| identification of an active new mutator transposable element in maize. | robertson's mutator (mu) system has been used in large scale mutagenesis in maize, exploiting its high mutation frequency, controllability, preferential insertion in genes, and independence of donor location. eight mutator elements have been fully characterized (mu1, mu2 /mu1.7, mu3, mu4, mu5, mu6/7, mu8, mudr), and three are defined by tir (mu10, mu11 and mu12). the genome sequencing revealed a complex family of mu-like-elements (mules) in the b73 genome. in this article, we report the identifi ... | 2011 | 22384340 |
| regulation of oxidative dna damage repair: the adenine:8-oxo-guanine problem. | reactive oxygen species (ros) constantly attack dna. one of the best-characterized oxidative dna lesions is 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine (8-oxo-g). many human diseases, such as cancer and neurodegenerative disorders, have been correlated with oxidative dna damage. in the last few years, dna polymerase (pol) λ, one of the 15 cellular pols, has been identified to play an important role in performing accurate translesion synthesis over 8-oxo-g. this is eminently important, since normally faithful repli ... | 2012 | 22370481 |
| effect of plastic occlusive clips used as an alternative to mulesing on breech conformation, body weight and survival of merino lambs. | to determine the effect of applying plastic clips to the breech and tail of lambs on the perineal and tail bare areas, breech wrinkle, dag (faecal) accumulation, urine stain, body weight and survival of lambs, compared with unclipped, unmulesed lambs and mulesed lambs. | 2012 | 22339120 |
| luteogenic and luteotropic effects of ecg during pregnancy in the mare. | the role of ecg during pregnancy was evaluated through the study of the temporal relationships between changes in ecg and progesterone concentrations and the formation of supplementary corpora lutea (scl) in mares impregnated with donkey semen (mule pregnancies) or with horse semen (equine pregnancies). concentrations of ecg were higher (p<0.01) in equine than in mule pregnancies between weeks 6.5 and 13. progesterone concentrations were higher in equine than in mule pregnancies between weeks 9 ... | 2012 | 22325968 |
| identification of an active mutator-like element (mule) in rice (oryza sativa). | transposable elements (tes) represent an important fraction of plant genomes and play a significant role in gene and genome evolution. among all te superfamilies discovered in plants, mutator from maize (zea mays) is the most active and mutagenic element. mutator-like elements (mules) were identified in a wide range of plants. however, only few active mules have been reported, and the transposition mechanism of the elements is still poorly understood. in this study, an active mule named os3378 w ... | 2012 | 22274888 |
| up-regulation of pro-apoptotic protein bim and down-regulation of anti-apoptotic protein mcl-1 cooperatively mediate enhanced tumor cell death induced by the combination of erk kinase (mek) inhibitor and microtubule inhibitor. | blockade of the erk signaling pathway by erk kinase (mek) inhibitors selectively enhances the induction of apoptosis by microtubule inhibitors in tumor cells in which this pathway is constitutively activated. we examined the mechanism by which such drug combinations induce enhanced cell death by applying time-lapse microscopy to track the fate of individual cells. mek inhibitors did not affect the first mitosis after drug exposure, but most cells remained arrested in interphase without entering ... | 2012 | 22270368 |
| prevalence of salmonella serotypes in male mule ducks in belgium. | salmonella species infections of male mule ducks were studied for 32 months in 100 flocks on nine duck farms in belgium. the prevalence of salmonella species infections changed significantly over time (p<0.001) with infection rates of 50, 13.4, 6.7, 2.6 and 2.9 per cent, respectively, at the time of arrival on the farm, at three, six and nine weeks of age, and when the ducks left the breeding unit to enter the force-feeding rooms (at 11 or 12 weeks of age). during the study period, 95 strains of ... | 2012 | 22266688 |
| do regional modifications in tissue mineral content and microscopic mineralization heterogeneity adapt trabecular bone tracts for habitual bending? analysis in the context of trabecular architecture of deer calcanei. | calcanei of mature mule deer have the largest mineral content (percent ash) difference between their dorsal 'compression' and plantar 'tension' cortices of any bone that has been studied. the opposing trabecular tracts, which are contiguous with the cortices, might also show important mineral content differences and microscopic mineralization heterogeneity (reflecting increased hemi-osteonal renewal) that optimize mechanical behaviors in tension vs. compression. support for these hypotheses coul ... | 2012 | 22220639 |
| regulation of oxidative dna damage repair by dna polymerase λ and mutyh by cross-talk of phosphorylation and ubiquitination. | it is of pivotal importance for genome stability that repair dna polymerases (pols), such as pols λ and β, which all exhibit considerably reduced fidelity when replicating undamaged dna, are tightly regulated, because their misregulation could lead to mutagenesis. recently, we found that the correct repair of the abundant and highly miscoding oxidative dna lesion 7,8-dihydro-8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanine (8-oxo-g) is performed by an accurate repair pathway that is coordinated by the muty glycosylase hom ... | 2012 | 22203964 |
| "drug mules" as a radiological challenge: sensitivity and specificity in identifying internal cocaine in body packers, body pushers and body stuffers by computed tomography, plain radiography and lodox. | the purpose of our study was to retrospectively evaluate the specificity, sensitivity and accuracy of computed tomography (ct), digital radiography (dr) and low-dose linear slit digital radiography (lsdr, lodox(®)) in the detection of internal cocaine containers. | 2012 | 22178312 |
