| hrct is a key component of the type iii secretion system in xanthomonas spp. and also regulates the expression of the key hrp transcriptional activator hrpx. | the type iii secretion system (t3ss), encoded by hrp (hypersensitive response and pathogenicity) genes in gram-negative phytopathogenic bacteria, delivers repertoires of t3ss effectors (t3ses) into plant cells to trigger the hypersensitive response (hr) in nonhost or resistant-host plants and promote pathogenicity in susceptible plants. the expression of hrp genes in xanthomonas is regulated by two key regulatory proteins, hrpg and hrpx. however, the interactions between hrp gene products in dir ... | 2014 | 24747909 |
| development of a model to predict the primary infection date of bacterial spot (xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria) on hot pepper. | a population model of bacterial spot caused by xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria on hot pepper was developed to predict the primary disease infection date. the model estimated the pathogen population on the surface and within the leaf of the host based on the wetness period and temperature. for successful infection, at least 5,000 cells/ml of the bacterial population were required. also, wind and rain were necessary according to regression analyses of the monitored data. bacterial spot on t ... | 2014 | 25288995 |
| scavenging iron: a novel mechanism of plant immunity activation by microbial siderophores. | siderophores are specific ferric iron chelators synthesized by virtually all microorganisms in response to iron deficiency. we have previously shown that they promote infection by the phytopathogenic enterobacteria dickeya dadantii and erwinia amylovora. siderophores also have the ability to activate plant immunity. we have used complete arabidopsis transcriptome microarrays to investigate the global transcriptional modifications in roots and leaves of arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) plants a ... | 2014 | 24501001 |
| response of xylella fastidiosa to zinc: decreased culturability, increased exopolysaccharide production, and formation of resilient biofilms under flow conditions. | the bacterial plant pathogen xylella fastidiosa produces biofilm that accumulates in the host xylem vessels, affecting disease development in various crops and bacterial acquisition by insect vectors. biofilms are sensitive to the chemical composition of the environment, and mineral elements being transported in the xylem are of special interest for this pathosystem. here, x. fastidiosa liquid cultures were supplemented with zinc and compared with nonamended cultures to determine the effects of ... | 2014 | 24271184 |
| variable suites of non-effector genes are co-regulated in the type iii secretion virulence regulon across the pseudomonas syringae phylogeny. | pseudomonas syringae is a phylogenetically diverse species of gram-negative bacterial plant pathogens responsible for crop diseases around the world. the hrpl sigma factor drives expression of the major p. syringae virulence regulon. hrpl controls expression of the genes encoding the structural and functional components of the type iii secretion system (t3ss) and the type three secreted effector proteins (t3e) that are collectively essential for virulence. hrpl also regulates expression of an un ... | 2014 | 24391493 |
| oleanolic acid induces the type iii secretion system of ralstonia solanacearum. | ralstonia solanacearum, the causal agent of bacterial wilt, can naturally infect a wide range of host plants. the type iii secretion system (t3ss) is a major virulence determinant in this bacterium. studies have shown that plant-derived compounds are able to inhibit or induce the t3ss in some plant pathogenic bacteria, though no specific t3ss inhibitor or inducer has yet been identified in r. solanacearum. in this study, a total of 50 different compounds were screened and almost half of them (22 ... | 2015 | 26732647 |
| complete genome of pseudomonas chlororaphis strain ufb2, a soil bacterium with antibacterial activity against bacterial canker pathogen of tomato. | strain ufb2 was isolated from a soybean field soil in mississippi and identified as a member of pseudomonas chlororaphis. strain ufb2 has a broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against common soil-borne pathogens. plate assays showed that strain ufb2 was especially efficient in inhibiting the growth of clavibacter michiganensis 1-07, the causal agent of the devastating bacterial canker of tomato. here, the complete genome sequence of p. chlororaphis strain ufb2 is reported and described. the st ... | 2015 | 26634018 |
| surveying the potential of secreted antimicrobial peptides to enhance plant disease resistance. | antimicrobial peptides (amps) are natural products found across diverse taxa as part of the innate immune system against pathogen attacks. some amps are synthesized through the canonical gene expression machinery and are called ribosomal amps. other amps are assembled by modular enzymes generating nonribosomal amps and harbor unusual structural diversity. plants synthesize an array of amps, yet are still subject to many pathogen invasions. crop breeding programs struggle to release new cultivars ... | 2015 | 26579150 |
| phytopath: an integrative resource for plant pathogen genomics. | phytopath (www.phytopathdb.org) is a resource for genomic and phenotypic data from plant pathogen species, that integrates phenotypic data for genes from phi-base, an expertly curated catalog of genes with experimentally verified pathogenicity, with the ensembl tools for data visualization and analysis. the resource is focused on fungi, protists (oomycetes) and bacterial plant pathogens that have genomes that have been sequenced and annotated. genes with associated phi-base data can be easily id ... | 2015 | 26476449 |
| phytopath: an integrative resource for plant pathogen genomics. | phytopath (www.phytopathdb.org) is a resource for genomic and phenotypic data from plant pathogen species, that integrates phenotypic data for genes from phi-base, an expertly curated catalog of genes with experimentally verified pathogenicity, with the ensembl tools for data visualization and analysis. the resource is focused on fungi, protists (oomycetes) and bacterial plant pathogens that have genomes that have been sequenced and annotated. genes with associated phi-base data can be easily id ... | 2015 | 26476449 |
| water extract from spent mushroom substrate of hericium erinaceus suppresses bacterial wilt disease of tomato. | culture filtrates of six different edible mushroom species were screened for antimicrobial activity against tomato wilt bacteria ralstonia solanacearum b3. hericium erinaceus, lentinula edodes (sanjo 701), grifola frondosa, and hypsizygus marmoreus showed antibacterial activity against the bacteria. water, n-butanol, and ethyl acetate extracts of spent mushroom substrate (sms) of h. erinaceus exhibited high antibacterial activity against different phytopathogenic bacteria: pectobacterium carotov ... | 2015 | 26539048 |
| the complete genome, structural proteome, comparative genomics and phylogenetic analysis of a broad host lytic bacteriophage ϕd3 infecting pectinolytic dickeya spp. | plant necrotrophic dickeya spp. are among the top ten most devastating bacterial plant pathogens able to infect a number of different plant species worldwide including economically important crops. little is known of the lytic bacteriophages infecting dickeya spp. a broad host lytic bacteriophage ϕd3 belonging to the family myoviridae and order caudovirales has been isolated in our previous study. this report provides detailed information of its annotated genome, structural proteome and phylogen ... | 2015 | 26405503 |
