| mapping of protein domains of hepatitis a virus 3ab essential for interaction with 3cd and viral rna. | the small hydrophobic protein 3ab of the picornaviruses, encompassing the replication primer 3b, has been suggested to anchor the viral replication complex to membranes. for hepatitis a virus (hav) 3ab, we have previously demonstrated its ability to form stable homodimers, to bind to membranes, and to interact specifically with rna, implicating its multiple involvement in viral replication. in the present report, we show that hav 3ab additionally interacts with hav protein 3cd, a feature also de ... | 1999 | 10562502 |
| mathematical models for assessment of long-term persistence of antibodies after vaccination with two inactivated hepatitis a vaccines. | very few studies with inactivated hepatitis a vaccines were designed for long-term follow-up of antibody persistence. based on the serological data from these vaccine trials, mathematical models were developed to predict the decrease of anti-hepatitis a virus (anti-hav) antibodies after vaccination. this study was designed to compare avaxim (0-6 months) to havrix 720 (0-1-6 months). in this paper, both groups of vaccinees are described considering the age, gender, and weight of the subjects at e ... | 2000 | 10568755 |
| inactivated hepatitis a vaccine in chinese patients with chronic hepatitis b infection. | hepatitis b (hbv)-infected patients have a higher morbidity and mortality when super-infected by hepatitis a (hav). | 1999 | 10571600 |
| [surveillance of hepatitis a by molecular epidemiologic studies]. | hepatitis a virus was studied by molecular epidemiology in connection with an outbreak of hepatitis a associated with intravenous drug users (ivdu) in norway. hepatitis a virus was characterised by sequencing 114 of 1,242 notified cases of hepatitis a from january 1995 to july 1998. one hepatitis a variant (ivdu variant i) was detected among ivdu during an outbreak of hepatitis a, as well as among 19 out of 49 cases with no apparent association to this outbreak. during the autumn of 1997, a new ... | 1999 | 10574047 |
| tolerance and immunogenicity of the simultaneous administration of virosome hepatitis a and yellow fever vaccines. | the purpose of this study was to evaluate the tolerance and immunogenicity of a hepatitis a vaccine using immunopotentiating reconstituted influenza virosomes (iriv) as adjuvant when administered simultaneously with a yellow fever vaccine (yfv). | 1999 | 10575170 |
| hepatitis a virus-specific humoral and cellular immune responses following immunization with a formalin-inactivated hepatitis a vaccine. | to evaluate proliferative t cell responses elicited by a formalin-inactivated hav vaccine, we immunized 10 subjects with an inactivated hav vaccine, and measured hav antibody titers and hav-specific t cell proliferation. gamma-interferon production by pbmc's was evaluated in selected subjects. by week 30, seroconversion (geometric mean titer=2299 miu/ml), and hav-specific proliferation was detected in all subjects. hav also induced gamma-interferon in the three subjects studied. these data indic ... | 1999 | 10580203 |
| hepatitis a in latin america: a changing epidemiologic pattern. | in a multicenter study, hepatitis a virus (hav) seroprevalence was surveyed in six countries in latin america in which in 12,000 subjects were stratified for age. the highest rates of seroprevalence were recorded in the dominican republic (89.0%) and mexico (81.0%), with lower rates in brazil (64.7%), chile (58.1%), venezuela (55.7%), and argentina (55.0%). the seroprevalence of hav in children between 1 and 5 years of age was less than 50%, except in the dominican republic. in the 5-10-year-old ... | 1999 | 10586919 |
| hepatitis a outbreak in an institution. | in february 1996, four serologically confirmed cases of hepatitis a virus (hav) occurred in one household. investigation showed that the source was a family member with sub-clinical hav who attended a unit for learning disabilities. reports of two further cases in the institution followed and control measures were instigated. contacts were unwilling to accept human normal immunoglobulin (hnig). following salivary antibody and serological testing, hepatitis a vaccine was offered to the non-immune ... | 1999 | 10598420 |
| crystal structure of an inhibitor complex of the 3c proteinase from hepatitis a virus (hav) and implications for the polyprotein processing in hav. | the proteolytic processing of the viral polyprotein is an essential step during the life cycle of hepatitis a virus (hav), as it is in all positive-sense, single-stranded rna viruses of animals. in hav the 3c proteinase is the only proteolytic activity involved in the polyprotein processing. the specific recognition of the cleavage sites by the 3c proteinase depends on the amino acid sequence of the cleavage site. the structure of the complex of the hav 3c proteinase and a dipeptide inhibitor ha ... | 1999 | 10603326 |
| a survey on hepatitis a in portuguese children and adolescents. | in the early 1980s, portugal could be classified as a highly endemic area for hepatitis a. however, marked economic and sanitary improvements took place during the following years. in this study we evaluated the temporal trends in the prevalence of hepatitis a in children and adolescents, to identify risk factors for the infection. the study sample included students aged 6 to 19 years (n=999), attending public and private schools. all randomly selected participants gave information on social, de ... | 1999 | 10607238 |
| a cytopathic and a cell culture adapted hepatitis a virus strain differ in cell killing but not in intracellular membrane rearrangements. | aside from a common gene organization shared with other picornaviruses, hepatitis a virus (hav) is characterized by its slow-growth phenotype, the inability to shut off host macromolecular synthesis, and, in general, lack of cytopathic (cp) effects in permissive cell cultures. nevertheless, several cp hav strains have been isolated during the past decade. in frhk-4 cells infected with hm175/24a, a fast-growing cp strain, increasing amounts of viral rna, detected by fluorescence in situ hybridiza ... | 2000 | 10612670 |
| a ten year serological survey of hepatitis a, b and c viruses infections in nepal. | in 1987, we reported that the prevalence of hepatitis b virus (hbv) and hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection in nepal was low, as compared to hepatitis a virus (hav) infection, and that no human t-lymphotropic type-1 (htlv-1) infection was found in nepal. | 1999 | 10616269 |
