| could antibiotic-resistant pathogens be cross-resistant to hard-surface disinfectants? | | 1997 | 9343632 |
| arrangement of the vana gene cluster in enterococci of different ecological origin. | glycopeptide-resistant enterococci (vana) isolated from infections in humans, from non-hospitalized humans, from sewage, from animal feces and from meat products in germany (20 enterococcus faecium and one enterococcus hirae) were investigated for the arrangement of the genes in the vana gene cluster by means of overlapping pcr with five primer pairs. in 20 of these strains, the vana gene clusters were uniform which suggests a horizontal spread among different ecosystems. in one clinical isolate ... | 1997 | 9345764 |
| staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome in a liver transplant patient. | | 1997 | 9346776 |
| vancomycin-resistant enterococcus raffinosus: molecular epidemiology, species identification error, and frequency of occurrence in a national resistance surveillance program. | enterococcal blood stream infections are the third most common among all nosocomial blood stream infections in the united states and the occurrence of glycopeptide (vancomycin, teicoplanin) resistance in these isolates has markedly increased. control of hospital-acquired infections with vancomycin-resistant enterococci requires high quality antimicrobial susceptibility test methods and species identification procedures as a supplement to epidemiologic investigation and appropriate infection cont ... | 1997 | 9350415 |
| susceptibility of vancomycin-resistant enterococci to environmental disinfectants. | | 1997 | 9350456 |
| natural history of colonization with vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium. | | 1997 | 9350457 |
| strains of glycopeptide-resistant enterococcus faecium can alter their van genotypes during an outbreak. | two isolates of enterococcus faecium with vana glycopeptide resistance were isolated during a hospital outbreak of e. faecium with plasmid-mediated vanb resistance. both were found to be identical to the vanb outbreak strain by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. the genotype of this strain changed from vanb to vana through an intermediate isolate that contained both the vana and vanb gene clusters on distinct plasmids. | 1997 | 9350769 |
| isolation and characterization of nisin-producing lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis from bean-sprouts. | bacterial isolates from bean-sprouts were screened for anti-listeria monocytogenes bacteriocins using a well diffusion method. thirty-four of 72 isolates inhibited the growth of l. monocytogenes scott a. one, hpb 1688, which had the biggest inhibition zone against l. monocytogenes scott a, was selected for subsequent analysis. both ribotyping and dna sequencing of 16s ribosomal rna gene demonstrated that the isolate was lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis. polymerase chain reaction and nucleotide s ... | 1997 | 9351230 |
| cloning of the staphylococcus aureus ddh gene encoding nad+-dependent d-lactate dehydrogenase and insertional inactivation in a glycopeptide-resistant isolate. | the mechanism of low-level glycopeptide resistance among staphylococci is not known. a cytoplasmic protein, provisionally called ddh (w. m. milewski, s. boyle-vavra, b. moreira, c. c. ebert, and r. s. daum, antimicrob. agents chemother. 40:166-172, 1996), and the rna transcript that contains the ddh gene, which encodes ddh, are present in increased amounts in a vancomycin-resistant isolate, 523k, compared with the susceptible parent isolate, 523. sequence analysis had previously revealed that dd ... | 1997 | 9352927 |
| biochemical and genetic characterization of enterocin p, a novel sec-dependent bacteriocin from enterococcus faecium p13 with a broad antimicrobial spectrum. | enterocin p is a new bacteriocin produced by enterococcus faecium p13 isolated from a spanish dry-fermented sausage. enterocin p inhibited most of tested spoilage and food-borne gram-positive pathogenic bacteria, such as listeria monocytogenes, staphylococcus aureus, clostridium perfringens, and clostridium botulinum. enterocin p is produced during growth in mrs broth from 16 to 45 degrees c; it is heat resistant (60 min at 100 degrees c; 15 min at 121 degrees c) and can withstand exposure to ph ... | 1997 | 9361419 |
| molecular epidemiology of glycopeptide-resistant enterococcus faecium on a renal unit. | the clinical and molecular epidemiology of glycopeptide-resistant enterococcus faecium was investigated during an outbreak on a renal unit. forty-nine patients were colonized or infected during a 15-month period. sites of colonization included faeces, urine, intravenous (iv) catheter tips and wound swabs. ten patients had infections, which included five bacteraemias and three episodes of peritonitis. pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of 43 patient isolates of glycopeptide-resistant e. faecium ide ... | 1997 | 9363014 |
| chlorhexidine gluconate (chg) activity against clinical isolates of vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium (vref) and the effects of moisturizing agents on chg residue accumulation on the skin. | the effectiveness of skin decontamination by chlorhexidine gluconate (chg) in the presence of commonly-used skin moisturizing lotions was evaluated using vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium (vref) as a representative nosocomial pathogen. anti-bacterial efficacy was determined in vitro using pigskin preparations inoculated with five vref clinical isolates to evaluate calgon vestal 2 and 4% (by weight) chg solutions in comparison with hibiclens antiseptic antimicrobial cleaner (4% chg soluti ... | 1997 | 9364264 |
| inhibition of bacterial and boar epididymal sperm immunogenicity by boar seminal immunosuppressive component in mice. | intravenous deposition of the immunosuppressive component, isolated from boar seminal vesicle secretion, led to suppression of primary and secondary antibody response to boar epididymal spermatozoa and to bacterial antigens. the most effective suppression of the immune response was achieved in female mice treated with immunosuppressive component 3 days before the immunization with antigen. the treatment with immunosuppressor 3 days after the immunization resulted in less effective immunosuppress ... | 1997 | 9370977 |
| semiquantitation of cooperativity in binding of vancomycin-group antibiotics to vancomycin-susceptible and -resistant organisms. | the association of vancomycin group antibiotics with the growing bacterial cell wall was investigated by using the cell wall precursor analog di-n-acetyl-lys-d-ala-d-ala in competition binding experiments. the affinities of the antibiotics for the -d-ala-d-ala-containing cell wall precursors of bacillus subtilis atcc 6633 (a model for vancomycin-susceptible gram-positive bacteria) and for the -d-ala-d-lac-containing cell wall precursors of leuconostoc mesenteroides (a model for vancomycin-resist ... | 1997 | 9371343 |