| hybrid swarm between divergent lineages of mule deer (odocoileus hemionus). | studies of hybrid zones have revealed an array of evolutionary outcomes, yet the underlying structure is typically characterized as one of three types: a hybrid zone, a hybrid swarm or a hybrid taxon. our primary objective was to determine which of these three structures best characterizes a zone of hybridization between two divergent lineages of mule deer (odocoileus hemionus), mule deer and black-tailed deer. these lineages are morphologically, ecologically and genetically distinct, yet hybrid ... | 2011 | 22066874 |
| genetic differences in the serum proteome of horses, donkeys and mules are detectable by protein profiling. | although horses and donkeys belong to the same genus, their genetic characteristics probably result in specific proteomes and post-translational modifications (ptm) of proteins. since ptm can alter protein properties, specific ptm may contribute to species-specific characteristics. therefore, the aim of the present study was to analyse differences in serum protein profiles of horses and donkeys as well as mules, which combine the genetic backgrounds of both species. additionally, changes in ptm ... | 2011 | 22005420 |
| pack-mules: recycling and reshaping genes through gc-biased acquisition. | the availability of genomic sequences provided new opportunities to decipher how plant genomes evolve. one recent discovery about plant genomes is the abundance of pack-mules, a special group of transposable elements that duplicate, amplify and recombine gene fragments in many species at a very large scale. despite the widespread occurrence of pack-mules, their function remains an enigma. our analysis using maize, rice and arabidopsis genomic sequences indicates that the acquisition of genic seq ... | 2011 | 22016862 |
| metabolic acidosis in healthy mules under general anaesthesia with halothane. | to report the severe metabolic acidosis identified in a group of 11 healthy mules anaesthetized with halothane for castration. | 2011 | 21831054 |
| stopover ecology of a migratory ungulate. | 1. birds that migrate long distances use stopover sites to optimize fuel loads and complete migration as quickly as possible. stopover use has been predicted to facilitate a time-minimization strategy in land migrants as well, but empirical tests have been lacking, and alternative migration strategies have not been considered. 2. we used fine-scale movement data to evaluate the ecological role of stopovers in migratory mule deer odocoileus hemionus- a land migrant whose fitness is strongly influ ... | 2011 | 21545586 |
| tolazoline-induced apnea in mule deer (odocoileus hemionus). | eighteen mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) and six columbia black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus columbianus) were held in pens and repeatedly anesthetized from april 2004 through june 2005 as part of an external parasite study. deer were anesthetized using a combination of telazol and xylazine hydrochloride (hcl) administered intramuscularly. tolazoline hcl was slowly administered at 4 mg/kg intravenously to reverse the effects of xylazine with good results. for 17 of the 19 mule deer anesthesi ... | 2011 | 22946377 |
| soil clay content underlies prion infection odds. | environmental factors-especially soil properties-have been suggested as potentially important in the transmission of infectious prion diseases. because binding to montmorillonite (an aluminosilicate clay mineral) or clay-enriched soils had been shown to enhance experimental prion transmissibility, we hypothesized that prion transmission among mule deer might also be enhanced in ranges with relatively high soil clay content. in this study, we report apparent influences of soil clay content on the ... | 2011 | 21326232 |
| pack-mutator-like transposable elements (pack-mules) induce directional modification of genes through biased insertion and dna acquisition. | in monocots, many genes demonstrate a significant negative gc gradient, meaning that the gc content declines along the orientation of transcription. such a gradient is not observed in the genes of the dicot plant arabidopsis. in addition, a lack of homology is often observed when comparing the 5' end of the coding region of orthologous genes in rice and arabidopsis. the reasons for these differences have been enigmatic. the presence of gc-rich sequences at the 5' end of genes may influence the c ... | 2011 | 21220310 |
| effects of starch and fibre in pelleted diets on nutritional status of mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) fawns. | to compare the effects of a low-starch, high-fibre diet [lshf; 51.6% neutral detergent fibre (ndf), 3.0% starch, 14.8% crude protein (cp)] and a high-starch, low-fibre diet (hslf; 33.3% ndf, 20.0% starch, 19.6% cp) on the nutritional status of captive exotic ruminants, 16 mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) were fed one of these two diets ad libitum with ≤25% alfalfa hay cubes from 10 days to 68 weeks of age. during five sampling periods beginning in november and spaced 6-12 weeks apart thereafter, ... | 2011 | 21091543 |
| establishment of a definitive protocol for the diagnosis and management of body packers (drug mules). | 'mules' or body packers are people who transport illegal drugs by packet ingestion into the gastrointestinal tract. these people are otherwise healthy and their management should maintain minimal morbidity. in this study, experience with body packers is presented and an algorithm for conservative and surgical management is provided. | 2011 | 21068166 |
| epistasis among drosophila persimilis factors conferring hybrid male sterility with d. pseudoobscura bogotana. | the bateson-dobzhansky-muller model posits that hybrid incompatibilities result from genetic changes that accumulate during population divergence. indeed, much effort in recent years has been devoted to identifying genes associated with hybrid incompatibilities, often with limited success, suggesting that hybrid sterility and inviability are frequently caused by complex interactions between multiple loci and not by single or a small number of gene pairs. our previous study showed that the nature ... | 2010 | 21060872 |
