent of the diarrhoea controls, but only 11% of the inflammatory bowel disease patients, reported recent antibiotic use: however, 67% of inflammatory bowel disease patients were taking sulphasala ... | 1983 | 6135648 |
| relapsing clostridium difficile enterocolitis cured by rectal infusion of homologous faeces. | | 1983 | 6137662 |
| prospective randomised trial of metronidazole versus vancomycin for clostridium-difficile-associated diarrhoea and colitis. | 101 patients with clostridium-difficile-associated diarrhoea or colitis were prospectively randomised to 10-day oral courses of metronidazole, 250 mg four times a day, or vancomycin, 500 mg four times a day. 7 did not complete the protocol and were dropped from analysis. pseudomembranous colitis (pmc) was diagnosed after endoscopy in 33 patients. of the remaining patients without pmc, 38 had both c difficile culture and cytotoxin and 23 had only culture evidence of c difficile. 52 evaluable pati ... | 1983 | 6138597 |
| metronidazole or vancomycin for clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea. | | 1983 | 6140511 |
| the influence of drugs on the response of a cell culture preparation to bacterial toxins. | the influence was studied of lanthanum chloride, chlorpromazine hydrochloride, indomethacin and sodium cromoglycate on the morphological changes induced in vero cells by the action of the cholera toxin, the thermolabile enterotoxin (lt) and the vero cell cytotoxin (vt) of escherichia coli, the enterotoxin of clostridium perfringens, and the cytotoxin of clostridium difficile. these drugs were able to inhibit the effects produced by c. difficile cytotoxin but not by the other toxins examined. | 1984 | 6142959 |
| typing scheme for clostridium difficile: its application in clinical and epidemiological studies. | epidemiological studies of clostridium difficile diarrhoeal disease have been hindered by the lack of a typing scheme for this organism. a typing method based on the incorporation of sulphur-35-labelled methionine into cellular proteins and their separation by sodium dodecylsulphate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed clear pattern differences between strains, and nine distinct groups within the c difficile species were established. 98% of 250 clinical strains derived from four hospitals w ... | 1984 | 6143871 |
| occurrence of clostridium difficile toxin in inflammatory bowel disease. | the occurrence of clostridium difficile toxin in faeces has been studied in 53 inpatients with inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) at 57 admissions. before faecal sampling of the patients had had sulphasalazine therapy--17 for more than 1 year--and 16 patients had taken antibiotics on 20 occasions within the last year. the toxin was found in 3 out of 57 samples (5%). in all cases it could be detected only in undiluted stool filtrate. none of the patients was treated for the c. difficile infection; ... | 1983 | 6144171 |
| diarrhoea and simultaneous excretion of clostridium difficile cytotoxin and c perfringens enterotoxin. | | 1984 | 6150266 |
| intoxication of cultured human lung fibroblasts with clostridium difficile toxin. | the cytopathogenic effect of partially purified toxin from clostridium difficile on cultured human lung fibroblasts was studied. conditions for determination of 50% tissue culture dose were standardized. the cytopathogenic effect of the toxin was dependent on toxin concentration, exposure time, and density of the cells. transfer of the cells to 0 degrees c did not inhibit binding of toxin to the fibroblast surface, but prevented the development of the cytopathogenic effect. both binding of toxin ... | 1981 | 6167521 |
| production of antitoxins to two toxins of clostridium difficile and immunological comparison of the toxins by cross-neutralization studies. | we prepared antitoxins specific for each of two toxins of clostridium difficile and used these to demonstrate that the toxins are immunologically distinct. | 1982 | 6172384 |
| prospective study of gram-stained stool smears in diagnosis of clostridium difficile colitis. | gram stains of stools from patients with diarrhea and control patients with no diarrhea were examined for a predominance of gram-positive rods and the presence of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. results were compared with those from lower gastrointestinal endoscopy for pseudomembranes. clostridium difficile culturing, and c. difficile toxin assay. the gram stain was moderately difficult to interpret and was not useful in diagnosing diarrheal disease associated with c. difficile. | 1983 | 6190839 |
| a prospective randomized trial to compare mezlocillin and metronidazole with cefuroxime and metronidazole as prophylaxis in elective colorectal operations. | a prospective randomized trial has compared a broad spectrum ureidopenicillin with a broad spectrum cephalosporin for prophylaxis against the aerobic organisms encountered during elective colonic surgery. even though only two doses of antibiotics were administered the incidence of severe sepsis was low. severe wound infection occurred in three of the patients receiving mezlocillin and metronidazole (6 per cent) compared with six in the group receiving cefuroxime and metronidazole (13 per cent). ... | 1983 | 6198367 |
| in vitro antibacterial activity of norfloxacin (mk-0366, am-715) and other agents against gastrointestinal tract pathogens. | a comparison was made of the in vitro activities of norfloxacin and of nine other orally administered antibacterial agents against 180 clinical isolates representing the bacterial species most frequently implicated in infections of the gastrointestinal tract in humans. the 90% minimal inhibitory concentrations showed norfloxacin to be 4, 15, 4, 17, 17, 17, and 33 times more active than the next best compound tested against campylobacter fetus subsp. jejuni, escherichia coli, salmonella spp., shi ... | 1983 | 6219622 |
| piperacillin sodium: antibacterial spectrum, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, and adverse reactions. | piperacillin sodium is a beta lactam antibiotic with a broad range of antibacterial activity that includes gram-negative bacilli, gram-positive cocci (except penicillinase-producing s. aureus) and anaerobic pathogens such as clostridium difficile, and bacteroides fragilis. piperacillin inhibits many of the members of the enterobacteriaceae, including klebsiella sp and pseudomonas, at lower concentrations than required for carbenicillin and ticarcillin. piperacillin sodium is administered by intr ... | 1982 | 6220262 |
