| she's a femme fatale: low-density larval development produces good disease vectors. | two hypotheses for how conditions for larval mosquitoes affect vectorial capacity make opposite predictions about the relationship of adult size and frequency of infection with vector-borne pathogens. competition among larvae produces small adult females. the competition-susceptibility hypothesis postulates that small females are more susceptible to infection and predicts frequency of infection should decrease with size. the competition-longevity hypothesis postulates that small females have low ... | 0 | 25591112 |
| chemical and biological insecticides select distinct gene expression patterns in aedes aegypti mosquito. | worldwide evolution of mosquito resistance to chemical insecticides represents a major challenge for public health, and the future of vector control largely relies on the development of biological insecticides that can be used in combination with chemicals (integrated management), with the expectation that populations already resistant to chemicals will not become readily resistant to biological insecticides. however, little is known about the metabolic pathways affected by selection with chemic ... | 0 | 25540155 |
| peripheral olfactory signaling in insects. | olfactory signaling is a crucial component in the life history of insects. the development of precise and parallel mechanisms to analyze the tremendous amount of chemical information from the environment and other sources has been essential to their evolutionary success. considerable progress has been made in the study of insect olfaction fueled by bioinformatics- based utilization of genomics along with rapid advances in functional analyses. here we review recent progress in our rapidly emergin ... | 0 | 25584200 |
| the enigmatic reception of deet - the gold standard of insect repellents. | repellents are important prophylactic tools for travelers and populations living in endemic areas of malaria, dengue, encephalitis, and other vector-borne diseases. deet is a safe, broad spectrum repellent, which provides complete protection over a long period of time. despite its low cost, more affordable alternatives are highly desirable, particularly for those in endemic areas where cost is an impediment. alternative compounds like ir 3535 and picaridin have been developed using molecular mod ... | 0 | 25530943 |
| transcriptome responses of the host trichoplusia ni to infection by the baculovirus autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus. | productive infection of trichoplusia ni cells by the baculovirus autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (acmnpv) leads to expression of ~156 viral genes and results in dramatic cell remodeling. how the cell transcriptome responds to viral infection was unknown due to the lack of a reference genome and transcriptome for t. ni. we used an ~60-gb rna sequencing (rna-seq) data set from infected and uninfected t. ni cells to generate and annotate a de novo transcriptome assembly of appr ... | 2014 | 25231311 |
| an experimental and bioinformatics protocol for rna-seq analyses of photoperiodic diapause in the asian tiger mosquito, aedes albopictus. | photoperiodic diapause is an important adaptation that allows individuals to escape harsh seasonal environments via a series of physiological changes, most notably developmental arrest and reduced metabolism. global gene expression profiling via rna-seq can provide important insights into the transcriptional mechanisms of photoperiodic diapause. the asian tiger mosquito, aedes albopictus, is an outstanding organism for studying the transcriptional bases of diapause due to its ease of rearing, ea ... | 2014 | 25490084 |
| dengue co-infection in a blood stream infection caused by stenotrophomonas maltophilia: a case report. | stenotrophomonas maltophilia (s. maltophilia) is an emerging opportunistic bacterial pathogen with resistance to several commonly used antibiotics. owing to its multidrug resistance (mdr), management of s. maltophilia blood stream infection (bsi) is challenging and requires the selection of appropriate antibiotic therapy. the presence of thrombocytopenia and shock are independent risk factors associated with increased mortality in patients with s. maltophilia bsi. we describe an unusual case of ... | 2014 | 25550715 |
| concurrent transcriptional profiling of dirofilaria immitis and its wolbachia endosymbiont throughout the nematode life cycle reveals coordinated gene expression. | dirofilaria immitis, or canine heartworm, is a filarial nematode parasite that infects dogs and other mammals worldwide. current disease control relies on regular administration of anthelmintic preventives, however, relatively poor compliance and evidence of developing drug resistance could warrant alternative measures against d. immitis and related human filarial infections be taken. as with many other filarial nematodes, d. immitis contains wolbachia, an obligate bacterial endosymbiont thought ... | 2014 | 25433394 |
| non-coding rna gene families in the genomes of anopheline mosquitoes. | only a small fraction of the mosquito species of the genus anopheles are able to transmit malaria, one of the biggest killer diseases of poverty, which is mostly prevalent in the tropics. this diversity has genetic, yet unknown, causes. in a further attempt to contribute to the elucidation of these variances, the international "anopheles genomes cluster consortium" project (a.k.a. "16 anopheles genomes project") was established, aiming at a comprehensive genomic analysis of several anopheline sp ... | 2014 | 25432596 |
| targeted mutagenesis of aryl hydrocarbon receptor 2a and 2b genes in atlantic killifish (fundulus heteroclitus). | understanding molecular mechanisms of toxicity is facilitated by experimental manipulations, such as disruption of function by gene targeting, that are especially challenging in non-standard model species with limited genomic resources. while loss-of-function approaches have included gene knock-down using morpholino-modified oligonucleotides and random mutagenesis using mutagens or retroviruses, more recent approaches include targeted mutagenesis using zinc finger nuclease (zfn), transcription a ... | 2014 | 25481785 |
| the lineage-specific evolution of aquaporin gene clusters facilitated tetrapod terrestrial adaptation. | a major physiological barrier for aquatic organisms adapting to terrestrial life is dessication in the aerial environment. this barrier was nevertheless overcome by the devonian ancestors of extant tetrapoda, but the origin of specific molecular mechanisms that solved this water problem remains largely unknown. here we show that an ancient aquaporin gene cluster evolved specifically in the sarcopterygian lineage, and subsequently diverged into paralogous forms of aqp2, -5, or -6 to mediate water ... | 2014 | 25426855 |
| spatiotemporal clustering, climate periodicity, and social-ecological risk factors for dengue during an outbreak in machala, ecuador, in 2010. | dengue fever, a mosquito-borne viral disease, is a rapidly emerging public health problem in ecuador and throughout the tropics. however, we have a limited understanding of the disease transmission dynamics in these regions. previous studies in southern coastal ecuador have demonstrated the potential to develop a dengue early warning system (ews) that incorporates climate and non-climate information. the objective of this study was to characterize the spatiotemporal dynamics and climatic and soc ... | 2014 | 25420543 |
