| role of iron, capsule, and toxins in the pathogenicity of vibrio vulnificus biotype 2 for mice. | the virulence mechanisms of vibrio vulnificus biotype 2 have been studied and compared with those of biotype 1 in mice as the experimental animals. biotype 2 isolates from european eels were as virulent for mice as biotype 1 strains (50% lethal dose, about 10(5) cfu per mouse); a septicemic infection developed in less than 24 h. these strains had several properties in common with biotype 1 organisms including capsule expression, uptake of various iron sources, and production of exoproteins, whos ... | 1994 | 8300241 |
| cloning and characterization of three hemolysin genes from aeromonas salmonicida. | two hemolysin genes (ash3 and ash4) of aeromonas salmonicida strain 17-2 and one (ash1) of a. salmonicida atcc14174 were cloned into the cosmid vector charomid 9-36 in escherichia coli dh1. the overall amino acid sequence of the ash3 was similar to that of the aerolysins of aeromonas hydrophila and aeromonas sobria, and hemolysins ahh3, ahh4, and ahh5 of a. hydrophila, and hemolysin asa1 of a. sobria. the sequence of ash4 was similar to that of the ahh1 hemolysin of a. hydrophila. the ash4 hemol ... | 1993 | 8309354 |
| regulation of proteolytic activity of vibrio vulnificus by iron-containing compounds. | previous studies have shown that the vibrio vulnificus is able to use hemoglobin and the hemoglobin-haptoglobin complex to reverse iron limitation. in addition, we report here that free hemin, as well as hemin bound to albumin, will reverse iron-limited growth. while protease negative mutants were able to use hemin and hemoglobin, they were unable to compete as successfully for albumin-bound hemin. using luria broth with the iron chelator ethylenediamine-di(o-hydroxyphenylacetic acid) (edda), no ... | 1993 | 8321126 |
| sequence analysis of the beta-n-acetylhexosaminidase gene of vibrio vulnificus: evidence for a common evolutionary origin of hexosaminidases. | dna cloned from the marine bacterium vibrio vulnificus into escherichia coli hb101 can hydrolyze chitin oligomer analogs in the recipient. the nucleotide sequence of the cloned dna was determined and a single long open reading frame of 2541 base pairs (initiation codon through termination codon) was found. the nucleotide sequence predicts a gene product of 847 amino acids and a molecular mass of 94.3 kda. in vitro transcription and translation analyses indicated a single protein of 94 kda encode ... | 1993 | 8341694 |
| preventing vibrio vulnificus infections: who should bear responsibility? | | 1993 | 8347372 |
| capsular types of vibrio vulnificus: an analysis of strains from clinical and environmental sources. | vibrio vulnificus produces a capsular polysaccharide (cps) that is essential for virulence. cps from v. vulnificus clinical strain mo6-24 has been purified and the structure determined. in preliminary screening with antisera raised to mo6-24 cps, 4 (19%) of 21 clinical isolates (including mo6-24), but none of 67 environmental v. vulnificus isolates, agglutinated with anti-mo6-24 antisera (p = .003). cps was isolated from a subset of 12 clinical and 7 environmental isolates and analyzed by high-p ... | 1993 | 8354917 |
| role of bradykinin in microbial infection: enhancement of septicemia by microbial proteases and kinin. | data presented herein will show that bradykinin, microbial proteases which activate the kinin generating cascade, and kininase inhibitors can enhance septicemia by approximately 10 to 100 fold in mice infected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with a strain of bacteria, pseudomonas aeruginosa 621, which does not usually produce a kinin generating protease. bacterial spreading was evaluated either in the blood or in the spleen by colony formation on agar plates. using the p. aeruginosa kaguma strain which ... | 1993 | 8356921 |
| effects of temperature and salinity on the survival of vibrio vulnificus in seawater and shellfish. | sterilized seawater was used to assess the effects of temperature and salinity on the survival of vibrio vulnificus. in the temperature range of 13 to 22 degrees c, numbers of v. vulnificus increased during the 6-day incubation. temperatures outside this range reduced the time of v. vulnificus survival in sterile 10-ppt seawater. at these restrictive temperatures, v. vulnificus numbers were reduced by 90% after 6 days of incubation. incubation between 0.5 and 10.5 degrees c demonstrated that v. ... | 1993 | 8368832 |
| vibrio vulnificus from raw oysters. leading cause of reported deaths from foodborne illness in florida. | seventy-two cases of vibrio vulnificus infection from raw oysters were reported from 1981-1992; 36 (50%) patients died, making this infection the leading cause of reported deaths from foodborne illness in florida. the bacterium naturally occurs in coastal waters and may contaminate legally harvested and properly handled shellfish. infection, usually by ingestion of contaminated raw oysters, can cause severe illness especially in individuals with preexisting liver disease. they are at 80 times gr ... | 1993 | 8409906 |
| rapid identification of vibrio vulnificus on nonselective media with an alkaline phosphatase-labeled oligonucleotide probe. | an oligonucleotide dna probe (vvap) was constructed from a portion of the vibrio vulnificus cytolysin gene (hyla) sequence and labeled with alkaline phosphatase covalently linked to the dna. control and environmental isolates probed with vvap showed an exact correlation with results obtained with a plasmid dna probe (derived from pcvd702) previously described as having 100% specificity and sensitivity for this organism. identification of v. vulnificus strains was confirmed independently by analy ... | 1993 | 8434919 |
| [extra-intestinal infections caused by vibrio spp. in the netherlands]. | six patients with serious cellulitis or ear infection due to vibrio vulnificus, v. parahaemolyticus or v. alginolyticus are described. four patients were infected during the summer in the netherlands and two outside the netherlands. contact with seawater was the most probable source in four patients. in two patients the infection, caused by v. vulnificus, was transmitted by eel. this is a new way of transmission. | 1993 | 8469298 |
| comparison of outer membrane protein profiles of vibrio vulnificus biotypes 1 and 2. | the outer membrane proteins of 17 vibrio vulnificus biotype 2 strains from japanese and european eels, and 12 biotype 1 strains from clinical and environmental sources have been compared. the overall profile in both biotypes was similar, and a major protein band of molecular mass 36 kda was detected in the majority of the strains. differences in the minor bands allowed differentiation of strains from different origins, suggesting that outer membrane protein profiles could be useful as epidemiolo ... | 1993 | 8472904 |