| 16,16-dimethyl-prostaglandin e2 inhibits toxin release from clostridium difficile. | | 1983 | 6221643 |
| ceftazidime in severe infections: a swiss multicentre study. | a total of 105 patients (mean age 57, range 15 to 90) with serious infections were treated with intravenous ceftazidime, usually 2 g 8-hourly. most patients had complicating factors such as major surgery, cancer, chronic obstructive lung disease, catheters or anatomical abnormalities. eighty-seven infectious episodes in 77 patients could be assessed for efficacy. bacteraemia was diagnosed in 26% of these episodes. seventy-five per cent of infections were due to gram-negative bacteria, pseudomona ... | 1983 | 6225761 |
| ceftazidime in patients with pseudomonas infections. | ceftazidime was administered to 41 patients with serious infections caused by pseudomonas aeruginosa (24 cases) and other bacteria (17 cases). the clinical response rate of pseudomonas infections (88%) was similar to that of other bacteria (94%) with microbiological eradication of 83% of initial pseudomonas isolates compared to 82% of non-pseudomonas strains. the development of resistance to ceftazidime during therapy was observed in 3 cases (enterobacter agglomerans, enterobacter cloacae, and p ... | 1983 | 6225762 |
| interaction between clostridium difficile toxin a and mammalian cells. | | 1983 | 6228124 |
| [isolation of clostridium difficile from anaerobic myonecrosis of the upper extremity]. | | 1984 | 6238682 |
| effects of clostridium difficile toxin on tissue-cultured cells. | a partially purified toxin of clostridium difficile induced similar morphologic changes in three different tissue-cultured mammalian cell lines. the morphologic changes were not associated with biochemical changes indentical to those caused by the enterotoxins of vibrio cholerae and escherichia coli. although the mechanisms responsible for the noncytotoxic morphologic effects remain to be delineated, the toxin appears to exert its effects by directly affecting membrane constituents. | 1980 | 6245152 |
| [transferable tetracycline resistance in "clostridium difficile" (author's transl)]. | tetracycline (tc) resistance is transferable from a resistant strain of clostridium difficile to a sensitive strain and this resistance is not curable. resistances to erythromycin and clindamycin are curable but not transferable. these results suggest for these resistances a plasmid determinism. it is shown that a plasmid-mediated tc resistance (pip401) of c. perfringens is also transferable to c. difficile. tc resistance is inducible in c. perfringens and constitutively expressed in c. difficil ... | 1980 | 6247949 |
| [influence of cefotiam (sce-963, ctm) on bowel flora (author's transl)]. | the influence on bowel flora of ctm was studied in 5 children who were taking normal diet. 1) in the cases following no diarrhea, administration of ctm caused no significant changes in bowel flora. in the cases following diarrhea, administration of ctm caused a fall in coliform, bep group, lactobacillus and peptostreptococcus. however, after the administration was discontinued, the reduced bowel flora was returned to the normal range within a few days. 2) no overgrowth of bowel flora by pseudomo ... | 1981 | 6270414 |
| clostridium difficile toxin as a confounding factor in enterovirus isolation. | a peculiar cytotoxic effect, occasionally encountered in the course of inoculating cell cultures with fecal specimens for routine enterovirus isolation attempts, was shown to be produced by clostridium difficile toxin. | 1980 | 6273451 |
| implication of clostridium difficile and clostridium perfringens iota toxins in experimental lincomycin-associated colitis of rabbits. | following oral administration of lincomycin, over 50% of two groups of 12 rabbits each died between 4 and 56 days with distended, non-hemorrhagic, fluid-filled ceca. bacteria-free cecal filtrates from the rabbits that died were lethal for mice, cytopathic in y-1 tissue culture monolayers, and caused increased vascular permeability in rabbit skin. although the cecal filtrates of both groups had similar biological activity, the filtrate activity of one group was neutralized by clostridium perfring ... | 1982 | 6285077 |
| in vitro susceptibility of clostridium difficile isolates to cefotaxime, moxalactam, and cefoperazone. | the in vitro susceptibility of 20 isolates of clostridium difficile to cefotaxime, moxalactam, and cefoperazone was determined by a standard agar dilution method. the median minimal inhibitory concentrations were 64, 32, and 32 mug/ml for cefotaxime, moxalactam, and cefoperazone, respectively. | 1982 | 6285817 |
| clostridium difficile toxin-induced intestinal secretion in rabbit ileum in vitro. | in rabbit ileum in vitro clostridium difficile toxin (200 microliter crude extract) almost abolished net na absorption, by decreasing mucosa to serosa flux, and induced net cl secretion by increasing the serosa to mucosa flux. these flux changes were induced when there was no visible histological damage to the mucosa. the toxin did not influence adenylate or guanylate cyclase activity in a plasma membrane fraction of isolated rabbit enterocytes nor did it affect camp concentrations in intact rab ... | 1983 | 6303915 |
| the polymicrobial origin of intestinal infections in homosexual men. | to determine the microbial cause and the clinical and pathologic correlates of anorectal and intestinal symptoms in homosexually active men, we performed comprehensive microbiologic studies, anoscopy, sigmoid-oscopy, and rectal biopsy in men examined in a clinic for sexually transmitted diseases. enteric pathogens were found in 95 of 119 consecutive homosexual men with anorectal or intestinal symptoms and in 29 of 75 randomly selected homosexual men without such symptoms (p less than 0.001). the ... | 1983 | 6308444 |
