| loss of susceptibility as a novel breeding strategy for durable and broad-spectrum resistance. | recent studies on plant immunity have suggested that a pathogen should suppress induced plant defense in order to infect a plant species, which otherwise would have been a nonhost to the pathogen. for this purpose, pathogens exploit effector molecules to interfere with different layers of plant defense responses. in this review, we summarize the latest findings on plant factors that are activated by pathogen effectors to suppress plant immunity. by looking from a different point of view into hos ... | 2009 | 20234841 |
| loss of susceptibility as a novel breeding strategy for durable and broad-spectrum resistance. | recent studies on plant immunity have suggested that a pathogen should suppress induced plant defense in order to infect a plant species, which otherwise would have been a nonhost to the pathogen. for this purpose, pathogens exploit effector molecules to interfere with different layers of plant defense responses. in this review, we summarize the latest findings on plant factors that are activated by pathogen effectors to suppress plant immunity. by looking from a different point of view into hos ... | 2009 | 20234841 |
| the fractionated orthology of bs2 and rx/gpa2 supports shared synteny of disease resistance in the solanaceae. | comparative genomics provides a powerful tool for the identification of genes that encode traits shared between crop plants and model organisms. pathogen resistance conferred by plant r genes of the nucleotide-binding-leucine-rich-repeat (nb-lrr) class is one such trait with great agricultural importance that occupies a critical position in understanding fundamental processes of pathogen detection and coevolution. the proposed rapid rearrangement of r genes in genome evolution would make compara ... | 2009 | 19474202 |
| recent advances in pamp-triggered immunity against bacteria: pattern recognition receptors watch over and raise the alarm. | | 2009 | 19561123 |
| receptor-mediated signalling in plants: molecular patterns and programmes. | a highly evolved surveillance system in plants is able to detect a broad range of signals originating from pathogens, damaged tissues, or altered developmental processes, initiating sophisticated molecular mechanisms that result in defence, wound healing, and development. microbe-associated molecular pattern molecules (mamps), damage-associated molecular pattern molecules (damps), virulence factors, secreted proteins, and processed peptides can be recognized directly or indirectly by this survei ... | 2009 | 19628572 |
| innate immunity in plants: an arms race between pattern recognition receptors in plants and effectors in microbial pathogens. | for many years, research on a suite of plant defense responses that begin when plants are exposed to general microbial elicitors was underappreciated, for a good reason: there has been no critical experimental demonstration of their importance in mediating plant resistance during pathogen infection. today, these microbial elicitors are named pathogen- or microbe-associated molecular patterns (pamps or mamps) and the plant responses are known as pamp-triggered immunity (pti). recent studies provi ... | 2009 | 19423812 |
| evolutionary history and stress regulation of plant receptor-like kinase/pelle genes. | receptor-like kinase (rlk)/pelle genes play roles ranging from growth regulation to defense response, and the dramatic expansion of this family has been postulated to be crucial for plant-specific adaptations. despite this, little is known about the history of or the factors that contributed to the dramatic expansion of this gene family. in this study, we show that expansion coincided with the establishment of land plants and that rlk/pelle subfamilies were established early in land plant evolut ... | 2009 | 19321712 |
| rice pi5-mediated resistance to magnaporthe oryzae requires the presence of two coiled-coil-nucleotide-binding-leucine-rich repeat genes. | rice blast, caused by the fungus magnaporthe oryzae, is one of the most devastating diseases of rice. to understand the molecular basis of pi5-mediated resistance to m. oryzae, we cloned the resistance (r) gene at this locus using a map-based cloning strategy. genetic and phenotypic analyses of 2014 f2 progeny from a mapping population derived from a cross between ir50, a susceptible rice cultivar, and the ril260 line carrying pi5 enabled us to narrow down the pi5 locus to a 130-kb interval. seq ... | 2009 | 19153255 |
| modulating plant hormones by enzyme action: the gh3 family of acyl acid amido synthetases. | plants respond to developmental cues and environmental stresses by controlling both the level and activity of various hormones. one mechanism of modulating hormone action involves amino acid conjugation. in plants, the gh3 family of enzymes conjugates various amino acids to jasmonates, auxins, and benzoates. the effect of conjugation can lead to activation, inactivation, or degradation of these molecules. although the acyl acid and amino acid specificities of a few gh3 enzymes have been examined ... | 2010 | 21150301 |
| in silico identification of coffee genome expressed sequences potentially associated with resistance to diseases. | sequences potentially associated with coffee resistance to diseases were identified by in silico analyses using the database of the brazilian coffee genome project (bcgp). keywords corresponding to plant resistance mechanisms to pathogens identified in the literature were used as baits for data mining. expressed sequence tags (ests) related to each of these keywords were identified with tools available in the bcgp bioinformatics platform. a total of 11,300 ests were mined. these ests were cluste ... | 2010 | 21637594 |
| pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity: veni, vidi...? | | 2010 | 20921183 |
| transcriptional regulation of the crk/duf26 group of receptor-like protein kinases by ozone and plant hormones in arabidopsis. | plant receptor-like/pelle kinases (rlk) are a group of conserved signalling components that regulate developmental programs and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. one of the largest rlk groups is formed by the domain of unknown function 26 (duf26) rlks, also called cysteine-rich receptor-like kinases (crks), which have been suggested to play important roles in the regulation of pathogen defence and programmed cell death. despite the vast number of rlks present in plants, however, only a f ... | 2010 | 20500828 |
| regulation of the expression of plant resistance gene snc1 by a protein with a conserved bat2 domain. | plant resistance (r) genes encode immune receptors that recognize pathogens and activate defense responses. because of fitness costs associated with maintaining r protein-mediated resistance, expression levels of r genes have to be tightly regulated. however, mechanisms on how r-gene expression is regulated are poorly understood. here we show that modifier of snc1, 1 (mos1) regulates the expression of suppressor of npr1-1, constitutive1 (snc1), which encodes a toll/interleukin receptor-nucleotid ... | 2010 | 20439546 |
| changes in external ph rapidly alter plant gene expression and modulate auxin and elicitor responses. | ph is a highly variable environmental factor for the root, and plant cells can modify apoplastic ph for nutrient acquisition and in response to extracellular signals. nevertheless, surprisingly few effects of external ph on plant gene expression have been reported. we have used microarrays to investigate whether external ph affects global gene expression. in arabidopsis thaliana roots, 881 genes displayed at least twofold changes in transcript abundance 8 h after shifting medium ph from 6.0 to 4 ... | 2010 | 20444216 |