| presence of a capsule in vibrio vulnificus biotype 2 and its relationship to virulence for eels. | strains of vibrio vulnificus biotype 2, isolated from internal organs of diseased european eels as pure cultures of opaque cells, together with some reference strains from japanese eels, were used in this study. spontaneous translucent-phase variants were obtained from the corresponding parent strains and compared for a variety of phenotypic traits related to virulence for eels. the rate of colony dissociation from opaque to translucent cells was higher (around 10(-2)) than that observed for tra ... | 1993 | 8478049 |
| immunogenicity of vibrio vulnificus capsular polysaccharides and polysaccharide-protein conjugates. | opaque colony morphology has been correlated to vibrio vulnificus virulence. however, the number of capsular serotypes expressed by virulent isolates is unknown. in an effort to produce anticapsule sera, capsular polysaccharide (cps) from three opaque v. vulnificus strains was purified and characterized. purified cpss were acidic and contained considerable amounts of hexosamine and trace quantities of protein and nucleic acid. cps purified from strain c7184 was poorly immunogenic for rabbits and ... | 1993 | 8478094 |
| vibrio vulnificus infections associated with raw oyster consumption--florida, 1981-1992. | vibrio vulnificus is a gram-negative bacterium that can cause serious illness and death in persons with preexisting liver disease or compromised immune systems. from 1981 through 1992, 125 persons with v. vulnificus infections, of whom 44 (35%) died, were reported to the florida department of health and rehabilitative services (hrs). this report summarizes data on these cases and presents estimates of the at-risk population in florida. | 1993 | 8497241 |
| primary vibrio vulnificus septicemia. | we present a fatal case of primary vibrio vulnificus septicemia in a patient with chronic alcoholic liver disease. the patient had recently consumed raw seafood. the epidemiology and clinical presentation of vibrio vulnificus infection is discussed. preventive, early empiric therapy, and aggressive search for this organism in patients at risk is stressed. | 1993 | 8505517 |
| the viable but non-culturable state in the human pathogen vibrio vulnificus. | vibrio vulnificus is a serious human pathogen, accounting for 95% of all seafood-related deaths in the united states. during the winter months, when coastal water temperatures drop below 10 degrees c, investigators have repeatedly reported their inability to isolate this estuarine bacterium from the environment. we now realize that this apparent 'die-off' is actually due to entry of the cells into a 'viable but non-culturable' state, a survival response to the low temperature stress. cells in th ... | 1995 | 8522135 |
| vibrio vulnificus sepsis manifesting as compartment syndrome. | | 1995 | 8536116 |
| vibrio vulnificus skin lesion. | | 1995 | 8590525 |
| effect of low temperature on starvation-survival of the eel pathogen vibrio vulnificus biotype 2. | at present, no reports exist on the isolation of the eel pathogen vibrio vulnificus biotype 2 from water samples. nevertheless, it has recently been demonstrated that this biotype can use water as a route of infection. in the present study, the survival of this pathogen in artificial seawater (asw) microcosms at different temperatures (25 and 5 degrees c) was investigated during a 50-day period, with biotype 1 as a control, v. vulnificus biotype 2 was able to survive in the culturable state in a ... | 1996 | 8593047 |
| distribution of vibrio vulnificus in the chesapeake bay. | vibrio vulnificus is a potentially lethal human pathogen capable of producing septicemia in susceptible persons. disease is almost always associated with consumption of seafood, particularly raw oysters, or with exposure of wounds to seawater. an oligonucleotide dna probe (v. vulnificus alkaline phosphatase-labeled dna probe [vvap]), previously shown to be highly specific for v. vulnificus, was used to enumerate this species in environmental samples collected from the chesapeake bay between apri ... | 1996 | 8593075 |
| the epidemiology of vibrio infections in florida, 1981-1993. | the epidemiology of 690 vibrio infections reported in florida during 1981-1993 is described. most infections resulted in one of three clinical syndromes: gastroenteritis (51%), wound infections (24%), or primary septicemia (17%). case-fatality rates were 1% for gastroenteritis, 5% for wound infections, and 44% for primary septicemia. while gastroenteritis had little seasonal variation, 91% of primary septicemias and 86% of wound infections occurred from april through october, mostly due to the s ... | 1996 | 8627070 |
| a role for tumor necrosis factor-alpha in the increased mortality associated with vibrio vulnificus infection in the presence of hepatic dysfunction. | the present study was designed to evaluate whether pre-existing hepatic dysfunction (cirrhosis) leads to increased morbidity and mortality, in part through an inappropriate in vivo tumor necrosis factor-alpha response. | 1996 | 8633922 |
| septic shock due to vibrio vulnificus serogroup 04 wound infection acquired from the baltic sea. | | 1995 | 8654441 |
| preclinical immunoprophylactic and immunotherapeutic efficacy of antisera to capsular polysaccharide-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccines of vibrio vulnificus. | vibrio vulnificus is an oyster-associated bacterial pathogen that causes life-threatening fulminating septicemia and necrotizing wound infections in humans. the capsular polysaccharide of v. vulnificus (vvps) is critical for virulence. previously we showed that active immunization of mice with a vvps-tetanus toxoid (vvps-tta) conjugate vaccine conferred significantly higher protection against subsequent lethal challenge than immunization with vvps alone. in the current study, we examined the uti ... | 1996 | 8675330 |
| role of catechol siderophore synthesis in vibrio vulnificus virulence. | we isolated a vibrio vulnificus tnphoa mutant that was unable to produce catechol siderophores or to acquire iron from transferrin. this mutant showed reduced virulence in an infant mouse model. the tnphoa insertion was in an open reading frame designated venb. the venb gene cloned on a plasmid restored catechol production to the mutant. the deduced amino acid sequence of venb is 41% identical to the enzyme isochorismatase of escherichia coli (entb), an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of the ... | 1996 | 8698519 |