| functional characterization of five different prxamide receptors of the red flour beetle tribolium castaneum with peptidomimetics and identification of agonists and antagonists. | the neuropeptidergic system in insects is an excellent target for pest control strategies. one promising biorational approach is the use of peptidomimetics modified from endogenous ligands to enhance biostability and bioavailability. in this study, we functionally characterized five different g protein-coupled receptors in a phylogenetic cluster, containing receptors for prxamide in the red flour beetle tribolium castaneum, by evaluating a series of 70 different peptides and peptidomimetics. thr ... | 2014 | 25447413 |
| coordinated changes in jh biosynthesis and jh hemolymph titers in aedes aegypti mosquitoes. | juvenile hormone iii (jh) is synthesized by the corpora allata (ca) and plays a key role in mosquito development and reproduction. a decrease in jh titer during the last instar larvae allows pupation and metamorphosis to proceed. as the anti-metamorphic role of jh comes to an end, the ca of the late pupa once again synthesizes jh, which plays an essential role in orchestrating reproductive maturation. in spite of the importance of aedes aegypti as a vector, a detailed study of the changes of jh ... | 2014 | 25445664 |
| approaches to refining estimates of global burden and economics of dengue. | dengue presents a formidable and growing global economic and disease burden, with around half the world's population estimated to be at risk of infection. there is wide variation and substantial uncertainty in current estimates of dengue disease burden and, consequently, on economic burden estimates. dengue disease varies across time, geography and persons affected. variations in the transmission of four different viruses and interactions among vector density and host's immune status, age, pre-e ... | 2014 | 25412506 |
| the relevance of dengue virus genotypes surveillance at country level before vaccine approval. | dengue is a major threat for public health in tropical and subtropical countries around the world. in the absence of a licensed vaccine and effective antiviral therapies, control measures have been based on education activities and vector elimination. current efforts for developing a vaccine are both promising and troubling. at the advent of the introduction of a tetravalent dengue vaccine, molecular surveillance of the circulating genotypes in different geographical regions has gained considera ... | 2014 | 25483495 |
| characterization of the anopheles gambiae octopamine receptor and discovery of potential agonists and antagonists using a combined computational-experimental approach. | octopamine receptors (oars) perform key functions in the biological pathways of primarily invertebrates, making this class of g-protein coupled receptors (gpcrs) a potentially good target for insecticides. however, the lack of structural and experimental data for this insect-essential gpcr family has promoted the development of homology models that are good representations of their biological equivalents for in silico screening of small molecules. | 2014 | 25407998 |
| promoting health education and public awareness about dengue and its mosquito vector in saudi arabia. | currently, dengue fever is considered as the main health problem in several parts (mekkah, jeddah, jazan and najran) of kingdom of saudi arabia (ksa) with dramatically increase in the number of cases reported every year. this is associated with obvious ineffectiveness in the recent control and management programs for the mosquito vector (aedes aegypti). here, we suggested promoting the health education and public awareness among saudi people to improve the control of dengue mosquito vector. seve ... | 2014 | 25403705 |
| modelling hen harrier dynamics to inform human-wildlife conflict resolution: a spatially-realistic, individual-based approach. | individual-based models have gained popularity in ecology, and enable simultaneous incorporation of spatial explicitness and population dynamic processes to understand spatio-temporal patterns of populations. we introduce an individual-based model for understanding and predicting spatial hen harrier (circus cyaneus) population dynamics in great britain. the model uses a landscape with habitat, prey and game management indices. the hen harrier population was initialised according to empirical cen ... | 2014 | 25405860 |
| comparative gene expression of wigglesworthia inhabiting non-infected and trypanosoma brucei gambiense-infected glossina palpalis gambiensis flies. | tsetse flies (glossina sp.) that transmit trypanosomes causing human (and animal) african trypanosomiasis (hat and aat, respectively) harbor symbiotic microorganisms, including the obligate primary symbiont wigglesworthia glossinidia. a relationship between wigglesworthia and tsetse fly infection by trypanosomes has been suggested, as removal of the symbiont results in a higher susceptibility to midgut infection in adult flies. to investigate this relationship and to decipher the role of w. glos ... | 2014 | 25452752 |
| evolution of mosquito preference for humans linked to an odorant receptor. | female mosquitoes are major vectors of human disease and the most dangerous are those that preferentially bite humans. a 'domestic' form of the mosquito aedes aegypti has evolved to specialize in biting humans and is the main worldwide vector of dengue, yellow fever, and chikungunya viruses. the domestic form coexists with an ancestral, 'forest' form that prefers to bite non-human animals and is found along the coast of kenya. we collected the two forms, established laboratory colonies, and docu ... | 0 | 25391959 |
| genomic signal processing methods for computation of alignment-free distances from dna sequences. | genomic signal processing (gsp) refers to the use of digital signal processing (dsp) tools for analyzing genomic data such as dna sequences. a possible application of gsp that has not been fully explored is the computation of the distance between a pair of sequences. in this work we present gafd, a novel gsp alignment-free distance computation method. we introduce a dna sequence-to-signal mapping function based on the employment of doublet values, which increases the number of possible amplitude ... | 2014 | 25393409 |
| phytochemical constituents and toxicity of duguetia furfuracea hydroalcoholic extract in drosophila melanogaster. | duguetia furfuracea is frequently used as a medicinal plant in brazil. however, studies have evidenced its cytotoxic, bactericide, and antitumor activities. in the present study we aimed to evaluate the potential toxicity of hydroalcoholic leaves extracts of d. furfuracea (hedf) in a drosophila melanogaster model. toxicity was assessed as changes in locomotor performance, mitochondrial activity, oxidative stress, mapks phosphorylation, and apoptosis induction after exposure to hedf concentration ... | 2014 | 25435894 |
| establishment of macrocyclic lactone resistant dirofilaria immitis isolates in experimentally infected laboratory dogs. | strains of dirofilaria immitis suspected of lack of efficacy (loe) to macrocyclic lactone (ml) preventive drugs have been increasingly reported in dogs by practicing veterinarians since 2005 in the lower mississippi delta region. if proven, and not controlled in the early stages, the emergence of ml drug resistance threatens to become a widespread problem in the us that may limit the effectiveness of current preventive drug treatment methods. | 2014 | 25376278 |