| gastrointestinal cytomegalovirus infection in a homosexual man with severe acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. | a 44-yr-old white homosexual man with a history of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia developed watery diarrhea and fever. flexible sigmoidoscopy revealed yellow plaques in the sigmoid colon suggestive of pseudomembranous colitis. stool examination for ova and parasites, clostridium difficile toxin, and cultures for pathogens, including clostridium difficile, were negative. infection with multiple organisms, including mycobacterium avium intracellulare, toxoplasma gondii, herpes simplex, and cytomeg ... | 1983 | 6313468 |
| inactivation of clostridium difficile cytotoxin by the neutrophil myeloperoxidase system. | the cytotoxin of clostridium difficile was examined for sensitivity to oxidant secretory products of neutrophils. exposure to myeloperoxidase, h2o2, and a halide resulted in loss of toxin activity measured by tissue-culture cytotoxicity. the peroxide requirement was provided by reagent h2o2, a peroxide-generating enzyme (glucose oxidase), or a peroxide-producing intestinal microorganism, lactobacillus acidophilus. human neutrophils stimulated by phorbol myristate acetate caused similar toxin ina ... | 1984 | 6321608 |
| clostridial toxins in neonatal necrotising enterocolitis. | clostridium difficile cytopathic toxin was found in the faeces or gut content of five of 39 neonates with necrotising enterocolitis (nec). toxin concentrations were uniformly low and did not differ from those found in healthy neonates. c difficile is unlikely to be involved in the pathogenesis of nec. stools from 33 babies with nec were also tested for c perfringens alpha toxin, with negative results. | 1984 | 6324700 |
| [effect of the ingestion of wheat bran on the fecal microbial flora of human donors and of recipient gnotoxenic mice, and on the barrier effects exerted by these flora against various potentially pathogenic microorganisms]. | the effect of bran ingestion on the flora of the human digestive tract was studied using two methods: quantitative enumeration of various microbial populations of the faecal flora, and a demonstration of the antagonistic effect exerted by the faecal flora against various potentially pathogenic bacteria of the environment. since this latter study cannot be effected in human subjects, we used a model constituted by axenic mice inoculated with patients' flora. faecal samples from 3 human donors rec ... | 1984 | 6326642 |
| comparative study of the nature and biological activities of bacterial enterotoxins. | it is apparent that there are considerable similarities between many of the enterotoxins produced by enteric pathogens. although the effect of most of these toxins is restricted to the intestine in vivo, many cells are also sensitive to intoxication in vitro. the resultant in-vitro biochemical changes may have no pathological significance but serve to underline the central role of cyclic nucleotides in cellular fluid regulation. the biological activity of these enterotoxins is the result of inte ... | 1984 | 6327986 |
| occurrence of clostridium difficile toxin-associated gastroenteritis following antibiotic therapy for otitis media in young children. | the pathogenesis of diarrhea following antibiotic therapy for otitis media in young children remains unknown. we performed a prospective study evaluating the incidence of diarrhea and clostridium difficile toxin in 115 outpatients (ages 6 months to 6 years) with acute otitis media treated with ampicillin, amoxicillin or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. in 21 patients younger than one year of age six of 11 developing diarrhea had toxin-positive stools compared with three of 10 without diarrhea (p = ... | 1984 | 6333674 |
| [epidemiology of acute infectious diarrhea in switzerland (endemic diarrhea)]. | acute infectious diarrhoea and its etiology are described. toxin-induced diarrhoea, usually caused by foodstuffs, and travellers' diarrhoea (etiologically different from endemic diarrhoea) are mentioned. the epidemiology of acute diarrhoea in adults in switzerland, which has so far not been investigated extensively, is documented from results of our own prospective study. these results demonstrate that 30% of endemic diarrhoea cases in switzerland are caused by salmonella and campylobacter and 1 ... | 1984 | 6334358 |
| enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for clostridium difficile toxin a. | antibodies against clostridium difficile toxin a were purified by affinity chromatography from antiserum prepared against crude c. difficile toxin preparations. the affinity-purified antibody preparation was free of detectable amounts of antibodies to other c. difficile antigens, as demonstrated by crossed immunoelectrophoresis, and specifically neutralized the cytotoxicity of toxin a. an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was subsequently developed using the antibody preparation ... | 1983 | 6338036 |
| ceftazidime therapy of serious bacterial infections. | ceftazidime, a new broad-spectrum cephalosporin, was administered to 30 patients with serious bacterial infections in a randomized dosing trial with daily doses of 1.5 or 3 g. both regimens were equally efficacious, with satisfactory clinical responses in 28 instances (93%) and microbiological eradication of 79% of initial bacterial isolates. the development of resistance to ceftazidime during therapy was observed in three cases (enterobacter agglomerans, enterobacter cloacae, and pseudomonas ae ... | 1983 | 6340601 |
| the "clostridial effect" of selective decontamination of the human gut with trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole in neutropenic patients. | during 59 periods of hospitalisation, 39 patients with either acute myeloid leukemia (22), acute lymphatic leukemia (9), acute undifferentiated leukemia (1), blastic crisis of chronic myeloid leukemia (6) or high-grade malignant non-hodgkin lymphoma (1) were subjected to aggressive polychemotherapy after selective decontamination of the gut. the patients were given an amphotericin b suspension in a dosage of 1.2 g/day for two days, after which one tablet of trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole (tmp/sm ... | 1983 | 6352509 |