| plant and pathogen nutrient acquisition strategies. | nutrients are indispensable elements required for the growth of all living organisms including plants and pathogens. phyllosphere, rhizosphere, apoplast, phloem, xylem, and cell organelles are the nutrient niches in plants that are the target of bacterial pathogens. depending upon nutrients availability, the pathogen adapts various acquisition strategies and inhabits the specific niche. in this review, we discuss the nutrient composition of different niches in plants, the mechanisms involved in ... | 2015 | 26442063 |
| origin of the outbreak in france of pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae biovar 3, the causal agent of bacterial canker of kiwifruit, revealed by a multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis. | the first outbreaks of bacterial canker of kiwifruit caused by pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae biovar 3 were detected in france in 2010. p. syringae pv. actinidiae causes leaf spots, dieback, and canker that sometimes lead to the death of the vine. p. syringae pv. actinidifoliorum, which is pathogenic on kiwi as well, causes only leaf spots. in order to conduct an epidemiological study to track the spread of the epidemics of these two pathogens in france, we developed a multilocus variable-n ... | 2015 | 26209667 |
| development of a multiple loci variable number of tandem repeats analysis (mlva) to unravel the intra-pathovar structure of pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae populations worldwide. | the bacterial canker of kiwifruit by pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae is an emblematic example of a catastrophic disease of fruit crops. in 2008 a new, extremely virulent form of the pathogen emerged and rapidly devastated many actinidia spp. orchards all over the world. in order to understand differences in populations within this pathovar and to elucidate their diffusion and movements on world scale, it is necessary to be able to quickly and on a routine basis compare new isolates with prev ... | 2015 | 26262683 |
| plant myb transcription factors: their role in drought response mechanisms. | water scarcity is one of the major causes of poor plant performance and limited crop yields worldwide and it is the single most common cause of severe food shortage in developing countries. several molecular networks involved in stress perception, signal transduction and stress responses in plants have been elucidated so far. transcription factors are major players in water stress signaling. in recent years, different myb transcription factors, mainly in arabidopsis thaliana (l.) heynh. but also ... | 2015 | 26184177 |
| application of zinc chloride precipitation method for rapid isolation and concentration of infectious pectobacterium spp. and dickeya spp. lytic bacteriophages from surface water and plant and soil extracts. | this is the first report describing precipitation of bacteriophage particles with zinc chloride as a method of choice to isolate infectious lytic bacteriophages against pectobacterium spp. and dickeya spp. from environmental samples. the isolated bacteriophages are ready to use to study various (ecological) aspects of bacteria-bacteriophage interactions. the method comprises the well-known precipitation of phages from aqueous extracts of the test material by addition of zncl2, resuscitation of b ... | 2015 | 26099750 |
| application of zinc chloride precipitation method for rapid isolation and concentration of infectious pectobacterium spp. and dickeya spp. lytic bacteriophages from surface water and plant and soil extracts. | this is the first report describing precipitation of bacteriophage particles with zinc chloride as a method of choice to isolate infectious lytic bacteriophages against pectobacterium spp. and dickeya spp. from environmental samples. the isolated bacteriophages are ready to use to study various (ecological) aspects of bacteria-bacteriophage interactions. the method comprises the well-known precipitation of phages from aqueous extracts of the test material by addition of zncl2, resuscitation of b ... | 2015 | 26099750 |
| cyclic lipopeptide biosynthetic genes and products, and inhibitory activity of plant-associated bacillus against phytopathogenic bacteria. | the antibacterial activity against bacterial plant pathogens and its relationships with the presence of the cyclic lipopeptide (clp) biosynthetic genes ituc (iturin), bmyb (bacillomycin), fend (fengycin) and srfaa (surfactin), and their corresponding antimicrobial peptide products have been studied in a collection of 64 strains of bacillus spp. isolated from plant environments. the most frequent antimicrobial peptide (amp) genes were bmyb, srfaa and fend (34-50% of isolates). most isolates (98.4 ... | 2015 | 26024374 |
| rpon1, but not rpon2, is required for twitching motility, natural competence, growth on nitrate, and virulence of ralstonia solanacearum. | the plant pathogen ralstonia solanacearum has two genes encoding for the sigma factor σ(54): rpon1, located in the chromosome and rpon2, located in a distinct "megaplasmid" replicon. in this study, individual mutants as well as a double mutant of rpon were created in r. solanacearum strain gmi1000 in order to determine the extent of functional overlap between these two genes. by virulence assay we observed that rpon1 is required for virulence whereas rpon2 is not. in addition rpon1 controls othe ... | 2015 | 25852679 |
| biologically active and antimicrobial peptides from plants. | bioactive peptides are part of an innate response elicited by most living forms. in plants, they are produced ubiquitously in roots, seeds, flowers, stems, and leaves, highlighting their physiological importance. while most of the bioactive peptides produced in plants possess microbicide properties, there is evidence that they are also involved in cellular signaling. structurally, there is an overall similarity when comparing them with those derived from animal or insect sources. the biological ... | 2015 | 25815307 |
| absence of lysogeny in wild populations of erwinia amylovora and pantoea agglomerans. | lytic bacteriophages are in development as biological control agents for the prevention of fire blight disease caused by erwinia amylovora. temperate phages should be excluded as biologicals since lysogeny produces the dual risks of host resistance to phage attack and the transduction of virulence determinants between bacteria. the extent of lysogeny was estimated in wild populations of e. amylovora and pantoea agglomerans with real-time polymerase chain reaction primers developed to detect e. a ... | 2015 | 25678125 |
| antimicrobial peptides from fruits and their potential use as biotechnological tools-a review and outlook. | bacterial resistance is a major threat to plant crops, animals and human health, and over the years this situation has increasingly spread worldwide. due to their many bioactive compounds, plants are promising sources of antimicrobial compounds that can potentially be used in the treatment of infections caused by microorganisms. as well as stem, flowers and leaves, fruits have an efficient defense mechanism against pests and pathogens, besides presenting nutritional and functional properties due ... | 2016 | 28119671 |
| antimicrobial peptides from fruits and their potential use as biotechnological tools-a review and outlook. | bacterial resistance is a major threat to plant crops, animals and human health, and over the years this situation has increasingly spread worldwide. due to their many bioactive compounds, plants are promising sources of antimicrobial compounds that can potentially be used in the treatment of infections caused by microorganisms. as well as stem, flowers and leaves, fruits have an efficient defense mechanism against pests and pathogens, besides presenting nutritional and functional properties due ... | 2016 | 28119671 |
