| complete nucleotide sequence of the neuraminidase gene of influenza b virus. | the complete nucleotide sequence of the neuraminidase gene of influenza virus b/lee/40 was derived from a cloned cdna copy of virion rna segment 6 and its corresponding mrna. the rna segment contains 1,557 virus-specific nucleotides, and the protein encoded by the longest open reading frame has a total of 466 amino acids with a molecular weight of 51,721. as is the case with the influenza a virus neuraminidases, the deduced amino acid sequence of the influenza b protein includes a single hydroph ... | 1982 | 6294654 |
| experimental influenza b virus toxicity in mice. a possible model for reye's syndrome. | mice intravenously injected with concentrated infectious influenza b/lee/40 virus (ld50 = 6400 hemagglutinin units) developed lethargy, seizures, coma, and death 1 to 3 days later. the cerebrospinal fluid cell count was normal. serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase levels increased 19-fold and plasma ammonia levels elevated 2.6-fold over control values. serum bilirubin levels remained normal. microvesicular fatty metamorphosis developed in the liver, whereas the brain showed mild cerebral edem ... | 1983 | 6296539 |
| a previously unrecognized influenza b virus glycoprotein from a bicistronic mrna that also encodes the viral neuraminidase. | rna segment 6 of the influenza b virus genome codes for a previously unidentified polypeptide designated nb. the reading frame for this polypeptide begins with the first aug codon on the mrna and overlaps the reading frame for the viral neuraminidase by 292 nucleotides. the amino acid sequence of polypeptide nb deduced from the nucleotide sequence of the b/lee/40 strain consists of 100 amino acids with a molecular weight of 11,242. the sequence contains four potential glycosylation sites, and th ... | 1983 | 6308656 |
| [effect of influenza epidemics on acute respiratory morbidity of noninfluenzal etiology]. | the use of correlation analysis has made it possible to reveal a high degree of influence exerted by influenza epidemics on morbidity rate in adenoviral, respiratory-syncytial, parainfluenza and mycoplasmic infections among the population. during the months of influenza epidemic considerable concomitant incidence of respiratory-syncytial, adenoviral and especially mixed infections was observed in all age groups in comparison with periods free from influenza epidemic. the study of concomitant mor ... | 1983 | 6308927 |
| [antiviral action of carbonyl-conjugated pentaene macrolides]. | clear antiviral activity of carbonyl-conjugated pentaene macrolides, such as flavofungin, mycothicin, brunefungin and flavopentin was shown on models with infectious and oncogenic viruses. the antibiotics were active against influenza a and b virus. the effect was most pronounced in the in vitro and in ovo systems. on a model of experimental influenza infection of mice with the lethal outcome, antiinfluenzal activity of flavofungin was comparable to that of remantadin. however, unlike the latter ... | 1983 | 6309075 |
| influenza b-associated reye syndrome: report of a case with isolation of a coxsackie a5 virus from csf. | a 16 month old girl developed reye syndrome a few days after an episode of influenza. the diagnosis of rs was made on clinical and laboratory data. virological examinations were done on specimens of stools, throat swab, spinal fluid and two samples of serum. a coxsackievirus a5 was isolated from the spinal fluid. a seroconversion was found against the variant of influenza type b virus circulating in our region at that time and the isolated coxsackie a5 strain. the involvement in the cns of coxsa ... | 1983 | 6315634 |
| influenza b virus genome: complete nucleotide sequence of the influenza b/lee/40 virus genome rna segment 5 encoding the nucleoprotein and comparison with the b/singapore/222/79 nucleoprotein. | the complete nucleotide sequence of a cloned full-length dna copy of genome rna segment 5 of influenza b/lee/40 virus has been determined. the genome segment is 1841 nucleotides in length and is capable of coding for a nucleoprotein (np) of 560 amino acids. comparison with the only other known sequence of an influenza b virus nucleoprotein gene (b/singapore/222/79) indicates striking homology. only 113 nucleotide substitutions are present between the two strains in their protein coding region an ... | 1984 | 6324462 |
| viruses associated with acute respiratory infections in children admitted to hospital in naples, 1979-82. | a survey of the virological and epidemiological features of acute respiratory diseases in children admitted to hospital in naples has been carried out; the results of three years of research are reported.between april 1979 and march 1982, 787 nasopharyngeal swabs were examined. there were 287 (36.5%) positive samples, with the highest isolation rate being found in children with bronchiolitis (39.5%).among the different viruses isolated, adenovirus was the most common (161 positive samples, 56%); ... | 1983 | 6325032 |