| behavioral response races, predator-prey shell games, ecology of fear, and patch use of pumas and their ungulate prey. | the predator-prey shell game predicts random movement of prey across the landscape, whereas the behavioral response race and landscape of fear models predict that there should be a negative relationship between the spatial distribution of a predator and its behaviorally active prey. additionally, prey have imperfect information on the whereabouts of their predator, which the predator should incorporate in its patch use strategy. i used a one-predator-one-prey system, puma (puma concolor)-mule de ... | 2010 | 21058559 |
| mules in herodotus: the destiny of half-breeds. | in his histories, herodotus uses the mule as a symbol of both potential advantages and risks of intermarriage and reproduction between different ethnic groups. both literal mules and the children of mixed marriages are symbols of revolutions and new dynasties. these revolutions are often marked by an attempt to blend or conglomerate distinct cultural nomoi, or customs. herodotus' stories about ethnically mixed leaders and their effects upon their societies serve as both encouragement and warning ... | 2010 | 20873014 |
| the health service bus: an architecture and case study in achieving interoperability in healthcare. | interoperability in healthcare is a requirement for effective communication between entities, to ensure timely access to up to-date patient information and medical knowledge, and thus facilitate consistent patient care. an interoperability framework called the health service bus (hsb), based on the enterprise service bus (esb) middleware software architecture is presented here as a solution to all three levels of interoperability as defined by the hl7 ehr interoperability work group in their def ... | 2010 | 20841819 |
| oil on the water: government regulation of a carcinogen in the twentieth-century lancashire cotton spinning industry. | in the lancashire cotton textile industry, mule spinners were prone to a chronic and sometimes fatal skin cancer (often affecting the groin). the disease had reached epidemic proportions by the 1920s, which necessitated action by the government, employers, and trade unions. in contrast to previous accounts, this article focuses on the government's reaction to mule spinners' cancer. using official records in the national archives, the slow introduction of health and safety measures by the governm ... | 2010 | 20734570 |
| pack wounds of donkeys and mules in the northern high atlas and lowlands of morocco. | wounds are one of the primary welfare concerns of working equids and are often related to harness or load-bearing packs. | 2010 | 20486978 |
| retraction: tumor necrosis factor enhances sn38-mediated apoptosis in mesothelioma cells: the role of nuclear factor-kappab pathway activation. patrizia russo, alessia catassi, davide malacarne, stefano margaritora, alfredo cesario, luigi festi, antonino mulé, luigi ferri, pierluigi granone. cancer. 2005;103: 1503-1518. | | 2010 | 20229574 |
| the effects of a loin muscling quantitative trait locus (loinmax™) on carcass and via-based traits in crossbred lambs. | loinmax (lm) is a quantitative trait locus (qtl), which was found to be segregated in australian poll dorset sheep, and maps to the distal end of sheep chromosome 18. lm-qtl was reported to increase musculus longissimus dorsi area and weight by 11% and 8%, respectively. the aim of this study was to comprehensively evaluate the direct effects of lm-qtl in a genetic background typical of the stratified structure of the uk sheep industry, before it can be recommended for use in the united kingdom. ... | 2010 | 22443944 |
| on the water transport of animals with special reference to denmark. | transport of animals by water is a very old way of transport because it is relatively cheap and safe, with a minimum loss of animals. waterways have been used for the transport of living animals and various goods from ancient times, for example in ancient egypt and the roman empire. later, vikings were so successful in their conquests because they always had trained horses aboard. it is believed that the colonization of america was possible because spaniards were also bringing many horses with t ... | 2009 | 20166774 |
| identifying and prioritizing ungulate migration routes for landscape-level conservation. | as habitat loss and fragmentation increase across ungulate ranges, identifying and prioritizing migration routes for conservation has taken on new urgency. here we present a general framework using the brownian bridge movement model (bbmm) that: (1) provides a probabilistic estimate of the migration routes of a sampled population, (2) distinguishes between route segments that function as stopover sites vs. those used primarily as movement corridors, and (3) prioritizes routes for conservation ba ... | 2009 | 20014575 |
| environmental and demographic risk factors for poor welfare in working horses, donkeys and mules in developing countries. | over 85% of equids live in developing countries, where they are usually used for work. we aimed to identify environmental factors associated with potential welfare problems in working equids, helping target welfare interventions towards the most vulnerable animals. over 5 years, non-invasive behavioural and physical data were collected from 5481 donkeys, 4504 horses, and 858 mules across nine developing countries. hoof and limb problems were over 90% prevalent, and 85% of equids were thin. older ... | 2010 | 19926316 |
| estimating habitat selection when gps fix success is less than 100%. | inferences about habitat selection by animals derived from sequences of relocations obtained with global positioning system (gps) collars can be influenced by gps fix success. environmental factors such as dense canopy cover or rugged terrain can reduce gps fix success, making subsequent modeling problematic if fix success depends on the selected habitat. ignoring failed fix attempts may affect estimates of model coefficients and lead to incorrect conclusions about habitat selection. here, we pr ... | 2009 | 19886504 |
| effects of a quantitative trait locus for increased muscularity on carcass traits measured by subjective conformation and fat class scores and video image analysis in crossbred lambs. | a quantitative trait locus (qtl) for increased loin muscularity (tm-qtl) has previously been identified in purebred texel sheep. crossbred lambs born out of mule ewes mated to heterozygous texel sires for the tm-qtl were evaluated for a range of carcass traits. lambs were genotyped and classified as carriers (n = 62) of a single copy of the tm-qtl and non-carriers (n = 49). in this study, the effects of the tm-qtl on carcass attributes were investigated using subjective classification scores for ... | 2009 | 22444986 |