| plant resistance inducers against pathogens in solanaceae species-from molecular mechanisms to field application. | this review provides a current summary of plant resistance inducers (pris) that have been successfully used in the solanaceae plant family to protect against pathogens by activating the plant's own defence. solanaceous species include many important crops such as potato and tomato. we also present findings regarding the molecular processes after application of pris, even if the number of such studies still remains limited in this plant family. in general, there is a lack of patterns regarding th ... | 2016 | 27706100 |
| identification and expression profiles of six transcripts encoding carboxylesterase protein in vitis flexuosa infected with pathogens. | plants protect themselves from pathogen attacks via several mechanisms, including hypersensitive cell death. recognition of pathogen attack by the plant resistance gene triggers expression of carboxylesterase genes associated with hypersensitive response. we identified six transcripts of carboxylesterase genes, vitis flexuosa carboxylesterase 5585 (vfcxe5585), vfcxe12827, vfcxe13132, vfcxe17159, vfcxe18231, and vfcxe47674, which showed different expression patterns upon transcriptome analysis of ... | 2016 | 27493610 |
| degradation of the plant defense signal salicylic acid protects ralstonia solanacearum from toxicity and enhances virulence on tobacco. | plants use the signaling molecule salicylic acid (sa) to trigger defenses against diverse pathogens, including the bacterial wilt pathogen ralstonia solanacearum sa can also inhibit microbial growth. most sequenced strains of the heterogeneous r. solanacearum species complex can degrade sa via gentisic acid to pyruvate and fumarate. r. solanacearum strain gmi1000 expresses this sa degradation pathway during tomato pathogenesis. transcriptional analysis revealed that subinhibitory sa levels induc ... | 2016 | 27329752 |
| directed evolution of fls2 towards novel flagellin peptide recognition. | microbe-associated molecular patterns (mamps) are molecules, or domains within molecules, that are conserved across microbial taxa and can be recognized by a plant or animal immune system. although mamp receptors have evolved to recognize conserved epitopes, the mamps in some microbial species or strains have diverged sufficiently to render them unrecognizable by some host immune systems. in this study, we carried out in vitro evolution of the arabidopsis thaliana flagellin receptor flagellin-se ... | 2016 | 27270917 |
| the effector awr5 from the plant pathogen ralstonia solanacearum is an inhibitor of the tor signalling pathway. | bacterial pathogens possess complex type iii effector (t3e) repertoires that are translocated inside the host cells to cause disease. however, only a minor proportion of these effectors have been assigned a function. here, we show that the t3e awr5 from the phytopathogen ralstonia solanacearum is an inhibitor of tor, a central regulator in eukaryotes that controls the switch between cell growth and stress responses in response to nutrient availability. heterologous expression of awr5 in yeast ca ... | 2016 | 27257085 |
| bacterial avrrpt2-like cysteine proteases block activation of the arabidopsis mitogen-activated protein kinases, mpk4 and mpk11. | to establish infection, pathogens deliver effectors into host cells to target immune signaling components, including elements of mitogen-activated protein kinase (mpk) cascades. the virulence function of avrrpt2, one of the first identified pseudomonas syringae effectors, involves cleavage of the plant defense regulator, rpm1-interacting protein4 (rin4), and interference with plant auxin signaling. we show now that avrrpt2 specifically suppresses the flagellin-induced phosphorylation of arabidop ... | 2016 | 27208280 |
| hrcu and hrpp are pathogenicity factors in the fire blight pathogen erwinia amylovora required for the type iii secretion of dspa/e. | many gram-negative bacterial pathogens mediate host-microbe interactions via utilization of the type iii secretion (t3s) system. the t3s system is a complex molecular machine consisting of more than 20 proteins. collectively, these proteins translocate effectors across extracellular space and into the host cytoplasm. successful translocation requires timely synthesis and allocation of both structural and secreted t3s proteins. based on amino acid conservation in animal pathogenic bacteria, hrcu ... | 2016 | 27206522 |
| direct and indirect targeting of pp2a by conserved bacterial type-iii effector proteins. | bacterial avre-family type-iii effector proteins (t3es) contribute significantly to the virulence of plant-pathogenic species of pseudomonas, pantoea, ralstonia, erwinia, dickeya and pectobacterium, with hosts ranging from monocots to dicots. however, the mode of action of avre-family t3es remains enigmatic, due in large part to their toxicity when expressed in plant or yeast cells. to search for targets of wtse, an avre-family t3e from the maize pathogen pantoea stewartii subsp. stewartii, we e ... | 2016 | 27191168 |
| a novel multilocus variable number tandem repeat analysis typing scheme for african phylotype iii strains of the ralstonia solanacearum species complex. | background. reliable genotyping that provides an accurate description of diversity in the context of pathogen emergence is required for the establishment of strategies to improve disease management. multilocus variable number tandem repeat analysis (mlva) is a valuable genotyping method. it can be performed at small evolutionary scales where high discriminatory power is needed. strains of the ralstonia solanacearum species complex (rssc) are highly genetically diverse. these destructive pathogen ... | 2016 | 27168969 |
| abuo, a tolc-like outer membrane protein of acinetobacter baumannii, is involved in antimicrobial and oxidative stress resistance. | although acinetobacter baumannii is well accepted as a nosocomial pathogen, only a few of the outer membrane proteins (omps) have been functionally characterized. in this study, we demonstrate the biological functions of abuo, a homolog of tolc from escherichia coli. inactivation of abuo led to increased sensitivity to high osmolarity and oxidative stress challenge. the δabuo mutant displayed increased susceptibility to antibiotics, such as amikacin, carbenicillin, ceftriaxone, meropenem, strept ... | 2015 | 25512405 |
| the genetic analysis of an acinetobacter johnsonii clinical strain evidenced the presence of horizontal genetic transfer. | acinetobacter johnsonii rarely causes human infections. while most a. johnsonii isolates are susceptible to virtually all antibiotics, strains harboring a variety of β-lactamases have recently been described. an a. johnsonii aj2199 clinical strain recovered from a hospital in buenos aires produces per-2 and oxa-58. we decided to delve into its genome by obtaining the whole genome sequence of the aj2199 strain. genome comparison studies on aj2199 revealed 240 unique genes and a close relation to ... | 2016 | 27548264 |
| systemin potentiates the oxidative burst in cultured tomato cells | plants that have been wounded by insects or other herbivores may be more susceptible to infection by adventitious microbes. wound-induced signal molecules, which serve to induce responses in the plant that retard further feeding, might also act to prepare a plant for possible pathogen attack. we have examined the effect of a wound-generated systemic messenger (systemin) on a pathogen-stimulated defense-response marker, the oxidative burst. we observed that neither systemin nor its inactive analo ... | 1998 | 9662546 |