| pulmonary damage by vibrio vulnificus cytolysin. | vibrio vulnificus is an estuarine bacterium that causes septicemia and serious wound infection. cytolysin produced by v. vulnificus has been incriminated as one of the important virulence determinants of bacterial infection. cytolysin (8 hemolytic units) given intravenously to mice via their tail veins caused severe hemoconcentration and lethality. cytolysin treatment greatly increased pulmonary wet weight and vascular permeability as measured by (125)i-labeled albumin leakage without affecting ... | 1996 | 8698528 |
| vibrio vulnificus hemolysin dilates rat thoracic aorta by activating guanylate cyclase. | hemolysin produced by vibrio vulnificus caused hypotension and tachycardia in rats and dilated rat thoracic aorta. hemolysin-induced vasodilatation of the aorta was not affected by n omega-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester and aminoguanidine, no synthase inhibitors, whereas the vasodilatation was inhibited by ly 83,583, a guanylate cyclase inhibitor. hemolysin elevated cgmp levels, and the elevation was abolished by ly 83,583. these results suggest that v. vulnificus hemolysin activates guanylate cy ... | 1996 | 8699927 |
| utilization of hemin and hemoglobin by vibrio vulnificus biotype 2. | the eel pathogen vibrio vulnificus biotype 2 is able to use hemoglobin (hb) and hemin (hm) to reverse iron limitation. in this stud, the adjuvant effect of both compounds on eel pathogenicity has been evaluated and confirmed. further, we have studied the heme-iron acquisition mechanism displayed by this bacterium. whole cells were capable of binding hb and hm, independently of (i) iron levels in growth medium and (ii) the presence of polysaccharide capsules on bacterial surface. the hb- and hm-b ... | 1996 | 8702273 |
| antibodies that react with the capsular polysaccharide of vibrio vulnificus are detectable in infected patients, and in persons without known exposure to the organism. | in serious infections with vibrio vulnificus, igg antibodies to the capsular polysaccharide of the infecting strain were demonstrable in patient serum. it was not possible to show that persons with probable increased exposure to v. vulnificus (shellfish industry workers) had increased levels of antibodies to any one of three capsular types tested when compared with persons who would be expected to have had minimal exposure to the organism (seventh day adventists). antibodies that reacted with th ... | 1996 | 8724403 |
| clinical manifestations and molecular epidemiology of vibrio vulnificus infections in denmark. | the clinical manifestations of and epidemiological data from 11 patients infected with vibrio vulnificus admitted to danish hospitals during the unusually warm summer of 1994 are reported. all patients contracted the disease after exposure to seawater; however, none had consumed seafood. four patients developed bacteremia, one of whom subsequently died; nine patients, including the four with bacteremia, exhibited skin manifestations. four patients contracted the disease while fishing; in at leas ... | 1996 | 8740858 |
| analysis of starvation conditions that allow for prolonged culturability of vibrio vulnificus at low temperature. | the response of the estuarine human pathogen vibrio vulnificus to starvation for carbon, nitrogen or phosphorus, or all three nutrients simultaneously (multiple-nutrient), was examined with respect to the maintenance of culturability during incubation at low temperature. v. vulnificus showed similar survival patterns during starvation for the individual nutrients when kept at 24 degrees c. on the other hand, cultures prestarved at 24 degrees c and then shifted to 5 degrees c maintained culturabi ... | 1996 | 8757732 |
| [vibrio vulnificus infections in denmark during the summer of 1994]. | the clinical manifestations and epidemiological data of 11 patients infected with vibrio vulnificus found in denmark during the unusually warm summer of 1994 are reported. all patients had been exposed to seawater prior to illness, but none had consumed seafood. nine patients, including four with bacteraemia, developed skin manifestations of various degrees of severity. one patient died of septic shock despite surgery and treatment with relevant antibiotics. four patients contracted the disease ... | 1996 | 8757899 |
| toxic and enzymatic activities of vibrio vulnificus biotype 2 with respect to host specificity. | in this work, the enzymatic activities of selected strains of biotypes 1 and 2 of vabrio vulnificus were analyzed by using conventional methods and the api zym system. the toxic activities of extracellular products (ecps) were further evaluated by in vitro and in vivo experiments. the ecps of both biotypes (i) showed high-level hydrolytic activities, (ii) displayed cytotoxicity for fish cell lines, and (iii) were lethal for eels. exotoxins seem to be proteinaceous since heat treatment of ecp sam ... | 1996 | 8779570 |
| cytochemical colocalization and quantitation of phenotypic and genotypic characteristics in individual bacterial cells. | the widely accepted view that most bacterial species have yet to be cultivated in vitro has gained support from recent ribosomal dna-based environmental studies. to enable elucidation of the phenotypes of organisms recognized solely by molecular genetic techniques, we developed and evaluated cytochemical methods which colocalize phenotypic properties with in situ rrna probe hybridization signals. application of these methods to artificial mixtures of pseudomonas putida and escherichia coli or vi ... | 1996 | 8787385 |
| actions of vibrio vulnificus metalloprotease on human plasma proteinase-proteinase inhibitor systems: a comparative study of native protease with its derivative modified by polyethylene glycol. | vibrio vulnificus, an opportunistic human pathogen causing wound infection and septicemia, produces a metalloprotease (vvp) which is suspected to be a virulent determinant. the interactions of vvp, as well as its derivative (peg1-vvp) modified with polyethylene glycol, with a variety of human plasma proteins were investigated. we found that native vvp and its derivative were able to act directly on many biologically important human plasma proteins even in the presence of alpha-macroglobulin, the ... | 1995 | 8789055 |
| from the centers for disease control and prevention. vibrio vulnificus infections associated with eating raw oysters--los angeles, 1996. | | 1996 | 8805714 |
| necrotizing fasciitis of the foot caused by an unusual organism, vibrio vulnificus. | in modern medicine, there are very few infectious disease processes occurring in the foot that can cause death within 48 hr. and have an overall mortality rate of 50% despite appropriate antibiotic and surgical treatment. such a condition must be regarded as being potentially deadly. the authors report a case of necrotizing fasciitis of the left foot resulting from an unusual organism of vibrio vulnificus. | 1996 | 8807481 |