| in vitro activities of an investigational quinolone, glycylcycline, glycopeptide, streptogramin, and oxazolidinone tested alone and in combinations against vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium. | we evaluated the in vitro activities of clinafloxacin, cl331,002, ly333328, quinupristin dalfopristin, and eperezolid (formerly known as u-100,592) against four strains of enterococci. all regimens tested resulted in the growth inhibition of each isolate. against the three clinafloxacin-susceptible strains, clinafloxacin tested alone was the most active treatment, decreasing the bacterial inoculum by more than 3 log10 cfu/ml after 24 h in time-kill curve studies. | 1997 | 9371372 |
| glycopeptide-resistant enterococci in northern ireland: first reported outbreak. | | 1997 | 9372439 |
| vancomycin-resistant enterococci in turkeys and farmers. | | 1997 | 9380129 |
| epidemiological study of hospital-acquired infection with vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium: possible transmission by an electronic ear-probe thermometer. | clonal spread of vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium among seven patients on one ward of a community teaching hospital was identified by contour-clamped homogeneous electric-field gel electrophoresis. environmental cultures isolated the same strain from the handle of a shared electronic ear-probe thermometer. cross-contamination of the clonal strain between two geographically separate units on this ward, sharing equipment but not personnel, suggests the possibility of an environmental sour ... | 1997 | 9397374 |
| fecal carriage of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in hospitalized patients and those living in the community in the netherlands. | in order to determine the prevalence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (vre) in the netherlands, 624 hospitalized patients from intensive care units or hemato-oncology wards in nine hospitals and 200 patients living in the community were screened for vre colonization. enterococci were found in 49% of the hospitalized patients and in 80% of the patients living in the community. of these strains, 43 and 32%, respectively, were enterococcus faecium. vre were isolated from 12 of 624 (2%) and 4 of ... | 1997 | 9399488 |
| comparison of agar dilution, broth microdilution, e-test, disk diffusion, and automated vitek methods for testing susceptibilities of enterococcus spp. to vancomycin. | an evaluation was undertaken to determine the optimal method for testing the susceptibilities of 100 clinical isolates and two reference strains of enterococcus spp. to vancomycin in vitro. six testing methods were studied by using the following media and incubation times: agar screen with the synergy quad plate (remel, lenexa, kans.), an in-house-prepared brain heart infusion (bhi) agar plate, and an in-house-prepared mueller-hinton (mh) agar plate, all incubated for 24 or 48 h; broth microdilu ... | 1997 | 9399530 |
| in vitro activity of chloramphenicol alone and in combination with vancomycin, ampicillin, or rp 59500 (quinupristin/dalfopristin) against vancomycin-resistant enterococci. | using a checkerboard assay, ampicillin, vancomycin, and rp 59500, each in combination with chloramphenicol, were tested for synergy against 23 isolates of vancomycin-resistant enterococci. additive effects were seen in 62.5% of the isolates when exposed to chloramphenicol plus rp 59500. additive effects were observed in 20% and 15% of isolates with chloramphenicol plus vancomycin or ampicillin, respectively. no antagonism was noted. | 1997 | 9401814 |
| high-dose ampicillin plus streptomycin for treatment of a patient with severe infection due to multiresistant enterococci. | | 1997 | 9402411 |
| glucose starvation response in enterococcus faecalis jh2-2: survival and protein analysis. | we investigated the survival of enterococcus faecalis following starvation provoked by energy source glucose exhaustion. inhibition of protein synthesis by chloramphenicol before 3 h of starvation resulted in a dramatic decrease in viable bacteria. antibiotic treatment of cells after 3 or 6 h of starvation had a progressively lesser influence on bacterial survival. during the first 24 h of deprivation, a total of 42 proteins were identified as glucose-starvation-inducible; 4 temporal classes of ... | 1997 | 9404502 |
| an outbreak of vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium in liver transplant recipients. | vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium (vref) has become a significant nosocomial pathogen for immunosuppressed patients. during a 5-month period in 1993, 8 cases of invasive infection with vref (7 with bacteremia) were identified in liver transplant recipients, half of whom were adults. epidemiology and microbiology studies were designed to identify the source and to determine the risk factors for this infection. overall mortality was 50% (3 adults and 1 child). mortality in bacteremic patie ... | 1997 | 9404957 |
| [meropenem: microbiologic perspective]. | meropenem is a beta-lactamic carbapenem derived from thienamycin and is structurally characterized by the presence of a beta-methyl group in position c1 which confers stability to the molecule versus renal dehydropeptidase 1 (dhp-1), thereby making the coadministration of an enzyme inhibitor unnecessary. its esterochemical configuration of the lateral chain in c2 (dimethyl carbomoilpyrrolidenethium) increases the activity versus gram negative bacteria (enterobacteria and pseudomonas) and moreove ... | 1997 | 9410064 |
| [the role of carbapenems in the treatment of nosocomial infection]. | carbapenems are active beta-lactam antibiotics versus most of the gram positive and gram negative microorganisms and anaerobes although their activity is lacking in the case of staphylococcus sp. resistant to methicillin, enterococcus faecium and streptococcus pneumoniae with high resistance to penicillin and some gram negative bacilli which naturally produce an methaloenzyme able to hydrolyze them such as stenotrophomonas maltophilia. imipenem, the first synthetized carbapenem requires administ ... | 1997 | 9410075 |
| [comparative antimicrobial activity of rp 59,500 (quinupristin-dalfopristin), the first semisynthetic injectable streptgramin, against gram-positive cocci and other recent clinical pathogens]. | rp 59,500 (quinupristin-dalfopristin) is the first semisynthetic injectable streptogramin antimicrobial agent, which is a combination of quinupristin and dalfopristin in a 30:70 ratio. the components of rp 59,500 act synergically to provide bactericidal activity through action at different sites on bacterial ribosomes. in the present study, the antimicrobial activity of rp 59,500 was compared with those of four macrolides (erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin, roxithromycin). susceptibilit ... | 1997 | 9412874 |