| nitrate-induced genes in tomato roots. array analysis reveals novel genes that may play a role in nitrogen nutrition. | a subtractive tomato (lycopersicon esculentum) root cdna library enriched in genes up-regulated by changes in plant mineral status was screened with labeled mrna from roots of both nitrate-induced and mineral nutrient-deficient (-nitrogen [n], -phosphorus, -potassium [k], -sulfur, -magnesium, -calcium, -iron, -zinc, and -copper) tomato plants. a subset of cdnas was selected from this library based on mineral nutrient-related changes in expression. additional cdnas were selected from a second min ... | 2001 | 11553762 |
| genomic resources and tools for gene function analysis in potato. | potato, a highly heterozygous tetraploid, is undergoing an exciting phase of genomics resource development. the potato research community has established extensive genomic resources, such as large expressed sequence tag (est) data collections, microarrays and other expression profiling platforms, and large-insert genomic libraries. moreover, potato will now benefit from a global potato physical mapping effort, which is serving as the underlying resource for a full potato genome sequencing projec ... | 2008 | 19107214 |
| one for all: the receptor-associated kinase bak1. | the plant receptor kinase bak1/serk3 has been identified as a partner of ligand-binding leucine-rich repeat receptor kinases, in particular the brassinosteroid receptor bri1 and the immune receptor fls2. bak1 positively regulates bri1 receptor function via physical interaction and transphosphorylation. since its first description in 2001, several independent groups have discovered bak1/serk3 as a component of diverse processes, including brassinosteroid signaling, light responses, cell death, an ... | 2009 | 19748302 |
| receptor-mediated signalling in plants: molecular patterns and programmes. | a highly evolved surveillance system in plants is able to detect a broad range of signals originating from pathogens, damaged tissues, or altered developmental processes, initiating sophisticated molecular mechanisms that result in defence, wound healing, and development. microbe-associated molecular pattern molecules (mamps), damage-associated molecular pattern molecules (damps), virulence factors, secreted proteins, and processed peptides can be recognized directly or indirectly by this survei ... | 2009 | 19628572 |
| synergistic effects of the membrane actions of cecropin-melittin antimicrobial hybrid peptide bp100. | bp100 (kklfkkilkyl-nh(2)) is a short cecropin a-melittin hybrid peptide, obtained through a combinatorial chemistry approach, which is highly effective in inhibiting both the in vitro and in vivo growth of economically important plant pathogenic gram-negatives. the intrinsic tyr fluorescence of bp100 was taken advantage of to study the peptide's binding affinity and damaging effect on phospholipid bilayers modeling the bacterial and mammalian cytoplasmic membranes. in vitro cytotoxic effects of ... | 2009 | 19254540 |
| common and contrasting themes in host cell-targeted effectors from bacterial, fungal, oomycete and nematode plant symbionts described using the gene ontology. | a wide diversity of plant-associated symbionts, including microbes, produce proteins that can enter host cells, or are injected into host cells in order to modify the physiology of the host to promote colonization. these molecules, termed effectors, commonly target the host defense signaling pathways in order to suppress the defense response. others target the gene expression machinery or trigger specific modifications to host morphology or physiology that promote the nutrition and proliferation ... | 2009 | 19278551 |
| plant stomata: a checkpoint of host immunity and pathogen virulence. | stomata are microscopic pores formed by pairs of guard cells in the epidermis of terrestrial plants; they are essential for gas exchange with the environment and controlling water loss. accordingly, plants regulate stomatal aperture in response to environmental conditions, such as relative humidity, co(2) concentration, and light intensity. stomatal openings are also a major route of pathogen entry into the plant and plants have evolved mechanisms to regulate stomatal aperture as an immune respo ... | 2010 | 20573499 |
| the lesion-mimic mutant cpr22 shows alterations in abscisic acid signaling and abscisic acid insensitivity in a salicylic acid-dependent manner. | a number of arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) lesion-mimic mutants exhibit alterations in both abiotic stress responses and pathogen resistance. one of these mutants, constitutive expresser of pr genes22 (cpr22), which has a mutation in two cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels, is a typical lesion-mimic mutant exhibiting elevated levels of salicylic acid (sa), spontaneous cell death, constitutive expression of defense-related genes, and enhanced resistance to various pathogens; the majority of ... | 2010 | 20164209 |
| prediction of antibacterial activity from physicochemical properties of antimicrobial peptides. | consensus is gathering that antimicrobial peptides that exert their antibacterial action at the membrane level must reach a local concentration threshold to become active. studies of peptide interaction with model membranes do identify such disruptive thresholds but demonstrations of the possible correlation of these with the in vivo onset of activity have only recently been proposed. in addition, such thresholds observed in model membranes occur at local peptide concentrations close to full mem ... | 2011 | 22194847 |
| transcriptional regulation of ribosome components are determined by stress according to cellular compartments in arabidopsis thaliana. | plants have to coordinate eukaryotic ribosomes (cytoribosomes) and prokaryotic ribosomes (plastoribosomes and mitoribosomes) production to balance cellular protein synthesis in response to environmental variations. we identified 429 genes encoding potential ribosomal proteins (rp) in arabidopsis thaliana. because cytoribosome proteins are encoded by small nuclear gene families, plastid rp by nuclear and plastid genes and mitochondrial rp by nuclear and mitochondrial genes, several transcriptiona ... | 2011 | 22164228 |
| expressing the erwinia amylovora type iii effector dspa/e in the yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae strongly alters cellular trafficking. | erwinia amylovora is responsible for fire blight, a necrotic disease of apples and pears. e. amylovora relies on a type iii secretion system (t3ss) to induce disease on host plants. dspa/e belongs to the avre family of type iii effector. effectors of the avre family are injected via the t3ss in plant cell and are important to promote bacterial growth following infection and to suppress plant defense responses. their mode of action in the plant cells is unknown. here we study the physiological ef ... | 2011 | 23650572 |
| comparative genomics of erwinia amylovora and related erwinia species-what do we learn? | erwinia amylovora, the causal agent of fire blight disease of apples and pears, is one of the most important plant bacterial pathogens with worldwide economic significance. recent reports on the complete or draft genome sequences of four species in the genus erwinia, including e. amylovora, e. pyrifoliae, e. tasmaniensis, and e. billingiae, have provided us near complete genetic information about this pathogen and its closely-related species. this review describes in silico subtractive hybridiza ... | 2011 | 24710213 |
| the molecular basis for antimicrobial activity of pore-forming cyclic peptides. | the mechanism of action of antimicrobial peptides is, to our knowledge, still poorly understood. to probe the biophysical characteristics that confer activity, we present here a molecular-dynamics and biophysical study of a cyclic antimicrobial peptide and its inactive linear analog. in the simulations, the cyclic peptide caused large perturbations in the bilayer and cooperatively opened a disordered toroidal pore, 1-2 nm in diameter. electrophysiology measurements confirm discrete poration even ... | 2011 | 21575576 |