| vibrio vulnificus, an emerging human pathogen. | | 1996 | 8837388 |
| pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and ribotype profiles of clinical and environmental vibrio vulnificus isolates. | vibrio vulnificus belongs to the autochthonous bacterial flora of warm estuarine waters. it can cause life-threatening extraintestinal disease in persons who have underlying illness and who consume raw shellfish or contact wounds with estuarine water. currently, very little is known about genetic diversity within this species. in this report, we describe high-level variation in restriction fragment length polymorphism profiles among 53 clinical and 78 environmental isolates, as determined by pul ... | 1996 | 8837412 |
| offshore suspension relaying to reduce levels of vibrio vulnificus in oysters (crassostrea virginica). | oysters naturally contaminated with 10(3) to 10(4) most probable numbers (mpn) of vibrio vulnificus per g were relayed to offshore waters (salinity, 30 to 34 ppt), where they were suspended in racks at a depth of 7.6 m. v. vulnificus counts in oysters were reduced to < 10 mpn/g within 7 to 17 days in five of the six studies. at the end of the studies (17 to 49 days), v. vulnificus levels were reduced further and ranged from a mean of 0.23 to 2.6 mpn/g. oyster mortalities during relaying were < 6 ... | 1996 | 8837445 |
| primary skin infections secondary to vibrio vulnificus: the role of operative intervention. | vibrio vulnificus can cause rapidly spreading skin and soft tissue infections with significant associated morbidity and mortality. patients with underlying chronic illness, such as cirrhosis, diabetes mellitus, or immunosuppression, have been noted to be at high risk for rapid progression of this infection. the importance of early antibiotic therapy has been reported but the role of operative intervention in these patients is less clear. | 1996 | 8843261 |
| effect of diluents on the enumeration of vibrio vulnificus. | peptone (0.1%) solution containing 3% nacl (ps) was a more suitable diluent than phosphate buffered saline (pbs) solution for the enumeration of vibrio vulnificus in both broth cultures and oyster homogenates. pbs caused significant underestimation of the viable population of the species by plate counts on either selective or non-selective media. dilution in ps is recommended in methods for the enumeration of v. vulnificus. | 1996 | 8854190 |
| a review of vibrio vulnificus infections related to eating raw oysters, including three cases in arkansas residents. | | 1996 | 8867240 |
| involvement of vulnibactin and exocellular protease in utilization of transferrin- and lactoferrin-bound iron by vibrio vulnificus. | in vitro growth experiments were conducted to evaluate the ability of vulnibactin, a siderophore produced by vibrio vulnificus, to sequester transferrin- or lactoferrin bound iron for growth. comparative studies with the strain producing vulnibactin and its exocellular protease-deficient mutant revealed the involvement of the protease in addition to vulnibactin in effective utilization of iron ion (fe3+) bound to transferrin and lactoferrin. it appears that the protease causes cleavage of these ... | 1996 | 8887355 |
| detection of vibrio vulnificus biotypes 1 and 2 in eels and oysters by pcr amplification. | dna extraction procedures and pcr conditions to detect vibrio vulnificus cells naturally occurring in oysters were developed. in addition, pcr amplification of v. vulnificus from oysters seeded with biotype 1 cells was demonstrated. by the methods described, v. vulnificus cells on a medium (colistin-polymyxin b-cellobiose agar) selective for this pathogen were detectable in oysters harvested in january and march, containing no culturable cells (< 67 cfu/g), as well as in oysters harvested in may ... | 1996 | 8919800 |
| vibrio vulnificus biotype 2, pathogenic for eels, is also an opportunistic pathogen for humans. | we report that the eel pathogen vibrio vulnificus biotype 2 is also an opportunistic pathogen for humans. results from a detailed comparative study using reference strains of both biotypes revealed that the clinical strain atcc 33817, originally isolated from a human leg wound and classified as v. vulnificus (no reference on its biotype is noted), belongs to biotype 2 of the species. as a biotype 2 strain, it is negative for indole and pathogenic for eels and mice, harbors two plasmids of high m ... | 1996 | 8919812 |
| stress resistance and recovery potential of culturable and viable but nonculturable cells of vibrio vulnificus. | the estuarine, human-pathogenic bacterium vibrio vulnificus responds to low temperature by the formation of viable but nonculturable (vbnc) cells, while starvation at moderate temperatures allows for maintenance of culturability of this organism. recovery of cold-incubated populations of v. vulnificus was restricted to the culturable fraction in slide cultures and most probable number assays. these populations, however, gave between 1.1- and 8-fold higher c.f.u. counts on soft agar plates than o ... | 1996 | 8936311 |
| comparison of a commercial biochemical kit and an oligonucleotide probe for identification of environmental isolates of vibrio vulnificus. | methods for the identification and isolation of environmental isolates of vibrio vulnificus were evaluated. alkaline peptone water supplemented with polymyxin b and colistin-polymyxin b-cellobiose agar were employed for the isolation of suspected v. vulnificus from water, sediment and shellfish samples. when comparing the identification of putative v. vulnificus obtained with the api 20e assay and an oligonucleotide probe, 29 api 20e profiles were obtained with only four profiles (representing 2 ... | 1996 | 8936379 |
| overwhelming sepsis with vibrio vulnificus: a coastal pathogen in oklahoma. | vibrio vulnificus has been associated with three main clinical syndromes; primary septicemia; wound infection, and gastroenteritis. this organism has increased virulence for persons with underlying medical conditions that predispose to iron overload or an impaired immune system. since the organism proliferates more readily in warm, coastal waters, such infections are more commonly found in those regions. infection can result from the ingestion of contaminated, undercooked seafood; contact of a w ... | 1996 | 8936853 |
| vibrio vulnificus infections associated with eating raw oysters--los angeles, 1996. | of all foodborne infectious diseases, infection with vibrio vulnificus is one of the most severe; the case-fatality rate for v. vulnificus septicemia exceeds 50%. in immunocompromised hosts v. vulnificus infection can cause fever, nausea, myalgia, and abdominal cramps 24-48 hours after eating contaminated food; because the organism can cross the intestinal mucosa rapidly, sepsis and cutaneous bullae can occur within 36 hours of the initial onset of symptoms. cases are most commonly reported duri ... | 1996 | 8965788 |