| motif mismatches in microsatellites: insights from genome-wide investigation among 20 insect species. | we present a detailed genome-wide comparative study of motif mismatches of microsatellites among 20 insect species representing five taxonomic orders. the results show that varying proportions (∼15-46%) of microsatellites identified in these species are imperfect in motif structure, and that they also vary in chromosomal distribution within genomes. it was observed that the genomic abundance of imperfect repeats is significantly associated with the length and number of motif mismatches of micros ... | 2014 | 25378245 |
| in vitro, in silico and in vivo studies of ursolic acid as an anti-filarial agent. | as part of our drug discovery program for anti-filarial agents from indian medicinal plants, leaves of eucalyptus tereticornis were chemically investigated, which resulted in the isolation and characterization of an anti-filarial agent, ursolic acid (ua) as a major constituent. antifilarial activity of ua against the human lymphatic filarial parasite brugia malayi using in vitro and in vivo assays, and in silico docking search on glutathione-s-transferase (gst) parasitic enzyme were carried out. ... | 2014 | 25375886 |
| discovery and characterization of a potent and selective inhibitor of aedes aegypti inward rectifier potassium channels. | vector-borne diseases such as dengue fever and malaria, which are transmitted by infected female mosquitoes, affect nearly half of the world's population. the emergence of insecticide-resistant mosquito populations is reducing the effectiveness of conventional insecticides and threatening current vector control strategies, which has created an urgent need to identify new molecular targets against which novel classes of insecticides can be developed. we previously demonstrated that small molecule ... | 2014 | 25375326 |
| epidemiological trends of dengue disease in thailand (2000-2011): a systematic literature review. | a literature survey and analysis was conducted to describe the epidemiology of dengue disease in thailand reported between 2000 and 2011. the literature search identified 610 relevant sources, 40 of which fulfilled the inclusion criteria defined in the review protocol. peaks in the number of cases occurred during the review period in 2001, 2002, 2008 and 2010. a shift in age group predominance towards older ages continued through the review period. disease incidence and deaths remained highest i ... | 2014 | 25375766 |
| a lectin from dioclea violacea interacts with midgut surface of lutzomyia migonei, unlike its homologues, cratylia floribunda lectin and canavalia gladiata lectin. | leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease transmitted by phlebotomine sand fly. susceptibility and refractoriness to leishmania depend on the outcome of multiple interactions that take place within the sand fly gut. promastigote attachment to sand fly midgut epithelium is essential to avoid being excreted together with the digested blood meal. promastigote and gut sand fly surface glycans are important ligands in this attachment. the purpose of the present study was to evaluate the interaction of ... | 2014 | 25431778 |
| temperature during larval development and adult maintenance influences the survival of anopheles gambiae s.s. | malaria transmission depends on vector life-history parameters and population dynamics, and particularly on the survival of adult anopheles mosquitoes. these dynamics are sensitive to climatic and environmental factors, and temperature is a particularly important driver. data currently exist on the influence of constant and fluctuating adult environmental temperature on adult anopheles gambiae s.s. survival and on the effect of larval environmental temperature on larval survival, but none on how ... | 2014 | 25367091 |
| a social-ecological analysis of community perceptions of dengue fever and aedes aegypti in machala, ecuador. | the growing burden of dengue fever and the lack of a vaccine or specific medical treatment have increased the urgency of the public health sector to identify alternative management strategies. a prevailing trend in latin america has been a shift towards decentralized vector control programs with integrated management strategies, requiring significant intersectoral coordination, community engagement, and knowledge of the local social-ecological system (ses). community perceptions and responses ar ... | 2014 | 25370883 |
| expression profile and gene age jointly shaped the genome-wide distribution of premature termination codons in a drosophila melanogaster population. | widespread premature termination codon mutations (ptcs) were recently observed in human and fly populations. we took advantage of the population resequencing data in the drosophila genetic reference panel to investigate how the expression profile and the evolutionary age of genes shaped the allele frequency distribution of ptcs. after generating a high-quality data set of ptcs, we clustered genes harboring ptcs into three categories: genes encoding low-frequency ptcs (≤ 1.5%), moderate-frequency ... | 2014 | 25371429 |
| overtone-based pitch selection in hermit thrush song: unexpected convergence with scale construction in human music. | many human musical scales, including the diatonic major scale prevalent in western music, are built partially or entirely from intervals (ratios between adjacent frequencies) corresponding to small-integer proportions drawn from the harmonic series. scientists have long debated the extent to which principles of scale generation in human music are biologically or culturally determined. data from animal "song" may provide new insights into this discussion. here, by examining pitch relationships us ... | 2014 | 25368163 |
| making designer mutants in model organisms. | recent advances in the targeted modification of complex eukaryotic genomes have unlocked a new era of genome engineering. from the pioneering work using zinc-finger nucleases (zfns), to the advent of the versatile and specific talen systems, and most recently the highly accessible crispr/cas9 systems, we now possess an unprecedented ability to analyze developmental processes using sophisticated designer genetic tools. in this review, we summarize the common approaches and applications of these s ... | 0 | 25336735 |
| estimation of aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) population size and adult male survival in an urban area in panama. | traditional mosquito control strategies rely heavily on the use of chemical insecticides. however, concerns about the efficiency of traditional control methods, environmental impact and emerging pesticide resistance have highlighted the necessity for developing innovative tools for mosquito control. some novel strategies, including release of insects carrying a dominant lethal gene (ridl®), rely on the sustained release of modified male mosquitoes and therefore benefit from a thorough understand ... | 2014 | 25410991 |
| advances in genome editing technology and its promising application in evolutionary and ecological studies. | genetic modification has long provided an approach for "reverse genetics", analyzing gene function and linking dna sequence to phenotype. however, traditional genome editing technologies have not kept pace with the soaring progress of the genome sequencing era, as a result of their inefficiency, time-consuming and labor-intensive methods. recently, invented genome modification technologies, such as zfn (zinc finger nuclease), talen (transcription activator-like effector nuclease), and crispr/cas ... | 2014 | 25414792 |