| assembly algorithms for next-generation sequencing data. | the emergence of next-generation sequencing platforms led to resurgence of research in whole-genome shotgun assembly algorithms and software. dna sequencing data from the roche 454, illumina/solexa, and abi solid platforms typically present shorter read lengths, higher coverage, and different error profiles compared with sanger sequencing data. since 2005, several assembly software packages have been created or revised specifically for de novo assembly of next-generation sequencing data. this re ... | 2010 | 20211242 |
| do trees grow on money? auxin as the currency of the cellular economy. | auxin plays a role in nearly every aspect of a plant's life. signals from the developmental program, physiological status, and encounters with other organisms all converge on the auxin pathway. the molecular mechanisms facilitating these interactions are diverse; yet, common themes emerge. auxin can be regulated by modulating rates of biosynthesis, conjugation, and transport, as well as sensitivity of a cell to the auxin signal. in this article, we describe some well-studied examples of auxin's ... | 2010 | 20182619 |
| a highway for war and peace: the secretory pathway in plant-microbe interactions. | secretion of proteins and other molecules is the primary means by which a cell interacts with its surroundings. the overall organization of the secretory system is remarkably conserved among eukaryotes, and many of the components have been investigated in detail in animal models. plant cells, because of their sessile lifestyle, are uniquely reliant on the secretory pathway to respond to changes in their environments, either abiotic, such as the absence of nutrients, or biotic, such as the presen ... | 2011 | 21742620 |
| phospholipases in action during plant defense signaling. | eukaryotic organisms rely on intricate signaling networks to connect recognition of microbes with the activation of efficient defense reactions. accumulating evidence indicates that phospholipids are more than mere structural components of biological membranes. indeed, phospholipid-based signal transduction is widely used in plant cells to relay perception of extracellular signals. upon perception of the invading microbe, several phospholipid hydrolyzing enzymes are activated that contribute to ... | 2011 | 21248491 |
| hrcq provides a docking site for early and late type iii secretion substrates from xanthomonas. | pathogenicity of many gram-negative bacteria depends on a type iii secretion (t3s) system which translocates bacterial effector proteins into eukaryotic cells. the membrane-spanning secretion apparatus is associated with a cytoplasmic atpase complex and a predicted cytoplasmic (c) ring structure which is proposed to provide a substrate docking platform for secreted proteins. in this study, we show that the putative c ring component hrcq from the plant pathogenic bacterium xanthomonas campestris ... | 2012 | 23226460 |
| development of expressed sequence tag and expressed sequence tag-simple sequence repeat marker resources for musa acuminata. | banana (musa acuminata) is a crop contributing to global food security. many varieties lack resistance to biotic stresses, due to sterility and narrow genetic background. the objective of this study was to develop an expressed sequence tag (est) database of transcripts expressed during compatible and incompatible banana-mycosphaerella fijiensis (mf) interactions. black leaf streak disease (blsd), caused by mf, is a destructive disease of banana. microsatellite markers were developed as a resourc ... | 2012 | 23240072 |
| regulation of plant immune receptors by ubiquitination. | from pathogen perception and the activation of signal transduction cascades to the deployment of defense responses, protein ubiquitination plays a key role in the modulation of plant immunity. ubiquitination is mediated by three enzymes, of which the e3 ubiquitin ligases, the substrate determinants, have been the major focus of attention. accumulating evidence suggests that ubiquitination modulates signaling mediated by pattern recognition receptors and is important for the accumulation of nucle ... | 2012 | 23109936 |
| hdt701, a histone h4 deacetylase, negatively regulates plant innate immunity by modulating histone h4 acetylation of defense-related genes in rice. | histone acetylation and deacetylation play an important role in the modification of chromatin structure and regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes. chromatin acetylation status is modulated antagonistically by histone acetyltransferases and histone deacetylases (hdacs). in this study, we characterized the function of histone deacetylase701 (hdt701), a member of the plant-specific hd2 subfamily of hdacs, in rice (oryza sativa) innate immunity. transcription of hdt701 is increased in the comp ... | 2012 | 22968716 |
| ectopic expression of hrf1 enhances bacterial resistance via regulation of diterpene phytoalexins, silicon and reactive oxygen species burst in rice. | harpin proteins as elicitor derived from plant gram negative bacteria such as xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (xoo), erwinia amylovora induce disease resistance in plants by activating multiple defense responses. however, it is unclear whether phytoalexin production and ros burst are involved in the disease resistance conferred by the expression of the harpin(xoo) protein in rice. in this article, ectopic expression of hrf1 in rice enhanced resistance to bacterial blight. accompanying with the act ... | 2012 | 22970151 |
| plant erd2s self-interact and interact with gtpase-activating proteins and adp-ribosylation factor 1. | erd2s (er luminal protein receptors)-mediated retrograde transport is one of the most substantial processes to maintain the endoplasmic reticulum (er) homeostasis. it is completed by the recognition of the escaped er luminal proteins, the gathering into cop i vesicle, and the fusion and releasing into the er. erd2s can recognize hdel/kdel motifs at the c-terminal of the escaped er luminal proteins at the golgi to initiate the retrograde transport. however, these mechanisms remain largely unknown ... | 2012 | 22899072 |
| fls2-mediated responses to ax21-derived peptides: response to the mueller et al. commentary. | | 2012 | 22923675 |
| receptor-like kinase complexes in plant innate immunity. | receptor-like kinases (rlks) are surface localized, transmembrane receptors comprising a large family of well-studied kinases. rlks signal through their transmembrane and juxtamembrane domains with the aid of various interacting partners and downstream components. the n-terminal extracellular domain defines ligand specificity, and rlk families are sub-classed according to this domain. the most studied of these subfamilies include those with (1) leucine-rich repeat (lrr) domains, (2) lysm domains ... | 2012 | 22936944 |
| lysin motif-containing proteins lyp4 and lyp6 play dual roles in peptidoglycan and chitin perception in rice innate immunity. | plant innate immunity relies on successful detection of microbe-associated molecular patterns (mamps) of invading microbes via pattern recognition receptors (prrs) at the plant cell surface. here, we report two homologous rice (oryza sativa) lysin motif-containing proteins, lyp4 and lyp6, as dual functional prrs sensing bacterial peptidoglycan (pgn) and fungal chitin. live cell imaging and microsomal fractionation consistently revealed the plasma membrane localization of these proteins in rice c ... | 2012 | 22872757 |