| evaluation of mezlocillin in elective gastrointestinal surgery. | we report the interim results of two trials to evaluate the place of mezlocillin in elective intestinal operations. sixty-four operations for gastro-oesophageal disease have been performed where patients were randomly allocated to mezlocillin or cefuroxime. wound sepsis occurred in 19% of the mezlocillin patients compared with 3% of those receiving cefuroxime. seventy-three operations have been performed for colorectal cancer in whom three doses of antibiotic were used for prophylaxis. patients ... | 1983 | 6352606 |
| clinical usefulness of vancomycin. | the antibacterial spectrum, pharmacokinetics, and clinical uses of vancomycin are reviewed. vancomycin interferes with peptidoglycan biosynthesis in multiplying organisms and is bactericidal. it is supplied as the hydrochloride salt and is available in 500-mg ampuls. vancomycin is usually administered intravenously or orally. i.v. vancomycin should be administered slowly (over 30--60 min) and in an adequate volume (100--250 ml) of 5% dextrose injection. usual adult dose is 500 mg every six hours ... | 1983 | 6354567 |
| [clostridium difficile and antibiotic-associated colitis in risk patients: 2-month epidemiologic study in an intensive care unit]. | a toxin produced by clostridium difficile has been implicated in the pathogenesis of antibiotic-associated colitis. it is not known how often the microorganism is encountered in germany particularly in high risk patients. therefore, following a lethal case of colitis, stool samples of 90 patients and 30 staff members of an intensive care unit were screened routinely for c. difficile over 2 months. the organism was found in 6 of 41 patients treated with antibiotics (14.6%); four of them apparentl ... | 1983 | 6358656 |
| sealed adult mice: new model for enterotoxin evaluation. | outbred, inbred, and congenic strains of conventional mice which were ano-rectally occluded with cyanoacrylate ester glue and converted to sealed adult mice (sam) were given, per os, crude cholera enterotoxin (ct) in 10% nahco3. at 6 h when the response was maximal, mice were killed, the small intestines were removed, and gut weight/body weight ratios were calculated. experimental mice gave a linear response after receiving 1.5 to 60 micrograms of ct. purified heat-stable enterotoxin from escher ... | 1984 | 6363287 |
| improved enzyme immunoassays for the detection of antigens in fecal specimens. investigation and correction of interfering factors. | solid phase enzyme immunoassays (eia) are widely used for the detection of infectious agents in body fluids such as stool specimens. however, we found that stool specimens contained substances which desorb from 50% to 68% of the immunoreactant from solid phase surfaces. this desorbing activity decreased the sensitivity of eia systems for toxin a of c. difficile, rotavirus and adenovirus. the desorbing activity in stool specimens was partially heat labile at 56 degrees c for 30 min, was present i ... | 1984 | 6366064 |
| a selective enrichment broth for the isolation of clostridium difficile. | | 1984 | 6368602 |
| clostridium difficile colitis. | clostridium difficile has become one of the commonest pathogens of the lower intestinal tract. this organism appears unique in that infection almost always occurs during or after antibiotic therapy, suggesting that some component of the normal microflora prevents colonization by c. difficile. once it has overgrown in the colon, c. difficile releases several toxins which cause tissue damage and diarrhea. infection can range from a simple self-limited diarrheal illness to fulminant colitis with pe ... | 1984 | 6369936 |
| clostridium difficile. colonization and toxin production in a cohort of patients with malignant hematologic disorders. | we examined 45 (80%) of 56 consecutive adult patients with malignant hematologic disorders who were hospitalized during a 15-week period at emory university hospital, atlanta. stool samples for clostridium difficile culture and cytotoxin assay were obtained on admission and then weekly during each patient's hospitalization. on admission, four patients had detectable c difficile in their stool samples, which was associated with prior antimicrobial use but not with prior cancer chemotherapy. one o ... | 1984 | 6370168 |
| adsorption of clostridium difficile antiserum for rapid detection of toxin. | | 1984 | 6370572 |
| anaerobic infections in childhood. | anaerobic bacteria are part of the normal flora of mucous membranes and outnumber aerobic bacteria in the oral cavity and gastrointestinal tract. anaerobes can be isolated from pediatric patients with various infections when appropriate techniques for transportation and cultivation of samples are employed. frequently anaerobes are isolated in combination with other facultative or aerobic bacteria. the genera or groups of anaerobes most frequently isolated from pyogenic infections in children are ... | 1984 | 6372028 |
| breast feeding and toxigenic intestinal infections: missing links in crib death? | infant botulism results when clostridium botulinum spores germinate, colonize the gut, and there produce botulinal toxin, which after absorption causes flaccid muscle paralysis. the observed variation in the severity of the disease was linked to the infant's milk source, in that all sudden death cases indistinguishable from typical crib death occurred in infants who had been formula-fed, whereas the more gradual onset, hospitalized cases occurred in infants who were predominantly breast-fed. sec ... | 1984 | 6372029 |
| antimicrobial agent-associated colitis and diarrhea: historical background and clinical aspects. | in the late 1970s it was found that clostridium difficile causes a lethal, clindamycin-induced ileocecitis in the syrian hamster; this animal model has been an invaluable aid to our understanding of antimicrobial agent-induced diarrhea in humans. c. difficile is involved in almost all cases of pseudomembranous colitis and in approximately one-fourth of cases of antimicrobial agent-associated diarrhea in humans in which a pseudomembrane is not detected. the presenting signs and symptoms of c. dif ... | 1984 | 6372031 |
| epidemiology of clostridium difficile-induced intestinal disease. | the epidemiology of clostridium difficile-induced intestinal disease is an intriguing subject about which there are few answers but many remaining questions. although it is accepted that altered intestinal microecology (usually the result of antimicrobial therapy) is a major predisposition to disease, the details of microbial interactions are not yet known and clearly involve more than simple overgrowth of a resistant member of the resident flora. a variety of reservoirs of c. difficile are reco ... | 1984 | 6372032 |