| phenotypic characterization of vibrio vulnificus biotype 2, a lipopolysaccharide-based homogeneous o serogroup within vibrio vulnificus. | in this study, we have reevaluated the taxonomic position of biotype 2 of vibrio vulnificus. for this purpose, we have biochemically and serologically characterized 83 biotype 2 strains from diseased eels, comparing them with 17 biotype 1 strains from different sources. selected strains were also molecularly analyzed and tested for eel and mouse pathogenicity. results have shown that biotype 2 (i) is biochemically homogeneous, indole production being the main trait that distinguishes it from bio ... | 1996 | 8975619 |
| siderophore-mediated iron acquisition mechanisms in vibrio vulnificus biotype 2. | vibrio vulnificus biotype 2 is a primary pathogen for eels and, as has recently been suggested, an opportunistic pathogen for humans. in this study we have investigated the ability of v. vulnificus biotype 2 to obtain iron by siderophore-mediated mechanisms and evaluated the importance of free iron in vibriosis. the virulence degree for eels was dependent on iron availability from host fluids, as was revealed by a reduction in the 50% lethal dose for iron-overloaded eels. this biotype produced b ... | 1996 | 8975620 |
| cloning and nucleotide sequencing of the protease gene of vibrio vulnificus. | the gene (vvp) encoding a thermolabile protease of vibrio vulnificus was cloned and sequenced. the transcription start point was also determined by primer extension. the product of this gene is very likely the secretory neutral metalloprotease that has been purified and characterized previously. | 1996 | 8996115 |
| [bacteremia caused by vibrio vulnificus in a patient with a skin ulcer exposed to sea water]. | | 1996 | 9011219 |
| an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of vibrio vulnificus biotype 2: development and field studies. | vibrio vulnificus biotype 2 is a primary eel pathogen which constitutes a lipopolysaccharide (lps)-based homogeneous o serogroup within the species. in the present work, we have developed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) based on the specificity of lps for the detection of this pathogen. the elisa specificity was confirmed after testing 36 biotype 2 strains from laboratory cultures and environmental samples, 31 clinical and environmental biotype 1 isolates, and several strains of vib ... | 1997 | 9023934 |
| characterization of a mutant of vibrio vulnificus for heme utilization. | vibrio vulnificus, an opportunistic human pathogen, can obtain iron from a variety of heme proteins. this process involves the digestion of heme proteins by an exoprotease to liberate protoheme (iron-protoporphyrin ix). in the present study, we isolated and characterized a mutant for protoheme utilization. one mutant isolated by treatment with a chemical mutagen was shown to be unable to use either protoheme or heme proteins, but multiplied in a medium supplemented with an iron siderophore, such ... | 1997 | 9066118 |
| phenotypic and genotypic characterization of vibrio vulnificus: proposal for the substitution of the subspecific taxon biotype for serovar. | the classification of vibrio vulnificus strains into two biotypes has been maintained on the basis of phenotypic properties and eel virulence. biotype 2 is virulent for eels, negative for the indole reaction, and serologically homogeneous (serogroup e), whereas strains of biotype 1 are avirulent, indole positive, and serologically heterogeneous. in the present study, we phenotypically and genotypically characterized 21 v. vulnificus isolates, recovered mainly from northern europe, by comparing t ... | 1997 | 9097444 |
| pulmonary damage by vibrio vulnificus cytolysin. | | 1997 | 9119507 |
| [primary vibrio vulnificus septicemia. 1st documented case in the french west indies]. | vibrio vulnificus is a non-choleric halophilic vibrion widely distributed in marine environments. contamination in humans is uncommon except in coastal areas of the united states and asia. we report the first documented case in the french west indies. | 1997 | 9122138 |
| comparison of ribotyping and randomly amplified polymorphic dna pcr for characterization of vibrio vulnificus. | a total of 85 isolates of vibrio vulnificus were characterized by ribotyping with a probe complementary to 16s and 23s rrna of escherichia coli and by randomly amplified polymorphic dna-pcr (rapd-pcr) with a 10-mer oligonucleotide primer. the rapd-pcr results were scanned, and the images were analyzed with a computer program. ribotype membranes were evaluated visually. both the ribotyping and the rapd-pcr results showed that the collection of strains was genetically very heterogeneous. ribotypin ... | 1997 | 9143101 |
| detection of two isotypically different antibodies produced by a murine hybridoma. | a hybridoma, f31p46b, secreting monoclonal antibodies (mabs) comprised of mu and gamma heavy chains in association with a single kappa light chain, has been characterized. this hybridoma was prepared by fusing splenocytes, derived from a balb/c mouse immunized with vibrio vulnificus and sp2/o-ag-14 mouse myeloma cells. the specificity of this hybridoma was determined by elisa screening on a large number of bacterial strains. hybridoma cells of f31p46b were cloned by limiting dilution to an avera ... | 1997 | 9145323 |
| cloning and characterization of the gene (empv) encoding extracellular metalloprotease from vibrio vulnificus. | a gene (empv) encoding the extracellular metalloprotease of vibrio vulnificus ckm-1 has been cloned and sequenced. when the empv gene was expressed in minicells, a unique peptide of approx. 46 kda was identified. protease activity staining experiments also indicated a similar m(r) for the protease. the empv gene product (empv) is secreted into the periplasm of escherichia coli, but not out of it. the crude enzyme prepared from the periplasmic fraction of recombinant e. coli was inhibited by a me ... | 1997 | 9168122 |
| the lipopolysaccharide o side chain of vibrio vulnificus serogroup e is a virulence determinant for eels. | vibrio vulnificus is a gram-negative bacterium capable of producing septicemic infections in eels and immunocompromised humans. two biotypes are classically recognized, with the virulence for eels being specific to strains belonging to biotype 2, which constitutes a homogeneous lipopolysaccharide (lps)-based o serogroup (which we have designated serogroup e). in the present study we demonstrated that the o side chain of this lps determines the selective virulence of biotype 2 for eels: (i) bioty ... | 1997 | 9169795 |