| development of methods to detect "norwalk-like viruses" (nlvs) and hepatitis a virus in delicatessen foods: application to a food-borne nlv outbreak. | "norwalk-like viruses" (nlvs) and hepatitis a virus (hav) are the most common causes of virus-mediated food-borne illness. epidemiological investigations of outbreaks associated with these viruses have been hindered by the lack of available methods for the detection of nlvs and hav in foodstuffs. although reverse transcription (rt)-pcr methods have been useful in detecting nlvs and hav in bivalve mollusks implicated in outbreaks, to date such methods have not been available for other foods. to a ... | 2000 | 10618226 |
| cost-effective analysis of hepatitis a prevention in ireland. | the purpose of this study was to determine the most cost-effective prevention strategy against hepatitis a virus (hav) infection for healthcare workers and the general population at risk in ireland. | 2000 | 10638588 |
| virus safety of avital bone tissue transplants: evaluation of sterilization steps of spongiosa cuboids using a peracetic acid-methanol mixture. | the aim of this study was to validate the virus-inactivating/eliminating capacity of the manufacturing process of spongiosa cuboids. both the sterilization step with peracetic acid (paa)/ethanol and the defatting step of bones with chloroform/methanol (2:1, v/v) were investigated. relevant enveloped, non-enveloped, and model viruses belonging to different virus families were included in the investigation: human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2), hepatitis a virus (hav), poliovirus (pv-1), ps ... | 1999 | 10652175 |
| evaluation of occupational transmission of hepatitis a virus among wastewater workers. | to provide information concerning potential occupational transmission of hepatitis a virus (hav) among wastewater workers in a large city in the united states, a cross-sectional survey was performed using a saliva test to detect antibodies to hav (anti-hav). fifty-nine (20%) of 302 participants tested positive for anti-hav. after controlling for the confounding effects of age and race, wastewater work was not significantly associated with an increase in the prevalence of anti-hav (prevalence rat ... | 2000 | 10652693 |
| discovery of non-a, non-b hepatitis and identification of its etiology. | the discovery of hepatitis c was the direct result of the landmark discoveries of hepatitis b virus (hbv) and hepatitis a virus (hav) and their serologies. screening tests for hav and hbv made it possible in the mid-1970s to examine cases of transfusion-associated hepatitis (tah) and to demonstrate that only approximately 25% resulted from hbv and that none were related to hav. consequently, approximately 75% of tah became classified as non-a, non-b hepatitis (nanbh). subsequently, chimpanzee st ... | 1999 | 10653450 |
| liver failure attributable to hepatitis a virus infection in a developing country. | in young children hepatitis a virus (hav) infections are usually subclinical events. however, hav is also associated with progressive hepatic failure and even death in some patients. this study was undertaken to characterize the course of hepatitis a-related acute liver failure in children from a developing country where hepatitis a is endemic and produces significant morbidity. patients <15 years of age with confirmed hepatitis a, seen at the aga khan university hospital between january 1991 an ... | 2000 | 10654972 |
| inactivation of hepatitis a virus in heat-treated mussels. | hepatitis a is a widespread infectious disease world-wide. in italy, shellfish consumption was shown to be a major risk factor for hepatitis a infection, especially when these products are eaten raw or slightly cooked. the aim of the present study was to evaluate hepatitis a virus (hav) resistance in experimentally contaminated mussels treated at different temperatures (60, 80 and 100 degrees c) for various times. the presence of hav was evaluated by cell culture infection and reverse transcript ... | 1999 | 10664911 |
| detection of antibodies against hepatitis a virus in eluates of blood spotted on filter-paper: a pilot study in rio de janeiro, brazil. | the validity of blood spotted on to filter-paper (bsofp) eluates for the detection of antibodies against hepatitis a virus (hav) was investigated in 718 individuals (children and adults) during a field study in a small area in rio de janeiro state, brazil. serum samples were considered the 'gold standard'. bsofp eluates were analyzed by 2 different techniques: microplate competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) of the whole study group and microparticle enzyme immune assay (meia) of ... | 1999 | 10674088 |
| hepatitis a, liver transplants and indigenous communities. | | 2000 | 10682006 |
| fulminant hepatitis a in indigenous children in north queensland. | since 1993, three indigenous children in north queensland have died of fulminant hepatitis a. even if the children had been able to undergo liver transplantation, prolonged immunosuppressant therapy and the likelihood of opportunistic infections would inevitably have jeopardised any chance of long-term survival. as hepatitis a has become a leading infectious cause of death in young indigenous children in north queensland, hepatitis a vaccine has recently been introduced into the vaccination sche ... | 2000 | 10682011 |
| hepatitis a shifting epidemiology in latin america. | in the past, latin america was considered to be an area of high endemicity for hepatitis a virus (hav) infection, with most people infected in early childhood. a seroepidemiological study was recently undertaken in six countries to determine whether this pattern has changed. the highest seroprevalence of antibodies to hav (anti-hav) was found in mexico and the dominican republic. analysis of the different age groups showed that at age 6-10 years, 30% of children in chile and 54-55% in brazil, ve ... | 2000 | 10683550 |
| hepatitis a shifting epidemiology in south-east asia and china. | a review of the epidemiology of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection over the last 20 years shows shifting patterns in the prevalence of antibodies to hav (anti-hav) throughout south-east asia and china. a number of countries have shifted from high to moderate and from moderate to low endemicity, with a corresponding increase in the age of exposure from childhood to early adulthood. the changes have resulted from improvements in hygiene, sanitation and the quality of drinking water, reflecting impr ... | 2000 | 10683551 |