| susceptibility to vancomycin of enterococci isolated from dairy products. | the antibiotic vancomycin is often used in clinical therapy against multiple antibiotic-resistant bacteria. twenty strains of enterococci, either enterococcus faecium or ent. faecalis, isolated from different cheeses were tested for resistance to vancomycin in liquid medium. minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) values ranged from less than 1 to 4 micrograms ml -1. a 399 bp intragenic fragment of the vana gene was not observed after amplification of total dna of the strains. it seems, therefore ... | 1997 | 9418068 |
| influence of erythromycin resistance, inoculum growth phase, and incubation time on assessment of the bactericidal activity of rp 59500 (quinupristin-dalfopristin) against vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium. | rp 59500, a mixture of two semisynthetic streptogramin antibiotics (quinupristin and dalfopristin), is one of a few investigational agents currently in clinical trials with inhibitory activity against multiple-drug-resistant strains of enterococcus faecium. we evaluated the bactericidal activity of this antimicrobial against 30 recent clinical isolates of vancomycin-resistant e. faecium, including 23 erythromycin-resistant (mic, >256 microg/ml) and 7 erythromycin-intermediate (mic, 2 to 4 microg ... | 1997 | 9420051 |
| emerging antibiotic resistance. | | 1997 | 9422329 |
| stool cultures obtained before liver transplantation are useful for choice of perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis. | bacterial infections, especially cholangitis, are still common complications after liver transplantation (ltx). during recent years, multiresistant enterococci have become a nosocomial problem in transplant units. the present prospective study on 26 patients, including 24 patients with chronic liver disease, demonstrated that enterococci were the predominant micro-organism involved in post-ltx bacterial infections. they were cultured in the feces and in other sites of 10 out of 13 (77%) patients ... | 1997 | 9428116 |
| activity of trovafloxacin (with or without ampicillin-sulbactam) against enterococci in an in vitro dynamic model of infection. | antibiotic-resistant enterococci are being increasingly identified as causal agents of infection. trovafloxacin is a new fluoronaphthyridone with enhanced activity against gram-positive cocci and variable activity reported against enterococcus spp. twenty-one strains of vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium and two strains of enterococcus faecalis (one vancomycin resistant) were studied at an initial inoculum of 10(6) cfu/ml in time-kill assays with trovafloxacin (3 mg/liter), ampicillin-sul ... | 1998 | 9449263 |
| evaluation of an avian-specific probiotic to reduce the colonization and shedding of campylobacter jejuni in broilers. | campylobacter jejuni has often been responsible for human gastroenteritis. poultry have often been implicated as a source for these human infections. intestinal colonization of c. jejuni in the chicken plays a role in carcass contamination during slaughter. thus, reducing c. jejuni colonization in chickens can potentially reduce the incidence of c. jejuni infections in humans. the use of probiotics to competitively exclude the colonization of intestinal pathogens has been proposed for poultry. h ... | 1997 | 9454918 |
| first report of vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium isolated in argentina. | | 1998 | 9455570 |
| control of a nosocomial outbreak of vancomycin resistant enterococcus faecium in a paediatric oncology unit: risk factors for colonisation. | in order to determine the extent of vancomycin resistant enterococcus (vre) colonisation within a paediatric oncology unit, the risk factors for the acquisition of the organism, the molecular epidemiology of the isolates and the impact of infection control measures, extensive patient and environmental surveillance was undertaken with identification, antibiotic susceptibility testing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) of all vre isolates. a matched case control study was carried out. fou ... | 1998 | 9461358 |
| stability of vancomycin-resistant enterococcal genotypes isolated from long-term-colonized patients. | genotypic variation and stability of isolates of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (vre) were studied to determine genetic diversity and whether strain definition based on pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) is applicable to an endemic setting. twenty-two pfge types were identified among 455 vre isolates. one-on-one comparisons of 10 vana enterococcus faecium strain types all yielded > 10 band differences. variations among vana and vanb e. faecium isolates from individual long-term-colonized ... | 1998 | 9466524 |
| molecular analysis of tn1546 in enterococcus faecium isolated from animals and humans. | the internal areas and the position of integration of the glycopeptide resistance element tn1546 were characterized by using pcr fragment length polymorphism, sequencing, and dna hybridization techniques with 38 high-level vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium isolates of human and animal origins from europe and the united states. only minor variations in the coding regions within tn1546 were found, suggesting high genetic stability. the isolates originated from broilers (n = 5), a chicken ( ... | 1998 | 9466754 |
| emergence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in south africa. | | 1997 | 9472288 |
| multidrug-resistant gram-positive pathogens. an update on current microbiological patterns. | although resistance has developed among gram-positive pathogens to penicillins, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, quinolones and macrolides, the glycopeptides seem to remain largely unaffected. however, the recent emergence and range of glycopeptide resistance in enterococci, well documented in the usa but not in the rest of the world, have prompted this european surveillance study. the european glycopeptide resistance survey was undertaken in 1995 in 9 countries and involved 70 microbiological c ... | 1997 | 9474477 |
| vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium in a long-term care facility. | to describe the epidemiology and natural history of colonization with vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium (vref) in a long-term care facility. | 1998 | 9475442 |
| vre, mrsa, prp, and drgnb in ltcf: lessons to be learned from this alphabet. | | 1998 | 9475457 |
| rapid increase in the prevalence of antimicrobial drug resistance among enterococcal blood isolates in southern israel. | a prospective surveillance was conducted to monitor the prevalence and dynamics of antimicrobial resistance among enterococci isolated from blood cultures in southern israel. a total of 242 organisms isolated between 1993 and 1996 were studied. the prevalence of enterococcus faecalis significantly decreased during the study period, whereas that of enterococcus faecium doubled. antimicrobial drug resistance increased steadily among enterococcus faecium isolates: resistance to ampicillin increased ... | 1997 | 9495672 |