| distribution of vibrio vulnificus phage in oyster tissues and other estuarine habitats. | phages lytic to vibrio vulnificus were found in estuarine waters, sediments, plankton, crustacea, molluscan shellfish, and the intestines of finfish of the u.s. gulf coast, but no apparent relationship between densities of v. vulnificus and its phages was observed. phage diversity and abundance in molluscan shellfish were much greater than in other habitats. v. vulnificus phages isolated from oysters did not lyse other mesophilic bacteria also isolated from oysters. both v. vulnificus and its ph ... | 1997 | 9172370 |
| vibrio vulnificus infection reporting on death certificates: the invisible impact of an often fatal infection. | this study assessed accuracy of (a) recording vibrio vulnificus infection on death certificates and (b) international classification of disease (icd)-9 codes for v. vulnificus. patients with microbiologically confirmed v. vulnificus infection were identified as part of co-ordinated surveillance in four usa gulf coast states between 1989 and 1993. of 60 deaths, 51 death certificates were reviewed and v. vulnificus was recorded as the immediate cause of death on 11 (22%). there was no icd-9 code f ... | 1997 | 9207732 |
| in situ analysis of nucleic acids in cold-induced nonculturable vibrio vulnificus. | low-temperature-induced nonculturable cells of the human pathogenic bacterium vibrio vulnificus retained significant amounts of nucleic acids for more than 5 months. upon permeabilization of fixed cells, however, an increasing number of cold-incubated cells released the nucleic acids. this indicates substantial degradation of dna and rna in nonculturable cells prior to fixation. treatment of permeabilized cells with dnase and rnase allowed differential staining of dna and rna with the nucleic ac ... | 1997 | 9212422 |
| evidence that mortality from vibrio vulnificus infection results from single strains among heterogeneous populations in shellfish. | vibrio vulnificus is the leading cause of food-related mortality reported in the state of florida. it is normal microflora in marine environments, where seawater and molluscan shellfish are the primary vectors of v. vulnificus disease. risk correlates with seasonally high numbers of v. vulnificus bacteria during the summer months. currently, the infectious dose for humans, as well as whether the disease is caused by single or multiple strains found in molluscan shellfish, is unknown. in this wor ... | 1997 | 9230389 |
| classification of vibrio vulnificus strains by the carbohydrate composition of their capsular polysaccharides. | pathogenic bacteria are often classified on the basis of the complex polysaccharides found on the surface, usually capsular polysaccharides or lipopolysaccharides. it is common in clinical practice to use reactivity with antisera specific to the various cell surface carbohydrates for this purpose. in this work, we describe a chemotyping method for bacterial capsular polysaccharides which is based on a carbohydrate analysis of an acid hydrolysate of the capsule. high-performance anion-exchange ch ... | 1997 | 9245438 |
| thermal-death times of opaque and translucent morphotypes of vibrio vulnificus. | thermal-death times were determined for vibrio vulnificus strains with different morphotypes. opaque strains showed higher d values (times required to reduce the viable population of a given strain by 90%) than translucent strains. z values (absolute values of the temperature required to reduce 1 log scale of d values) were also significantly higher in opaque morphotypes (2.4 to 2.5 degrees c) than in translucent ones (1.7 to 2.1 degrees c). these results indicate that the morphotype is related ... | 1997 | 9251221 |
| prevention of vibrio vulnificus infections. assessment of regulatory educational strategies. | vibrio vulnificus-related disease caused by eating contaminated raw oysters prompted california to implement regulatory educational initiatives in 1991. | 1997 | 9268279 |
| glucan-induced disease resistance in tiger shrimp (penaeus monodon). | non-specific disease resistance induced by yeast cell wall extract, beta-1,3-1,6-glucan, was demonstrated in the tiger shrimp. in this study beta-1,3-1,6-glucan was administered to shrimps by immersion before culturing and orally during the culturing period. challenge of the treated shrimps with the virulent pathogens, vibrio vulnificus and viral agents extracted from the white spot syndrome victims, yielded promising results. the tolerance of glucan-treated shrimps was slightly enhanced to stre ... | 1997 | 9270870 |
| vibrio vulnificus sepsis in a child with diamond-blackfan syndrome. | | 1997 | 9271048 |
| comparative sensitivity of 13 species of pathogenic bacteria to seven chemical germicides. | the relative resistance of diverse human bacterial pathogens to commonly used germicidal agents has not been established. | 1997 | 9276546 |
| release of tumor necrosis factor alpha in response to vibrio vulnificus capsular polysaccharide in in vivo and in vitro models. | vibrio vulnificus produces a severe septic shock syndrome in susceptible individuals. virulence of the bacterium has been closely linked to the presence of a surface-exposed acidic capsular polysaccharide (cps). to investigate whether cps plays an additional role in pathogenesis by modulating inflammatory-associated cytokine production, studies were initiated in a mouse model and followed by investigations of cytokine release from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs). mouse tumor nec ... | 1997 | 9284142 |
| mouse skin damage caused by a recombinant extracellular metalloprotease from vibrio vulnificus and by v. vulnificus infection. | vibrio vulnificus wound infection is characterized by an intense acute cellulitis which spreads along the subcutaneous tissue with severe tissue destruction. toxins produced by the bacteria appear to be involved in the pathogenesis of skin necrosis and to facilitate microbial dissemination in vivo. we report microscopic studies of mouse skin damage caused by a single intradermal injection of v. vulnificus or of an extracellular metalloprotease isolated from this organism. the gene encoding this ... | 1997 | 9308319 |
| cloning and sequence analysis of a novel hemolysin gene (vlly) from vibrio vulnificus. | a gene (vlly) encoding a novel hemolysin of vibrio vulnificus ckm-1 has been cloned and sequenced. when the vlly gene was expressed in minicells, a unique peptide of approximately 40 kda was identified. subcellular fractionation of escherichia coli cells carrying the vlly gene indicated that the vlly protein was distributed in both the cytoplasmic and the periplasmic fractions, with the notable ability to appear in the latter compartment. nucleotide sequence analysis predicted a single open read ... | 1997 | 9327548 |