| protein phosphorylation in plant immunity: insights into the regulation of pattern recognition receptor-mediated signaling. | plants are continuously challenged by pathogens including viruses, bacteria, and fungi. the plant immune system recognizes invading pathogens and responds by activating an immune response. these responses occur rapidly and often involve post-translational modifications (ptms) within the proteome. protein phosphorylation is a common and intensively studied form of these ptms and regulates many plant processes including plant growth, development, and immunity. most well-characterized pattern recog ... | 2012 | 22876255 |
| ketoglutarate transport protein kgtp is secreted through the type iii secretion system and contributes to virulence in xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. | the phytopathogenic prokaryote xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae is the causal agent of bacterial leaf blight (bb) of rice and utilizes a type iii secretion system (t3ss) to deliver t3ss effectors into rice cells. in this report, we show that the ketoglutarate transport protein (kgtp) is secreted in an hpab-independent manner through the t3ss of x. oryzae pv. oryzae pxo99(a) and localizes to the host cell membrane for α-ketoglutaric acid export. kgtp contained an imperfect pip box (plant-inducible p ... | 2012 | 22685129 |
| tomato tft1 is required for pamp-triggered immunity and mutations that prevent t3s effector xopn from binding to tft1 attenuate xanthomonas virulence. | xopn is a type iii effector protein from xanthomonas campestris pathovar vesicatoria that suppresses pamp-triggered immunity (pti) in tomato. previous work reported that xopn interacts with the tomato 14-3-3 isoform tft1; however, tft1's role in pti and/or xopn virulence was not determined. here we show that tft1 functions in pti and is a xopn virulence target. virus-induced gene silencing of tft1 mrna in tomato leaves resulted in increased growth of xcv δxopn and xcv δhrpf demonstrating that tf ... | 2012 | 22719257 |
| an overall evaluation of the resistance (r) and pathogenesis-related (pr) superfamilies in soybean, as compared with medicago and arabidopsis. | plants have the ability to recognize and respond to a multitude of pathogens, resulting in a massive reprogramming of the plant to activate defense responses including resistance (r) and pathogenesis-related (pr) genes. abiotic stresses can also activate pr genes and enhance pathogen resistance, representing valuable genes for breeding purposes. the present work offers an overview of soybean r and pr genes present in the genosoja (brazilian soybean genome consortium) platform, regarding their st ... | 2012 | 22802711 |
| endoplasmic reticulum-quality control chaperones facilitate the biogenesis of cf receptor-like proteins involved in pathogen resistance of tomato. | cf proteins are receptor-like proteins (rlps) that mediate resistance of tomato (solanum lycopersicum) to the foliar pathogen cladosporium fulvum. these transmembrane immune receptors, which carry extracellular leucine-rich repeats that are subjected to posttranslational glycosylation, perceive effectors of the pathogen and trigger a defense response that results in plant resistance. to identify proteins required for the functionality of these rlps, we performed immunopurification of a functiona ... | 2012 | 22649272 |
| brassinosteroid action in flowering plants: a darwinian perspective. | the year 2012 marks the 150th anniversary of the publication of charles darwin's first botanical book, on the fertilization of orchids (1862), wherein he described pollen grains and outlined his evolutionary principles with respect to plant research. five decades later, the growth-promoting effect of extracts of orchid pollen on coleoptile elongation was documented. these studies led to the discovery of a new class of phytohormones, the brassinosteroids (brs) that were isolated from rapeseed (br ... | 2012 | 22547659 |
| bioinformatic identification of cassava mirnas differentially expressed in response to infection by xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis. | micrornas (mirnas) are short rna molecules that control gene expression by silencing complementary mrna. they play a crucial role in stress response in plants, including biotic stress. some mirnas are known to respond to bacterial infection in arabidopsis thaliana but it is currently unknown whether these responses are conserved in other plants and whether novel species-specific mirnas could have a role in defense. | 2012 | 22361011 |
| a rice transient assay system identifies a novel domain in nrr required for interaction with nh1/osnpr1 and inhibition of nh1-mediated transcriptional activation. | arabidopsis npr1 is a master regulator of systemic acquired resistance. npr1 binds to tga transcription factors and functions as a transcriptional co-activator. in rice, nh1/osnpr1 functions to enhance innate immunity. nrr disrupts nh1 function, when over-expressed. | 2012 | 22353606 |
| xylella fastidiosa comparative genomic database is an information resource to explore the annotation, genomic features, and biology of different strains. | the xylella fastidiosa comparative genomic database is a scientific resource with the aim to provide a user-friendly interface for accessing high-quality manually curated genomic annotation and comparative sequence analysis, as well as for identifying and mapping prophage-like elements, a marked feature of xylella genomes. here we describe a database and tools for exploring the biology of this important plant pathogen. the hallmarks of this database are the high quality genomic annotation, the f ... | 2012 | 22481888 |
| identification of genes required for cf-dependent hypersensitive cell death by combined proteomic and rna interfering analyses. | identification of hypersensitive cell death (hcd) regulators is essential to dissect the molecular mechanisms underlying plant disease resistance. in this study, combined proteomic and rna interfering (rnai) analyses were employed to identify genes required for the hcd conferred by the tomato resistance gene cf-4 and the cladosporium fulvum avirulence gene avr4. forty-nine proteins differentially expressed in the tomato seedlings mounting and those not mounting cf-4/avr4-dependent hcd were ident ... | 2012 | 22275387 |
| defense responses in two ecotypes of lotus japonicus against non-pathogenic pseudomonas syringae. | lotus japonicus is a model legume broadly used to study many important processes as nitrogen fixing nodule formation and adaptation to salt stress. however, no studies on the defense responses occurring in this species against invading microorganisms have been carried out at the present. understanding how this model plant protects itself against pathogens will certainly help to develop more tolerant cultivars in economically important lotus species as well as in other legumes. in order to uncove ... | 2013 | 24349460 |
| the endoplasmic reticulum binding protein bip displays dual function in modulating cell death events. | the binding protein (bip) has been demonstrated to participate in innate immunity and attenuate endoplasmic reticulum- and osmotic stress-induced cell death. here, we employed transgenic plants with manipulated levels of bip to assess whether bip also controlled developmental and hypersensitive programmed cell death (pcd). under normal conditions, the bip-induced transcriptome revealed a robust down-regulation of developmental pcd genes and an up-regulation of the genes involved in hypersensitiv ... | 2013 | 24319082 |