| a role for taiman in insect metamorphosis. | recent studies in vitro have reported that the methoprene-tolerant (met) and taiman (tai) complex is the functional receptor of juvenile hormone (jh). experiments in vivo of met depletion have confirmed this factor's role in jh signal transduction, however, there is no equivalent data regarding tai because its depletion in larval or nymphal stages of the beetle tribolium castaneum and the bug pyrrhocoris apterus results in 100% mortality. we have discovered that the cockroach blattella germanica ... | 2014 | 25356827 |
| contribution of s-layer proteins to the mosquitocidal activity of lysinibacillus sphaericus. | lysinibacillus sphaericus strains belonging the antigenic group h5a5b produce spores with larvicidal activity against larvae of culex mosquitoes. c7, a new isolated strain, which presents similar biochemical characteristics and bin toxins in their spores as the reference strain 2362, was, however, more active against larvae of culex mosquitoes. the contribution of the surface layer protein (s-layer) to this behaviour was envisaged since this envelope protein has been implicated in the pathogenic ... | 2014 | 25354162 |
| a simple protocol for extracting hemocytes from wild caterpillars. | insect hemocytes (equivalent to mammalian white blood cells) play an important role in several physiological processes throughout an insect's life cycle. in larval stages of insects belonging to the orders of lepidoptera (moths and butterflies) and diptera (true flies), hemocytes are formed from the lymph gland (a specialized hematopoietic organ) or embryonic cells and can be carried through to the adult stage. embryonic hemocytes are involved in cell migration during development and chemotaxis ... | 2012 | 23183567 |
| epigenetic regulation of olfactory receptor gene expression by the myb-muvb/dream complex. | in both mammals and insects, an olfactory neuron will usually select a single olfactory receptor and repress remaining members of large receptor families. here we show that a conserved multiprotein complex, myb-muvb (mmb)/dream, plays an important role in mediating neuron-specific expression of the carbon dioxide (co(2)) receptor genes (gr63a/gr21a) in drosophila. activity of myb in the complex is required for expression of gr63a/gr21a and acts in opposition to the histone methyltransferase su(v ... | 2012 | 23105004 |
| comparative analysis of the recently discovered hat transposon tcbuster in human cells. | transposons are useful tools for creating transgenic organisms, insertional mutagenesis, and genome engineering. tcbuster, a novel hat-family transposon system derived from the red flour beetle tribolium castaneum, was shown to be highly active in previous studies in insect embryoes. | 2012 | 23166581 |
| first attempt to validate human igg antibody response to nterm-34kda salivary peptide as biomarker for evaluating exposure to aedes aegypti bites. | much effort is being devoted for developing new indicators to evaluate the human exposure to aedes mosquito bites and the risk of arbovirus transmission. human antibody (ab) responses to mosquito salivary components could represent a promising tool for evaluating the human-vector contact. | 2012 | 23166852 |
| molecular evolution and structural features of irak family members. | the interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase (irak) family comprises critical signaling mediators of the tlr/il-1r signaling pathways. iraks are ser/thr kinases. there are 4 members in the vertebrate genome (irak1, irak2, irakm, and irak4) and an irak homolog, pelle, in insects. irak family members are highly conserved in vertebrates, but the evolutionary relationship between iraks in vertebrates and insects is not clear. to investigate the evolutionary history and functional divergence of irak ... | 2012 | 23166766 |
| repellents inhibit p450 enzymes in stegomyia (aedes) aegypti. | the primary defence against mosquitoes and other disease vectors is often the application of a repellent. despite their common use, the mechanism(s) underlying the activity of repellents is not fully understood, with even the mode of action of deet having been reported to be via different mechanisms; e.g. interference with olfactory receptor neurones or actively detected by olfactory receptor neurones on the antennae or maxillary palps. in this study, we discuss a novel mechanism for repellence, ... | 2012 | 23152795 |
| evolutionary study of duplications of the mirna machinery in aphids associated with striking rate acceleration and changes in expression profiles. | the sequencing of the genome of the pea aphid acyrthosiphon pisum revealed an unusual expansion of the mirna machinery, with two argonaute-1, two dicer-1 and four pasha gene copies. in this report, we have undertaken a deeper evolutionary analysis of the phylogenetic timing of these gene duplications and of the associated selective pressures by sequencing the two copies of ago-1 and dcr-1 in different aphid species of the subfamily aphidinae. we have also carried out an analysis of the expressio ... | 2012 | 23145470 |
| foxo is a critical regulator of stem cell maintenance in immortal hydra. | hydra's unlimited life span has long attracted attention from natural scientists. the reason for that phenomenon is the indefinite self-renewal capacity of its stem cells. the underlying molecular mechanisms have yet to be explored. here, by comparing the transcriptomes of hydra's stem cells followed by functional analysis using transgenic polyps, we identified the transcription factor forkhead box o (foxo) as one of the critical drivers of this continuous self-renewal. foxo overexpression incre ... | 2012 | 23150562 |
| bmtgif, a bombyx mori homolog of drosophila dmtgif, regulates progression of spermatogenesis. | tg-interacting factor (tgif) in drosophila consists of two tandemly-repeated genes, achintya (dmachi) and vismay (dmvis), which act as transcriptional activators in drosophila spermatogenesis. in contrast, tgif in humans is a transcriptional repressor that binds directly to dna or interacts with corepressors to repress the transcription of target genes. in this study, we investigated the characteristics and functions of bmtgif, a bombyx mori homolog of dmtgif. like dmtgif, bmtgif is predominantl ... | 2012 | 23152760 |
| effectiveness of ultra-low volume nighttime applications of an adulticide against diurnal aedes albopictus, a critical vector of dengue and chikungunya viruses. | aedes albopictus, the asian tiger mosquito, continues expanding its geographic range and involvement in mosquito-borne diseases such as chikungunya and dengue. vector control programs rarely attempt to suppress this diurnal species with an ultra-low volume (ulv) adulticide because for maximum efficacy applications are conducted at night. during 2009-2011 we performed experimental nighttime applications of a novel adulticide (duet®) against field populations of ae. albopictus within an urban site ... | 2012 | 23145115 |
| the dengue virus mosquito vector aedes aegypti at high elevation in mexico. | méxico has cities (e.g., méxico city and puebla city) located at elevations > 2,000 m and above the elevation ceiling below which local climates allow the dengue virus mosquito vector aedes aegypti to proliferate. climate warming could raise this ceiling and place high-elevation cities at risk for dengue virus transmission. to assess the elevation ceiling for ae. aegypti and determine the potential for using weather/climate parameters to predict mosquito abundance, we surveyed 12 communities alo ... | 2012 | 22987656 |