| clinical management of cocaine body packers: the hillingdon experience. | international smuggling of cocaine by internal concealment is a serious and growing problem. people who engage in this practice are commonly referred to as body packers or mules. the most serious risks associated with body packing include intestinal obstruction and death from cocaine intoxication. these patients were previously managed primarily by surgical retrieval. this was associated with significant mortality due to rupture of poorly constructed cocaine packages. more recently, conservative ... | 2009 | 19865578 |
| sequence diversity of a domesticated transposase gene, mug1, in oryza species. | mug1 is a mule transposon-related domesticated gene in plants. we assessed the sequence diversity, neutrality, expression, and phylogenetics of the mug1 gene among oryza ssp. we found mug1 expression in all tissues analyzed, with different levels in o. sativa. there were 408 variation sites in the 3886 bp of mug1 locus. the nucleotide diversity of the mug1 was higher than functionally known genes in rice. the nucleotide diversity (pi) in the domains was lower than the average nucleotide diversit ... | 2009 | 19390827 |
| species-wide phylogeography of north american mule deer (odocoileus hemionus): cryptic glacial refugia and postglacial recolonization. | quaternary climatic oscillations greatly influenced the present-day population genetic structure of animals and plants. for species with high dispersal and reproductive potential, phylogeographic patterns resulting from historical processes can be cryptic, overshadowed by contemporary processes. here we report a study of the phylogeography of odocoileus hemionus, a large, vagile ungulate common throughout western north america. we examined sequence variation of mitochondrial dna (control region ... | 2009 | 19302464 |
| landscape genetics of california mule deer (odocoileus hemionus): the roles of ecological and historical factors in generating differentiation. | landscape genetics is an emerging discipline that utilizes environmental and historical data to understand geographic patterns of genetic diversity. niche modelling has added a new dimension to such efforts by allowing species-environmental associations to be projected into the past so that hypotheses about historical vicariance can be generated and tested independently with genetic data. however, previous approaches have primarily utilized dna sequence data to test inferences about historical i ... | 2009 | 19302356 |
| dissecting roles of ubiquitination in the p53 pathway. | posttranslational modification of proteins by mono- or polyubiquitination represents a central mechanism to modulate a wide range of cellular functions like protein stability, intracellular transport, protein interactions, and transcriptional activity. analogous to other posttranslational modifications, ubiquitination is a reversible process counteracted by deubiquitinating enzymes (dubs), which cleave the isopeptide linkage between protein substrate and the ubiquitin residue. the p53 tumor supp ... | 2008 | 19202598 |
| effects of the texel muscling quantitative trait locus on carcass traits in crossbred lambs. | texel muscling quantitative trait locus (tm-qtl) is a qtl on chromosome 18, originally identified in purebred uk texel sheep, which was reported to increase ultrasonically measured muscle depth at the third lumbar vertebra by around 4% to 7%. the objective of the present study was to comprehensively evaluate the tm-qtl and to determine whether it could provide benefits to the uk sheep industry through increased carcass meat yield in crossbred slaughter lambs. effects of this qtl on a range of ca ... | 2009 | 22444221 |
| pack-mules carry functionality. | | 2009 | 19151221 |
| the functional role of pack-mules in rice inferred from purifying selection and expression profile. | gene duplication is an important mechanism for evolution of new genes. in plants, a special group of transposable elements, called pack-mules or transduplicates, is able to duplicate and amplify genes or gene fragments on a large scale. despite the abundance of pack-mules, the functionality of these duplicates is not clear. here, we present a comprehensive analysis of expression and purifying selection on 2809 pack-mules in rice (oryza sativa), which are derived from 1501 parental genes. at leas ... | 2009 | 19136648 |
| dna typing in populations of mule deer for forensic use in the province of alberta. | the present study involves the development of forensic dna typing tests and databases for mule deer in the province of alberta. two multiplex pcr reactions interrogating 10 loci were used to analyze samples from three populations of mule deer. additionally, an amelogenin based sex-typing marker was used to determine the gender of samples. results show that the tests and databases are appropriate for use in forensic applications. additionally, the results indicate that there is little population ... | 2008 | 19083820 |
| analysis of the dde motif in the mutator superfamily. | the eukaryotic mutator family of transposable elements is widespread in plants. active or potentially active copies are also found in fungi and protozoans, and sequences related to this family have been detected in metazoans as well. members of this family are called mutator-like elements (mules). they encode transposases, which contain a region conserved with transposases of the is256 prokaryotic family, known to harbor a dde catalytic domain. different dde or d34e motifs have been proposed in ... | 2008 | 19018586 |
| genetic and phenotypic aspects of foot lesion scores in sheep of different breeds and ages. | footrot is a costly endemic disease of sheep. this study investigates the potential to decrease its prevalence through selective breeding for decreased lesion score. pedigreed mule and scottish blackface (sbf) ewes were scored for lesions on each hoof on a 0 to 4 scale for up to 2 (sbf ewes) or 4 (mules) times over 2 years. one score was obtained for sbf lambs. an animal was deemed to have lesions (severe lesions) if at least one hoof had a score of at least 1 (2). the prevalence of lesions was ... | 2008 | 22443817 |