| hepatitis a shifting epidemiology in the middle east and africa. | data on the endemicity of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection in africa and the middle east are scant, but most of africa appears to remain a high endemicity region, with the exception of subpopulations in some areas, e.g. white people in south africa. saudi arabia is a model for the middle east, and is a country in which shifting hav epidemiology has been documented in recent years, concurrent with the social and economic development that has occurred over the last two decades. earlier studies ge ... | 2000 | 10683552 |
| hepatitis a shifting epidemiology in poland and eastern europe. | the clinical morbidity of hepatitis a probably only represents 20% of cases of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection. when it became possible to determine specific antibodies, a seroepidemiological survey of anti-hav was undertaken in poland, which showed that between 1979 and 1997 there was a shift in the peak age of infection from childhood to adulthood, concomitant with a substantial decline in the incidence of hav infection. data from the world health organization also indicate that there has al ... | 2000 | 10683553 |
| clinical course and consequences of hepatitis a infection. | hepatitis a virus (hav) is a small, non-enveloped rna virus belonging to the picornaviridae, for which only one serotype has been identified. transmission is usually through the faecal-oral route by person-to-person contact. the most common risk factors are household or sexual contact with a sufferer, attendance or working at a day-care centre, international travel, and association with food or waterborne outbreaks; 55% of cases have no identifiable risk factors. hav infection may be symptomatic ... | 2000 | 10683554 |
| prospects for vaccination against hepatitis a and b in catalonia (spain). | catalonia is in an area of intermediate endemicity for hepatitis a virus (hav) infection. an expert committee has recently proposed the implementation of universal hepatitis a vaccination for 12-year-olds, based on the fact that no risk factors can be identified for hepatitis a in 50% of cases, and also that selective vaccination targeted at high-risk groups has a limited potential to reduce the incidence of hepatitis a. the well-established programme of hepatitis b vaccination of pre-adolescent ... | 2000 | 10683557 |
| prevalence of anti-hepatitis a antibodies in an urban middle class area of argentina: some associated factors. | this study evaluated the seroprevalence of hepatitis a virus (hav) antibodies in 360 middle-class subjects from buenos aires city and its outskirts. | 2000 | 10689212 |
| hepatitis a vaccines. | | 2000 | 10693358 |
| immunogenecity of hepatitis a vaccine in children below 2 years of age. | | 1999 | 10709135 |
| acute, hepatitis-a super-infection in hbv carriers, or chronic liver disease related to hbv or hcv. | the impact of acute super-infection with hepatitis a virus (hav) was determined in 20 asymptomatic carriers of the surface antigen (hbsag) of hepatitis b virus (hbv), eight patients with hbv-related chronic liver disease (cld), and four patients with cld related to hepatitis c virus (hcv). for comparison, 100 patients with isolated hav infection were also studied. the hbsag carriers and patients with cld related to hbv or hcv were significantly older than the patients with isolated hav infection ... | 1999 | 10715703 |
| hepatitis a antibodies in liver transplant recipients: evidence for loss of immunity posttransplantation. | liver transplant recipients frequently have chronic liver diseases and should be considered for vaccination against hepatitis a virus (hav). however, persistence of protective antibodies after orthotopic liver transplantation (olt) has not been shown in this population, which may have implications for future vaccine recommendations. we evaluated the prevalence and epidemiological significance of immunoglobulin g (igg) antibody to hav (anti-hav) in a nonvaccinated population before olt (immunity ... | 2000 | 10719019 |
| the cost-effectiveness of hepatitis a vaccination in patients with chronic hepatitis c. | infection with hepatitis a virus (hav) occasionally leads to acute liver failure and has a higher fatality rate in patients with chronic hepatitis c virus (hcv). vaccination of patients with hcv against hav is effective and well tolerated. this study examines the cost-effectiveness of hav vaccination in north american patients with chronic hcv. a decision analysis model was constructed to compare 3 hav vaccination strategies in adult patients with chronic hcv over a period of 5 years: (1) vaccin ... | 2000 | 10733536 |
| fulminant hepatic failure: etiology, viral markers and outcome. | to investigate the etiology and outcome of fulminant hepatic failure (fhf) in children. | 1999 | 10745331 |
| prevalence and persistence of hepatitis a antibody during the first year of life, in turkish infants. | | 1999 | 10745336 |
| [viral hepatitis a as an occupational disease in the city of iaşi]. | few studies have been carried out to evaluate the role of hepatitis a virus (hav) as an occupational hazard. our analysis of data on occupational diseases in romania showed that hepatitis ranks as one of the first among infectious occupational diseases. | 1999 | 10756945 |
| effect of low ph on the hepatitis a virus maturation cleavage. | cleavage of vp0 to vp2 via intramolecular scission is known as the viral maturation cleavage, as vp0 is found in immature particles, whilst vp2 is found in mature particles. the effect of low ph on the kinetics of hepatitis a virus (hav) capsid protein vp0 cleavage in provirions was examined by western blot analysis. vp0 scission was found to be dramatically enhanced under acidic conditions, similar to those encountered on entry of virus particles into the cell via endocytosis. the cleavage of v ... | 1999 | 10757229 |
| molecular biology of hepatitis a virus: significance of various substitutions in the hepatitis a virus genome. | hepatitis a virus (hav) is the sole member of the hepatogenus of picorna viridae. this virus can now be propagated in cell culture and in primates. molecular biological studies of hav have disclosed its genomic structure and the functional significance of the viral proteins to some extent. hepatitis a virus has a positive-stranded rna of approximately 7.5 kb that encodes a large polyprotein. translation of the protein is influenced by the function of the internal ribosomal entry site in the 5' n ... | 2000 | 10759226 |
| does the concurrent administration of an inactivated hepatitis a vaccine influence the immune response to other travelers vaccines? | travelers seeking protection from hepatitis a also often need protection against other infections, prevalent at their destinations. | 2000 | 10759573 |