| identification and characterization of proteolytic activity of enterococcus spp. isolated from milk and roncal and idiazábal cheese. | roncal and idiazábal cheeses are manufactured from ewe's milk in the autonomous region of navarre in spain. levels of enterococci are high in these cheeses and in other types of ewe's-milk cheeses. the present study has identified enterococci present in the milk used and in the roncal and idiazábal cheeses after 120 days of ripening. a total of 282 strains were isolated and identified, and the cytoplasmic and extracellular enzymatic activities of some of the strains were assessed. the dominating ... | 1997 | 9498133 |
| vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium in a veterans affairs medical center: association with antibiotic usage. | colonization and infection with vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium (vref) has been associated with the use of vancomycin and other antibiotics in individual patients. the objective of this study was to determine the association of vref with the aggregate usage of antibiotics on nursing units in a hospital. | 1998 | 9503112 |
| enterococcus faecium bacteremia: does vancomycin resistance make a difference? | enterococcus faecium has received increased attention, primarily due to the emergence of vancomycin resistance. the purpose of this investigation was to study the epidemiological characteristics of vancomycin-resistant e faecium (vre) bacteremia and to determine the clinical impact of vancomycin resistance on the outcome of patients with this infection. | 1998 | 9508230 |
| epidemiologic evaluation of antimicrobial resistance in community-acquired enterococci. | fecal samples from 200 consecutive patients admitted to a community hospital yielded 107 enterococci. high-level gentamicin resistance occurred in 10 (14%) of the enterococcus faecalis isolates. ampicillin resistance occurred in two (3%) of the e. faecalis isolates and six (23%) of the enterococcus faecium isolates. there were no vancomycin-resistant enterococci. risk factors for enterococci with high-level aminoglycoside (gentamicin) or ampicillin resistance included prior hospitalization and p ... | 1998 | 9508325 |
| in-vitro selection of resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin in enterococcus faecium and enterococcus faecalis compared with staphylococcus epidermidis. | clinical isolates of enterococcus faecium, enterococcus faecalis and staphylococcus epidermidis were studied for their ability to develop resistance by two selection methods, one in broth and one on agar. the mics for enterococci after exposure to vancomycin ranged from 0.5 mg/l to 4 mg/l, and those after exposure to teicoplanin ranged from 0.25 mg/l to 1 mg/l. no significant increases occurred for e. faecalis, whilst two isolates of e. faecium showed increases of up to eight-fold (from 0.125 mg ... | 1998 | 9511036 |
| in-vitro activity of combined ampicillin and ciprofloxacin against high-level gentamicin-resistant strains of enterococcus faecium: influence of the medium on susceptibility test results. | | 1998 | 9511052 |
| in-vitro and in-vivo antibacterial activity of quinupristin/dalfopristin. | quinupristin/dalfopristin is a new water-soluble streptogramin antimicrobial agent comprising quinupristin and dalfopristin in a ratio of 30:70. the in-vitro spectrum of activity includes most multi-resistant gram-positive aerobes, important gram-negative aerobes, gram-positive anaerobes and intracellular bacteria that are causal agents of respiratory, blood and cutaneous infections. of particular note, quinupristin/dalfopristin is active against multidrug-resistant isolates of staphylococcus au ... | 1997 | 9511057 |
| bactericidal and inhibitory activity of quinupristin/dalfopristin against vancomycin- and gentamicin-resistant enterococcus faecium. | there is a need for new agents, or combinations of agents, for the treatment of infections caused by vancomycin- and gentamicin-resistant enterococcus faecium (vgref) that may be resistant to all available antimicrobial agents. the early in-vitro activity of quinupristin/dalfopristin (30:70)--an injectable streptogramin--encouraged us to test this agent against vgref. by broth dilution, the mics of quinupristin/dalfopristin against 38 isolates of vgref ranged from 0.06 mg/l to 2.0 mg/l (mode 0.1 ... | 1997 | 9511058 |
| in-vitro bactericidal activity of quinupristin/dalfopristin alone and in combination against resistant strains of enterococcus species and staphylococcus aureus. | in-vitro activities of quinupristin/dalfopristin, a semisynthetic injectable streptogramin, and vancomycin were compared against multidrug-resistant enterococcus faecium and enterococcus faecalis, methicillin-susceptible staphylococcus aureus atcc 25923 and a methicillin-resistant s. aureus (mrsa). combinations of quinupristin/dalfopristin and/or vancomycin with ofloxacin or gentamicin were evaluated using the chequerboard technique. the only synergy observed was that between quinupristin/dalfop ... | 1997 | 9511060 |
| comparative in-vitro activity of quinupristin/dalfopristin against enterococcus spp. | the in-vitro activity of quinupristin/dalfopristin against enterococcus spp. was compared with that of amoxycillin, vancomycin, telcoplanin and erythromycin. the susceptibility of 106 vancomycin-susceptible enterococcus faecalis, 92 vancomycin-susceptible enterococcus faecium and 14 vancomycin-resistant enterococci (vre) was tested. only one strain of vancomycin-susceptible e. faecium was not susceptible to < or = 0.5 mg/l quinupristin/dalfopristin; this strain required 4 mg/l. all strains of e. ... | 1997 | 9511061 |
| synergic activity of vancomycin-quinupristin/dalfopristin combination against enterococcus faecium. | clinical specimens were cultured, and the strains identified by the vitek system as enterococcus faecium were characterized by their dna. the mic vancomycin, quinupristin/dalfopristin and teicoplanin for each isolate was determined. ten vancomycin-sensitive and ten vancomycin-resistant strains of e. faecium were tested. quinupristin/dalfopristin at 0.25 x mic and vancomycin at 0.5 x mic separately as well as in combination were added to trypticase soy broth tubes inoculated with a 24 h culture. ... | 1997 | 9511065 |
| development of provisional disc diffusion breakpoints for testing quinupristin/dalfopristin. | quinupristin/dalfopristin is an injectable streptogramin with broad activity against many gram-positive bacteria, including streptococcus pneumoniae, staphylococcus aureus and enterococcus faecium. although a number of studies have reported the mics of this compound against a variety of bacteria, there are no published reports of disc diffusion testing. we tested total disc masses of 7.5 and 15 micrograms with varying ratios of the component compounds, quinupristin and dalfopristin, combined in ... | 1997 | 9511069 |