| rapid identification of clostridium difficile by direct detection of volatile organic acids from primary isolation media. | | 1984 | 6373841 |
| [clostridium difficile and pseudomembranous colitis]. | | 1984 | 6374792 |
| selected aspects of nosocomial infections in the 1980s. | unusual or rare pathogens and syndromes may become significant problems in nosocomial infection. pathogens that usually produce community-onset disease, particularly respiratory viruses, legionella, and atypical mycobacteria, also cause nosocomial infection. conversely, nosocomial pathogens may also produce disease in the community, as has been seen with clostridium difficile. contamination of parenteral and antiseptic solutions continues to be a problem in hospitals. hospital-acquired viral inf ... | 1984 | 6380284 |
| evaluation of the 24-h api 20a anaerobe system for identification of clostridium difficile. | accurate identification of clostridium difficile is important when antibiotic-associated diarrhea or pseudomembranous colitis is suspected. presumptive identification of c. difficile was made on the basis of microscopic features and colony characteristics on cycloserine, cefoxitin, fructose, and egg yolk agar medium. we studied the reliability of the 24-h api 20a anaerobe system for definitive identification of c. difficile. this system showed low dependability after the recommended 24 h of incu ... | 1984 | 6381531 |
| production and release of toxins a and b by clostridium difficile. | the production and release of toxins a and b by clostridium difficile during in-vitro culture was investigated. cell-associated toxin a was detected by immunoelectrophoresis of bacterial extracts released by ultrasonication and by fluorescent antibody labelling of whole cells. extracellular toxin a was detected by immunoelectrophoresis and by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; extracellular toxin b was detected by cytotoxin assay. both toxins a and b were produced and released during the decline ... | 1984 | 6389875 |
| treatment of pseudomembranous colitis and antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. | pseudomembranous colitis is caused by release of toxins from clostridium difficile when it colonizes the large intestine. this clostridium is susceptible to concentrations of vancomycin which are readily attained in the colon after oral administration. when vancomycin is given orally to infected patients in a dose of 125 mg every 6 h, a rapid clinical cure can be expected. some patients may relapse after the vancomycin is stopped, but a further course of treatment will control symptoms. | 1984 | 6394575 |
| rapid differentiation of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli that produce heat-stable and heat-labile toxins by frequency-pulsed electron capture gas-liquid chromatography analysis of diarrheal stool specimens. | thirty-three stool specimens from infants in the village of tamooh near cairo, egypt, were studied by frequency-pulsed electron capture gas-liquid chromatography (fpec-glc). in 13 of the diarrheal cases, the suspected causative agent isolated was escherichia coli which produced heat-stable toxin (st), and in 10 other cases e. coli that produced heat-labile toxin (lt) were isolated. ten control stool samples, collected from infants from whom no pathogenic organisms were isolated, were analyzed at ... | 1984 | 6394617 |
| [bacterial agents of hospital infections]. | during the last decades the spectrum of microorganisms causing nosocomial infections has changed. the frequency of streptococci group a decreased and bacteria formerly considered as apathogen now cause serious infections. more and more "new" organisms are responsible for nosocomial infections. especially in immunocompromised patients legionella pneumophila causes infections with often severe and fatal course. clostridium difficile can be isolated in 6% to 48% in the stool of patients with antiba ... | 1984 | 6398796 |
| recent advances in management of bacterial diarrhea. | the number of recognized infectious causes of diarrhea potentially treatable with specific antibiotics has markedly increased within the past ten years. laboratories are developing and expanding their abilities to deal with these new pathogens. neither prophylaxis nor specific treatment of diarrhea in travelers is simple, practical, and safe. although enterotoxigenic escherichia coli is the most important cause of diarrhea in u.s. travelers to tropical areas, campylobacter jejuni causes acute di ... | 1983 | 6405474 |
| clostridium difficile and its toxin in healthy neonates. | | 1983 | 6412868 |
| effect of erythromycin on microbial antagonisms: a study in gnotobiotic mice associated with a human fecal flora. | the effect of erythromycin base was studied on intestinal resistance to colonization of gnotobiotic mice inoculated with a human fecal flora and challenged with six microbial strains potentially pathogenic for immunocompromised patients. fecal concentrations of erythromycin were greater than 1,000 micrograms/g in the human donor and in mice. total intestinal bacterial counts were not significantly different in the human donor and in the recipient mice and were not affected by erythromycin treatm ... | 1983 | 6413596 |
| clostridium difficile toxin in faeces of infants. | | 1983 | 6416381 |
| clostridium difficile and its cytotoxin in infants admitted to hospital with infectious gastroenteritis. | during a prospective study of infectious gastroenteritis in children under 2 years, 19 out of 390 patients (4.9%) were found to have clostridium difficile cytotoxin in the faeces. in several there was no history of use of antibiotics. the symptoms of many infants with toxin settled spontaneously, but one child became acutely and severely ill and developed a toxic megacolon and five others required, and responded to, vancomycin. cl difficile was cultured from the stools in 191 (49%) of the childr ... | 1984 | 6421363 |
| [clostridium difficile. frequent occurrence on a ward]. | | 1984 | 6423992 |