| mule or hinny might be a natural model for studying the role of parent genomes in carcinogenesis. | | 2008 | 18710794 |
| neonatal lamb vigour is improved by feeding docosahexaenoic acid in the form of algal biomass during late gestation. | to determine whether feeding a sustainable, algal source of docosahexaenoic acid (dha) to sheep during late pregnancy would improve neonatal lamb vigour, 48 english mule ewes, of known conception date, were divided into four treatment groups. for the last 9 weeks of gestation, ewes received one of two dietary supplements: either a dha-rich algal biomass providing 12 g dha/ewe per day, or a control supplement based on vegetable oil. the four dietary treatment groups (n = 12) were: control supplem ... | 2008 | 22443731 |
| perils of drug mules. | | 2016 | 18487469 |
| hepatic minerals of white-tailed and mule deer in the southern black hills, south dakota. | because there is a paucity of information on the mineral requirements of free-ranging deer, data are needed from clinically healthy deer to provide a basis for the diagnosis of mineral deficiencies. to our knowledge, no reports are available on baseline hepatic mineral concentrations from sympatric white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) and mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) using different habitats in the northern great plains. we assessed variation in hepatic minerals of female white-tailed d ... | 2008 | 18436666 |
| bilateral malignant seminoma with metastases in the mule: a report of two cases. | we report two cases of bilateral malignant seminoma in the bursula testium of two mules, which had been slaughtered normally. histologically, the testicular tumours consisted predominantly of large round to polyhedral cells with frequent mitotic figures. metastases were found in the sublumbar lymph nodes. a final histopathological diagnosis of malignant seminoma with metastasis was made. to our knowledge, this paper appears to be the first report of two cases of bilateral malignant seminoma with ... | 2008 | 18199269 |
| [renal infarction and kidney rupture: complication of a massive cocaine intoxication in an intestinal carrier]. | major complications derived from the use of cocaine have been described, alter nasal or intravenous administration of the drug. these complications are related to vascular spasm and secondary organ damage. we present the case of an intestinal cocaine packer--in slang, "mule"--, who suffered massive absorption of the drug, resulting n bowel, liver and renal ischemia. this situation, previously undescribe in the literature, ended in kidney rupture. an attempt of embolization, was unsatisfactory, a ... | 2007 | 17725458 |
| eel-1, a hect e3 ubiquitin ligase, controls asymmetry and persistence of the skn-1 transcription factor in the early c. elegans embryo. | during early divisions of the c. elegans embryo, many maternally supplied determinants accumulate asymmetrically, and this asymmetry is crucial for proper cell fate specification. skn-1, a transcription factor whose message is maternally supplied to the embryo, specifies the mesendodermal cell fate. in the 2-cell embryo, skn-1 is expressed at a higher level in the posterior cell. this asymmetry becomes more pronounced at the 4-cell stage, when skn-1 is high in the posterior cell's daughters and ... | 2007 | 17537795 |
| surgical treatment in cocaine body packers and body pushers. | body packers smuggle cocaine by swallowing containers filled with the drugs, whilst body pushers conceal the containers in the rectum or vagina. in a collaborative effort between the department of general surgery, two major airports and poisons centre, we performed a retrospective study to develop an algorithm for the treatment of ruptured cocaine-filled containers. | 2007 | 17520265 |
| contemporary management of drug-packers. | experience with management of drug-packers (mules) is variable among different centres. however, despite a recorded increase in drug trafficking in general, as yet, no unified, clear guidelines exist to guide the medical management of those who only occasionally encounter these individuals. we describe our recent experience with this growing problem and discuss the most salient points concerning the contemporary management of body packers. our recent experience demonstrates that type iv packages ... | 2007 | 17448234 |
| haematological and respiratory gas changes in horses and mules exercised at altitude (3800 m). | despite the common use of equids as visitors to high altitude mountainous environments, there are a paucity of carefully orchestrated scientific approaches. further, again as a function of a common perceived advantage of mules over horses in these similar environments there are needs for controlled comparisons between these 2 equids. | 2006 | 17402482 |
| survey on 'lumpy jaw' on deer farms in western canada: prevalence and distribution, and identification of associated factors. | to investigate the prevalence and geographical distribution of 'lumpy jaw' (lj) in a population of white-tailed deer (wtd; odocoileus virginianus) and mule deer (md; odocoileus hemionus) farms from the western canadian provinces of saskatchewan and alberta, and to identify factors associated with its occurrence. | 2007 | 17339914 |
| a genome-wide transcriptional activity survey of rice transposable element-related genes. | transposable element (te)-related genes comprise a significant portion of the gene catalog of grasses, although their functions are insufficiently characterized. the recent availability of te-related gene annotation from the complete genome sequence of rice (oryza sativa) has created an opportunity to conduct a comprehensive evaluation of the transcriptional activities of these potentially mobile elements and their related genes. | 2007 | 17326825 |
| do age and feeding levels have comparable effects on fat deposition in breast muscle of mule ducks? | the effects of age (from 1 day post-hatch to 98 days of age) and feeding levels (feed restriction followed by overfeeding v. ad libitum feeding) on lipid deposition in breast muscle (quantity and quality, localisation) of mule ducks were determined in relation to muscle energy metabolism (glycolytic and oxidative), plasma levels of lipids, glucose and insulin, and muscle capacity for lipid uptake (characterised by lipoprotein lipase (lpl) activity). two periods were defined for age effects on in ... | 2007 | 22444214 |