| the effect of antibiotic exposure on adherence to neutrophils of enterococcus faecium resistant to phagocytosis. | many clinical isolates of enterococcus faecium are resistant to neutrophil-mediated phagocytosis and killing. as antibiotic exposure may alter bacterial surface properties and promote phagocytosis, we used a fluorescence microscopy assay to examine the effect of antibiotic pretreatment on the resistance to phagocytosis of six strains of e. faecium. using two antimicrobial agents with good in-vitro activity against e. faecium, namely quinupristin/ dalfopristin and sparfloxacin, we found that expo ... | 1997 | 9511074 |
| activity of quinupristin/dalfopristin against gram-positive bacteria: clinical applications and therapeutic potential. | in recent years there has been a dramatic worldwide increase in the prevalence of multiple drug-resistant strains of common gram-positive bacteria. this highlights the need for a new class of antibiotic with activity against these organisms. quinupristin/dalfopristin, the first injectable streptogramin antibiotic, has a unique spectrum of activity, encompassing most gram-positive cocci (including multi-drug-resistant strains), respiratory pathogens and anaerobes, gram-positive, and a prolonged p ... | 1997 | 9511078 |
| effect of quinupristin/dalfopristin on the outcome of vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium bacteraemia: comparison with a control cohort. | serious infection with vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium (vref) strains has no proven effective antimicrobial therapy. we compared the clinical and bacteriological outcomes of 20 patients with vref bacteraemia treated with quinupristin/dalfopristin (rp 59500), an investigational streptogramin, with a historical cohort of 42 patients with vref bacteraemia treated with other agents. quinupristin/dalfopristin demonstrated in-vitro bacteriostatic activity against all 20 initial vref blood is ... | 1997 | 9511079 |
| diversity of vana glycopeptide resistance elements in enterococci from humans and nonhuman sources. | elements mediating vana glycopeptide resistance in 106 diverse enterococci from humans and nonhuman sources were compared with the prototype vana transposon, tn1546, in enterococcus faecium bm4147. the isolates included 64 from individual patients at 15 hospitals in the united kingdom (isolated between 1987 and 1996) and 42 from nonhuman sources in the united kingdom (27 from raw meat, 7 from animal feces, and 8 from sewage). vana elements were assigned to 24 groups (designated groups a to x) wi ... | 1998 | 9517923 |
| the gene encoding the low-affinity penicillin-binding protein 3r in enterococcus hirae s185r is borne on a plasmid carrying other antibiotic resistance determinants. | two plasmid-derived ncoi dna fragments of 14 and 4.5 kb, respectively, have been isolated from the multidrug-resistant strain enterococcus hirae s185r and analyzed. the 14-kb fragment contains two inverted (l and r) is1216 insertion modules of the iss1 family. these modules define a tn5466 transposon-like structure that contains one copy of the methylase-encoding ermam conferring erythromycin resistance and one copy of the adenylyl-transferase-encoding aade conferring streptomycin resistance. im ... | 1998 | 9517928 |
| antimicrobial resistance in enterococci isolated from turkey flocks fed virginiamycin. | from 125 separate cloacal cultures from three turkey flocks fed virginiamycin, 104 enterococcus faecium and 186 enterococcus faecalis isolates were obtained. as the turkeys aged, there was a higher percentage of quinupristin-dalfopristin-resistant e. faecium isolates, with isolates from the oldest flock being 100% resistant. there were no vancomycin-resistant enterococci. results of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) indicated there were 11 pfge types of e. faecalis and 7 pfge types of e. f ... | 1998 | 9517958 |
| comparative in vitro activities and postantibiotic effects of the oxazolidinone compounds eperezolid (pnu-100592) and linezolid (pnu-100766) versus vancomycin against staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci, enterococcus faecalis, and enterococcus faecium. | the activities of the oxazolidinone antibacterial agents eperezolid (pnu-100592) and linezolid (pnu-100766) were compared with that of vancomycin against clinical isolates of methicillin-susceptible and -resistant staphylococcus aureus (n = 200), coagulase-negative staphylococci (n = 100), and vancomycin-susceptible and -resistant enterococcus faecalis and enterococcus faecium (n = 50). eperezolid and linezolid demonstrated good in vitro inhibitory activity, regardless of methicillin susceptibil ... | 1998 | 9517963 |
| solution studies of isepamicin and conformational comparisons between isepamicin and butirosin a when bound to an aminoglycoside 6'-n-acetyltransferase determined by nmr spectroscopy. | nmr spectroscopy, combined with molecular modeling, was used to determine the conformations of isepamicin and butirosin a in the active site of aminoglycoside 6'-n-acetyltransferase-ii [aac-(6')-ii]. the results suggest two enzyme-bound conformers for isepamicin and one for butirosin a. the dihedral angles that describe the glycosidic linkage between the a and b rings for the two conformers of aac(6')-ii-bound isepamicin were phi ab = -7.9 +/- 2.0 degrees and psi ab = -46.2 +/- 0.6 degrees for c ... | 1998 | 9521682 |
| [antibacterial effectiveness of povidone-iodine (betaisodona) against highly resistance gram positive organisms]. | antiseptics that are locally applicable gain in significance due to their reliable microbicidal effectiveness and especially due to the rising incidence of highly resistant bacteria. this is because systemically applied antibiotics are not sufficient in eradicating superficial mucodermal bacteria and locally applied antibiotics can cause new resistance rapidly. the aim of this study was to demonstrate the microbicidal effectiveness of poly(1-vinyl-2-pyrrodlidon)-iodine (pvp-iodine) against ten g ... | 1998 | 9531717 |
| [inactivation of chlorhexidine for in vitro testing of disinfectants]. | an insufficient neutralization of chlorhexidine (4%), tested in vitro against enterococcus faecium atcc 6057, was suspected in the quantitative suspension test although the combination tween 80, cysteine, histidine and saponine was assessed as sufficient for neutralising chlorhexidine. bactericidal activity of each neutralising compound and their combinations was excluded. sufficient neutralization was observed when all dilution steps and the corresponding agar plates were supplemented with the ... | 1998 | 9531719 |
| [comparative activity of meropenem and other antibiotics against the pathogens of nosocomial infections]. | comparative activity of meropenem and other antibacterial drugs against isolates from intensive care and reanimation units of various profiles was estimated. it was shown that the recommendations for the combined therapy with the 3rd generation cephalosporins and aminoglycosides should be revised, since none of the isolates resistant to ceftazidime or cefotaxime was susceptible to gentamicin or tobramycin. at present the most promising agents of empirical therapy are carbapenems (meropenem and i ... | 1998 | 9532326 |