| a data-driven epidemiological prediction method for dengue outbreaks using local and remote sensing data. | dengue is the most common arboviral disease of humans, with more than one third of the world's population at risk. accurate prediction of dengue outbreaks may lead to public health interventions that mitigate the effect of the disease. predicting infectious disease outbreaks is a challenging task; truly predictive methods are still in their infancy. | 2012 | 23126401 |
| asymmetric divergence in structure and function of hcn channel duplicates in ciona intestinalis. | hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide (hcn) channels are voltage-gated cation channels and are critical for regulation of membrane potential in electrically active cells. to understand the evolution of these channels at the molecular level, we cloned and examined two of three hcn homologs of the urochordate ciona intestinalis (cihcna and cihcnb). cihcna is like mammalian hcns in that it possesses similar electrical function and undergoes n-glycosylation of a sequon near the pore. cihcnb ... | 2012 | 23133599 |
| shotgun analysis on the peritrophic membrane of the silkworm bombyx mori. | the insect midgut epithelium is generally lined with a unique chitin and protein structure, the peritrophic membrane (pm), which facilitates food digestion and protects the gut epithelium. we used gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry to identify the extracted proteins from the silkworm pm to obtain an in-depth understanding of the biological function of the silkworm pm components. a total of 305 proteins, with molecular weights ranging from 8.02 kda to 788.52 kda and the isoelectric points ... | 0 | 23187007 |
| studies on the post-oviposition blood-feeding behaviour of aedes aegypti (l.) (diptera: culicidae) in the laboratory. | the blood-feeding behaviour of the trinidad strain of aedes aegypti was studied, under laboratory conditions, using one female per cage and monitoring blood feeding immediately, 12, and 24 hours after oviposition. to get large numbers of females that had newly completed their first gonotrophic cycle, the diel oviposition periodicity was conducted using single females per cage and monitoring at 2-hour intervals. the diel oviposition periodicity showed a small morning peak (8%) during the first 2 ... | 0 | 23265613 |
| silencing of the hsf gene, the transcriptional regulator of a. gambiae male accessory glands, inhibits the formation of the mating plug in mated females and disrupts their monogamous behaviour. | discovering the molecular factors that shape the mating behaviour and the fertility of the mosquito anopheles gambiae, the principal vector of human malaria, is regarded as critical to better understand its reproductive success as well as for identifying new leads for malaria control measures. in a. gambiae mating induces complex behavioural and physiological changes in the females, including refractoriness to subsequent mating and induction of egg-laying. in other insects including drosophila a ... | 0 | 23265612 |
| efficacy of three formulations of diflubenzuron, an insect growth regulator, against culex quinquefasciatus say, the vector of bancroftian filariasis in india. | insect growth regulators (igrs) offer alternatives to conventional chemical larvicides that pose problem of resistance and environmental safety. however, only a limited number of igrs have been approved for use in mosquito control. in the present study, two new formulations of the igr diflubenzuron, 2 per cent granular (gr) and 2 per cent tablet (dt) were tested for its efficacy against culex quinquefasciatus, in comparison to its 25 per cent wettable powder (wp) formulation. | 0 | 23287125 |
| need for an efficient adult trap for the surveillance of dengue vectors. | the emergence and re-emergence of arboviral diseases transmitted by aedes aegypti and ae. albopictus continue to be a major threat in the tropics and subtropics. associations between currently used indices and dengue transmission have not been proven to be satisfactorily predictive of dengue epidemics. classical larval indices in dengue surveillance have limited use in assessing transmission risk and are a poor proxy for measuring adult emergence. besides, collection of larval indices is labour ... | 0 | 23287120 |
| seroprevalence of antibodies against chikungunya, dengue, and rift valley fever viruses after febrile illness outbreak, madagascar. | in october 2009, two-3 months after an outbreak of a febrile disease with joint pain on the eastern coast of madagascar, we assessed serologic markers for chikungunya virus (chikv), dengue virus (denv), and rift valley fever virus (rvfv) in 1,244 pregnant women at 6 locations. in 2 eastern coast towns, igg seroprevalence against chikv was 45% and 23%; igm seroprevalence was 28% and 5%. igg seroprevalence against denv was 17% and 11%. no anti-denv igm was detected. at 4 locations, 450-1,300 m hig ... | 0 | 23092548 |
| sources of dengue viruses imported into queensland, australia, 2002-2010. | to assess risk for importation of dengue virus (denv) into queensland, australia, and sources of imported viruses, we sequenced the envelope region of denv isolates from symptomatic patients with a history of travel during 2002-2010. the number of imported dengue cases greatly increased over the surveillance period, some of which were associated with domestic outbreaks. patients reported traveling to (in order) asia, papua new guinea, pacific island countries, and non-asia-pacific countries. by ... | 0 | 23092682 |
| mathematical models as aids for design and development of experiments: the case of transgenic mosquitoes. | we demonstrate the utility of models as aids in the design and development of experiments aimed at measuring the effects of proposed vector population control strategies. we describe the exploration of a stochastic, age-structured model that simulates field cage experiments that test the ability of a female-killing strain of the mosquito aedes aegypti (l.) to suppress a wild-type population. model output predicts that choices of release ratio and population size can impact mean extinction time a ... | 0 | 23270145 |
| gene flow networks among american aedes aegypti populations. | the mosquito aedes aegypti, the dengue virus vector, has spread throughout the tropics in historical times. while this suggests man-mediated dispersal, estimating contemporary connectivity among populations has remained elusive. here, we use a large mtdna dataset and a bayesian coalescent framework to test a set of hypotheses about gene flow among american ae. aegypti populations. we assessed gene flow patterns at the continental and subregional (amazon basin) scales. for the americas, our data ... | 0 | 23144654 |
| reconstitution of the entire hepatitis c virus life cycle in nonhepatic cells. | hepatitis c virus (hcv) is a human hepatotropic virus, but the relevant host factors restricting hcv infection to hepatocytes are only partially understood. we demonstrate that exogenous expression of defined host factors reconstituted the entire hcv life cycle in human nonhepatic 293t cells. this study shows robust hcv entry, rna replication, and production of infectious virus in human nonhepatic cells and highlights key host factors required for liver tropism of hcv. | 2012 | 22896615 |
| dengue vector management using insecticide treated materials and targeted interventions on productive breeding-sites in guatemala. | in view of the epidemiological expansion of dengue worldwide and the availability of new tools and strategies particularly for controlling the primary dengue vector aedes aegypti, an intervention study was set up to test the efficacy, cost and feasibility of a combined approach of insecticide treated materials (itms) alone and in combination with appropriate targeted interventions of the most productive vector breeding-sites. | 2012 | 23110515 |