| evaluation of the effects of the sedation with azaperone/acepromazine and immobilization with guaiphenesin/thiopentone in mules. | | 2007 | 17186408 |
| detecting conserved interaction patterns in biological networks. | molecular interaction data plays an important role in understanding biological processes at a modular level by providing a framework for understanding cellular organization, functional hierarchy, and evolutionary conservation. as the quality and quantity of network and interaction data increases rapidly, the problem of effectively analyzing this data becomes significant. graph theoretic formalisms, commonly used for these analysis tasks, often lead to computationally hard problems due to their r ... | 2006 | 17037960 |
| the transposable element landscape of the model legume lotus japonicus. | the largest component of plant and animal genomes characterized to date is transposable elements (tes). the availability of a significant amount of lotus japonicus genome sequence has permitted for the first time a comprehensive study of the te landscape in a legume species. here we report the results of a combined computer-assisted and experimental analysis of the tes in the 32.4 mb of finished tac clones. while computer-assisted analysis facilitated a determination of te abundance and diversit ... | 2006 | 17028332 |
| of mules and weaving: thinking internationally. | | 2006 | 16910030 |
| mutator transposon in maize and mules in the plant genome. | mutator (mu) is by far the most mutagenic plant transposon. the high frequency of transposition and the tendency to insert into low copy sequences for such transposon have made it the primary means by which genes are mutagenized in maize (zea mays l.). mus like elements (mules) are widespread among angiosperms and multiple-diverged functional variants can be present in a single genome. mules often capture genetic sequences. these pack-mules can mobilize thousands of gene fragments, which may hav ... | 2006 | 16800377 |
| lupus of the upper respiratory tract. | lupus is a form of chronic tuberculous infection which can be differentiated from tuberculosis only on clinical grounds. lupus is very rarefy found in the present era. a 10 year mule child was diagnosed as a case of lupus on clinical and pathological examination. | 2006 | 23120279 |
| 'heshimu punda': brooke builds respect for working donkeys, horses and mules. | | 2006 | 16531577 |
| bifid tongue and mandibular cleft in three mule foals. | | 2006 | 16428665 |
| suspected ivermectin toxicosis in a miniature mule foal causing blindness. | a 9-week-old miniature mule foal presented to the veterinary medical teaching hospital for acute blindness, ataxia, and depression following an overdose of an over-the-counter ivermectin-based de-worming medication. ophthalmic examination and electrodiagnostic evaluation eliminated outer retinal abnormalities as the primary cause of the bilateral blindness, implicating instead a central neurologic effect of the drug. with symptomatic and supportive care, the foal recovered fully and regained its ... | 2012 | 16409242 |
| horizontal transfer of a plant transposon. | the majority of well-documented cases of horizontal transfer between higher eukaryotes involve the movement of transposable elements between animals. surprisingly, although plant genomes often contain vast numbers of these mobile genetic elements, no evidence of horizontal transfer of a nuclear-encoded transposon between plant species has been detected to date. the most mutagenic known plant transposable element system is the mutator system in maize. mu-like elements (mules) are widespread among ... | 2006 | 16336045 |
| endocrine and ultrasonographic aspects of the oestrous cycle of the mule. | the blood serum concentrations of progesterone and estradiol-17beta were measured at various stages of the oestrous cycle of seven female mules, and their reproductive tracts were examined ultrasonographically at the same stages. | 2005 | 16326968 |
| transposable elements, gene creation and genome rearrangement in flowering plants. | plant genome structure is largely derived from the differing specificities, abundances and activities of transposable elements. recent studies indicate that both the amplification and the removal of transposons are rapid processes in plants, accounting for the general lack of intergenic homology between species that last shared a common ancestor more than 10 million years ago. two newly discovered transposon varieties, helitrons and pack-mules, acquire and fuse fragments of plant genes, creating ... | 2005 | 16219458 |
| the evolutionary fate of mule-mediated duplications of host gene fragments in rice. | dna transposons are known to frequently capture duplicated fragments of host genes. the evolutionary impact of this phenomenon depends on how frequently the fragments retain protein-coding function as opposed to becoming pseudogenes. gene fragment duplication by mutator-like elements (mules) has previously been documented in maize, arabidopsis, and rice. here we present a rigorous genome-wide analysis of mules in the model plant oryza sativa (domesticated rice). we identify 8274 mules with intac ... | 2005 | 16140995 |
| life, death, and ubiquitin: taming the mule. | ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation is an efficient way for the cell to get rid of unwanted proteins. a key player in this process is the e3 ubiquitin ligase. in this issue of cell, and describe a new e3 ligase, arf-bp1/mule, which targets two very different substrates, p53 and mcl-1, with completely different cellular outcomes. | 2005 | 15989944 |
| gene movement by helitron transposons contributes to the haplotype variability of maize. | different maize inbred lines are polymorphic for the presence or absence of genic sequences at various allelic chromosomal locations. in the bz genomic region, located in 9s, sequences homologous to four different genes from rice and arabidopsis are present in line mcc but absent from line b73. it is shown here that this apparent intraspecific violation of genetic colinearity arises from the movement of genes or gene fragments by helitrons, a recently discovered class of eukaryotic transposons. ... | 2005 | 15951422 |