| comparison of the prevalence of igg antibodies to hepatitis e virus and hepatitis a virus in members of households in the mekong delta region of vietnam. | | 2000 | 10761716 |
| inhibition of cap-dependent gene expression induced by protein 2a of hepatitis a virus. | the viral protein 2a of hepatitis a virus (hav) lacks the conserved 18 aa sequence found in other picornavirus proteases; hence, it is unclear whether the induction of cpe by culture-adapted hav strains is due to 2a-mediated activity. moreover, the cleavage sites and actual borders of hav 2a are not known. accordingly, a nested series of cdna sequences encoding the segment of the hav polyprotein (aa 760-1087) were linked to the 5'-utr of poliovirus type 2 (lansing strain) and inserted downstream ... | 2000 | 10769081 |
| heat inactivation of hepatitis a virus in dairy foods. | experiments were performed to determine the thermal resistance of hepatitis a virus (hav) in three types of dairy products containing increased amounts of fat content (skim milk, homogenized milk; 3.5% mfg, and table cream; 18% mfg). hav-inoculated dairy products were introduced into custom-made u-shaped microcapillary tubes that in turn were simultaneously immersed in a waterbath, using custom-made floating boats and a carrying platform. following exposure to the desired time and temperature co ... | 2000 | 10772219 |
| immunogenicity and safety of a new inactivated hepatitis a vaccine in thai young adults. | in view of the increasing median age of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection observed recently in asia, and the resulting increased number of symptomatic cases occurring in adults, with the concomitant risk of outbreaks, immunization against this agent on a national scale might be considered. an open clinical trial was conducted in thai adolescents and young adults in order to establish the immunogenicity and safety of a new inactivated hepatitis a vaccine. at 24-week intervals, two doses (primary ... | 1998 | 10772564 |
| hepatitis a virus replication: an intermediate in the uncoating process. | dense, rnase-sensitive, vp2-containing, non-infectious hepatitis a virus (hav) particles were found to be formed at early times after the infection of cultured cells. these particles formed with kinetics mirroring those reported for hav uncoating. the kinetics of the formation of dense hav particles corresponded to a decrease in detectable, mature input virions, as detected by rna dot blot hybridization of cscl density gradient fractions. the dense hav particles did not appear to have altered se ... | 2000 | 10773736 |
| prevalence of hepatitis a antibodies in western indian population: changing pattern. | this report pertains to a retrospective study conducted between 1983 and 1995 at three time points to evaluate the prevalence of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection in the population of bhor taluk, situated in western india. serum samples from children and adults were tested for anti-hav antibodies using blocking elisa test. there was a significant decrease in anti-hav prevalence among children aged 5-10 years in 1995 (87.36%) as compared to that of 1983 (97.58%) and 1987 (96.48%). all individuals ... | 1999 | 10774693 |
| inducible nitric oxide synthase (inos) expression in liver and splenic t lymphocyte rise are associated with liver histological damage during experimental hepatitis a virus (hav) infection in callithrix jacchus. | callithrix jacchus is considered a reliable animal model for hepatitis a virus (hav) infection. all three hav orally inoculated marmosets developed hepatitis - the infection was monitored by continuous virus shedding, high levels of serum enzyme alanine aminotransferase, specific antibody and seroconversion 3-6 weeks after hav inoculation. hav antigen was detected in liver by immunofluorescence 4 days post inoculation (pi) and onwards. to gain insight into the biological role of inducible nitric ... | 2000 | 10779146 |
| safety and immunogenicity of subcutaneous hepatitis a vaccine in children with haemophilia. | individuals with haemophilia are at risk from hepatitis a virus (hav) infection through exposure to blood products. havrix(r), an intramuscular hepatitis a vaccine, is currently recommended for the prevention of disease caused by hepatitis a virus. because bleeding may complicate intramuscular injections in those with bleeding disorders, we conducted a randomized, phase iv clinical trial to compare the safety and immunogenicity of havrix(r) given by the subcutaneous (s.c) vs. intramuscular (i.m. ... | 2000 | 10781196 |
| a case of acute hepatitis a with marked hemophagocytosis in bone marrow. | a previously well 18-year-old female was referred to our hospital because of abnormalities of blood biochemistry and slight jaundice. because serum aspartate aminotransferase (ast) and alanine aminotransferase (alt) levels were elevated more than 6000 iu/l, the patient was suspected to have acute viral hepatitis. the platelet count on admission was 9.7x10(4)/µl, which was decreased from the initial value of 21x10(4)/µl for 3 days. the coagulation tests revealed marked elevation of d-dimmer, fibr ... | 2000 | 10794974 |
| pancreatitis following hepatitis a vaccination. | we describe a 23-year-old male patient who presented with epigastric abdominal pain, 8 days following vaccination with inactivated hepatitis a virus (haverix(r)). clinical and laboratory data confirmed the diagnosis of pancreatitis. repeat polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for hepatitis a replication was negative. a comprehensive evaluation ruled out other etiologies for pancreatitis. igm hepatitis a antibodies did not develop even after 3 months. pancreatitis following hepatitis a is a well-known ... | 2000 | 10806126 |
| weight-based units reporting of anti-vi antibody concentrations. | | 2000 | 10819602 |
| beta-lactones as a new class of cysteine proteinase inhibitors: inhibition of hepatitis a virus 3c proteinase by n-cbz-serine beta-lactone. | [reaction: see text] n-benzyloxycarbonyl-l-serine beta-lactone (1) is shown to irreversibly inactivate the 3c cysteine proteinase of hepatitis a virus (hav) with k(inact) = 0.70 min(-1), k(i) = 1.84 x 10(-4) m and k(inact)/k(i) = 3800 m(-1) min(-1) at an enzyme concentration of 0.1 microm. mass spectrometric and hmqc nmr studies using 13c-labeled 1 show that the active site cysteine (cys-172) thiol of the hav 3c proteinase attacks the beta-position (i.e. c-4) of the oxetanone ring, thereby leadi ... | 1999 | 10823207 |