| myd88-deficient hydra reveal an ancient function of tlr signaling in sensing bacterial colonizers. | toll-like receptor (tlr) signaling is one of the most important signaling cascades of the innate immune system of vertebrates. studies in invertebrates have focused on the fruit fly drosophila melanogaster and the nematode caenorhabditis elegans, and there is little information regarding the evolutionary origin and ancestral function of tlr signaling. in drosophila, members of the toll-like receptor family are involved in both embryonic development and innate immunity. in c. elegans, a clear imm ... | 2012 | 23112184 |
| inactivation of wolbachia reveals its biological roles in whitefly host. | the whitefly bemisia tabaci is cryptic species complex composed of numerous species. individual species from the complex harbor a diversity of bacterial endosymbionts including wolbachia. however, while wolbachia is known to have a number of different roles, its role in b. tabaci is unclear. here, the antibiotic rifampicin is used to selectively eliminate wolbachia from b. tabaci so as to enable its roles in whitefly development and reproduction to be explored. the indirect effects of wolbachia ... | 2012 | 23144739 |
| controlling dengue with vaccines in thailand. | dengue is a mosquito-borne infectious disease that constitutes a growing global threat with the habitat expansion of its vectors aedes aegyti and a. albopictus and increasing urbanization. with no effective treatment and limited success of vector control, dengue vaccines constitute the best control measure for the foreseeable future. with four interacting dengue serotypes, the development of an effective vaccine has been a challenge. several dengue vaccine candidates are currently being tested i ... | 2012 | 23145197 |
| autopsy findings in fatal dengue haemorrhagic fever - 06 cases. | during recent outbreak of dengue fever in delhi, there has been a significant increase in dengue-associated admission in hospitals. to better understand the pathology of dengue haemorrhagic fever, we conducted autopsies of dengue infections deaths within our hospital. | 2012 | 24600119 |
| tsetse salivary gland proteins 1 and 2 are high affinity nucleic acid binding proteins with residual nuclease activity. | analysis of the tsetse fly salivary gland est database revealed the presence of a highly enriched cluster of putative endonuclease genes, including tsal1 and tsal2. tsal proteins are the major components of tsetse fly (g. morsitans morsitans) saliva where they are present as monomers as well as high molecular weight complexes with other saliva proteins. we demonstrate that the recombinant tsetse salivary gland proteins 1&2 (tsal1&2) display dna/rna non-specific, high affinity nucleic acid bindin ... | 2012 | 23110062 |
| a resurrected mammalian hat transposable element and a closely related insect element are highly active in human cell culture. | chromosome structure and function are influenced by transposable elements, which are mobile dna segments that can move from place to place. hat elements are a superfamily of dna cut and paste elements that move by excision and integration. we have characterized two hat elements, tcbuster and space invaders (spin), that are members of a recently described subfamily of hat elements called buster elements. we show that tcbuster, from the red flour beetle tribolium castaneum, is highly active in hum ... | 2012 | 23091042 |
| insecticide susceptibility of aedes aegypti populations from senegal and cape verde archipelago. | two concomitant dengue 3 (den-3) epidemics occurred in cape verde archipelago and senegal between september and october 2009. aedes aegypti was identified as the vector of these epidemics as several den-3 virus strains were isolated from this species in both countries. the susceptibility to pyrethroids, organochlorine, organophosphates and carbamate was investigated in two field strains of aedes aegypti from both countries using who diagnostic bioassay kits in order to monitor their the current ... | 2012 | 23088621 |
| cloning, ligand-binding, and temporal expression of ecdysteroid receptors in the diamondback moth, plutella xylostella. | the diamondback moth, plutella xylostella (l.) (lepidoptera: plutellidae), is a devastating pest of cruciferous crops worldwide, and has developed resistance to a wide range of insecticides, including diacylhydrazine-based ecdysone agonists, a highly selective group of molt-accelerating biopesticides targeting the ecdysone receptors. | 2012 | 23078528 |
| anopheles nf-κb-regulated splicing factors direct pathogen-specific repertoires of the hypervariable pattern recognition receptor agdscam. | insects rely on innate immune responses controlled by the immune deficiency (imd), toll, and other immune signaling pathways to combat infection by a broad spectrum of pathogens. these pathways signal to downstream nf-κb family transcription factors that control specific antipathogen action via direct transcriptional control of immune effectors, hematopoiesis, and melanization. here we show that in the anopheles malaria vector, imd and toll pathways mediate species-specific defenses against plas ... | 0 | 23084919 |
| optimal lead time for dengue forecast. | a dengue early warning system aims to prevent a dengue outbreak by providing an accurate prediction of a rise in dengue cases and sufficient time to allow timely decisions and preventive measures to be taken by local authorities. this study seeks to identify the optimal lead time for warning of dengue cases in singapore given the duration required by a local authority to curb an outbreak. | 2012 | 23110242 |
| cloning and functional characterization of inward-rectifying potassium (kir) channels from malpighian tubules of the mosquito aedes aegypti. | inward-rectifying k(+) (kir) channels play critical physiological roles in a variety of vertebrate cells/tissues, including the regulation of membrane potential in nerve and muscle, and the transepithelial transport of ions in osmoregulatory epithelia, such as kidneys and gills. it remains to be determined whether kir channels play similar physiological roles in insects. in the present study, we sought to 1) clone the cdnas of kir channel subunits expressed in the renal (malpighian) tubules of t ... | 2012 | 23085358 |
| differential proteomic analysis of trichoplusia ni cells after continuous selection with activated cry1ac toxin. | development of insect resistance to bacillus thuringiensis (bt) toxins threatens the sustained successful application of bt-based biological control tactics. multi-mechanisms of resistance have been proposed, such as alteration of toxin-binding proteins, changes of proteases in midgut and so on. the other responses of the cry1ac-selected insects might also contribute to the evolution of resistance. here, the cry1ac-selected trichoplusia ni tnh5 cells with high resistance were subjected to analys ... | 2012 | 23070538 |
| ecdysone control of developmental transitions: lessons from drosophila research. | the steroid hormone ecdysone is the central regulator of insect developmental transitions. recent new advances in our understanding of ecdysone action have relied heavily on the application of drosophila melanogaster molecular genetic tools to study insect metamorphosis. in this review, we focus on three major aspects of drosophila ecdysone biology: (a) factors that regulate the timing of ecdysone release, (b) molecular basis of stage- and tissue-specific responses to ecdysone, and (c) feedback ... | 2012 | 23072462 |