| the endoplasmic reticulum binding protein bip displays dual function in modulating cell death events. | the binding protein (bip) has been demonstrated to participate in innate immunity and attenuate endoplasmic reticulum- and osmotic stress-induced cell death. here, we employed transgenic plants with manipulated levels of bip to assess whether bip also controlled developmental and hypersensitive programmed cell death (pcd). under normal conditions, the bip-induced transcriptome revealed a robust down-regulation of developmental pcd genes and an up-regulation of the genes involved in hypersensitiv ... | 2013 | 24319082 |
| genomic survey of pathogenicity determinants and vntr markers in the cassava bacterial pathogen xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis strain cio151. | xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis (xam) is the causal agent of bacterial blight of cassava, which is among the main components of human diet in africa and south america. current information about the molecular pathogenicity factors involved in the infection process of this organism is limited. previous studies in other bacteria in this genus suggest that advanced draft genome sequences are valuable resources for molecular studies on their interaction with plants and could provide valuable too ... | 2013 | 24278159 |
| an s-domain receptor-like kinase, ossik2, confers abiotic stress tolerance and delays dark-induced leaf senescence in rice. | receptor-like kinases play important roles in plant development and defense responses; however, their functions in other processes remain unclear. here, we report that ossik2, an s-domain receptor-like kinase from rice (oryza sativa), is involved in abiotic stress and the senescence process. ossik2 is a plasma membrane-localized protein with kinase activity in the presence of mn(2+). ossik2 is expressed mainly in rice leaf and sheath and can be induced by nacl, drought, cold, dark, and abscisic ... | 2013 | 24143807 |
| novel applications of motif-directed profiling to identify disease resistance genes in plants. | molecular profiling of gene families is a versatile tool to study diversity between individual genomes in sexual crosses and germplasm. nucleotide binding site (nbs) profiling, in particular, targets conserved nucleotide binding site-encoding sequences of resistance gene analogs (rgas), and is widely used to identify molecular markers for disease resistance (r) genes. | 2013 | 24099459 |
| genome mining reveals the genus xanthomonas to be a promising reservoir for new bioactive non-ribosomally synthesized peptides. | various bacteria can use non-ribosomal peptide synthesis (nrps) to produce peptides or other small molecules. conserved features within the nrps machinery allow the type, and sometimes even the structure, of the synthesized polypeptide to be predicted. thus, bacterial genome mining via in silico analyses of nrps genes offers an attractive opportunity to uncover new bioactive non-ribosomally synthesized peptides. xanthomonas is a large genus of gram-negative bacteria that cause disease in hundred ... | 2013 | 24069909 |
| wrky76 is a rice transcriptional repressor playing opposite roles in blast disease resistance and cold stress tolerance. | oswrky76 encodes a group iia wrky transcription factor of rice. the expression of oswrky76 was induced within 48h after inoculation with rice blast fungus (magnaporthe oryzae), and by wounding, low temperature, benzothiadiazole, and abscisic acid. green fluorescent protein-fused oswrky76 localized to the nuclei in rice epidermal cells. oswrky76 showed sequence-specific dna binding to the w-box element in vitro and exhibited w-box-mediated transcriptional repressor activity in cultured rice cells ... | 2013 | 24043853 |
| recent advances in calcium/calmodulin-mediated signaling with an emphasis on plant-microbe interactions. | | 2013 | 24014576 |
| new type of antimicrobial protein produced by the plant pathogen clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis. | it has previously been shown that the tomato pathogen clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis secretes a 14-kda protein, c. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis amp-i (cmmamp-i), that inhibits growth of clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus, the causal agent of bacterial ring rot of potato. using sequences obtained from tryptic fragments, we have identified the gene encoding cmmamp-i and we have recombinantly produced the protein with an n-terminal intein tag. the gene sequence showe ... | 2013 | 23851100 |
| genomic analysis of the kiwifruit pathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae provides insight into the origins of an emergent plant disease. | the origins of crop diseases are linked to domestication of plants. most crops were domesticated centuries--even millennia--ago, thus limiting opportunity to understand the concomitant emergence of disease. kiwifruit (actinidia spp.) is an exception: domestication began in the 1930s with outbreaks of canker disease caused by p. syringae pv. actinidiae (psa) first recorded in the 1980s. based on snp analyses of two circularized and 34 draft genomes, we show that psa is comprised of distinct clade ... | 2013 | 23935484 |
| source-to-sink transport of sugar and regulation by environmental factors. | source-to-sink transport of sugar is one of the major determinants of plant growth and relies on the efficient and controlled distribution of sucrose (and some other sugars such as raffinose and polyols) across plant organs through the phloem. however, sugar transport through the phloem can be affected by many environmental factors that alter source/sink relationships. in this paper, we summarize current knowledge about the phloem transport mechanisms and review the effects of several abiotic (w ... | 2013 | 23898339 |
| an improved method for tal effectors dna-binding sites prediction reveals functional convergence in tal repertoires of xanthomonas oryzae strains. | transcription activators-like effectors (tales) belong to a family of virulence proteins from the xanthomonas genus of bacterial plant pathogens that are translocated into the plant cell. in the nucleus, tales act as transcription factors inducing the expression of susceptibility genes. a code for tale-dna binding specificity and high-resolution three-dimensional structures of tale-dna complexes were recently reported. accurate prediction of tal effector binding elements (ebes) is essential to e ... | 2013 | 23869221 |
| receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases are pivotal components in pattern recognition receptor-mediated signaling in plant immunity. | innate immunity is generally initiated with recognition of conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps). pamps are perceived by pattern recognition receptors (prrs), leading to activation of a series of immune responses, including the expression of defense genes, ros production and activation of map kinase. recent progress has indicated that receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (rlcks) are directly activated by ligand-activated prrs and initiate pattern-triggered immunity (pti) in both ... | 2013 | 23857358 |