| hepatitis a seroprevalence rate in syria. | hepatitis a is a benign infection, which in the developing world affects mainly children; the majority of adults are immune by the age of 30. in the last decade or so, a shift in the prevalence pattern of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection from a low- to a high-age group has appeared in the developed countries. this shift has been attributed to an improvement in the socio-economic and hygienic conditions. in the present study, 849 syrians of all age groups and both sexes were tested by enzyme-lin ... | 2000 | 10842558 |
| persisting hiv-1 replication triggered by acute hepatitis a virus infection. | we report the case of two patients in whom acute hepatitis a was associated with a marked and prolonged increase in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) viral load. although in one patient the rise in hiv-1 rna might also have been related to the interruption of antiretroviral therapy, we also observed a similar pattern in the other patient who had a stable undetectable plasma viraemia prior to acute hepatitis and never received treatment with anti-retrovirals. our observation supports th ... | 2000 | 10846587 |
| functional significance of the interaction of hepatitis a virus rna with glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gapdh): opposing effects of gapdh and polypyrimidine tract binding protein on internal ribosome entry site function. | glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gapdh), a cellular enzyme involved in glycolysis, binds specifically to several viral rnas, but the functional significance of this interaction is uncertain. both gapdh and polypyrimidine tract binding protein (ptb) bind to overlapping sites in stem-loop iiia of the internal ribosome entry site (ires) of hepatitis a virus (hav), a picornavirus. since the binding of gapdh destabilizes the rna secondary structure, we reasoned that gapdh may suppress the ab ... | 2000 | 10864658 |
| infection of polarized cultures of human intestinal epithelial cells with hepatitis a virus: vectorial release of progeny virions through apical cellular membranes. | although hepatitis a virus (hav) is typically transmitted by the fecal-oral route, little is known of its interactions with cells of the gastrointestinal tract. we studied the replication of hav in polarized cultures of caco-2 cells, a human cell line which retains many differentiated functions of small intestinal epithelial cells. virus uptake was 30- to 40-fold more efficient when the inoculum was placed on the apical rather than the basolateral surface of these cells, suggesting a greater abu ... | 2000 | 10864660 |
| a virological perspective on the need for vaccination. | superinfecton of chronic carriers of hepatitis b virus (hbv) or hepatitis c virus (hcv) with hepatitis a virus (hav) is often associated with more severe liver disease than infection with hav alone. superinfection commonly causes markers of hbv and hcv replication to fall to significantly lower levels. the pathogenesis of acute liver damage characteristic of viral hepatitis is thought to be mediated by host cytotoxic t-lymphocytes (ctls) directed against virus-infected hepatocytes. it has been p ... | 2000 | 10866836 |
| fulminant hepatitis associated with hepatitis a virus superinfection in patients with chronic hepatitis c. | there have been conflicting reports of the clinical outcome of acute hepatitis a virus (hav) infection in patients with chronic hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection. a prospective study evaluated 432 patients with chronic hepatitis c (183 with cirrhosis) over a 7-year period. of the 17 patients with concurrent hav infection, seven developed fulminant hepatitis and six died. none of these patients had cirrhosis; however, the hla phenotype (a1; b8:dr3) appeared to be a significant factor in the devel ... | 2000 | 10866837 |
| fulminant hepatitis in patients with chronic liver disease. | the changing epidemiology of hepatitis a virus (hav) in the uk has led to a decline in natural immunity against the virus. it is estimated that in the uk, hav is responsible for 10%-20% of cases of liver failure, and an overall mortality rate of 0.1%. it is clear that certain factors predispose patients to more severe hav disease and increased mortality, although the reasons for this have yet to be elucidated. the age at which infection occurs clearly influences the outcome, with the risk of sev ... | 2000 | 10866838 |
| acute hepatitis a and acquired immunity to hepatitis a virus in hepatitis b virus (hbv) carriers and in hbv- or hepatitis c virus-related chronic liver diseases in thailand. | a number of studies have suggested that the clinical course of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection is more severe in patients with chronic liver disease (cld). a study was undertaken to determine the impact of acute hav in asymptomatic hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag) carriers (n = 20) and patients with hepatitis b virus (hbv)-(n = 8) or hepatitis c virus (hcv)-related (n = 4) cld. disease progression was compared with that in 100 patients with isolated hav infection. no patient with hav infect ... | 2000 | 10866839 |
| epidemiology of hepatitis a in asia and experience with the hav vaccine in hong kong. | hepatitis a and hepatitis b infections are prevalent throughout asia. patients infected with hepatitis b virus (hbv) have a higher morbidity and mortality if superinfected with hepatitis a virus (hav). in hong kong, adolescents and young adults are particularly prone to severe hepatitis infection. hepatitis a vaccination of patients with or without chronic hbv infection has been shown to be efficacious and associated with a good safety profile. | 2000 | 10866842 |
| consensus statement on the role of hepatitis a vaccination in patients with chronic liver disease. | hepatitis a virus (hav) is a ubiquitous, easily transmitted virus that can cause severe hepatitis, particularly in the adult population. improvements in sanitation and hygiene in the developing world have led to a decline in immunity against hav. a growing number of adults are now susceptible to infection, with those who have not been vaccinated against hepatitis b virus (hbv) being at risk of dual infection and potentially more severe illness. the symposium, "the role of hepatitis vaccination i ... | 2000 | 10866843 |
| [does incidence of hepatitis a increase during shmitah (the sabbatical year)?]. | in israel the biblical injunction of the sabbatical year (shmitah) prevails, whereby all jewish-owned land should lie fallow during every seventh year. consequently, it is customary for members of the orthodox jewish community to eat only produce grown by non-jews (arabs). many arab farmers use sewage water for irrigation and since such water could be infected with hepatitis a virus (hav), there is concern about the possibility of hav epidemics during the sabbatical year. we therefore we examine ... | 2000 | 10868165 |
