| the effect of low temperature on the spirochetes of relapsing fever; the viability of four strains of spirochetes stored at -48 degrees centigrade. | | 1945 | 21065380 |
| nervous system lyme disease. | lyme disease, the multi-system infection caused by the tick-borne spirochaete borrelia burgdorferi, can involve the nervous system, most commonly causing, alone or in combination, lymphocytic meningitis or abnormalities of cranial or peripheral nerves, the latter most typically presenting as a painful radicular syndrome. diagnosis is based on appropriately used, standard serological tests; in instances where the central nervous system is involved, cerebrospinal fluid assessment for organism-spec ... | 2010 | 21127770 |
| multilocus sequence analysis of borrelia bissettii strains from north america reveals a new borrelia species, borrelia kurtenbachii. | using multilocus sequence analyses (mlsa), we investigated the phylogenetic relationship of spirochaete strains from north america previously assigned to the genospecies borrelia bissettii. we amplified internal fragments of 8 housekeeping genes (clpa, clpx, nifs, pepx, pyrg, recg, rplb, and uvra) located on the main linear chromosome by polymerase chain reaction. phylogenetic analysis of concatenated sequences of the 8 loci showed that the b. bissettii clade consisted of 4 closely related clust ... | 2010 | 21157575 |
| methylthioadenosine/s-adenosylhomocysteine nucleosidase, a critical enzyme for bacterial metabolism. | the importance of methylthioadenosine/s-adenosylhomocysteine (mta/sah) nucleosidase in bacteria has started to be appreciated only in the past decade. a comprehensive analysis of its various roles here demonstrates that it is an integral component of the activated methyl cycle, which recycles adenine and methionine through s-adenosylmethionine (sam)-mediated methylation reactions, and also produces the universal quorum-sensing signal, autoinducer-2 (ai-2). sam is also essential for synthesis of ... | 2010 | 21166890 |
| complete genome sequence of spirochaeta smaragdinae type strain (sebr 4228). | spirochaeta smaragdinae magot et al. 1998 belongs to the family spirochaetaceae. the species is gram-negative, motile, obligately halophilic and strictly anaerobic and is of interest because it is able to ferment numerous polysaccharides. s. smaragdinae is the only species of the family spirochaetaceae known to reduce thiosulfate or element sulfur to sulfide. this is the first complete genome sequence in the family spirochaetaceae. the 4,653,970 bp long genome with its 4,363 protein-coding and 5 ... | 2010 | 21304743 |
| typhlocolitis associated with spirochaetes in duck flocks. | the aetiology of increased mortality observed in two breeder duck flocks (flock a consisting of 3500 laying ducks and flock b comprising 4300 laying ducks) during the first egg-laying season was studied. in flocks a and b, 773 ducks and 715 ducks (18.4% and 16.6%) died within a 24-week and a 20-week period, respectively. death was preceded by clinical signs including movement difficulties, lack of appetite and depression lasting for 1 to 2 days. diarrhoea was not observed. on gross pathological ... | 2011 | 21331945 |
| reconstructing phylogeny from metabolic substrate-product relationships. | many approaches utilize metabolic pathway information to reconstruct the phyletic tree of fully sequenced organisms, but how metabolic networks can add information to original genomic annotations has remained open. | 2011 | 21342557 |
| new insights into the emerging role of oral spirochaetes in periodontal disease. | spirochaetes are prominent in the polymicrobial infections that cause periodontal diseases. periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory condition of the periodontium, characterized by proinflammatory soft tissue damage and alveolar bone loss. treponema denticola is the most well-understood oral spirochaete, expressing a wealth of virulence factors that mediate tissue penetration and destruction as well as evasion of host immune responses. this review focuses on emerging knowledge of virulence mechan ... | 2011 | 21414084 |
| evidence that the 36kb plasmid of brachyspira hyodysenteriae contributes to virulence. | swine dysentery (sd) results from infection of the porcine large intestine with the anaerobic intestinal spirochaete brachyspira hyodysenteriae. recently the genome of virulent australian b. hyodysenteriae strain wa1 was sequenced, and a 36kilobase (kb) circular plasmid was identified. the plasmid contained 31 genes including six rfb genes that were predicted to be involved with rhamnose biosynthesis, and others associated with glycosylation. in the current study a set of pcrs was developed to a ... | 2011 | 21458173 |