| abscisic acid promotes susceptibility to the rice leaf blight pathogen xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae by suppressing salicylic acid-mediated defenses. | the plant hormone abscisic acid (aba) is involved in a wide variety of plant processes, including the initiation of stress-adaptive responses to various environmental cues. recently, aba also emerged as a central factor in the regulation and integration of plant immune responses, although little is known about the underlying mechanisms. aiming to advance our understanding of aba-modulated disease resistance, we have analyzed the impact, dynamics and interrelationship of aba and the classic defen ... | 2013 | 23826294 |
| the floral transition is not the developmental switch that confers competence for the arabidopsis age-related resistance response to pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato. | age-related resistance (arr) is a plant defense response characterized by enhanced resistance to certain pathogens in mature plants relative to young plants. in arabidopsis thaliana the transition to flowering is associated with arr competence, suggesting that this developmental event is the switch that initiates arr competence in mature plants (rusterucci et al. in physiol mol plant pathol 66:222-231, 2005). the association of arr and the floral transition was examined using flowering-time muta ... | 2013 | 23722504 |
| members of the xb3 family from diverse plant species induce programmed cell death in nicotiana benthamiana. | programmed cell death has been associated with plant immunity and senescence. the receptor kinase xa21 confers resistance to bacterial blight disease of rice (oryza sativa) caused by xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (xoo). here we show that the xa21 binding protein 3 (xb3) is capable of inducing cell death when overexpressed in nicotiana benthamiana. xb3 is a ring finger-containing e3 ubiquitin ligase that has been positively implicated in xa21-mediated resistance. mutation abolishing the xb3 e3 ac ... | 2013 | 23717500 |
| arabidopsis phospholipase dβ1 modulates defense responses to bacterial and fungal pathogens. | pathogen infection of higher plants often induces rapid production of phosphatidic acid (pa) and changes in lipid profiles, but the enzymatic basis and the function of the lipid change in pathogen-plant interactions are not well understood. infection of phospholipase d β1 (pldβ1)-deficient plants by pseudomonas syringae tomato pv dc3000 (pst dc30000) resulted in less bacterial growth than in wild-type plants, and the effect was more profound in virulent pst dc3000 than avirulent pst dc3000 (carr ... | 2013 | 23577648 |
| candidatus liberibacter americanus induces significant reprogramming of the transcriptome of the susceptible citrus genotype. | citrus huanglongbing (hlb) disease is caused by endogenous, phloem-restricted, gram negative, uncultured bacteria named candidatus liberibacter africanus (calaf), ca. l. asiaticus (calas), and ca. l. americanus (calam), depending on the continent where the bacteria were first detected. the asian citrus psyllid vector, diaphorina citri, transmits calas and calam and both liberibacter species are present in brazil. several studies of the transcriptional response of citrus plants manifesting hlb sy ... | 2013 | 23586643 |
| e-2-hexenal promotes susceptibility to pseudomonas syringae by activating jasmonic acid pathways in arabidopsis. | green leaf volatiles (glvs) are c6-molecules - alcohols, aldehydes, and esters - produced by plants upon herbivory or during pathogen infection. exposure to this blend of volatiles induces defense-related responses in neighboring undamaged plants, thus assigning a role to glvs in regulating plant defenses. here we compared arabidopsis thaliana ecotype landsberg erecta (ler) with a hydroperoxide lyase line, hpl1, unable to synthesize glvs, for susceptibility to pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (dc ... | 2013 | 23630530 |
| differential requirement of oryza sativa rar1 in immune receptor-mediated resistance of rice to magnaporthe oryzae. | the required for mla12 resistance (rar1) protein is essential for the plant immune response. in rice, a model monocot species, the function of oryza sativa rar1 (osrar1) has been little explored. in our current study, we characterized the response of a rice osrar1 t-dna insertion mutant to infection by magnaporthe oryzae, the causal agent of rice blast disease. osrar1 mutants displayed reduced resistance compared with wild type rice when inoculated with the normally virulent m. oryzae isolate po ... | 2013 | 23563801 |
| transcriptional profiling of rice early response to magnaporthe oryzae identified oswrkys as important regulators in rice blast resistance. | rice blast disease is a major threat to rice production worldwide, but the mechanisms underlying rice resistance to the causal agent magnaporthe oryzae remain elusive. therefore, we carried out a transcriptome study on rice early defense response to m. oryzae. we found that the transcriptional profiles of rice compatible and incompatible interactions with m. oryzae were mostly similar, with genes regulated more prominently in the incompatible interactions. the functional analysis showed that the ... | 2013 | 23544090 |
| arabidopsis and brachypodium distachyon transgenic plants expressing aspergillus nidulans acetylesterases have decreased degree of polysaccharide acetylation and increased resistance to pathogens. | the plant cell wall has many significant structural and physiological roles, but the contributions of the various components to these roles remain unclear. modification of cell wall properties can affect key agronomic traits such as disease resistance and plant growth. the plant cell wall is composed of diverse polysaccharides often decorated with methyl, acetyl, and feruloyl groups linked to the sugar subunits. in this study, we examined the effect of perturbing cell wall acetylation by making ... | 2013 | 23463782 |
| the pseudomonas syringae effector hopq1 promotes bacterial virulence and interacts with tomato 14-3-3 proteins in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. | a key virulence strategy of bacterial pathogens is the delivery of multiple pathogen effector proteins into host cells during infection. the hrp outer protein q (hopq1) effector from pseudomonas syringae pv tomato (pto) strain dc3000 is conserved across multiple bacterial plant pathogens. here, we investigated the virulence function and host targets of hopq1 in tomato (solanum lycopersicum). transgenic tomato lines expressing dexamethasone-inducible hopq1 exhibited enhanced disease susceptibilit ... | 2013 | 23417089 |
| reduced expression of glycolate oxidase leads to enhanced disease resistance in rice. | glycolate oxidase (glo) is a key enzyme in photorespiration, catalyzing the oxidation of glycolate to glyoxylate. arabidopsis glo is required for nonhost defense responses to pseudomonas syringae and for tobacco pto/avrpto-mediated defense responses. we previously described identification of rice glo1 that interacts with a glutaredoxin protein, which in turn interacts with tga transcription factors. tga transcription factors are well known to participate in npr1/nh1-mediated defense signaling, w ... | 2013 | 23638363 |
| a novel peroxidase canpod gene of pepper is involved in defense responses to phytophtora capsici infection as well as abiotic stress tolerance. | peroxidases are involved in many plant processes including plant defense responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. we isolated a novel peroxidase gene canpod from leaves of pepper cultivar a3. the full-length gene has a 1353-bp cdna sequence and contains an open reading frame (orf) of 975-bp, which encodes a putative polypeptide of 324 amino acids with a theoretical protein size of 34.93 kda. canpod showed diverse expression levels in different tissues of pepper plants. to evaluate the role of c ... | 2013 | 23380961 |