| a new bioactive sesterterpene and antiplasmodial alkaloids from the marine sponge hyrtios cf. erecta. | from the ch(2)cl(2) extract of the sponge hyrtios cf. erecta, collected from fiji, two new sesterterpenes, 1 and 2, and the known compounds isodehydroluffariellolide (3), homofascaplysin a (4), and fascaplysin (5) were isolated. the structures of 1-5 were established employing 1d and 2d nmr spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. all nmr resonances of fascaplysin (5) have been unambiguously assigned. evaluation of the biological activity of the extracts and pure compounds toward plasmodium falciparu ... | 2000 | 10869210 |
| hepatitis c and the british columbia experience with hepatitis a vaccination. | the prevalence of hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection in british columbia is approximately 1.5%. experience in this province has revealed that groups at high risk of hcv infection are also prone to outbreaks of hepatitis a virus (hav). as hepatitis a infection can be fatal in hcv-positive individuals, numerous strategies have been implemented to help minimize its spread. the importance of vaccinating individuals at high risk for hepatitis c infection against hav has been recognized. | 2000 | 10870176 |
| contamination of foods by food handlers: experiments on hepatitis a virus transfer to food and its interruption. | hepatitis a virus (hav) is an important pathogen which has been responsible for many food-borne outbreaks. hav-excreting food handlers, especially those with poor hygienic practices, can contaminate the foods which they handle. consumption of such foods without further processing has been known to result in cases of infectious hepatitis. since quantitative data on virus transfer during contact of hands with foods is not available, we investigated the transfer of hav from artificially contaminate ... | 2000 | 10877765 |
| age related seroprevalence of antibodies to hepatitis a virus in hyderabad, india. | hepatitis a virus (hav) is an enterically transmitted viral disease endemic in many developing countries including india. infection is often subclinical or asymptomatic in children while with increasing age symptomatic acute infections are more common. in some developing countries improvements in living conditions have led to change in epidemiology of hav infection. in our country there are very few reports on prevalence of hav. | 2000 | 10881625 |
| duration of viremia in hepatitis a virus infection. | the duration of viremia and time course for development of igm antibodies were determined prospectively in natural and experimental hepatitis a virus (hav) infection. serial serum samples from hav-infected men (n=13) and experimentally infected chimpanzees (n=5) were examined by nested reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis to detect hav rna and by elisa to detect igm antibodies to hav. among infected humans, hav rna was detected an average of 17 days before the alanine aminotr ... | 2000 | 10882576 |
| [introduction of routine hepatitis a immunization in israel--the first in the world]. | notification of hepatitis a, which is endemic in israel, has been compulsory since the establishment of the state. from 1992-98 an average of 2,600 cases were reported annually. many infections are asymptomatic and mild, especially in children. in general, severity increases with age; in western countries the case fatality rate is 1.5/1,000 among children less than 5 years old and 27/1,000 among those over 50. until 1987 incidence in israel was higher in jews than in non-jews, but since 1988 inc ... | 2000 | 10883087 |
| outbreak of hepatitis a in a special needs school in kent: 1999. | in an outbreak of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection in a special needs school salivary testing was used to identify those recently infected and those who were immune. the value of such testing as an epidemiological and outbreak control tool is discussed. hav vaccine rather than human normal immunoglobulin was used to bring the outbreak under control. | 2000 | 10902260 |
| acute and chronic viral hepatitis. | viral hepatitis is the most common cause of acute and chronic hepatitis. the term viral hepatitis generally refers to infections resulting from one of the hepatotrophic viruses: hepatitis a, b, c, d, and e. the last 10 years have brought many important advances in understanding the epidemiology, pathogenesis, molecular biology, and immunoprophylaxis of infections caused by hepatotrophic viruses. development of sensitive and specific immunoassays has enabled detection of specific agents. this has ... | 2000 | 10916125 |
| [viruses and unconventional transmissible agents: update on transmission via blood ]. | the blood borne viruses must be separated into major and minor agents. major viruses transmissible by blood transfusion are human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and hepatitis b and c viruses (respectively hbv, hcv). the prevalence of virological markers in french blood donors has been continuously decreasing since the implementation of serological screening methods as soon as they were available. in 1998, the prevalences (per 10,000 donations) were 0.17 for antibody to hiv, 0.08 for antibody to hu ... | 2000 | 10919217 |
| three-year study to assess human enteric viruses in shellfish. | the main pathogenic enteric viruses able to persist in the environment, such as hepatitis a virus (hav), norwalk-like virus (nlv), enterovirus (ev), rotavirus (rv), and astrovirus (av), were detected by reverse transcription-pcr and hybridization in shellfish during a 3-year study. oyster samples (n = 108), occasionally containing bacteria, were less frequently contaminated, showing positivity for av (17%), nlv (23%), ev (19%), and rv (27%), whereas mussel samples, collected in areas routinely i ... | 2000 | 10919776 |
| dose range evaluation of a new inactivated hepatitis a vaccine administered as a single dose followed by a booster. | a total of 242 healthy adults were immunised with a first dose of an investigational inactivated hepatitis a vaccine. three concentrations (3, 6 and 12 eu [elisa units]) of the experimental vaccine were used and compared to a licensed reference vaccine. the aim was to determine the antigenic concentration of the study vaccine inducing the highest seroconversion rate and anti-hepatitis a virus (hav) antibody response at 2 weeks after the primary immunisation. a booster dose was given at month 6. ... | 2000 | 10924781 |