| tp0326, a treponema pallidum β-barrel assembly machinery a (bama) orthologue and rare outer membrane protein. | definitive identification of treponema pallidum rare outer membrane proteins (omps) has long eluded researchers. tp0326, the sole protein in t. pallidum with sequence homology to a gram-negative omp, belongs to the bama family of proteins essential for om biogenesis. structural modelling predicted that five polypeptide transport-associated (potra) domains comprise the n-terminus of tp0326, while the c-terminus forms an 18-stranded amphipathic β-barrel. circular dichroism, heat modifiability by s ... | 2011 | 21488980 |
| genetic structure of marine borrelia garinii and population admixture with the terrestrial cycle of lyme borreliosis. | despite the importance of population structure for the epidemiology of pathogenic bacteria, the spatial and ecological heterogeneity of these populations is often poorly characterized. here, we investigated the genetic diversity and population structure of the lyme borreliosis (lb) spirochaete borrelia garinii in its marine cycle involving colonial seabirds and different host races of the seabird tick ixodes uriae. multilocus sequence analyses (mlsa) on eight chromosomal and two plasmid loci (os ... | 2011 | 21651685 |
| biodiversity and leptospirosis risk: a case of pathogen regulation? | well balanced ecosystems have an essential role in disease regulation, and consequently their correct functioning is increasingly recognised as imperative for maintaining human health. disruptions to ecosystems have been found to increase the risk of several diseases, including hantavirus, lyme disease, ross river virus, malaria and ciguatera fish poisoning. leptospirosis is a globally important emerging zoonosis, caused by spirochaete bacteria, borne by many mammalian hosts, and also transmitte ... | 2011 | 21652151 |
| molecular characterization of the borrelia burgdorferi in vivo essential protein, pnca. | the conversion of nicotinamide to nicotinic acid by nicotinamidase enzymes is a critical step in maintaining nad+ homeostasis and contributes to numerous important biological processes in diverse organisms. in b. burgdorferi, the nicotinamidase enzyme, pnca, is required for spirochete survival throughout the infectious cycle. mammals lack nicotinamidases and therefore pnca may serve as a therapeutic target for lyme disease. contrary to the in vivo importance of pnca, the current annotation for t ... | 2011 | 21778210 |
| a high dietary concentration of inulin is necessary to reduce the incidence of swine dysentery in pigs experimentally challenged with brachyspira hyodysenteriae. | a total of sixty surgically castrated male pigs (large white-á+ù-álandrace) weighing 31-à2 (sd 4-à3)-ákg were used in a randomised block experiment to examine the effect of added dietary inulin (0, 20, 40 and 80-ág/kg) on the occurrence of swine dysentery (sd) and on fermentation characteristics in the large intestine after experimental challenge with the causative spirochaete brachyspira hyodysenteriae. the pigs were allowed to adapt to the diets for 2 weeks before each pig was challenged orall ... | 2011 | 21736788 |
| characteristic features of intracellular pathogenic leptospira in infected murine macrophages. | leptospira interrogans is a spirochaete responsible for a zoonotic disease known as leptospirosis. leptospires are able to penetrate the abraded skin and mucous membranes and rapidly disseminate to target organs such as the liver, lungs and kidneys. how this pathogen escape from innate immune cells and spread to target organs remains poorly understood. in this paper, the intracellular trafficking undertaken by non-pathogenic leptospira biflexa and pathogenic l.ôçâinterrogans in mouse bone marrow ... | 2011 | 21819516 |
| novel family of carbohydrate-binding modules revealed by the genome sequence of spirochaeta thermophila dsm 6192. | spirochaeta thermophila is a thermophilic, free-living, and cellulolytic anaerobe. the genome sequence data for this organism have revealed a high density of genes encoding enzymes from more than 30 glycoside hydrolase (gh) families and a noncellulosomal enzyme system for (hemi)cellulose degradation. functional screening of a fosmid library whose inserts were mapped on the s. thermophila genome sequence allowed the functional annotation of numerous gh open reading frames (orfs). seven different ... | 2011 | 21685171 |