| pharmacodynamic properties of hmr 3647, a novel ketolide, on respiratory pathogens, enterococci and bacteroides fragilis demonstrated by studies of time-kill kinetics and postantibiotic effect. | the pharmacodynamic properties of a novel ketolide (a new class of macrolide), hmr 3647, were investigated by studying time-kill kinetics and postantibiotic effect (pae). the time-kill kinetics were studied at two inocula against three strains each of staphylococcus aureus, haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis, streptococcus pneumoniae, streptococcus pyogenes, enterococcus faecalis, enterococcus faecium and bacteroides fragilis. the paes of hmr 3647 were also investigated on these organ ... | 1998 | 9533455 |
| antibiotic resistance and genomic analysis of enterococci in an intensive care unit and general wards. | fifty-nine enterococci isolated from 18 patients in an intensive care unit (icu) and 21 patients in general wards (gw) at royal perth hospital (rph) during a period of 14 months were examined for antibiotic resistance by susceptibility testing and dna polymorphism by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. the study showed that penicillin-resistant enterococcus faecium is a common nosocomial isolate in icu. the dna patterns of various strains of e. faecium and e. faecalis were closely related in most ... | 1998 | 9534212 |
| an investigation of vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium within the pediatric service of a large urban medical center. | between 1990 to 1992 and 1993 to 1995 there was a >5-fold increase (16.7% to 89.8%) in vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium isolates as a percentage of all isolates of vancomycin-resistant enterococci on the pediatric units of the new york hospital-cornell medical center (nyh-cmc). a molecular epidemiologic investigation was undertaken to determine the extent to which this increase was associated with the spread of a vana-containing clone of vancomycin-resistant e. faecium that had been pre ... | 1998 | 9535243 |
| an exported inducer peptide regulates bacteriocin production in enterococcus faecium ctc492. | production of the bacteriocins enterocin a and enterocin b in enterococcus faecium ctc492 was dependent on the presence of an extracellular peptide produced by the strain itself. this induction factor (entf) was purified, and amino acid sequencing combined with dna sequencing of the corresponding gene identified it as a peptide of 25 amino acids. the gene encodes a prepeptide of 41 amino acids, including a 16-amino-acid leader peptide of the double-glycine type. environmental factors influenced ... | 1998 | 9537384 |
| epidemiology of a dominant clonal strain of vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium at separate hospitals in boston, massachusetts. | in 1996, the dominant (43%) strain of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (vre; type a) at massachusetts general hospital was identified at brigham and women's hospital (bwh). to characterize the epidemiology of infection with type a isolates of vre at bwh, we collected demographic and clinical data for all patients from whom vre were isolated from a clinical specimen through september 1996. the first clinical isolates from all bwh patients from whom vre were isolated were typed by pulsed-field gel ... | 1998 | 9542917 |
| in vitro activity of ly333328 against vancomycin-resistant enterococci, methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus, and penicillin-resistant streptococcus pneumoniae. | we report the activity of ly333328 against 35 clinical isolates of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (including organisms carrying the vana, vanb, vanc-1, and vanc-2/3 genes, as determined by pcr), 33 clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant s. aureus, and 29 clinical isolates of high-level penicillin-resistant s. pneumoniae. all isolates of vancomycin-resistant enterococci were inhibited by 2 micrograms/ml ly333328, and 8 micrograms/ml ly333328 was bactericidal against all isolates tested. all ... | 1998 | 9554174 |
| comparative in vitro and bactericidal activity of oxazolidinone antibiotics against multidrug-resistant enterococci. | increasing resistance among enterococci poses a considerable therapeutic problem. in this study, we evaluated the comparative in vitro activity of two investigational oxazolidinone antibiotics, eperezolid and linezolid, versus clinical isolates of multidrug-resistant enterococci. one hundred isolates (16 enterococcus faecalis, 69 e. faecium, 10 e. gallinarum, 2 e. casseliflavus, 1 e. avium, 1 e. hirae, and 1 e. raffinosus) evaluated were collected from diverse geographic areas in north america a ... | 1998 | 9554178 |
| enterocins l50a and l50b, two novel bacteriocins from enterococcus faecium l50, are related to staphylococcal hemolysins. | enterocin l50 (entl50), initially referred to as pediocin l50 (l. m. cintas, j. m. rodríguez, m. f. fernández, k. sletten, i. f. nes, p. e. hernández, and h. holo, appl. environ. microbiol. 61:2643-2648, 1995), is a plasmid-encoded broad-spectrum bacteriocin produced by enterococcus faecium l50. it has previously been purified from the culture supernatant and partly sequenced by edman degradation. in the present work, the nucleotide sequence of the entl50 locus was determined, and several putati ... | 1998 | 9555877 |
| [enterococci as uropathogens. frequency of isolation and sensitivity to antibacterial agents]. | 221 clinically significant enterococcal strains (191: e. faecalis, 27: e. faecium, 3 others) were isolated from the urine of patients hospitalised with uti over an 18-month period (1995-1996). the susceptibility of the isolates to 8 antimicrobial agents was determined by agar dilution method (nccls). all enterococci were sensitive to vancomycin and most of them (over 92%) to penicillin and ampicillin. only 3.14% of e. faecalis and 3.70% of e. faecium were resistant to ciprofloxacin. a relatively ... | 1998 | 9559070 |
| transferable, plasmid-mediated vanb-type glycopeptide resistance in enterococcus faecium. | an approximately 60-kb transferable, vanb-carrying plasmid has been identified in a clinical enterococcus faecium strain. a similar plasmid has been observed in an unrelated e. faecium strain, suggesting that plasmid transfer of vanb operons occurs in nature and plays a role in the dissemination of vanb-type resistance among strains of e. faecium. | 1998 | 9559822 |