| image-based phenotyping of plant disease symptoms. | plant diseases cause significant reductions in agricultural productivity worldwide. disease symptoms have deleterious effects on the growth and development of crop plants, limiting yields and making agricultural products unfit for consumption. for many plant-pathogen systems, we lack knowledge of the physiological mechanisms that link pathogen infection and the production of disease symptoms in the host. a variety of quantitative high-throughput image-based methods for phenotyping plant growth a ... | 2014 | 25601871 |
| image-based phenotyping of plant disease symptoms. | plant diseases cause significant reductions in agricultural productivity worldwide. disease symptoms have deleterious effects on the growth and development of crop plants, limiting yields and making agricultural products unfit for consumption. for many plant-pathogen systems, we lack knowledge of the physiological mechanisms that link pathogen infection and the production of disease symptoms in the host. a variety of quantitative high-throughput image-based methods for phenotyping plant growth a ... | 2014 | 25601871 |
| plasma membrane protein trafficking in plant-microbe interactions: a plant cell point of view. | in order to ensure their physiological and cellular functions, plasma membrane (pm) proteins must be properly conveyed from their site of synthesis, i.e., the endoplasmic reticulum, to their final destination, the pm, through the secretory pathway. pm protein homeostasis also relies on recycling and/or degradation, two processes that are initiated by endocytosis. vesicular membrane trafficking events to and from the pm have been shown to be altered when plant cells are exposed to mutualistic or ... | 2014 | 25566303 |
| genetic diversity analysis in a set of caricaceae accessions using resistance gene analogues. | in order to assess genetic diversity of a set of 41 caricaceae accessions, this study used 34 primer pairs designed from the conserved domains of bacterial leaf blight resistance genes from rice, in a pcr based approach, to identify and analyse resistance gene analogues from various accessions of carica papaya, vasconcellea goudotiana, v. microcarpa, v. parviflora, v. pubescens, v. stipulata and, v. quercifolia and jacaratia spinosa. | 2014 | 25491793 |
| kinase domain-targeted isolation of defense-related receptor-like kinases (rlk/pelle) in platanus×acerifolia: phylogenetic and structural analysis. | plant receptor-like kinase (rlk/pelle) family regulates growth and developmental processes and interaction with pathogens and symbionts.platanaceae is one of the earliest branches of eudicots temporally located before the split which gave rise to rosids and asterids. thus investigations into the rlk family in platanus can provide information on the evolution of this gene family in the land plants.moreover rlks are good candidates for finding genes that are able to confer resistance to platanus p ... | 2014 | 25486898 |
| aspergiloid i, an unprecedented spirolactone norditerpenoid from the plant-derived endophytic fungus aspergillus sp. yxf3. | an unusual c18 norditerpenoid, aspergiloid i (1), was isolated from the culture broth of aspergillus sp. yxf3, an endophytic fungus derived from ginkgo biloba. its structure was unambiguously established by analysis of hrms-esi and spectroscopic data, and the absolute configuration was determined by low-temperature (100 k) single crystal x-ray diffraction with cu kα radiation. this compound is structurally characterized by a new carbon skeleton with an unprecedented 6/5/6 tricyclic ring system b ... | 2014 | 25550731 |
| development of disease-resistant rice using regulatory components of induced disease resistance. | infectious diseases cause huge crop losses annually. in response to pathogen attacks, plants activate defense systems that are mediated through various signaling pathways. the salicylic acid (sa) signaling pathway is the most powerful of these pathways. several regulatory components of the sa signaling pathway have been identified, and are potential targets for genetic manipulation of plants' disease resistance. however, the resistance associated with these regulatory components is often accompa ... | 2014 | 25431577 |
| making sense of hormone-mediated defense networking: from rice to arabidopsis. | phytohormones are not only essential for plant growth and development but also play central roles in triggering the plant immune signaling network. historically, research aimed at elucidating the defense-associated role of hormones has tended to focus on the use of experimentally tractable dicot plants such as arabidopsis thaliana. emerging from these studies is a picture whereby complex crosstalk and induced hormonal changes mold plant health and disease, with outcomes largely dependent on the ... | 2014 | 25426127 |
| tomato sr/camta transcription factors slsr1 and slsr3l negatively regulate disease resistance response and slsr1l positively modulates drought stress tolerance. | the sr/camta proteins represent a small family of transcription activators that play important roles in plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. seven slsr/camta genes were identified in tomato as tomato counterparts of sr/camta; however, the involvement of slsrs/camtas in biotic and abiotic stress responses is not clear. in this study, we performed functional analysis of the slsr/camta family for their possible functions in defense response against pathogens and tolerance to drought stre ... | 2014 | 25348703 |
| bacteria-triggered systemic immunity in barley is associated with wrky and ethylene responsive factors but not with salicylic acid. | leaf-to-leaf systemic immune signaling known as systemic acquired resistance is poorly understood in monocotyledonous plants. here, we characterize systemic immunity in barley (hordeum vulgare) triggered after primary leaf infection with either pseudomonas syringae pathovar japonica (psj) or xanthomonas translucens pathovar cerealis (xtc). both pathogens induced resistance in systemic, uninfected leaves against a subsequent challenge infection with xtc. in contrast to systemic acquired resistanc ... | 2014 | 25332505 |
| draft genome sequence of antagonistic agent lysobacter antibioticus 13-6. | lysobacter antibioticus 13-6, isolated from the roots of chinese cabbage, effectively controls the pathogens plasmodiophora brassicae, xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola, x. oryzae pv. oryzae, xanthomonas axonopodis pv. dieffenbachiae, and pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci. we report the first draft genome sequence of the l. antibioticus species in china. | 2014 | 25301638 |
| genomic insights into the evolutionary origin of xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri and its ecological relatives. | xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (xac) is the causal agent of citrus bacterial canker (cbc) and is a serious problem worldwide. like cbc, several important diseases in other fruits, such as mango, pomegranate, and grape, are also caused by xanthomonas pathovars that display remarkable specificity toward their hosts. while citrus and mango diseases were documented more than 100 years ago, the pomegranate and grape diseases have been known only since the 1950s and 1970s, respectively. interestingl ... | 2014 | 25085494 |