| in vitro synergism between cefotaxime and minocycline against vibrio vulnificus. | we conducted time-kill studies to evaluate the inhibitory activities of either cefotaxime or minocycline alone and the two drugs in combination against a clinical strain of vibrio vulnificus. the mics of cefotaxime and minocycline were 0.03 and 0.06 microg/ml, respectively. when approximately 5 x 10(5) cfu of v. vulnificus per ml was incubated with cefotaxime at 0.03 or 0.05 microg/ml, the bacterial growth was inhibited during the initial 2 and 8 h, respectively. thereafter, v. vulnificus regrew ... | 1997 | 9333050 |
| some properties of nicked vibrio vulnificus hemolysin. | vibrio vulnificus, an opportunistic human pathogen, secretes the 50 kda single-chain hemolysin. when incubated with an exocellular protease from this vibrio, the 50 kda hemolysin was cleaved in some peptides joined with the disulfide bond(s); the 40 kda fragment and the small fragment(s) undetectable in sds-page. the nicked hemolysin induced comparable hemolysis through the same process as that of the intact toxin. however, the nicked hemolysin was found to be more stable against inactivation du ... | 1997 | 9344784 |
| vibrio vulnificus infection: an important cause of septicemia in patients with cirrhosis. | vibrio vulnificus, a virulent gram-negative organism, is a normal inhabitant of coastal waters, including the gulf of mexico. vibrio vulnificus infection has been recognized as a cause of fatal septicemia in chronically ill patients, particularly those with chronic liver disease. we report the case of a patient with chronic liver disease who had v vulnificus septicemia 2 days after eating raw oysters harvested in the gulf coast. vibrio vulnificus septicemia should be suspected in all patients wi ... | 1997 | 9347818 |
| functional domains of a zinc metalloprotease from vibrio vulnificus. | vibrio vulnificus, an opportunistic human pathogen causing wound infection and septicemia, secretes a 45-kda metalloprotease (v. vulnificus protease; vvp). a plasmid which carries the entire vvp gene subcloned into pbluescriptiiks+ was transformed into escherichia coli dh5alpha for overproduction of the protease. the 45-kda recombinant protease (rvvp) was isolated from the periplasmic fraction of the transformant by ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by column chromatography on phenyl sepha ... | 1997 | 9393733 |
| enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of aeromonas hydrophila serogroup o:19. | an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay has been developed for the detection of aeromonas hydrophila serogroup o:19 isolated from epizootics in eels. the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay specificity was confirmed after testing a. hydrophila o:19 and non-o:19 strains from different origins, as well as other aeromonas species and other fish pathogens such as vibrio vulnificus biotype 2, v. furnisii, v. damsela, yersinia ruckerii and edwardsiella tarda. the detection limits for a. hydrophila o:19 cel ... | 1997 | 9418247 |
| [infection by vibrio vulnificus after a prick from from the spine of a tilapia]. | vibrio vulnificus is a gram-negative bacterium living in warm salty water that produces a spectrum of human disease which may progress to devastating, sometimes fatal infections in susceptible individuals. such infections have rarely been reported in israel. however, over the past few months we have been seeing a sharp increase in v. vulnificus infections with a common history of injury to extremities by the sharp spines of tilapia zillii, ("amnon" or st. peter's fish). clinical suspicion and pr ... | 1997 | 9418316 |
| occurrence of vibrio vulnificus biotypes in danish marine environments. | during the unusually warm summer in denmark in 1994, 11 clinical cases of vibrio vulnificus infection were reported. these reports initiated an investigation of the occurrence of v. vulnificus biotypes in danish marine environments. samples of coastal water, sediment, shellfish, and wild fish were analyzed by preenrichment in alkaline peptone water amended with polymyxin b (2.0 x 10(4) u/liter) followed by streaking onto modified cellobiose-polymyxin b-colistin agar. v. vulnificus-like colonies ... | 1998 | 9435055 |
| phages infecting vibrio vulnificus are abundant and diverse in oysters (crassostrea virginica) collected from the gulf of mexico. | phages infecting vibrio vulnificus were abundant (> 10(4) phages g of oyster tissue-1) throughout the year in oysters (crassostrea virginica) collected from estuaries adjacent to the gulf of mexico (apalachicola bay, fla.; mobile bay, ala.; and black bay, la.). estimates of abundance ranged from 10(1) to 10(5) phages g of oyster tissue-1 and were dependent on the bacterial strain used to assay the sample. v. vulnificus was near or below detection limits (< 0.3 cell g-1) from january through marc ... | 1998 | 9435088 |
| a universal protocol for pcr detection of 13 species of foodborne pathogens in foods. | a universal protocol for pcr detection of 13 species of foodborne pathogens in foods was developed. the protocol used a universal culture medium and the same pcr conditions with 13 sets of specific primers. the 13 species of foodborne pathogens examined were escherichia coli, e. coli-etec, e. coli-o157:h7, shigella spp., salmonella spp., yersinia enterocolitica, y. pseudotuberculosis, vibrio cholerae, v. parahaemolyticus, v. vulnificus, listeria monocytogenes, staphylococcus aureus and bacillus ... | 1997 | 9449811 |
| involvement of bradykinin generation in intravascular dissemination of vibrio vulnificus and prevention of invasion by a bradykinin antagonist. | involvement of bradykinin generation in bacterial invasion was examined by using a gram-negative bacillus, vibrio vulnificus, which is known to invade the blood circulatory system and cause septicemia. v. vulnificus was injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) into mice with or without bradykinin or a bradykinin (b2 receptor) antagonist. dissemination of v. vulnificus from peritoneal septic foci to the circulating blood was assessed by counting of viable bacteria in venous blood by use of the colony-fo ... | 1998 | 9453658 |
| clinical infections of vibrio vulnificus: a case report and review of the literature. | vibrio vulnificus is a marine gram-negative bacillus that is recognized as a cause of fulminant primary septicemia and wound infections. one of the most common bacteria in seawater, v. vulnificus is concentrated in ocean filter feeders (e.g., oysters and clams). primary septicemia can occur in patients, typically with underlying liver disease, who have acquired the organism through the gastrointestinal tract after recent consumption of raw shellfish. characterized by fevers, chills, and bullous ... | 1998 | 9472762 |