| a mathematical model of quorum sensing regulated eps production in biofilm communities. | biofilms are microbial communities encased in a layer of extracellular polymeric substances (eps). the eps matrix provides several functional purposes for the biofilm, such as protecting bacteria from environmental stresses, and providing mechanical stability. quorum sensing is a cell-cell communication mechanism used by several bacterial taxa to coordinate gene expression and behaviour in groups, based on population densities. | 2011 | 21477365 |
| multivalent display of the antimicrobial peptides bp100 and bp143. | carbohydrates are considered as promising templates for the display of multiple copies of antimicrobial peptides. herein, we describe the design and synthesis of chimeric structures containing two or four copies of the antimicrobial peptides kklfkkilkyl-nh(2) (bp100) and kklfkkilkyl-nh(2) (bp143) attached to the carbohydrate template cyclodithioerythritol (cdte) or α-d-galactopyranoside (galp). the synthesis involved the preparation of the corresponding peptide aldehyde followed by coupling to a ... | 2012 | 23243472 |
| the maize cystatin cc9 interacts with apoplastic cysteine proteases. | in a recent study we identified corn cystain9 (cc9) as a novel compatibility factor for the interaction of the biotrophic smut fungus ustilago maydis with its host plant maize. cc9 is transcriptionally induced during the compatible interaction with u. maydis and localizes in the maize apoplast where it inhibits apoplastic papain-like cysteine proteases. the proteases are activated during incompatible interaction and salicylic acid (sa) treatment and, in turn, are sufficient to induce sa signalin ... | 2012 | 22960758 |
| ectopic expression of hrf1 enhances bacterial resistance via regulation of diterpene phytoalexins, silicon and reactive oxygen species burst in rice. | harpin proteins as elicitor derived from plant gram negative bacteria such as xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (xoo), erwinia amylovora induce disease resistance in plants by activating multiple defense responses. however, it is unclear whether phytoalexin production and ros burst are involved in the disease resistance conferred by the expression of the harpin(xoo) protein in rice. in this article, ectopic expression of hrf1 in rice enhanced resistance to bacterial blight. accompanying with the act ... | 2012 | 22970151 |
| constitutive expression of transgenes encoding derivatives of the synthetic antimicrobial peptide bp100: impact on rice host plant fitness. | the biopeptide bp100 is a synthetic and strongly cationic α-helical undecapeptide with high, specific antibacterial activity against economically important plant-pathogenic bacteria, and very low toxicity. it was selected from a library of synthetic peptides, along with other peptides with activities against relevant bacterial and fungal species. expression of the bp100 series of peptides in plants is of major interest to establish disease-resistant plants and facilitate molecular farming. speci ... | 2012 | 22947243 |
| characterization of the nrt2.6 gene in arabidopsis thaliana: a link with plant response to biotic and abiotic stress. | the high affinity nitrate transport system in arabidopsis thaliana involves one gene and potentially seven genes from the nrt1 and nrt2 family, respectively. among them, nrt2.1, nrt2.2, nrt2.4 and nrt2.7 proteins have been shown to transport nitrate and are localized on the plasmalemma or the tonoplast membranes. nrt2.1, nrt2.2 and nrt2.4 play a role in nitrate uptake from soil solution by root cells while nrt2.7 is responsible for nitrate loading in the seed vacuole. we have undertaken the func ... | 2012 | 22880003 |
| the novel kasugamycin 2'-n-acetyltransferase gene aac(2')-iia, carried by the incp island, confers kasugamycin resistance to rice-pathogenic bacteria. | kasugamycin (ksm), a unique aminoglycoside antibiotic, has been used in agriculture for many years to control not only rice blast caused by the fungus magnaporthe grisea but also rice bacterial grain and seedling rot or rice bacterial brown stripe caused by burkholderia glumae or acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae, respectively. since both bacterial pathogens are seed-borne and cause serious injury to rice seedlings, the emergence of ksm-resistant b. glumae and a. avenae isolates highlights the urg ... | 2012 | 22660700 |
| influence of the plant defense response to escherichia coli o157:h7 cell surface structures on survival of that enteric pathogen on plant surfaces. | consumption of fresh and fresh-cut fruits and vegetables contaminated with escherichia coli o157:h7 has resulted in hundreds of cases of illness and, in some instances, death. in this study, the influence of cell surface structures of e. coli o157:h7, such as flagella, curli fimbriae, lipopolysaccharides, or exopolysaccharides, on plant defense responses and on survival or colonization on the plant was investigated. the population of the e. coli o157:h7 atcc 43895 wild-type strain was significan ... | 2012 | 22706044 |
| histological examination of horse chestnut infection by pseudomonas syringae pv. aesculi and non-destructive heat treatment to stop disease progression. | since its emergence in northwest europe as a pathogen that infects trunks and branches of aesculus spp. (the horse chestnuts) approximately one decade ago, pseudomonas syringae pv. aesculi has rapidly established itself as major threat to these trees. infected trees exhibit extensive necrosis of phloem and cambium, which can ultimately lead to dieback. the events after host entry leading to extensive necrosis are not well documented. in this work, the histopathology of this interaction is invest ... | 2012 | 22808044 |
| a pseudomonas viridiflava-related bacterium causes a dark-reddish spot disease in glycine max. | a virulent pseudomonas viridiflava-related bacterium has been identified as a new pathogen of soybean, one of the most important crops worldwide. the bacterium was recovered from forage soybean leaves with dark-reddish spots, and damage on petioles and pods was also observed. in contrast, common bean was not affected. | 2012 | 22407694 |
| complete genome sequence, lifestyle, and multi-drug resistance of the human pathogen corynebacterium resistens dsm 45100 isolated from blood samples of a leukemia patient. | corynebacterium resistens was initially recovered from human infections and recognized as a new coryneform species that is highly resistant to antimicrobial agents. bacteremia associated with this organism in immunocompromised patients was rapidly fatal as standard minocycline therapies failed. c. resistens dsm 45100 was isolated from a blood culture of samples taken from a patient with acute myelocytic leukemia. the complete genome sequence of c. resistens dsm 45100 was determined by pyrosequen ... | 2012 | 22524407 |
| putative resistance gene markers associated with quantitative trait loci for fire blight resistance in malus 'robusta 5' accessions. | breeding of fire blight resistant scions and rootstocks is a goal of several international apple breeding programs, as options are limited for management of this destructive disease caused by the bacterial pathogen erwinia amylovora. a broad, large-effect quantitative trait locus (qtl) for fire blight resistance has been reported on linkage group 3 of malus 'robusta 5'. in this study we identified markers derived from putative fire blight resistance genes associated with the qtl by integrating f ... | 2012 | 22471693 |