| the risk of body packing: a case of a fatal cocaine overdose. | the process of swallowing or inserting illegal packets of drugs for the purpose of evading law enforcement officers carries risks other than criminal charges. it can be fatal. individuals engaged in such activities are called "body packers" or "mules". the most frequent cause of the death among body packers is acute drug intoxication due to rupture of the package(s) within the gastrointestinal tract. we present the first documented case of a body packer that died from cocaine intoxication follow ... | 2005 | 15935945 |
| assessment of the welfare of working horses, mules and donkeys, using health and behaviour parameters. | working animals provide an essential transport resource in developing countries worldwide. many of these animals are owned by poor people and work in harsh environments, so their welfare is a cause for concern. a protocol was developed to assess the welfare of working horses, mules and donkeys in urban and peri-urban areas, using direct observation of health and behaviour parameters. in this study, 4903 animals used for draught, pack and ridden work in afghanistan, egypt, india, jordan and pakis ... | 2005 | 15907574 |
| pack-mules: theft on a massive scale. | it has been known for some time that plant transposons can capture and mobilize cellular genes. recent work by jiang and coworkers((1)) has revealed that this process has happened on a massive scale. they found that portions of more than 1000 genes in rice have been captured and mobilized by members of the mule family of transposons. in rice, and perhaps other plants as well, it appears that thousands of genes and portions of genes have been duplicated, transposed and rearranged. these results h ... | 2005 | 15770680 |
| gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist: a new approach to reversible contraception in female deer. | fertility control offers a potential alternative for controlling an abundance of wild ungulate populations where lethal methods are infeasible or unacceptable. a promising nonsteroidal, nonimmunologic approach to reversible contraception consists of agonist of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (gnrh). we evaluated the effects of the gnrh agonist, leuprolide, on reproduction, the suppression of luteinizing hormone (lh) and progesterone, blood parameters, and reproductive behavior in captive female m ... | 2004 | 15650089 |
| large granular lymphoma in a mule. | | 2004 | 15518408 |
| pack-mule transposable elements mediate gene evolution in plants. | mutator-like transposable elements (mules) are found in many eukaryotic genomes and are especially prevalent in higher plants. in maize, rice and arabidopsis a few mules were shown to carry fragments of cellular genes. these chimaeric elements are called pack-mules in this study. the abundance of mules in rice and the availability of most of the genome sequence permitted a systematic analysis of the prevalence and nature of pack-mules in an entire genome. here we report that there are over 3,000 ... | 2004 | 15457261 |
| immobilization of mule deer with thiafentanil (a-3080) or thiafentanil plus xylazine. | we evaluated thiafentanil oxalate (a-3080) for the immobilization of mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) under laboratory and field conditions. in a crossover experiment comparing recommended (0.1 mg/kg) and 2x recommended thiafentanil doses in captive deer, both produced rapid induction and immobilization. mean induction was shorter (p = 0.013) for the 2x group (1.9 vs. 3 min); mean reversals for both groups were rapid (recommended = 0.9 min after naltrexone injection; 2x = 1 min) and did not diffe ... | 2004 | 15362828 |
| why clone horses and mules? | | 2005 | 15264466 |
| relationships of loading history and structural and material characteristics of bone: development of the mule deer calcaneus. | if a bone's morphologic organization exhibits the accumulated effects of its strain history, then the relative contributions of a given strain stimulus to a bone's development may be inferred from a bone's hierarchical organization. the artiodactyl calcaneus is a short cantilever, loaded habitually in bending, with prevalent compression in the cranial (cr) cortex, tension in the caudal (cd) cortex, and shear in the medial and lateral cortices (i.e., neutral axis). artiodactyl calcanei demonstrat ... | 2004 | 14994328 |
| estimation of the liveweight of working mules in morocco from their body measurements. | during march 2001, 117 working mules, randomly chosen from four markets in morocco, were weighed and a series of body measurements recorded; their age and body condition score were also recorded. linear regression techniques were used to derive a 'best fit' equation for predicting liveweight from the other variables. for the working mules weighing between 131 and 391 kg the best prediction equation using two variables was: liveweight (kg) = -33 + 2.8 x heart girth (cm)+1.36 x length (cm). other ... | 2004 | 14756504 |
| transposable element annotation of the rice genome. | the high content of repetitive sequences in the genomes of many higher eukaryotes renders the task of annotating them computationally intensive. presently, the only widely accepted method of searching and annotating transposable elements (tes) in large genomic sequences is the use of the repeatmasker program, which identifies new copies of tes by pairwise sequence comparisons with a library of known tes. profile hidden markov models (hmms) have been used successfully in discovering distant homol ... | 2004 | 14734305 |
| evaluation of microchip migration in horses, donkeys, and mules. | to determine whether microchips used for identification migrate after implantation in horses, donkeys, and mules. | 2003 | 14621220 |
| [two patients with metastatic ovarian tumor (krukenberg's tumor) of gastric origin who underwent oophorectomy with paraaortic and intrapelvic lymph node dissection]. | we report 2 patients with metastatic ovarian tumors of gastric origin who underwent oophorectomy with paraaortic and intrapelvic lymph node dissection, and showed a relatively good outcome. case 1 a 40-year-old female with gastric cancer located in the mule area underwent total gastrectomy with d3 lymph node dissection on june 2, 1989. pathological stage was iiib and curability was b according to the jgca classification. in month 56 after surgery, a left ovarian tumor was detected, and bilateral ... | 2003 | 14619534 |