| behavioural response of the malaria vector anopheles gambiae to host plant volatiles and synthetic blends. | sugar feeding is critical for survival of malaria vectors and, although discriminative plant feeding previously has been shown to occur in anopheles gambiae s.s., little is known about the cues mediating attraction to these plants. in this study, we investigated the role of olfaction in an. gambiae discriminative feeding behaviour. | 2012 | 23069316 |
| aging field collected aedes aegypti to determine their capacity for dengue transmission in the southwestern united states. | aedes aegypti, the primary vector of dengue virus, is well established throughout urban areas of the southwestern us, including tucson, az. local transmission of the dengue virus, however, has not been reported in this area. although many factors influence the distribution of the dengue virus, we hypothesize that one contributing factor is that the lifespan of female ae. aegypti mosquitoes in the southwestern us is too short for the virus to complete development and be transmitted to a new host. ... | 2012 | 23077536 |
| analyzing the spatio-temporal relationship between dengue vector larval density and land-use using factor analysis and spatial ring mapping. | dengue, a mosquito-borne febrile viral disease, is found in tropical and sub-tropical regions and is now extending its range to temperate regions. the spread of the dengue viruses mainly depends on vector population (aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus), which is influenced by changing climatic conditions and various land-use/land-cover types. spatial display of the relationship between dengue vector density and land-cover types is required to describe a near-future viral outbreak scenario. this ... | 2012 | 23043443 |
| seasonal population dynamics and the genetic structure of the mosquito vector aedes aegypti in são paulo, brazil. | population genetic studies of insect vectors can generate knowledge to improve epidemiological studies focused on the decrease of pathogen transmission. in this study, we used nine snps across the aedes aegypti genome to characterize seasonal population variations of this important dengue vector. mosquito samples were obtained by ovitraps placed over botucatu sp from 2005 to 2010. our data show that, regardless of the large variation in mosquito abundance (deduced from the number of eggs obtaine ... | 2012 | 23170214 |
| identification of plasma proteinase complexes with serpin-3 in manduca sexta. | extracellular serine proteinase cascades stimulate prophenoloxidase (propo) activation and antimicrobial peptide production in insect innate immune responses. serpins in plasma regulate such cascades by selective inhibition of proteinases, in reactions which result in the formation of covalent serpin-proteinase complexes. we carried out experiments to identify plasma proteinases that are inhibited by manduca sexta serpin-3, an immune-inducible serpin known to regulate propo activation. immunoaff ... | 2012 | 23063421 |
| drosophila melanogaster selection for survival of bacillus cereus infection: life history trait indirect responses. | to study evolved resistance/tolerance in an insect model, we carried out an experimental evolution study using d. melanogaster and the opportunistic pathogen b. cereus as the agent of selection. the selected lines evolved a 3.0- to 3.3-log increase in the concentration of spores required for 50% mortality after 18-24 generations of selection. in the absence of any treatment, selected lines evolved an increase in egg production and delayed development time. the latter response could be interprete ... | 2012 | 23094195 |
| analysis of cycle gene expression in aedes aegypti brains by in situ hybridization. | even though the blood-sucking mosquito aedes aegypti is one of the most important disease vectors, relatively little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying processes involved in the temporal pattern of its activity and host seeking behavior. in this study, we analyzed the expression of the cycle (cyc) gene, one of the core components of the circadian clock, in ae. aegypti brains by in situ hybridization at two different time points in light-dark conditions and compared the results wi ... | 2013 | 23300979 |
| papaya, dengue fever and ayurveda. | | 0 | 24501439 |
| seroprevalence of chikungunya in southern odisha. | the emergence of chikungunya (chik) infection was observed in odisha, india in 2006. thereafter many cases with symptoms suggestive of chik were reported from different districts of southern-odisha. this study was aimed to know the seroprevalence, clinical presentations and seasonal trends of chik infection in this region. | 0 | 24479040 |
| effects of the botanical insecticide, toosendanin, on blood digestion and egg production by female aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae): topical application and ingestion. | botanical insecticides offer novel chemistries and actions that may provide effective mosquito control. toosendanin (tsn, 95% purity) is one such insecticide used to control crop pests in china, and in this study, it was evaluated for lethal and sublethal effects on larvae and females of the yellowfever mosquito, aedes aegypti (l.). tsn was very toxic to first instar larvae after a 24 h exposure (lc50 = 60.8 microg/ml) and to adult females up to 96 h after topical treatment (ld50 = 4.3 microg/fe ... | 0 | 23427659 |
| evolution of bacillus thuringiensis cry toxins insecticidal activity. | insecticidal cry proteins produced by bacillus thuringiensis are use worldwide in transgenic crops for efficient pest control. among the family of cry toxins, the three domain cry family is the better characterized regarding their natural evolution leading to a large number of cry proteins with similar structure, mode of action but different insect specificity. also, this group is the better characterized regarding the study of their mode of action and the molecular basis of insect specificity. ... | 2012 | 22463726 |
| roles of pkc and phospho-adducin in transepithelial fluid secretion by malpighian tubules of the yellow fever mosquito. | the diuretic hormone aedeskinin-iii is known to increase the paracellular cl(-) conductance in malpighian (renal) tubules of the mosquito aedes aegypti via a g protein-coupled receptor. the increase serves the blood-meal-initiated diuresis and is associated with elevated levels of ca(2+) and phosphorylated adducin in the cytosol of tubule. in the present study we have cloned adducin in aedes malpighian tubules and investigated its physiological roles. immunolabeling experiments are consistent wi ... | 0 | 24062972 |
| shaping up for action: the path to physiological maturation in the renal tubules of drosophila. | the malpighian tubule is the main organ for excretion and osmoregulation in most insects. during a short period of embryonic development the tubules of drosophila are shaped, undergo differentiation and become precisely positioned in the body cavity, so they become fully functional at the time of larval hatching a few hours later. in this review i explore three developmental events on the path to physiological maturation. first, i examine the molecular and cellular mechanisms that generate organ ... | 2013 | 23445869 |