| the coenzyme a disulphide reductase of borrelia burgdorferi is important for rapid growth throughout the enzootic cycle and essential for infection of the mammalian host. | in a microarray analysis of the rpos regulon in mammalian host-adapted borrelia burgdorferi, bb0728 (cdr) was found to be dually transcribed by the sigma factors σ(70) and rpos. the cdr gene encodes a coenzyme a disulphide reductase (coadr) that reduces coa-disulphides to coa in an nadh-dependent manner. based on the abundance of coa in b. burgdorferi and the biochemistry of the enzyme, coadr has been proposed to play a role in the spirochaete's response to reactive oxygen species. to better und ... | 2011 | 21923763 |
| Evaluation of the preventive capacities of a topically applied azithromycin formulation against Lyme borreliosis in a murine model. | Systemic antibiotic treatment of Lyme borreliosis is effective during the early stages of the infection, while chronic manifestations of the disease may remain refractory and difficult to treat. This study was carried out in order to evaluate the potential of topically applied azithromycin to eliminate the spirochaetal organisms in the skin of the freshly bitten host and thereby prevent Lyme borreliosis. | 2011 | 21921078 |
| application of medical and analytical methods in lyme borreliosis monitoring. | lyme borreliosis (lb) is one of the most common tick-borne diseases in the northern hemisphere. it is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by the spirochaete borrelia burgdorferi. in its early stages, pathological skin lesions, namely erythema chronicum migrans, appear. the lesions, usually localised at the site of the bite, may become visible from a few weeks up to 3 months after the infection. predominant clinical symptoms of the disease also involve joint malfunctions and neurological or car ... | 2011 | 22015476 |
| phenotypic and genetic diversity among intestinal spirochaetes (genus brachyspira) in free-living wild mallards (anas platyrhynchos) sampled in southern sweden. | brachyspira spp. are anaerobic intestinal spirochaetes that colonize vertebrates. some species cause enteric diseases in pigs, chickens and possibly in humans, whereas others display a commensual relationship with their hosts. the aims were to investigate the prevalence among colonized free-living wild mallards (anas platyrhynchos) of three enteropathogenic brachyspira spp., and to describe the biodiversity of brachyspira spp. isolates. isolates from 150 birds were screened by pcr for 3 pathogen ... | 2011 | 22036527 |
| biased gene transfer and its implications for the concept of lineage. | in the presence of horizontal gene transfer (hgt), the concepts of lineage and genealogy in the microbial world become more ambiguous because chimeric genomes trace their ancestry from a myriad of sources, both living and extinct. | 2011 | 21943000 |
| association of kir2ds4 and its variant kir1d with syphilis in a chinese han population. | syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum spirochaete bacterium. the killer immunoglobulin-like receptor (kir) gene family encodes cell surface receptors that are found on natural killer (nk) cells and certain t-cell subsets. nk cells are fast-acting effector lymphocytes of innate immunity that respond to infection. the activity of nk cells depends on the dynamic balance of activating and inhibitory signals that are transmitted through resp ... | 2011 | 22128817 |
| the use of elisas for monitoring exposure of pig herds to brachyspira hyodysenteriae. | abstract: background: swine dysentery (sd), a mucohaemorrhagic diarrhoeal disease of pigs, results from infection of the large intestine with the spirochaete brachyspira hyodysenteriae. elisa systems using whole spirochaete cells (wc) and the b. hyodysenteriae outer membrane lipoprotein bhlp29.7 previously have been established as potential diagnostic tools for sd. however, their true value in identifying infected herds remains unclear. the present study aimed to compare the performance of whol ... | 2012 | 22248341 |
| of ticks, mice and men: understanding the dual-host lifestyle of lyme disease spirochaetes. | in little more than 30 years, lyme disease, which is caused by the spirochaete borrelia burgdorferi, has risen from relative obscurity to become a global public health problem and a prototype of an emerging infection. during this period, there has been an extraordinary accumulation of knowledge on the phylogenetic diversity, molecular biology, genetics and host interactions of b. burgdorferi. in this review, we integrate this large body of information into a cohesive picture of the molecular and ... | 2012 | 22230951 |