| biochemical characterization and biologic actions of two toxins (d-1 and d-2) from clostridium difficile. | two toxins were isolated from a toxigenic strain of clostridium difficile. the toxins were purified by gel filtration and ion-exchange column chromatography to homogeneity as judged from polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and were designated d-1 and d-2. toxin d-1 was lethal for mice, increased vascular permeability, and induced fluid accumulation in ligated rabbit ileal loops, and toxin d-2 displayed cytotoxicity in hela cells with a minimum of 1 pg of toxin. the molecular weights of toxins d-1 ... | 1984 | 6426016 |
| polymicrobial septicaemia due to clostridium difficile and bacteroides fragilis. | | 1984 | 6432176 |
| criteria for detection of clostridium difficile toxin production by counterimmunoelectrophoresis. | counterimmunoelectrophoresis (cie) was compared with a cytotoxicity assay and isolation of toxin-producing clostridium difficile for the diagnosis of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. standardized criteria for cie positivity were established as two major precipitin lines with specific c. difficile antitoxin. using these criteria on 425 fecal specimens, we determined the sensitivity of cie (80%) to be comparable to that of the cytotoxicity assay (82%). both methods were highly specific. with carefu ... | 1984 | 6439733 |
| in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of mt-141, a new semisynthetic cephamycin, compared with those of five cephalosporins. | the in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of mt-141 were compared with those of cefoxitin, cefmetazole, moxalactam, cefotaxime, and cefoperazone. the mics of mt-141 for 90% of bacterial isolates were lower than the reference drugs against clinical isolates of campylobacter jejuni, clostridium difficile, and bacteroides fragilis, whereas against clinical isolates of other gram-positive, gram-negative, and anaerobic bacteria, the mics of mt-141 were similar to or higher than those of the r ... | 1984 | 6440478 |
| typing clostridium difficile. | | 1984 | 6444140 |
| pseudomembranous colitis after topical application of clindamycin. | abdominal cramping and diarrhea developed in a 24-year-old woman with facial acne vulgaris five days after she started topical therapy with 1% clindamycin hydrochloride. a stool specimen contained a significant titer of a toxin produced by clostridium difficile. findings from sigmoidoscopy and a colonic biopsy specimen were consistent with pseudomembranous colitis. the patient became asymptomatic after ten days of supportive care and oral vancomycin hydrochloride therapy. this case is presented ... | 1981 | 6452096 |
| acute diarrhea in horses of the potomac river area: examination for clostridial toxins. | fecal specimens from horses in montgomery county, md, and in fairfax and loudoun counties, va, were examined for clostridium perfringens type a enterotoxin and for c difficile cytotoxin (92 and 108 specimens, respectively). the toxins were found in feces from horses that had experienced an acute diarrhea syndrome and from clinically normal horses. the toxins did not appear to be primary determinants of the diarrhea syndrome, although they may have contributed to the spectrum of clinical entities ... | 1984 | 6469842 |
| interaction between clostridium difficile and polymorphonuclear leucocytes from the elderly and post-operative cancer patients: phagocytosis and bactericidal function. | the ability of polymorphonuclear leucocytes (pmns) from elderly healthy subjects and post-operative cancer patients to ingest and kill clostridium difficile was studied. the percentage of phagocytosis in clinically healthy subjects aged 69-82 years ranged from 20.2 +/- 3.2 (mean +/- sd) to 34.1 +/- 4.2, depending on the strain of c. difficile, from 6.7 +/- 2.2 to 11.2 +/- 2.2 in post-operative cancer patients aged 65-69, and from 68.4 +/- 3.1 to 81.1 +/- 6.3 in young healthy control subjects. in ... | 1984 | 6472200 |
| interaction of clostridium difficile toxin a with l cells in culture. | toxin a of clostridium difficile was purified by column chromatography and acetic acid precipitation. cells exposed to toxin a showed polarization of nuclei towards one pole of the cells. toxin a was conjugated to ferritin and applied to l cells to localize binding sites of this toxin to the cell surface. it was found that toxin a conjugate attached to the cell membrane in aggregated form. antibody specific to toxin a was prepared and used for localization of intracellular toxins in intoxicated ... | 1984 | 6478312 |
| clostridium difficile in crohn's disease. | clostridium difficile has been detected in the stools of some patients with relapse of crohn's disease. the authors looked prospectively for present or previous exposure to c. difficile cytotoxin in 10 patients with mild to severe crohn's disease. none of 25 stool samples from these 10 patients was positive for c. difficile cytotoxin. these negative stool ultrafiltrates had mild cytotoxin neutralizing activity, but this finding did not differ from that in 30 cytotoxin-negative stools from patien ... | 1984 | 6478320 |
| polyphosphate-mediated protection from cellular intoxication with clostridium difficile toxin b. | the influence of polyphosphorylated compounds on intoxication of human lung fibroblasts with clostridium difficile toxin b was studied. atp, as well as other nucleoside di-, tri-, and tetraphosphates, inorganic polyphosphates and polyphosphorylated sugars, caused a dose-dependent (1-5 mm range) delay in the appearance of the cytopathogenic effect. with a longer phosphate chain, the delay was more pronounced, although the cytopathogenic effect always developed finally, reaching the level of the c ... | 1984 | 6487657 |
| comparative efficacy of four antibiotics in anaerobic pulmonary infection. an experimental model in rabbits. | the efficacy of cefoxitin, mezlocillin, latamoxef and metronidazole in anaerobic lung infection was studied using a rabbit model. a mixture of bacteroides fragilis, peptococcus morbillorum, eubacterium lentum and fusobacterium nucleatum was inoculated transtracheally to produce infection within the lung. mezlocillin was most effective, achieving bacteriologic cure in 5 out of 8 animals. with cefoxitin therapy, 4 out of 8 became bacteriologically sterile. severe diarrhea with elevated titers of c ... | 1984 | 6488936 |