| genome-wide annotation of the soybean wrky family and functional characterization of genes involved in response to phakopsora pachyrhizi infection. | many previous studies have shown that soybean wrky transcription factors are involved in the plant response to biotic and abiotic stresses. phakopsora pachyrhizi is the causal agent of asian soybean rust, one of the most important soybean diseases. there are evidences that wrkys are involved in the resistance of some soybean genotypes against that fungus. the number of wrky genes already annotated in soybean genome was underrepresented. in the present study, a genome-wide annotation of the soybe ... | 2014 | 25201117 |
| transcriptomic dissection of the rice-burkholderia glumae interaction. | bacterial panicle blight caused by the bacterium burkholderia glumae is an emerging disease of rice in the united states. not much is known about this disease, the disease cycle or any source of disease resistance. to understand the interaction between rice and burkholderia glumae, we used transcriptomics via next-generation sequencing (rna-seq) and bioinformatics to identify differentially expressed transcripts between resistant and susceptible interactions and formulate a model for rice resist ... | 2014 | 25183458 |
| extracellular atp acts as a damage-associated molecular pattern (damp) signal in plants. | as sessile organisms, plants have evolved effective mechanisms to protect themselves from environmental stresses. damaged (i.e., wounded) plants recognize a variety of endogenous molecules as danger signals, referred to as damage-associated molecular patterns (damps). atp is among the molecules that are released by cell damage, and recent evidence suggests that atp can serve as a damp. although little studied in plants, extracellular atp is well known for its signaling roles in animals, includin ... | 2014 | 25232361 |
| differentially-expressed genes in rice infected by xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae relative to a flagellin-deficient mutant reveal potential functions of flagellin in host-pathogen interactions. | plants have evolved a sensitive defense response system that detects and recognizes various pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps) (e.g. flagellin) and induces immune responses to protect against invasion. transcriptional responses in rice to pamps produced by xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (xoo), the bacterial blight pathogen, have not yet been defined. | 2014 | 25187853 |
| ubiquitination of pattern recognition receptors in plant innate immunity. | lacking an adaptive immune system, plants largely rely on plasma membrane-resident pattern recognition receptors (prrs) to sense pathogen invasion. the activation of prrs leads to the profound immune responses that coordinately contribute to the restriction of pathogen multiplication. protein post-translational modifications dynamically shape the intensity and duration of the signalling pathways. in this review, we discuss the specific regulation of prr activation and signalling by protein ubiqu ... | 2014 | 25275148 |
| antimicrobial effects of a hexapetide kcm21 against pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 and clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis. | antimicrobial peptides (amps) are small but effective cationic peptides with variable length. in previous study, four hexapeptides were identified that showed antimicrobial activities against various phytopathogenic bacteria. kcm21, the most effective antimicrobial peptide, was selected for further analysis to understand its modes of action by monitoring inhibitory effects of various cations, time-dependent antimicrobial kinetics, and observing cell disruption by electron microscopy. the effects ... | 2014 | 25289010 |
| calmodulin gene expression in response to mechanical wounding and botrytis cinerea infection in tomato fruit. | calmodulin, a ubiquitous calcium sensor, plays an important role in decoding stress-triggered intracellular calcium changes and regulates the functions of numerous target proteins involved in various plant physiological responses. to determine the functions of calmodulin in fleshy fruit, expression studies were performed on a family of six calmodulin genes (slcams) in mature-green stage tomato fruit in response to mechanical injury and botrytis cinerea infection. both wounding and pathogen inocu ... | 2014 | 27135512 |
| plant disease resistance is augmented in uzu barley lines modified in the brassinosteroid receptor bri1. | brassinosteroid hormones regulate many aspects of plant growth and development. the membrane receptor bri1 is a central player in the brassinosteroid signaling cascade. semi-dwarf 'uzu' barley carries a mutation in a conserved domain of the kinase tail of bri1 and this mutant allele is recognised for its positive contribution to both yield and lodging resistance. | 2014 | 25135116 |
| lectin domains at the frontiers of plant defense. | plants are under constant attack from pathogens and herbivorous insects. to protect and defend themselves, plants evolved a multi-layered surveillance system, known as the innate immune system. plants sense their encounters upon perception of conserved microbial structures and damage-associated patterns using cell-surface and intracellular immune receptors. plant lectins and proteins with one or more lectin domains represent a major part of these receptors. the whole group of plant lectins compr ... | 2014 | 25165467 |
| wrky45-dependent priming of diterpenoid phytoalexin biosynthesis in rice and the role of cytokinin in triggering the reaction. | plant activators such as benzothiadiazole (bth) protect plants against diseases by priming the salicylic acid (sa) signaling pathway. in rice, the transcription factor wrky45 plays a central role in this process. to investigate the mechanism involved in defense-priming by bth and the role of wrky45 in this process, we analyzed the transcripts of biosynthetic genes for diterpenoid phytoalexins (dps) during the rice-magnaporthe oryzae interaction. the dp biosynthetic genes were barely upregulated ... | 2014 | 25033935 |
| jasmonate-triggered plant immunity. | the plant hormone jasmonate (ja) exerts direct control over the production of chemical defense compounds that confer resistance to a remarkable spectrum of plant-associated organisms, ranging from microbial pathogens to vertebrate herbivores. the underlying mechanism of ja-triggered immunity (jati) can be conceptualized as a multi-stage signal transduction cascade involving: i) pattern recognition receptors (prrs) that couple the perception of danger signals to rapid synthesis of bioactive ja; i ... | 2014 | 24973116 |
| sucrose and invertases, a part of the plant defense response to the biotic stresses. | sucrose is the main form of assimilated carbon which is produced during photosynthesis and then transported from source to sink tissues via the phloem. this disaccharide is known to have important roles as signaling molecule and it is involved in many metabolic processes in plants. essential for plant growth and development, sucrose is engaged in plant defense by activating plant immune responses against pathogens. during infection, pathogens reallocate the plant sugars for their own needs forci ... | 2014 | 25002866 |
| interaction specificity and coexpression of rice npr1 homologs 1 and 3 (nh1 and nh3), tga transcription factors and negative regulator of resistance (nrr) proteins. | the nonexpressor of pathogenesis-related genes 1, npr1 (also known as nim1 and sai1), is a key regulator of sa-mediated systemic acquired resistance (sar) in arabidopsis. in rice, the npr1 homolog 1 (nh1) interacts with tga transcriptional regulators and the negative regulator of resistance (nrr) protein to modulate the sar response. though five npr1 homologs (nhs) have been identified in rice, only nh1 and nh3 enhance immunity when overexpressed. to understand why nh1 and nh3, but not nh2, nh4, ... | 2014 | 24919709 |