| oligo-dna custom macroarray for monitoring major pathogenic and non-pathogenic fungi and bacteria in the phyllosphere of apple trees. | to monitor the richness in microbial inhabitants in the phyllosphere of apple trees cultivated under various cultural and environmental conditions, we developed an oligo-dna macroarray for major pathogenic and non-pathogenic fungi and bacteria inhabiting the phyllosphere of apple trees. | 2012 | 22479577 |
| a maize cystatin suppresses host immunity by inhibiting apoplastic cysteine proteases. | ustilago maydis is a biotrophic pathogen causing maize (zea mays) smut disease. transcriptome profiling of infected maize plants indicated that a gene encoding a putative cystatin (cc9) is induced upon penetration by u. maydis wild type. by contrast, cc9 is not induced after infection with the u. maydis effector mutant δpep1, which elicits massive plant defenses. silencing of cc9 resulted in a strongly induced maize defense gene expression and a hypersensitive response to u. maydis wild-type inf ... | 2012 | 22454455 |
| erwinia amylovora expresses fast and simultaneously hrp/dsp virulence genes during flower infection on apple trees. | pathogen entry through host blossoms is the predominant infection pathway of the gram-negative bacterium erwinia amylovora leading to manifestation of the disease fire blight. like in other economically important plant pathogens, e. amylovora pathogenicity depends on a type iii secretion system encoded by hrp genes. however, timing and transcriptional order of hrp gene expression during flower infections are unknown. | 2012 | 22412891 |
| genomic distribution and divergence of levansucrase-coding genes in pseudomonas syringae. | in the plant pathogenic bacterium, pseudomonas syringae, the exopolysaccharide levan is synthesized by extracellular levansucrase (lsc), which is encoded by two conserved 1,296-bp genes termed lscb and lscc in p. syringae strain pg4180. a third gene, lsca, is homologous to the 1,248-bp lsc gene of the bacterium erwinia amylovora, causing fire blight. however, lsca is not expressed in p. syringae strain pg4180. herein, pg4180 lsca was shown to be expressed from its native promoter in the lsc-defi ... | 2012 | 24704846 |
| rootstock-regulated gene expression patterns associated with fire blight resistance in apple. | desirable apple varieties are clonally propagated by grafting vegetative scions onto rootstocks. rootstocks influence many phenotypic traits of the scion, including resistance to pathogens such as erwinia amylovora, which causes fire blight, the most serious bacterial disease of apple. the purpose of the present study was to quantify rootstock-mediated differences in scion fire blight susceptibility and to identify transcripts in the scion whose expression levels correlated with this response. | 2012 | 22229964 |
| derivatives of the antimicrobial peptide bp100 for expression in plant systems. | production of antimicrobial peptides in plants constitutes an approach for obtaining them in high amounts. however, their heterologous expression in a practical and efficient manner demands some structural requirements such as a minimum size, the incorporation of retention signals to assure their accumulation in specific tissues, and the presence of protease cleavage amino acids and of target sequences to facilitate peptide detection. since any sequence modification may influence the biological ... | 2013 | 24376887 |
| structural basis for type vi secreted peptidoglycan dl-endopeptidase function, specificity and neutralization in serratia marcescens. | some gram-negative bacteria target their competitors by exploiting the type vi secretion system to extrude toxic effector proteins. to prevent self-harm, these bacteria also produce highly specific immunity proteins that neutralize these antagonistic effectors. here, the peptidoglycan endopeptidase specificity of two type vi secretion-system-associated effectors from serratia marcescens is characterized. these small secreted proteins, ssp1 and ssp2, cleave between γ-d-glutamic acid and l-meso-di ... | 2013 | 24311588 |
| involvement of a novel genistein-inducible multidrug efflux pump of bradyrhizobium japonicum early in the interaction with glycine max (l.) merr. | the early molecular dialogue between soybean and the bacterium bradyrhizobium japonicum is crucial for triggering their symbiotic interaction. here we found a single large genomic locus that is widely separated from the symbiosis island and was conspicuously induced within minutes after the addition of genistein. this locus (named bjg30) contains genes for the multidrug efflux pump, tetr family transcriptional regulator, and polyhydroxybutyrate (phb) metabolism. the induction of bjg30 by geniste ... | 2013 | 24225224 |
| discovery of plant phenolic compounds that act as type iii secretion system inhibitors or inducers of the fire blight pathogen, erwinia amylovora. | erwinia amylovora causes a devastating disease called fire blight in rosaceous plants. the type iii secretion system (t3ss) is one of the important virulence factors utilized by e. amylovora in order to successfully infect its hosts. by using a green fluorescent protein (gfp) reporter construct combined with a high-throughput flow cytometry assay, a library of phenolic compounds and their derivatives was studied for their ability to alter the expression of the t3ss. based on the effectiveness of ... | 2013 | 23770912 |
| de-novo design of antimicrobial peptides for plant protection. | this work describes the de-novo design of peptides that inhibit a broad range of plant pathogens. four structurally different groups of peptides were developed that differ in size and position of their charged and hydrophobic clusters and were assayed for their ability to inhibit bacterial growth and fungal spore germination. several peptides are highly active at concentrations between 0,1 and 1 µg/ml against plant pathogenic bacteria, such as pseudomonas syringae, pectobacterium carotovorum, an ... | 2013 | 23951222 |
| inferring ancient metabolism using ancestral core metabolic models of enterobacteria. | enterobacteriaceae diversified from an ancestral lineage ~300-500 million years ago (mya) into a wide variety of free-living and host-associated lifestyles. nutrient availability varies across niches, and evolution of metabolic networks likely played a key role in adaptation. | 2013 | 23758866 |
| dual action of bpc194: a membrane active peptide killing bacterial cells. | membrane active peptides can perturb the lipid bilayer in several ways, such as poration and fusion of the target cell membrane, and thereby efficiently kill bacterial cells. we probe here the mechanistic basis of membrane poration and fusion caused by membrane-active, antimicrobial peptides. we show that the cyclic antimicrobial peptide, bpc194, inhibits growth of gram-negative bacteria and ruptures the outer and inner membrane at the onset of killing, suggesting that not just poration is takin ... | 2013 | 23620763 |
| using fundamental knowledge of induced resistance to develop control strategies for bacterial canker of kiwifruit caused by pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae. | | 2013 | 23437017 |
| the deinococcus radiodurans dr1245 protein, a ddrb partner homologous to ybjn proteins and reminiscent of type iii secretion system chaperones. | the bacterium deinococcus radiodurans exhibits an extreme resistance to ionizing radiation. a small subset of deinococcus genus-specific genes were shown to be up-regulated upon exposure to ionizing radiation and to play a role in genome reconstitution. these genes include an ssb-like protein called ddrb. here, we identified a novel protein encoded by the dr1245 gene as an interacting partner of ddrb. a strain devoid of the dr1245 protein is impaired in growth, exhibiting a generation time appro ... | 2013 | 23441204 |