| regional differences in cortical bone organization and microdamage prevalence in rocky mountain mule deer. | the limb bones of cursorial mammals may exhibit regional structural/material variations for local mechanical requirements. for example, it has been hypothesized that mineral content (%ash) and secondary osteon population density (opd) progressively change from proximal (e.g., humerus) to distal (e.g., phalanx), in accordance with corresponding progressive changes in stress and mechanical/metabolic cost of functional use (both greatest in the distal limb). we tested this hypothesis in wild-shot r ... | 2003 | 12923894 |
| [cocaine-body-packing. infrequent indication for laparotomy]. | body-packers or "mules" are drug smugglers who swallow cocaine-filled condoms in order to conceal them during air travel. body pushers hide drug packages in the rectum or vagina. in a cooperative effort between the frankfurt airport clinic and the giz-nord (goettingen university poison control center), we performed a retrospective study and developed an algorithm for the problem of "rupture of a cocaine-filled condom in a body-packer." | 2003 | 12883789 |
| a mule cloned from fetal cells by nuclear transfer. | | 2003 | 12775846 |
| genetics. first cloned mule races to finish line. | | 2003 | 12775807 |
| a 'fair go' for coral hybridization. | hybridisation between coral species clearly occurs in vitro, but the evolutionary significance of this cross-fertility is still the subject of much debate. compelling genetic and reproductive evidence support introgressive hybridization amongst indo-pacific members of the scleractinian genus acropora. although population genetic analyses indicate that interspecific hybridization events are relatively rare, they are likely be important on evolutionary time scales, creating the capacity for adapti ... | 2003 | 12753202 |
| repeated measures of blood pressure and correlations between systolic pressure, pulse pressure and lv mass: a circular debate? | this month's edition of the journal contains an interesting contribution from mule and colleagues from palermo. the structure of the piece is very simple relating ambulatory blood pressure (abp) measures for systolic, diastolic and pulse pressure to lv mass in hypertensive patients. the technique employed is linear correlation analysis. pulse pressure is an area of interest of many of the readers, contributors and editorial board of the journal. this is not a new area nor is this a new approach. ... | 2003 | 12692565 |
| fertile mules. | | 2003 | 12620042 |
| mdm-1 and mdm-2: two mutator-derived mite families in rice. | numerous miniature inverted repeat transposable elements (mites) are present in the rice genome but their transposition mechanisms are unknown. in this report, we present evidence that two novel mite families may have arisen from mutator-related transposable elements and thus may use a transposition mechanism similar to that of mutator elements. two families of novel mites, namely, mdm-1 and mdm-2, were identified by searching for mites nested with kiddo, a previously identified mite family. mdm ... | 2003 | 12612829 |
| a foal from a mule in morocco. | | 2003 | 12570318 |
| mutator transposons. | mutator (mu) element insertion has become the main way of mutating and cloning maize genes, but we are only beginning to understand how this transposon system is regulated. mu elements are under tight developmental control and are subject to a form of epigenetic regulation that shares some features with the regulation of paramutable maize genes. mu-like elements (mules) are widespread among angiosperms, and multiple diverged functional variants appear to have coexisted in genomes for long period ... | 2002 | 12417150 |
| farm safety issues in old order anabaptist communities: unique aspects and innovative intervention strategies. | the amish and other old order anabaptists have been inseparably linked with agriculture since coming to america. however few efforts have been identified which analyze the issues involved with old order anabaptist farm injuries or present best practices for addressing these problems. as part of an effort to develop culturally appropriate and effective injury prevention strategies for use within the old order anabaptist community, this article identifies important cultural issues that should be c ... | 2002 | 12002375 |
| pharmacokinetics of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim in donkeys, mules, and horses. | to compare serum disposition of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim after iv administration to donkeys, mules, and horses. | 2002 | 11911569 |
| fight or flight? antipredator behavior and the escalation of coyote encounters with deer. | it is well known that prey of different size and morphology often use different antipredator strategies. the prevailing notion is that this occurs because size, morphology and weaponry determine the relative effectiveness of alternative strategies, and nowhere is this assumption more entrenched than in our view of the basic decision to stay, fight or flee. here, we use observations of coyote (canis latrans) packs hunting deer in winter to show that two ungulates of similar size and morphology, w ... | 2002 | 28547505 |
| the transportation of mules from south america to the west indies in the 1860s. | | 1998 | 11620288 |
| modeling and remodeling in a developing artiodactyl calcaneus: a model for evaluating frost's mechanostat hypothesis and its corollaries. | the artiodactyl (mule deer) calcaneus was examined for structural and material features that represent regional differences in cortical bone modeling and remodeling activities. cortical thickness, resorption and formation surfaces, mineral content (percent ash), and microstructure were quantified between and within skeletally immature and mature bones. these features were examined to see if they are consistent with predictions of frost's mechanostat paradigm of mechanically induced bone adaptati ... | 2001 | 11360234 |