| intervention of phytohormone pathways by pathogen effectors. | the constant struggle between plants and microbes has driven the evolution of multiple defense strategies in the host as well as offense strategies in the pathogen. to defend themselves from pathogen attack, plants often rely on elaborate signaling networks regulated by phytohormones. in turn, pathogens have adopted innovative strategies to manipulate phytohormone-regulated defenses. tactics frequently employed by plant pathogens involve hijacking, evading, or disrupting hormone signaling pathwa ... | 2014 | 24920334 |
| multiple recognition of rxlr effectors is associated with nonhost resistance of pepper against phytophthora infestans. | nonhost resistance (nhr) is a plant immune response to resist most pathogens. the molecular basis of nhr is poorly understood, but recognition of pathogen effectors by immune receptors, a response known as effector-triggered immunity, has been proposed as a component of nhr. we performed transient expression of 54 phytophthora infestansrxlr effectors in pepper (capsicum annuum) accessions. we used optimized heterologous expression methods and analyzed the inheritance of effector-induced cell dea ... | 2014 | 24889686 |
| characterization and mapping of a spotted leaf mutant in rice (oryza sativa). | spotted leaf mutant belongs to a class of mutants that can produce necrotic lesions spontaneously in plants without any attack by pathogens. these mutants have no beneficial effect on plant productivity but provide a unique opportunity to study programmed cell death in plant defense responses. a novel rice spotted leaf mutant (spl30) was isolated through low-energy heavy ion irradiation. lesion expression was sensitive to light and humidity. the spl30 mutant caused a decrease in chlorophyll and ... | 2014 | 25071406 |
| analysis of phaseolus vulgaris response to its association with trichoderma harzianum (all-42) in the presence or absence of the phytopathogenic fungi rhizoctonia solani and fusarium solani. | the present study was carried out to evaluate the ability of trichoderma harzianum (all 42-isolated from brazilian cerrado soil) to promote common bean growth and to modulate its metabolism and defense response in the presence or absence of the phytopathogenic fungi rhizoctonia solani and fusarium solani using a proteomic approach. t. harzianum was able to promote common bean plants growth as shown by the increase in root/foliar areas and by size in comparison to plants grown in its absence. the ... | 2014 | 24878929 |
| scopoletin is a phytoalexin against alternaria alternata in wild tobacco dependent on jasmonate signalling. | alternaria alternata (tobacco pathotype) is a necrotrophic fungus causing severe losses in nicotiana species by infection of mature leaves. similar to what has been observed in cultivated tobacco, n. tabacum, young leaves of wild tobacco, n. attenuata, were more resistant to a. alternata than mature leaves, and this was correlated with stronger blue fluorescence induced after infection. however, the nature of the fluorescence-emitting compound, its role in defence, and its regulation were not cl ... | 2014 | 24821958 |
| proteomics and transcriptomics of the baba-induced resistance response in potato using a novel functional annotation approach. | induced resistance (ir) can be part of a sustainable plant protection strategy against important plant diseases. β-aminobutyric acid (baba) can induce resistance in a wide range of plants against several types of pathogens, including potato infected with phytophthora infestans. however, the molecular mechanisms behind this are unclear and seem to be dependent on the system studied. to elucidate the defence responses activated by baba in potato, a genome-wide transcript microarray analysis in com ... | 2014 | 24773703 |
| growth-defense tradeoffs in plants: a balancing act to optimize fitness. | growth-defense tradeoffs are thought to occur in plants due to resource restrictions, which demand prioritization towards either growth or defense, depending on external and internal factors. these tradeoffs have profound implications in agriculture and natural ecosystems, as both processes are vital for plant survival, reproduction, and, ultimately, plant fitness. while many of the molecular mechanisms underlying growth and defense tradeoffs remain to be elucidated, hormone crosstalk has emerge ... | 2014 | 24777989 |
| arabidopsis genes, atnpr1, attga2 and atpr-5, confer partial resistance to soybean cyst nematode (heterodera glycines) when overexpressed in transgenic soybean roots. | extensive studies using the model system arabidopsis thaliana to elucidate plant defense signaling and pathway networks indicate that salicylic acid (sa) is the key hormone triggering the plant defense response against biotrophic and hemi-biotrophic pathogens, while jasmonic acid (ja) and derivatives are critical to the defense response against necrotrophic pathogens. several reports demonstrate that sa limits nematode reproduction. | 2014 | 24739302 |
| microbial signature-triggered plant defense responses and early signaling mechanisms. | it has long been observed that microbial elicitors can trigger various cellular responses in plants. microbial elicitors have recently been referred to as pathogen or microbe-associated molecular patterns (pamps or mamps) and remarkable progress has been made on research of their corresponding receptors, signaling mechanisms and critical involvement in disease resistance. plants also generate endogenous signals due to the damage or wounds caused by microbes. these signals were originally called ... | 2014 | 25438792 |
| functions of calcium-dependent protein kinases in plant innate immunity. | an increase of cytosolic ca(2+) is generated by diverse physiological stimuli and stresses, including pathogen attack. plants have evolved two branches of the immune system to defend against pathogen infections. the primary innate immune response is triggered by the detection of evolutionarily conserved pathogen-associated molecular pattern (pamp), which is called pamp-triggered immunity (pti). the second branch of plant innate immunity is triggered by the recognition of specific pathogen effect ... | 2014 | 27135498 |
| small non-coding rnas in plant-pathogenic xanthomonas spp. | the genus xanthomonas comprises a large group of plant-pathogenic bacteria. the infection and bacterial multiplication in the plant tissue depends on the type iii secretion system and other virulence determinants. recent studies revealed that bacterial virulence is also controlled at the post-transcriptional level by small non-coding rnas (srnas). in this review, we highlight our current knowledge about srnas and rna-binding proteins in xanthomonas species. | 2014 | 24667380 |
| transgenic expression of the rice xa21 pattern-recognition receptor in banana (musa sp.) confers resistance to xanthomonas campestris pv. musacearum. | banana xanthomonas wilt (bxw), caused by the bacterium xanthomonas campestris pv. musacearum (xcm), is the most devastating disease of banana in east and central africa. the spread of bxw threatens the livelihood of millions of african farmers who depend on banana for food security and income. there are no commercial chemicals, biocontrol agents or resistant cultivars available to control bxw. here, we take advantage of the robust resistance conferred by the rice pattern-recognition receptor (pr ... | 2014 | 24612254 |