| fusidic acid for the treatment of antibiotic-associated colitis induced by clostridium difficile. | twenty courses of fusidic acid were given to 16 patients with antibiotic-associated colitis caused by clostridium difficile. fusidic acid was given in a dose of 0.5-1.5 g daily for seven to 21 days. diarrhoea disappeared rapidly. clinical relapse occurred after five courses and once when the patient was still on treatment. clinical cure with persistence or reappearance of toxin occurred in four further patients. nineteen courses of metronidazole were given to 19 patients who experienced six fail ... | 1984 | 6490173 |
| prevalence of clostridium difficile and its cytotoxin in infants in mexico. | the incidence of clostridium difficile and its cytotoxic activity were determined in the feces of 122 children under 1 year of age. samples were obtained from children receiving antibiotics and with (52 cases) or without (26 cases) diarrhea, from children with diarrhea who did not receive antibiotics (22 cases), and from healthy children (22 cases). isolation of c. difficile in feces from children in all groups was similar (mean 23.4%) except for the group with non-antibiotic-associated diarrhea ... | 1984 | 6490818 |
| latex agglutination test for detection of clostridium difficile toxin in stool samples. | a total of 163 stool specimens were tested for detection of clostridium difficile and its toxin by cytotoxicity assay with tissue culture, latex agglutination test, and isolation of the organism. from 33 specimens which were positive for toxin by cytotoxicity, 30 were positive by the latex agglutination test; the organism was isolated from 21. the total number of samples which were positive with the latex agglutination test was 44. the predictive value of a positive latex agglutination result re ... | 1984 | 6490824 |
| frequency-pulsed electron capture gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of metabolites produced by clostridium difficile in broth enriched with amino acids. | clostridium difficile strain cdc a-567 was cultured in trypticase (bbl microbiology systems)-yeast-salt broth supplemented with 0.2% l-leucine, l-norleucine, l-isoleucine, l-tyrosine, or l-tryptophan. four extractions were done on the spent medium, three at ph 2 and one at ph 10, using chcl3 or ether. derivatizations were done with trichloroethanol, heptafluorobutyric anhydride, and heptafluorobutyric anhydride-ethanol. all samples were analyzed with frequency-pulsed electron capture gas-liquid ... | 1984 | 6490835 |
| studies of stools from pseudomembranous colitis, rotaviral, and other diarrheal syndromes by frequency-pulsed electron capture gas-liquid chromatography. | thirty-five patients with various diarrheal syndromes and 22 controls were studied. all stool samples were carefully cultured for clostridium difficile, using selective isolation media. cytotoxin assays with proper antitoxin neutralization were done in mrc-5 cells. the stool samples were extracted four times, three times at ph 2 and once at ph 10, using chcl3 or ether. derivatizations of extracts were done with trichloroethanol, heptafluorobutyric anhydride, and heptafluorobutyric anhydride-etha ... | 1984 | 6490836 |
| reexamination by bacteriophage typing of clostridium difficile strains isolated during a nosocomial outbreak. | | 1984 | 6490845 |
| nosocomial clostridium difficile reservoir in a neonatal intensive care unit. | a new bacteriophage/bacteriocin typing system was used to study clostridium difficile colonization in a neonatal intensive care unit. c. difficile was isolated from 21 of 62 (34%) stools from 15 of 37 (41%) infants. colonization was reduced during antimicrobial therapy and for about 1 week thereafter. one of five nurses and one of two parents studied were carriers. eight isolates were cultured from environmental surfaces. thirty of 31 c. difficile isolates were found to be a single type, cld 6,9 ... | 1984 | 6494014 |
| differential cytotoxic effects of toxins a and b isolated from clostridium difficile. | toxin a and toxin b preparations of clostridium difficile have been shown to affect metabolic functions of intact hela cells with different kinetics. the cytotoxins were purified from dialyzed filtrates of c. difficile strain vpi 10463 by hydrophobic interaction chromatography and ion-exchange chromatography and were concentrated by dialysis or by ultrafiltration. the toxins, which are immunologically unrelated, were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by immunochemistry with the ... | 1984 | 6500693 |
| significance of stool toxin determination to clostridium difficile diarrhoea. | clostridium difficile toxin in stool from patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea was titered and correlated with stool consistency, presence of white cells, epithelial cells and occult blood. it was found that watery stools contained more toxin, with a higher % of positive occult blood and leukocytes than did soft or formed stools, suggesting a correlation between toxic titer and the severity of the pathologic processes of the disease. of 71 toxin-positive stools from patients with antim ... | 1984 | 6501819 |
| alterations in human fecal flora, including ingrowth of clostridium difficile, related to cefoxitin therapy. | to evaluate the effects of parenteral cefoxitin therapy on human fecal flora, we cultured fecal specimens obtained from six patients before, during, and after therapy and used standard methods to identify and quantify all microorganisms. the major changes (observed in at least three patients) included the acquisition or proliferation of group d streptococcus species, coagulase-negative staphylococcus species, cefoxitin-resistant members of the family enterobacteriaceae, pseudomonas species, and ... | 1984 | 6508264 |
| a new purification procedure for clostridium difficile enterotoxin. | clostridium difficile produces two toxins, an enterotoxin and a cytotoxin. the enterotoxin was purified using fast methods (tangential flow filtration, fast protein liquid chromatography). the purified enterotoxin is composed of two subunits (a1 = 41,500, a2 = 16,000) and its pi is 3.5. | 1984 | 6508777 |