| vibrio vulnificus infections: case reports and literature review. | vibrio vulnificus is an emerging opportunistic pathogen that is responsible for one of the most fulminant food-borne diseases in immunocompromised hosts. the infection should be suspected in patients with underlying liver disorders who present with a prominent skin rash, hypotension and septic parameters especially if they give a history of seafood or shellfish ingestion. awareness and early recognition of this infection will result in a better outcome for the patient. | 1997 | 9494683 |
| fatal sepsis from vibrio vulnificus in a hemodialyzed patient. | vibrio vulnificus, a particularly virulent halophilic vibrio, has been isolated from the blood and skin necrotic lesion of a hemodialyzed patient with sepsis. the patient has had exposure of the skin to seawater. various chronic conditions including renal failure have a great risk for developing septicemia due to v vulnificus. it is necessary to inform persons with liver diseases or immunocompromising conditions of hazards associated with the consumption of undercooked seafood and seawater expos ... | 1998 | 9496743 |
| isolation of a hemin and hemoglobin binding outer membrane protein of vibrio vulnificus biotype 2 (serogroup e). | the eel pathogen vibrio vulnificus biotype 2 (serogroup e) is able to use hemin (hm) or hemoglobin (hb) as the sole iron source for growth in vitro and in vivo. the mechanism of heme-iron acquisition in this bacterium requires a direct interaction through binding sites on the bacterial surface (constitutive outer membrane proteins). using affinity chromatography techniques, a unique protein of around 36.5 kda was isolated from cell envelopes of e86 strain regardless of the affinity ligand used, ... | 1997 | 9513263 |
| activity of bacterial phosphomonoesterases in batch culture. | the phosphomonoesterases catalyse the hydrolysis of primary esters of phosphoric acid which help the bacteria to survive in phosphate stressed environment. ninety-five bacterial isolates were obtained from domestic sewage and industrial effluents of gelatine and soap factories at jabalpur on a medium enriched with phosphate and were screened for phosphatase production. the phosphatase producers were tentatively identified as escherichia coli, vibrio vulnificus, aeromonas hydrophila, staphylococc ... | 1998 | 9536656 |
| influence of water temperature and salinity on vibrio vulnificus in northern gulf and atlantic coast oysters (crassostrea virginica). | this study investigated the temperature and salinity parameters associated with waters and oysters linked to food-borne vibrio vulnificus infections. v. vulnificus was enumerated in oysters collected at three northern gulf coast sites and two atlantic coast sites from july 1994 through september 1995. two of these sites, black bay, la., and apalachicola bay, fla., are the source of the majority of the oysters implicated in v. vulnificus cases. oysters in all gulf coast sites exhibited a similar ... | 1998 | 9546182 |
| molecular typing of vibrio vulnificus isolates by random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) analysis. | this study was undertaken to determine molecular types and genetic similarity among v. vulnificus isolates by rapd analysis. we compared these results with serotypes of v. vulnificus. ninety-seven v. vulnificus strains including 69 strains from chonnam university hospital (cuh; kwangju, korea), 13 from wonkwang university hospital (wuh; iksan, korea), 13 from the japanese national institute of health (jnih) and two reference strains (atcc 33815 and atcc 27562) were analyzed. four molecular types ... | 1997 | 9556752 |
| occurrence and distribution of vibrio vulnificus in tropical fish and shellfish from cochin (india). | the incidence and distribution of vibrio vulnificus in marine and brackish-water fish and shellfish from coastal areas of cochin on the west coast of india were studied. for marine fish collected in very fresh condition from vessels, a level of incidence of 16.6% was noted. frequency of isolation was greater from the intestine than from the muscle. the greater most probable number (mpn) count determined by the three tube method ranged from 15 to 910 g-1 in the positive samples. | 1998 | 9569691 |
| improved isolation of vibrio vulnificus from seawater and sediment with cellobiose-colistin agar. | an improved selective medium, cellobiose-colistin (cc) agar, gave a significantly higher (p < 0.05) isolation rate of vibrio vulnificus from water and sediment samples than did modified cellobiose-polymyxin b-colistin (mcpc) agar. in a total of 446 alkaline peptone water preenrichments amended with polymyxin b, v. vulnificus was isolated from 154 preenrichments (35%) with mcpc agar and from 179 preenrichments (40%) with cc agar. cc agar gave a higher plating efficiency of v. vulnificus cells tha ... | 1998 | 9572942 |
| an epimerase gene essential for capsule synthesis in vibrio vulnificus. | the extracellular capsule polysaccharide (cps) of vibrio vulnificus is a primary virulence factor which allows survival of the bacteria in the human host. to study the genes involved in expression of the capsule, we generated mutants that lost the ability to produce cps following the insertion of a minitransposon into the genome of an encapsulated, clinical strain of v. vulnificus. a genomic region, from one nonencapsulated mutant, containing the transposon and flanking v. vulnificus dna was clo ... | 1998 | 9596722 |
| minocycline and cefotaxime in the treatment of experimental murine vibrio vulnificus infection. | we conducted an in vivo study with the mouse model of vibrio vulnificus infection to evaluate the efficacies of therapy with minocycline or cefotaxime alone and in combination. v. vulnificus was introduced subcutaneously into the area over the right thigh. the inoculum size ranged from 1.0 x 10(3) to 1.2 x 10(8) cfu from experiment to experiment but was constant for all animals in the same experiment. antibiotics were given intraperitoneally 2 h after the bacteria were inoculated. in experiments ... | 1998 | 9624467 |
| [recovery from septicemia caused by fecally identified vibrio vulnificus and complicated by ulcerative colitis ]. | | 1998 | 9627485 |
| vibrio vulnificus septicemia in a patient with severe aplastic anemia. | a 53-year-old man with severe aplastic anemia developed sporadic vibrio vulnificus septicemia 1 day after eating raw fish and shellfish. although v. vulnificus infection is potentially fatal, he was saved by immediate and sensitive antibiotic administration. patients with chronic hematologic disease are susceptible to infection by this organism and are prone to developing septicemia when they eat raw seafood. it is necessary for a patient with this infection to be given effective antibiotics as ... | 1998 | 9631584 |