| hemoperitoneum in dengue fever with normal coagulation profile. | a 43-year-old male living in bengaluru sought emergency services due to high-grade fever, headache, myalgia, abdominal pain and distension. platelet count (except the first-96,000/mm(3)) and coagulation profile was in normal limits. the dengue serology was positive for igm and ig g (immunoglobulin m and g) antibodies. ultrasound abdomen showed gross ascites, mild bilateral pleural effusion and hepatosplenomegaly. the patient continued to have abdominal pain and progressive distention ascitic tap ... | 0 | 23599615 |
| molecular characterization and immunolocalization of the olfactory co-receptor orco from two blood-feeding muscid flies, the stable fly (stomoxys calcitrans, l.) and the horn fly (haematobia irritans irritans, l.). | biting flies are economically important blood-feeding pests of medical and veterinary significance. chemosensory-based biting fly behaviours, such as host/nutrient source localization and ovipositional site selection, are intriguing targets for the development of supplemental control strategies. in an effort to expand our understanding of biting fly chemosensory pathways, transcripts encoding the highly conserved insect odorant co-receptor (orco) were isolated from two representative biting fly ... | 2013 | 23278866 |
| the c-terminal region of rift valley fever virus nsm protein targets the protein to the mitochondrial outer membrane and exerts antiapoptotic function. | the nsm nonstructural protein of rift valley fever virus (family bunyaviridae, genus phlebovirus) has an antiapoptotic function and affects viral pathogenesis. we found that nsm integrates into the mitochondrial outer membrane and that the protein's n terminus is exposed to the cytoplasm. the c-terminal region of nsm, which contains a basic amino acid cluster and a putative transmembrane domain, targeted the protein to the mitochondrial outer membrane and exerted antiapoptotic function. | 2012 | 23097454 |
| sumo-conjugating enzyme e2 ubc9 mediates viral immediate-early protein sumoylation in crayfish to facilitate reproduction of white spot syndrome virus. | successful viruses have evolved superior strategies to escape host defenses or exploit host biological pathways. most of the viral immediate-early (ie) genes are essential for viral infection and depend solely on host proteins; however, the molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. in this study, we focused on the modification of viral ie proteins by the crayfish small ubiquitin-related modifier (sumo) and investigated the role of sumoylation during the viral life cycle. sumo and sumo ubiquiti ... | 2012 | 23097446 |
| the association of a la module with the pabp-interacting motif pam2 is a recurrent evolutionary process that led to the neofunctionalization of la-related proteins. | la-related proteins (larps) are largely uncharacterized factors, well conserved throughout evolution. recent reports on the function of human larp4 and larp6 suggest that these proteins fulfill key functions in mrna metabolism and/or translation. we report here a detailed evolutionary history of the larp4 and 6 families in eukaryotes. genes coding for larp4 and 6 were duplicated in the common ancestor of the vertebrate lineage, but one larp6 gene was subsequently lost in the common ancestor of t ... | 2012 | 23148093 |
| promoting health and advancing development through improved housing in low-income settings. | there is major untapped potential to improve health in low-income communities through improved housing design, fittings, materials and construction. adverse effects on health from inadequate housing can occur through a range of mechanisms, both direct and indirect, including as a result of extreme weather, household air pollution, injuries or burns, the ingress of disease vectors and lack of clean water and sanitation. collaborative action between public health professionals and those involved i ... | 0 | 23271143 |
| identifying the effective concentration for spatial repellency of the dengue vector aedes aegypti. | current efforts are underway to quantify the chemical concentration in a treated air space that elicits a spatial repellent (deterrent) response in a vector population. such information will facilitate identifying the optimum active ingredient (ai) dosage and intervention coverage important for the development of spatial repellent tools--one of several novel strategies being evaluated for vector-borne disease control. this study reports initial findings from air sampling experiments conducted un ... | 2012 | 23273133 |
| discovery of platyhelminth-specific α/β-integrin families and evidence for their role in reproduction in schistosoma mansoni. | in all metazoa, the response of cells to molecular stimuli from their environment represents a fundamental principle of regulatory processes controlling cell growth and differentiation. among the membrane-linked receptors mediating extracellular communication processes are integrin receptors. besides managing adhesion to the extracellular matrix or to other cells, they arrange information flow into the cells by activating intracellular signaling pathways often acting synergistically through coop ... | 2012 | 23300694 |
| met is required for the maximal action of 20-hydroxyecdysone during bombyx metamorphosis. | little is known about how the putative juvenile hormone (jh) receptor, the bhlh-pas transcription factor met, is involved in 20-hydroxyecdysone (20e; the molting hormone) action. here we report that two met proteins found in the silkworm, bombyx mori, participate in 20e signal transduction. met is 20e responsive and its expression peaks during molting and pupation, when the 20e titer is high. as found with results from rnai knockdown of ecr-usp (the ecdysone receptor genes), rnai knockdown of me ... | 2012 | 23300902 |
| kiss your tail goodbye: the role of parn, nocturnin, and angel deadenylases in mrna biology. | parn, nocturnin and angel are three of the multiple deadenylases that have been described in eukaryotic cells. while each of these enzymes appear to target poly(a) tails for shortening and influence rna gene expression levels and quality control, the enzymes differ in terms of enzymatic mechanisms, regulation and biological impact. the goal of this review is to provide an in depth biochemical and biological perspective of the parn, nocturnin and angel deadenylases. understanding the shared and u ... | 2012 | 23274303 |
| ethical issues in field trials of genetically modified disease-resistant mosquitoes. | mosquito-borne diseases take a tremendous toll on human populations, especially in developing nations. in the last decade, scientists have developed mosquitoes that have been genetically modified to prevent transmission of mosquito-borne diseases, and field trials have been conducted. some mosquitoes have been rendered infertile, some have been equipped with a vaccine they transmit to humans, and some have been designed to resist diseases. this article focuses on ethical issues raised by field t ... | 2012 | 23279283 |
| assessing the feasibility of controlling aedes aegypti with transgenic methods: a model-based evaluation. | suppression of dengue and malaria through releases of genetically engineered mosquitoes might soon become feasible. aedes aegypti mosquitoes carrying a conditionally lethal transgene have recently been used to suppress local vector populations in small-scale field releases. prior to releases of transgenic insects on a wider scale, however, most regulatory authorities will require additional evidence that suppression will be effective in natural heterogeneous habitats. we use a spatially explicit ... | 2012 | 23284949 |