| comparison of three methods for the molecular typing of singapore isolates of enterococci with high-level aminoglycoside resistances. | enterococci are frequently isolated as nosocomial pathogens and have often acquired intrinsic drug resistances. molecular typing techniques have been developed to assist in epidemological and infection control measures. this study investigates enterococci with high-level aminoglycoside resistance (hlar) from the national university hospital (nuh) of singapore, and evaluates and compares three methods for typing: restriction enzyme analysis by conventional gel electrophoresis [restriction fragmen ... | 1998 | 9561474 |
| characterization of new insertion-like sequences of enterococcus hirae and their dissemination among clinical enterococcus faecium isolates. | sequence analysis of different fragments that hybridized with a 4.5-kb ecori fragment originally cloned from enterococcus hirae atcc 9790 showed 66% homology to is-like sequences found in staphylococci and lactococci. we tested several enterococcal atcc strains and found that only e. hirae atcc 9790 and enterococcus faecium atcc 19434 hybridized with the is-like sequence. moreover, we wanted to investigate the dissemination of this new is among e. faecium strains. we analyzed 131 clinical e. fae ... | 1998 | 9561745 |
| biochemical speciation of enterococci causing human infections. | as enterococci are now coming up as important nosocomial pathogens, their speciation and antibiotic sensitivity testing is important. 120 isolates of enterococci from various clinical samples were physiologically and biologically characterised. speciation on the basis of recommended methods revealed 114(95%) as e. faecalis and 6(5%) as e. faecium. antibiogram of the 120 isolates showed that 100(83.3%) were sensitive to ampicillin. combination of penicillin and gentamicin was more effective. e. f ... | 1997 | 9567508 |
| [first infection with vancomycin resistant type vana enterococci in a norwegian hospital]. | enterococci are part of the normal human and animal bowel flora. they are considered bacteria of relatively low virulence, but are important nosocomial pathogens. in the context of their intrinsic resistance to a number of antimicrobial agents, the rapid emergence of multiresistant enterococci is alarming. as inhabitants of the gastrointestinal tract, they come into close contact with other bacteria and may pass antibiotic resistance genes to them. we report the first case of infection with a va ... | 1998 | 9567694 |
| inhibition effect of enterocin ccm 4231 in the rumen fluid environment. | enterocin ccm 4231 is a bacteriocin with a broad antimicrobial spectrum produced by the ruminal strain enterococcus faecium ccm 4231. its inhibitory effect towards enterococci, ent. faecium ef 26/42, staphylococci, streptococcus bovis ao 24/85 and escherichia coli, as well as towards listeria monocytogenes ohio strain, in the rumen fluid environment was studied during culture at 37 and 30 degrees c for 24 h and 20 days. enterocin ccm 4231 was added to the samples at a concentration of 3200 au ml ... | 1998 | 9569712 |
| conjugal transfer of plasmid dna from escherichia coli to enterococci: a method to make insertion mutations. | shuttle vector pat18 was transferred by conjugation from escherichia coli s17-1 to enterococcus faecalis og1rf and enterococcus faecium se34. transfer was mediated by the transfer functions of plasmid rk2 in e. coli s17-1 and the origin of conjugal transfer (orit) located on pat18. the orit sequence was then inserted into two plasmids to generate vectors ptex5235 and ptex5236. these two vectors cannot replicate in gram-positive bacteria and can be used to make insertion mutants in gram-positive ... | 1998 | 9571134 |
| time-kill profiles of enterococcus to antibiotics used for intravitreal therapy. | to determine and then compare the time-kill profiles of enterococcus to antibiotics used for intravitreal therapy. | 1998 | 9571661 |
| high incidence of antibiotic resistance among bacteria in 4 intensive care units at a university hospital in sweden. | the frequency of antibiotic resistance among bacteria in 4 intensive care units (icus) at a university hospital in sweden was investigated annually from 1993 to 1996. an increase in ampicillin-resistant enterococci from 1993 to 1995 was seen which was due to a shift from enterococcus faecalis to enterococcus faecium. after a special infection control programme was instituted, the rate of ampicillin resistance among enterococci and the number of e. faecium isolates declined during 1996. the oxaci ... | 1997 | 9571743 |
| enterococcal bacteremia after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (tips). | the objective of this study was to analyze a series of patients with enterococcus faecium infection following transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (tips) in order to define the risk factors, outcome, and role of treatment including hepatic transplantation. this study is a case series from a tertiary referral center for liver transplantation. the medical records of four patients referred to one teaching hospital in san francisco between 1990 and 1995 for evaluation or management of ente ... | 1998 | 9576462 |
| antibacterial efficacy of nisin against multidrug-resistant gram-positive pathogens. | the rapid spread of multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogens necessitates the search for alternative antibacterial agents. we examined the efficacy of the antibiotic nisin against 56 multidrug-resistant isolates of streptococcus pneumoniae, 33 staphylococcus aureus and 29 vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium and enterococcus faecalis isolates. the test strains represented a large variety of clonal types (as determined by a combination of dna fingerprints) isolated from a variety of geographi ... | 1998 | 9578160 |
| carbamate kinase from enterococcus faecalis and enterococcus faecium--cloning of the genes, studies on the enzyme expressed in escherichia coli, and sequence similarity with n-acetyl-l-glutamate kinase. | carbamate kinase (ck) catalyzes the reversible reaction nh2coo- + atp <--> nhcoopo3(2-) + adp, serving to synthesize atp from carbamoyl phosphate in those microorganisms that derive energy from anaerobic arginine degradation via the arginine dihydrolase pathway. we report here the cloning and sequencing of the ck gene from enterococcus faecalis and enterococcus faecium and we demonstrate that the amino acid sequence of ck is identical in the two species. the enzyme, expressed and isolated from e ... | 1998 | 9578487 |
| molecular epidemiology by ribotyping and pcr-ribotyping of enterococcus faecium strains isolated from intercontinental areas. | in this study classical ribotyping based on hybridization of an enteroccocal ribosomal operon previously cloned from enterococcus hirae (sechi and daneo-moore, 1993) with xbai cut chromosomal dna and pcr-ribotyping were used to characterize the molecular epidemiology of 131 enterococcus faecium, with high-level resistance to gentamicin, isolated from different hospitals in italy and the united states. the ribotyping was able to differentiate all 131 clinical isolates into 96 family patterns. the ... | 1998 | 9579335 |