| fulminant hepatitis a in patients with chronic liver disease. | fulminant hepatitis is a rare complication of acute hepatitis a virus (hav) infection. we report three cases of fulminant hepatic failure with death due to hav infection in patients with pre-existing chronic liver disease. data from the literature also indicate a high case fatality rate during hav superinfection in patients with chronic hepatitis b, particularly those with cirrhosis, and in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. in patients with chronic hepatitis c, results are conflicting with some ... | 2000 | 10927841 |
| viral hepatitis: recent experiences from serological studies in bangladesh. | infections due to hepatitis a (hav), hepatitis b (hbv), hepatitis c (hcv) and hepatitis e (hev) viruses are the major causes of hepatitis and are associated with significant morbidity and mortality in developing countries like bangladesh. the present study was carried out to determine the prevalence of hbsag, anti-hcv antibody, anti-hav antibody and anti-hev antibody in patients suspected of having infection by hbv, hcv, hav and hev, respectively. antibody to hav was detected in 39% of subjects ... | 2000 | 10928622 |
| [seroepidemiological study of hepatitis a in gran canaria (spain)]. | the aim of this study was to assess the seroprevalence and the risk factors of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection in the population from gran canaria (spain) and to determine at which age pre-vaccination testing would be useful. | 2000 | 10932394 |
| clinical trial to evaluate immunogenicity and safety of inactivated hepatitis a vaccination starting at 2-month-old children. | active immunization with hepatitis a vaccine has been shown to provide long-term protection against hepatitis a virus (hav) infection. however, few data are available regarding use of the hepatitis a vaccine in children under two years of age. the present study was conducted to test the safety and immunogenicity of inactivated hepatitis a vaccine administered to infants, and to evaluate the correlation between mother and infant anti-hav antibodies. a total of sixty healthy children, two months o ... | 2000 | 10936974 |
| effects of total pathogen burden on coronary artery disease risk and c-reactive protein levels. | infection and inflammation have been suggested to play roles in coronary artery disease (cad). we hypothesized that: (1) cad risk is associated with the aggregate number of pathogens (pathogen burden), and (2) increased pathogen burden is associated with elevated levels of c-reactive protein (crp), a marker of inflammation. we evaluated 233 patients for cad. blood samples from each patient were tested for immunoglobulin-g (igg) antibodies to cytomegalovirus (cmv), chlamydia pneumoniae, hepatitis ... | 2000 | 10955367 |
| rapid concentration and detection of hepatitis a virus from lettuce and strawberries. | immunomagnetic beads-pcr (im-pcr), positively-charged virosorb filters (f), or a combination of both methods (f-im-pcr) were used to capture, concentrate and rapidly detect hepatitis a virus (hav) in samples of lettuce and strawberries experimentally contaminated. direct reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) amplification of the collected hav-beads complex showed a detection limit of 0.5 plaque forming units (pfu) of the virus present in 1-ml of wash solution from the produce, ... | 2000 | 10960705 |
| [prevalence of anti-hav antibodies (hepatitis a virus) in 18-year-old males from the florence area]. | in 1998 sera from 430 18 year old male subjects living in "florentina area" have been tested for anti-hepatitis a virus (hav) antibodies. 27 out of 430, (6.2%), study samples were found to be positive. our results confirm the low circulation rate of hav in florence area. | 1999 | 10963011 |
| inactivation and clearance of viruses during the manufacture of high purity factor ix. | haemophilia is a bleeding disorder characterised by a deficiency in factor ix. replacement therapy in the form of a factor ix concentrate is a widely accepted practice. in this paper we describe a double virus inactivated chromatographic process for producing a high purity factor ix product, monofix((r))-vf. the process involves separation of the prothrombin complex by cryoprecipitation, fraction i precipitation and deae-cellulose adsorption, further ion-exchange chromatography of crude factor i ... | 2000 | 10964439 |
| related tt viruses in chimpanzees. | a series of serum specimens obtained from two chimpanzees experimentally infected with hepatitis a virus (hav), hepatitis c virus, and hepatitis g/gb-c virus were tested for tt virus (ttv) by polymerase chain reaction (pcr). all pcr fragments obtained from both animals were directly sequenced, and the nucleotide sequences were compared to each other and to all known ttv sequences. this comparison showed that both animals were infected simultaneously with four new ttv variants designated a, m1, m ... | 2000 | 10964777 |
| a simple cost-decision analysis model comparing two strategies for hepatitis a vaccination. | | 2000 | 10974188 |
| hepatitis a in south-eastern sydney 1997-1999: continuing concerns for gay men and an outbreak among illicit drug users. | the incidence of hepatitis a virus (hav) in south-eastern sydney is one of the highest in australia with large outbreaks previously associated with male-to-male sexual contact. we report hav notification trends over the period 1 june 1997 to 31 may 1999 for this location. in the first twelve-month period, 233 cases were notified (crude rate 30.5/100,000 per year) with a peak incidence of 110/100,000 in males aged 20-39 years. over 60% of male cases reported male-to-male sexual contact. the notif ... | 2000 | 10981351 |
| the prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis a virus and its determinants in the netherlands: a population-based survey. | the prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis a virus was assessed in a dutch nationwide sample (n = 7367). a questionnaire was used to study the association with various sociodemographic characteristics. overall, 33.8% (95% ci 31.6-36%) of the population had hepatitis a antibodies. the seroprevalence was less than 10% in people under 35; it increased from 25% at 35 years to 85% at 79 years. for those 15-49 years of age, turks (90.9%) and moroccans (95.8%) had greater seroprevalence than autochthono ... | 2000 | 10982070 |