| the cytoskeleton is disrupted by the bacterial effector hrpz, but not by the bacterial pamp flg22, in tobacco by-2 cells. | plant innate immunity is composed of two layers. basal immunity is triggered by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps) such as the flagellin-peptide flg22 and is termed pamp-triggered immunity (pti). in addition, effector-triggered immunity (eti) linked with programmed cell death and cytoskeletal reorganization can be induced by pathogen-derived factors, such as the harpin proteins originating from phytopathogenic bacteria. to get insight into the link between cytoskeleton and pti or eti ... | 2013 | 23408828 |
| the pathogen-host interactions database (phi-base): additions and future developments. | rapidly evolving pathogens cause a diverse array of diseases and epidemics that threaten crop yield, food security as well as human, animal and ecosystem health. to combat infection greater comparative knowledge is required on the pathogenic process in multiple species. the pathogen-host interactions database (phi-base) catalogues experimentally verified pathogenicity, virulence and effector genes from bacterial, fungal and protist pathogens. mutant phenotypes are associated with gene informatio ... | 2014 | 25414340 |
| the pathogen-host interactions database (phi-base): additions and future developments. | rapidly evolving pathogens cause a diverse array of diseases and epidemics that threaten crop yield, food security as well as human, animal and ecosystem health. to combat infection greater comparative knowledge is required on the pathogenic process in multiple species. the pathogen-host interactions database (phi-base) catalogues experimentally verified pathogenicity, virulence and effector genes from bacterial, fungal and protist pathogens. mutant phenotypes are associated with gene informatio ... | 2014 | 25414340 |
| aspergiloid i, an unprecedented spirolactone norditerpenoid from the plant-derived endophytic fungus aspergillus sp. yxf3. | an unusual c18 norditerpenoid, aspergiloid i (1), was isolated from the culture broth of aspergillus sp. yxf3, an endophytic fungus derived from ginkgo biloba. its structure was unambiguously established by analysis of hrms-esi and spectroscopic data, and the absolute configuration was determined by low-temperature (100 k) single crystal x-ray diffraction with cu kα radiation. this compound is structurally characterized by a new carbon skeleton with an unprecedented 6/5/6 tricyclic ring system b ... | 2014 | 25550731 |
| production of phytotoxic cationic α-helical antimicrobial peptides in plant cells using inducible promoters. | synthetic linear antimicrobial peptides with cationic α-helical structures, such as bp100, have potent and specific activities against economically important plant pathogenic bacteria. they are also recognized as valuable therapeutics and preservatives. however, highly active bp100 derivatives are often phytotoxic when expressed at high levels as recombinant peptides in plants. here we demonstrate that production of recombinant phytotoxic peptides in transgenic plants is possible by strictly lim ... | 2014 | 25387106 |
| genomic variants of genes associated with three horticultural traits in apple revealed by genome re-sequencing. | the apple (malus × domestica borkh.) cultivar 'su shuai' exhibits greater disease resistance, shorter internodes and lighter fruit flavor compared with its parents 'golden delicious' and 'indo'. to obtain a comprehensive overview of the sequence variation in these three horticultural traits, the genomes of 'su shuai' and 'indo' were resequenced using next-generation sequencing and compared to the genome of 'golden delicious'. a wide range of genetic variations were detected, including 2 454 406 ... | 2014 | 26504548 |
| genome features of the endophytic actinobacterium micromonospora lupini strain lupac 08: on the process of adaptation to an endophytic life style? | endophytic microorganisms live inside plants for at least part of their life cycle. according to their life strategies, bacterial endophytes can be classified as "obligate" or "facultative". reports that members of the genus micromonospora, gram-positive actinobacteria, are normal occupants of nitrogen-fixing nodules has opened up a question as to what is the ecological role of these bacteria in interactions with nitrogen-fixing plants and whether it is in a process of adaptation from a terrestr ... | 2014 | 25268993 |
| elucidating the molecular responses of apple rootstock resistant to ard pathogens: challenges and opportunities for development of genomics-assisted breeding tools. | apple replant disease (ard) is a major limitation to the establishment of economically viable orchards on replant sites due to the buildup and long-term survival of pathogen inoculum. several soilborne necrotrophic fungi and oomycetes are primarily responsible for ard, and symptoms range from serious inhibition of growth to the death of young trees. chemical fumigation has been the primary method used for control of ard, and manipulating soil microbial ecology to reduce pathogen density and aggr ... | 2014 | 26504547 |
| characterisation of salrab a salicylic acid inducible positively regulated efflux system of rhizobium leguminosarum bv viciae 3841. | salicylic acid is an important signalling molecule in plant-microbe defence and symbiosis. we analysed the transcriptional responses of the nitrogen fixing plant symbiont, rhizobium leguminosarum bv viciae 3841 to salicylic acid. two mfs-type multicomponent efflux systems were induced in response to salicylic acid, rmrab and the hitherto undescribed system salrab. based on sequence similarity sala and salb encode a membrane fusion and inner membrane protein respectively. salab are positively reg ... | 2014 | 25133394 |
| genome-wide identification of hfq-regulated small rnas in the fire blight pathogen erwinia amylovora discovered small rnas with virulence regulatory function. | erwinia amylovora is a phytopathogenic bacterium and causal agent of fire blight disease in apples and pears. although many virulence factors have been characterized, the coordination of expression of these virulence factors in e. amylovora is still not clear. regulatory small rnas (srnas) are important post-transcriptional regulatory components in bacteria. a large number of srnas require the rna chaperone hfq for both stability and functional activation. in e. amylovora, hfq was identified as ... | 2014 | 24885615 |
| disruption of the ammonium transporter amt1.1 alters basal defenses generating resistance against pseudomonas syringae and plectosphaerella cucumerina. | disruption of the high-affinity nitrate transporter nrt2.1 activates the priming defense against pseudomonas syringae, resulting in enhanced resistance. in this study, it is demonstrated that the high-affinity ammonium transporter amt1.1 is a negative regulator of arabidopsis defense responses. the t-dna knockout mutant amt1.1 displays enhanced resistance against plectosphaerella cucumerina and reduced susceptibility to p. syringae. the impairment of amt1.1 induces significant metabolic changes ... | 2014 | 24910636 |
| analysis of the pantoea ananatis pan-genome reveals factors underlying its ability to colonize and interact with plant, insect and vertebrate hosts. | pantoea ananatis is found in a wide range of natural environments, including water, soil, as part of the epi- and endophytic flora of various plant hosts, and in the insect gut. some strains have proven effective as biological control agents and plant-growth promoters, while other strains have been implicated in diseases of a broad range of plant hosts and humans. by analysing the pan-genome of eight sequenced p. ananatis strains isolated from different sources we identified factors potentially ... | 2014 | 24884520 |