| clonal dissemination of vancomycin-resistant enterococci and comparison of susceptibility testing methods. | one hundred fifty clinical isolates of enterococcus faecalis (88 isolates) and enterococcus faecium (62 isolates) were tested in vitro for their susceptibility to vancomycin and high-level aminoglycosides (hla). remel's synergy quad plates (rsq) were used as the reference method and compared to kirby-bauer disc diffusion test, vitek gps-ta card, microscan panel (gp-6), and etest. streptomycin susceptibility results for microscan gp-6 and rsq were recorded at 24 and 48 h and all other methods and ... | 1998 | 9582582 |
| [nursing care plans for renal hospitalized patients infected with antibiotic resistant enterococci]. | | 1998 | 9582759 |
| characterization of vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium isolates from the united states and their susceptibility in vitro to dalfopristin-quinupristin. | in the course of clinical studies with the investigational streptogramin antimicrobial dalfopristin-quinupristin, isolates of vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium were referred to our laboratory from across the united states. seventy-two percent of the strains were of the vana type, phenotypically and genotypically, while 28% were of the vanb type. high-level resistance to streptomycin or gentamicin was observed in 86 and 81%, respectively, of the vana strains but in only 69 and 66%, respec ... | 1998 | 9593132 |
| a new high-level gentamicin resistance gene, aph(2'')-id, in enterococcus spp. | enterococcus casseliflavus uc73 is a clinical blood isolate with high-level resistance to gentamicin. dna preparations from uc73 failed to hybridize with intragenic probes for aac(6')-ie-aph(2'')-ia and aph(2'')-ic. a 4-kb fragment from uc73 was cloned and found to confer resistance to gentamicin in escherichia coli dh5alpha transformants. nucleotide sequence analysis revealed the presence of a 906-bp open reading frame whose deduced amino acid sequence had a region with homology to the aminogly ... | 1998 | 9593155 |
| vancomycin-resistant and vancomycin-susceptible enterococcal bacteremia: comparison of clinical features and outcomes. | vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (vre) is a major nosocomial pathogen. we collected clinical and laboratory data on 93 hospitalized adults with vre bacteremia and 101 adults with vancomycin-susceptible enterococcal (vse) bacteremia. risk factors for vre bacteremia included central venous catheterization, hyperalimentation, and prolonged hospitalization prior to the initial blood culture. vre-infected patients were less likely to have undergone recent surgery or have polymicrobial bacteremia, su ... | 1998 | 9597241 |
| genesis of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa), how treatment of mrsa infections has selected for vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium, and the importance of antibiotic management and infection control. | we extensively studied the epidemiology and time course of endemic methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) in the millard fillmore hospital, a 600-bed teaching hospital in buffalo. the changeover from methicillin-susceptible s. aureus to mrsa begins on the first hospital day, when patients are given cefazolin as presurgical prophylaxis. under selective antibiotic pressure, colonizing flora change within 24 to 48 hours. for patients remaining hospitalized, subsequent courses of third-g ... | 1998 | 9597254 |
| antibacterial activity of lonchocarpol a. | lonchocarpol a, a flavanone, demonstrates in vitro inhibitory activity against methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium. this activity is antagonized by mouse plasma, which may account for its lack of in vivo activity. this compound demonstrates no differentiation with respect to the inhibition of rna, dna, cell wall, and protein synthesis. | 1998 | 9599265 |
| antimicrobial resistance: an ecological approach to a growing threat. | | 1998 | 9599905 |
| disinfection of hospital rooms contaminated with vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium. | sixteen percent of hospital room surfaces remained colonized by vancomycin-resistant enterococci (vre) after routine terminal disinfection. disinfection with a new "bucket method" resulted in uniformly negative cultures. conventional cleaning took an average of 2.8 disinfections to eradicate vre from a hospital room, while only one cleaning was required with the bucket method. | 1998 | 9605276 |
| a thioredoxin fusion protein of vanh, a d-lactate dehydrogenase from enterococcus faecium: cloning, expression, purification, kinetic analysis, and crystallization. | the gene encoding the vancomycin resistance protein vanh from enterococcus faecium, a d-lactate dehydrogenase, has been cloned into a thioredoxin expression system (ptrxfus) and expressed as a fusion protein. the use of several other expression systems yielded only inclusion bodies from which no functional protein could be recovered. experiments to remove the thioredoxin moiety by enterokinase cleavage at the engineered recognition site under a variety of conditions resulted in nonspecific prote ... | 1998 | 9605319 |
| resistant penicillin-binding proteins. | low-affinity penicillin-binding proteins (pbps), which participate in the beta-lactam resistance of several pathogenic bacteria, have different origins. natural transformation and recombination events with dna acquired from neighbouring intrinsically resistant organisms are responsible for the appearance of mosaic genes encoding two or three low-affinity pbps in highly resistant strains of transformable microorganisms such as neisseria and streptococcus pneumoniae. methicillin-resistant staphylo ... | 1998 | 9614969 |
| use of tests for acidification of methyl-alpha-d-glucopyranoside and susceptibility to efrotomycin for differentiation of strains of enterococcus and some related genera. | a total of 107 enterococcus strains, 10 vagococcus fluvialis strains, and 8 lactococcus garvieae strains were tested for acidification of methyl-alpha-d-glucopyranoside (mgp) and susceptibility to 100-microg efrotomycin (efro) disks. all 26 strains of enterococcus casseliflavus, including 3 nonmotile and 2 nonpigmented strains, acidified mgp and were resistant to efro. all 22 strains of enterococcus gallinarum, including 5 nonmotile strains, also acidified mgp and were resistant to efro. none of ... | 1998 | 9620381 |
| multiple-drug resistant enterococci: the nature of the problem and an agenda for the future. | enterococci, leading causes of nosocomial bacteremia, surgical wound infection, and urinary tract infection, are becoming resistant to many and sometimes all standard therapies. new rapid surveillance methods are highlighting the importance of examining enterococcal isolates at the species level. most enterococcal infections are caused by enterococcus faecalis, which are more likely to express traits related to overt virulence but--for the moment--also more likely to retain sensitivity to at lea ... | 1998 | 9621194 |