| investigations of the epidemiology of infections with hepatitis a virus in jamaica. | between january 1995 and august 1998, a study was conducted to elucidate the epidemiology of hepatitis a virus (hav) in jamaica. participants were recruited from six sites across the island. the potential risk factors for transmission which were studied included age of the individual, gender, residence (urban v. rural area), sanitary facilities (flush toilet v. pit) and source of domestic water (indoor plumbing v. other). there were 128 male subjects and 211 female, aged 3-90 years. the mean age ... | 2000 | 10983562 |
| hepatitis a. | hepatitis a remains an important cause of community-acquired hepatitis in the united states and in the world. in recent years, improvements in personal hygiene and environmental sanitation have led to declines in overall hepatitis a infection rates in developed countries, although sporadic outbreaks still occur with similar rates of hospitalization and loss of work. therapy remains supportive and prevention holds the key to elimination of widespread infection. acute infection can be prevented or ... | 2000 | 10987112 |
| genetic relatedness of hepatitis a virus isolates during a community-wide outbreak. | in 1993-94, a community-wide outbreak of hepatitis a occurred in stanislaus county, california. stool specimens collected from a sample of 33 case patients were used to evaluate the duration of hepatitis a virus (hav) excretion and the genetic relatedness of hav isolates. twenty-four percent of the patients had a stool sample positive for hav antigen by enzyme immunoassay, whereas 91% had at least one stool positive for hav rna by rt-pcr amplification. children were found to excrete low levels o ... | 2000 | 11002242 |
| hepatitis a post hepatitis a vaccination? | | 2000 | 11003737 |
| development of an immunomagnetic capture reverse transcription-pcr assay for the detection of norwalk virus. | norwalk virus (nv) is the prototype human virus of the family caliciviridae. a rapid immunomagnetic capture/reverse transcription-(imc/rt-)pcr assay was developed for the detection of nv. immunomagnetic capture (imc) utilizes paramagnetic beads coupled to a virus-specific antibody and allows separation of virus from contaminating materials and virus concentration in a single step. the detection limit of the developed assay was approximately 250-750 genomic equivalents/ml of 10% stool suspension. ... | 2000 | 11011082 |
| sources of infection among persons with acute hepatitis a and no identified risk factors during a sustained community-wide outbreak. | hepatitis a is a common vaccine-preventable disease in the united states. most cases occur during community-wide outbreaks, which can be difficult to control. many case-patients have no identified source. | 2000 | 11015549 |
| seroprevalence of hepatitis a virus and varicella zoster antibodies in a javanese community (yogyakarta, indonesia). | hepatitis a virus (hav) cause an acute inflammation of the liver. varicella-zoster virus (vzv) cause chickenpox (varicella) and herpes zoster. effective vaccines against hepatitis a and varicella are available for children, adolescents and adults. in order to implement an appropriate vaccination policy, a baseline to assess the potential benefits and sections of the population who would benefit most are required. we investigated seroprevalence of hepatitis a virus and varicella zoster antibodies ... | 2000 | 11023059 |
| current seroprevalence of hepatitis a virus infection among kindergarten children and teachers in taiwan. | taiwan was a hyperendemic area for hepatitis a virus (hav) infection before the late 1980s. the seroprevalence of hav infection was higher than 90% with most hav infection occurring during childhood. this study was to estimate the seroprevalence of hav infection among preschool children in central taiwan. a community-based survey was carried out in 54 kindergartens in 10 urban areas, 10 rural areas and 2 aboriginal areas randomly selected through stratified sampling. serum samples of 2,549 healt ... | 2000 | 11023060 |
| immunogenicity and safety of an inactivated hepatitis a vaccine in taiwanese adults and children. | the safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated hepatitis a vaccine (avaxim, 160 antigen units) was evaluated in 190 subjects: 50 children aged from 2 to 5 years, 70 children aged from 6 to 17 years and 70 adults aged from 18 to 30 years in a monocentric, open, non-controlled, phase iii trial conducted in taipei, taiwan from december 1996 to october 1997. the vaccine was administered intramuscularly, with a two-dose schedule 6 months apart. clinical adverse events were monitored during the seven ... | 2000 | 11023061 |
| detection of poliovirus, hepatitis a virus and rotavirus from sewage and water samples. | a modified adsorption-elution technique for concentration of enteric viruses from sewage and water samples was developed. the viruses in water were concentrated by negatively charged membrane filtration, eluted with 2.9% tryptose phosphate broth containing 6% glycine ph 9.0, and reconcentrated using centrifugation by a speedvac concentrator. the presence of poliovirus, hepatitis a virus (hav) rna, and rotavirus antigen was determined by cell culture isolation, nested polymerase chain reaction (n ... | 2000 | 11023063 |
| immunogenicity and reactogenicity of the combined hepatitis a and b vaccine in young adults. | the combination of hepatitis a virus (hav) and hepatitis b virus (hbv) vaccinations can offer convenience, increased compliance and cost saving. we have studied the immunogenicity, reactogenicity and safety of combined hepatitis a and b vaccination in young adults (16-35 years old). eighty healthy young adults were divided into two random groups. one group received the combined hepatitis a and b vaccine (hab) in one arm while the other group was administered concomitant hepatitis a and b vaccine ... | 2000 | 11027806 |
| [algorithm for specific laboratory diagnosis in viral hepatitis among inpatients (lecture)]. | | 2000 | 11031429 |
| the changing epidemiological pattern of hepatitis a in an urban population of india: emergence of a trend similar to the european countries. | the present study was undertaken to determine the seroprevalence of the antibody against hepatitis a virus (igg anti-hav) in an urban population sample from delhi (india) and to assess any change in the epidemiological pattern of hav infection in this part of the world. a total of 500 healthy subjects were enrolled and divided into groups on the basis of age, sex and per capita income and evaluated for the presence of igg anti hav antibodies using a commercially available kit. the mean age of al ... | 2000 | 11049092 |
| use of filter paper disks for hepatitis a surveillance. | venous blood collection is a cumbersome and uncomfortable procedure during hepatitis a surveillance. collection of capillary blood by finger prick is an alternative method. | 2000 | 11059181 |