| cytotoxin and enterotoxin production by clostridium difficile. | 30 strains of cl. difficile isolated from faeces of patients with pseudomembranous colitis (pmc), antibiotic associated diarrhoea (aac) and other intestinal disorders and from faeces of asymptomatic carriers were studied for production of toxins. tissue culture assay was used for the detection of cytotoxin (toxin b) and ileal loop test for enterotoxin (toxin a). all cl. difficile isolates from patients with pmc and aac were found to produce cytotoxin, whereas enterotoxin was demonstrated only in ... | 1984 | 6513801 |
| routine culturing for clostridium difficile? | in order to determine whether routine culturing for clostridium difficile was warranted or whether culturing a selected group of patients was adequate, we conducted a prospective trial of culturing all stool specimens for c. difficile. a total of 408 specimens from 297 patients was studied. two hundred and eighteen stool specimens from 169 patients were selected on the basis of fulfilling one or more of the following criteria; (i) the stools were loose or watery; (ii) leukocytes and/or red cells ... | 1984 | 6514390 |
| [infectious clostridium difficile diarrhea]. | | 1984 | 6516058 |
| clostridium difficile diarrhoea: a highly infectious organism. | this paper describes an outbreak of clostridium difficile diarrhoea in a ward for the elderly in a 550-bedded district general hospital. the measures taken to contain it and clinical features, previously undescribed, are highlighted. | 1984 | 6516973 |
| prevention of clindamycin-induced mortality in hamsters by saccharomyces boulardii. | saccharomyces boulardii, a yeast used in a number of countries for general and antibiotic-associated gastrointestinal illnesses, was examined for possible application in the prevention of clindamycin-induced mortality in the hamster colitis model. hamsters were given free access to an aqueous 5% suspension of lyophilized yeast for 3 days before and 10 days after administration of a single oral clindamycin dose of from 0.2 to 0.8 mg/kg. mortality was recorded in groups of 7 to 20 animals every 24 ... | 1984 | 6517545 |
| diagnosis and epidemiology of clostridium difficile enterocolitis in sweden. | experience of the diagnosis and epidemiology of clostridium difficile in sweden is reviewed. samples from 5885 patients have been investigated at the national bacteriological laboratory in stockholm from 1978-1983. patients originate from all parts of the country and their number continues to increase. cl. difficile seem to be of growing importance, especially in nosocomial infections. most patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and colitis (aad/aac) and cl. difficile in their stools were ... | 1984 | 6520069 |
| treatment of antibiotic-associated colitis with vancomycin. | sixty-five patients were treated with oral vancomycin for clostridium difficile colitis associated with treatment of infection by antibiotics. colitis was confirmed by endoscopy in patients with diarrhoea and positive tests on diarrhoeal stools for cl. difficile and/or its cytotoxin or, if endoscopy could not be performed, by the presence of fever and peripheral or faecal leucocytosis. vancomycin dosage ranged from 125 to 500 mg four times daily for an average of about ten days. the mean duratio ... | 1984 | 6520070 |
| [severe digestive complications of aids in a group of patients from zaire]. | severe digestive complications of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids) were observed in 9 patients among a group of 17 patients from zaire treated for aids in belgium between may 1979-april 1983. among the 9 cases, there were 10 ailments of the upper digestive tract, 7 of intestinal disorders, 3 of hepatic disorders, and 2 of pancreatic disorders. the average age of affected patients was 35 years. 4 men averaged 32 years and 5 women averaged 39 years. their average stay in belgium was ... | 1984 | 6524266 |
| a screen for clostridium difficile in the vagina: an out-patient study using and comparing selective media. | cycloserine-cefoxitin-fructose agar (ccfa) gives good presumptive identification of clostridium difficile after 1- or 2-day incubation whereas reinforced clostridial medium (rcm)/p-cresol is not very selective for the organism from the vagina. the identification of 91.5% of the isolates from an initial screen subjected to biochemically based tests was achieved. conventional screening of vaginal swabs failed to confirm any significant occurrence of cl. difficile in the vagina of pregnant or non-p ... | 1984 | 6524911 |
| [in vitro activity of several cytostatic drugs against aerobic and anaerobic intestinal bacteria]. | the human normal intestinal flora prevents the colonization of exogenous bacteria, maintaining a constant microecology: this property is called "colonization resistance". in leukemia patients antibiotics used for prevention and/or therapy of infectious episodes can alter the intestinal microecology, so that the gut can represent the trigger zone for generalized septicemia. moreover cytotoxic drugs used in these patients can favour intestinal disturbances. in our study we evaluated the in vitro a ... | 1984 | 6534396 |
| in vitro susceptibility of clostridium difficile isolates to 12 antimicrobial agents. | the "in vitro" susceptibility of 48 strains of "clostridium difficile" to 12 antimicrobial agents was determined by agar dilution method. all isolates were susceptible to ampicillin, metronidazole, piperacillin, vancomycin and n-formimidoylthienamycin, resistant or intermediate to the new cephalosporins: cefoxitin, cefotaxime and moxalactam. for clindamycin, the mic distribution appeared to be bimodal with 41.7% of the strains susceptible to 8 micrograms/ml and 58.3% resistant to 128 micrograms/ ... | 1984 | 6535652 |
| a survey of plasmids in clostridium difficile strains. | | 1984 | 6543891 |
| clostridium difficile peritonitis in a neonate. a case report. | we describe a case of fatal peritonitis due to clostridium difficile in a neonate. although the patient had several clinical features that were compatible with the diagnosis of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis, examination of the bowel at laparotomy disclosed that a mesenteric band caused the patient's underlying disease. postmortem histopathologic tests revealed gram-positive rods in the wall of the small intestine. clostridium difficile was the only organism recovered from an antemortem cult ... | 1984 | 6546347 |