| chp8, a diguanylate cyclase from pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000, suppresses the pathogen-associated molecular pattern flagellin, increases extracellular polysaccharides, and promotes plant immune evasion. | the bacterial plant pathogen pseudomonas syringae causes disease in a wide range of plants. the associated decrease in crop yields results in economic losses and threatens global food security. competition exists between the plant immune system and the pathogen, the basic principles of which can be applied to animal infection pathways. p. syringae uses a type iii secretion system (t3ss) to deliver virulence factors into the plant that promote survival of the bacterium. the p. syringae t3ss is a ... | 2014 | 24846383 |
| expression of the bacterial type iii effector dspa/e in saccharomyces cerevisiae down-regulates the sphingolipid biosynthetic pathway leading to growth arrest. | erwinia amylovora, the bacterium responsible for fire blight, relies on a type iii secretion system and a single injected effector, dspa/e, to induce disease in host plants. dspa/e belongs to the widespread avre family of type iii effectors that suppress plant defense responses and promote bacterial growth following infection. ectopic expression of dspa/e in plant or in saccharomyces cerevisiae is toxic, indicating that dspa/e likely targets a cellular process conserved between yeast and plant. ... | 2014 | 24828506 |
| production of cecropin a antimicrobial peptide in rice seed endosperm. | cecropin a is a natural antimicrobial peptide that exhibits rapid, potent and long-lasting lytic activity against a broad spectrum of pathogens, thus having great biotechnological potential. here, we report a system for producing bioactive cecropin a in rice seeds. | 2014 | 24755305 |
| characterization of acrd, a resistance-nodulation-cell division-type multidrug efflux pump from the fire blight pathogen erwinia amylovora. | multidrug efflux pumps are membrane translocases that have the ability to extrude a variety of structurally unrelated compounds from the cell. acrd, a resistance-nodulation-cell division (rnd) transporter, was shown to be involved in efflux of highly hydrophilic aminoglycosides and a limited number of amphiphilic compounds in e. coli. here, a homologue of acrd in the plant pathogen and causal agent of fire blight disease erwinia amylovora was identified. | 2014 | 24443882 |
| draft genome sequence of the commercial biocontrol strain pantoea agglomerans p10c. | we report here the draft genome sequence of the biocontrol strain pantoea agglomerans p10c, composed of a draft chromosome and two plasmids: the 559-kb large pantoea plasmid 1 (ppag3) and a 182-kb plasmid (ppag1). a genomic island containing pantocin a biosynthesis genes was identified. | 2015 | 26659685 |
| different bacterial communities in heat and gamma irradiation treated replant disease soils revealed by 16s rrna gene analysis - contribution to improved aboveground apple plant growth? | replant disease (rd) severely affects apple production in propagation tree nurseries and in fruit orchards worldwide. this study aimed to investigate the effects of soil disinfection treatments on plant growth and health in a biotest in two different rd soil types under greenhouse conditions and to link the plant growth status with the bacterial community composition at the time of plant sampling. in the biotest performed we observed that the aboveground growth of apple rootstock m26 plants afte ... | 2015 | 26635733 |
| comparative effectiveness of potential elicitors of plant resistance against spodoptera frugiperda (j. e. smith) (lepidoptera: noctuidae) in four crop plants. | feeding by insect herbivores activates plant signaling pathways, resulting in the enhanced production of secondary metabolites and other resistance-related traits by injured plants. these traits can reduce insect fitness, deter feeding, and attract beneficial insects. organic and inorganic chemicals applied as a foliar spray, seed treatment, or soil drench can activate these plant responses. azelaic acid (aa), benzothiadiazole (bth), gibberellic acid (ga), harpin, and jasmonic acid (ja) are thou ... | 2015 | 26332833 |
| pseudomonas syringae effector avirulence protein e localizes to the host plasma membrane and down-regulates the expression of the nonrace-specific disease resistance1/harpin-induced1-like13 gene required for antibacterial immunity in arabidopsis. | many bacterial pathogens of plants and animals deliver effector proteins into host cells to promote infection. elucidation of how pathogen effector proteins function not only is critical for understanding bacterial pathogenesis but also provides a useful tool in discovering the functions of host genes. in this study, we characterized the pseudomonas syringae pv tomato dc3000 effector protein avirulence protein e (avre), the founding member of a widely distributed, yet functionally enigmatic, bac ... | 2015 | 26206852 |
| virulence factors of erwinia amylovora: a review. | erwinia amylovora, a gram negative bacteria of the enterobacteriaceae family, is the causal agent of fire blight, a devastating plant disease affecting a wide range of host species within rosaceae and a major global threat to commercial apple and pear production. among the limited number of control options currently available, prophylactic application of antibiotics during the bloom period appears the most effective. pathogen cells enter plants through the nectarthodes of flowers and other natur ... | 2015 | 26057748 |
| vacuolar processing enzyme in plant programmed cell death. | vacuolar processing enzyme (vpe) is a cysteine proteinase originally identified as the proteinase responsible for the maturation and activation of vacuolar proteins in plants, and it is known to be an ortholog of animal asparaginyl endopeptidase (aep/vpe/legumain). vpe has been shown to exhibit enzymatic properties similar to that of caspase 1, which is a cysteine protease that mediates the programmed cell death (pcd) pathway in animals. although there is limited sequence identity between vpe an ... | 2015 | 25914711 |
| phylogenetic spectrum and analysis of antibacterial activities of leaf extracts from plants of the genus rhododendron. | plants are traditionally used for medicinal treatment of numerous human disorders including infectious diseases caused by microorganisms. due to the increasing resistance of many pathogens to commonly used antimicrobial agents, there is an urgent need for novel antimicrobial compounds. plants of the genus rhododendron belong to the woody representatives of the family ericaceae, which are typically used in a range of ethno-medical applications. there are more than one thousand rhododendron specie ... | 2015 | 25879877 |
| the interaction of arabidopsis with piriformospora indica shifts from initial transient stress induced by fungus-released chemical mediators to a mutualistic interaction after physical contact of the two symbionts. | piriformospora indica, an endophytic fungus of sebacinales, colonizes the roots of many plant species including arabidopsis thaliana. the symbiotic interaction promotes plant performance, growth and resistance/tolerance against abiotic and biotic stress. | 2015 | 25849363 |
| perturbation of maize phenylpropanoid metabolism by an avre family type iii effector from pantoea stewartii. | avre family type iii effector proteins share the ability to suppress host defenses, induce disease-associated cell death, and promote bacterial growth. however, despite widespread contributions to numerous bacterial diseases in agriculturally important plants, the mode of action of these effectors remains largely unknown. wtse is an avre family member required for the ability of pantoea stewartii ssp. stewartii (pnss) to proliferate efficiently and cause wilt and leaf blight symptoms in maize (z ... | 2015 | 25635112 |