| [virus-inhibiting properties of the carbonyl-conjugated pentaene roseofungin]. | the antiinfluenza activity of roseofungin, a polyenic macrolide antibiotic was studied in vitro on surviving fragments of the chick embryo chorionallantoic membranes and in ovo on growing chick embryos. it was shown that the antibiotic activity against influenza a and b viruses was sufficiently high. the activity of roseofungin against influenza a virus did not differ from that of remantadin, the most active inhibitor of influenza virus reproduction. however, the activity of roseofungin against ... | 1984 | 6331293 |
| ribavirin aerosol treatment of influenza b virus infection. | in a randomized, controlled study, ribavirin small-particle aerosol was found to be effective in the treatment of influenza b virus infection in a group of college students. eleven treated patients experienced significantly more rapid defervescence, disappearance of systemic illness, and reduction of virus shedding in nasal secretions than ten control patients treated with a saline aerosol. antibody response to infection was similar in both groups. the treatment was well tolerated, and hematolog ... | 1983 | 6341642 |
| complete nucleotide sequence of the influenza b/singapore/222/79 virus hemagglutinin gene and comparison with the b/lee/40 hemagglutinin. | the complete nucleotide sequence of the hemagglutinin (ha) gene of the human type b influenza virus b/singapore/222/79 is presented. comparison with the only other known sequence of a b hemagglutinin (b/lee/40) shows that antigenic drift in type b ha genes is essentially the same as already observed within the influenza a h3 subtype, i.e., an accumulation of point mutations. the main difference is that the apparent evolution is significantly slower, most likely due to the cumulative effect of a ... | 1983 | 6348701 |
| comparison of haemagglutination-inhibition and single radial haemolysis techniques for detecting antibodies to influenza a and b viruses. | the sensitivities of haemagglutination-inhibition (hi) and single radial haemolysis (srh) techniques in detecting antibodies against influenza a/bangkok/1/79, a/brazil/11/78, b/singapore/222/79, b/hong kong/5/72 strains, in human sera were compared. for antibodies to influenza b viruses the hi tests employing ether-treated antigens were also evaluated. the srh technique appears to be more sensitive for detecting protective titres of antibodies against influenza b strains and influenza a/brazil/1 ... | 1983 | 6350442 |
| influenza in melbourne, 1982. epidemiology and virology. | the major features of the outbreaks of influenza a and b, which occurred in melbourne during the winter of 1982, are described. diagnoses of influenza a or influenza b were established in 310 patients by virus isolation, immunofluorescence, and serological tests. immunofluorescence was found to be a valuable, rapid, but considerably less sensitive, test than virus isolation, and serodiagnosis was the test of choice either when patients did not present or when specimens were not collected until l ... | 1984 | 6377029 |
| [test system for detecting and differentiating the influenza virus by an immunoenzyme method]. | detection and differentiation of small amounts of influenza a and b viruses was done by enzyme-immunoassay based on detection of the complex of internal proteins. it was shown that two kinds of sera to the complex of internal proteins could be used: sera against disrupted viruses grown in a different system (mice or cell culture) and containing almost no cam component for virus detection in the allantoic fluid of chick embryos, and sera to preparations of viruses grown in chick embryos and disru ... | 1984 | 6388159 |
| [functional and antigenic activity of the supercapsid proteins of influenza a and b viruses isolated by a combination of enzyme and electrophoretic methods]. | | 1984 | 6393585 |
| viral and epidemiologic studies of idiopathic sudden hearing loss. | the relationship between viral seroconversions and idiopathic sudden hearing loss (ishl) is studied. compared with our control group, the incidence of viral seroconversions is greater among ishl patients, both for single and multiple viral infections. there was a significantly greater number of patients with seroconversions to mumps, rubeola, varicella-zoster, cytomegalovirus, and influenza b. we were unable to find a relationship between viral seroconversion and type or degree of hearing loss, ... | 1983 | 6420747 |
| idiotypy of clonal responses of mice to influenza b virus hemagglutinin. | | 1983 | 6424531 |
| [influenza b outbreak in pediatrics and ha antigen analysis by monoclonal antibody]. | | 1984 | 6431031 |
| [seroepidemiological studies on an epidemic of influenza--an epidemic of influenza type b as examined with serological reactions as indicators]. | | 1984 | 6434665 |
| influenza activity--northern hemisphere, 1984. | | 1984 | 6436670 |
| respiratory viruses and mycoplasma pneumoniae infections at the time of the acute exacerbation of chronic otitis media. | the present study was undertaken to ascertain whether or not patients with chronic otitis media are infected with viruses or mycoplasma at the time of sudden increase in otorrhea. from 26 patients with acute exacerbation of chronic otitis media, sera were collected at the time of sudden increase in otorrhea and three to four weeks later. these paired sera were examined for antibody titer to respiratory viruses (21 species) and mycoplasma pneumoniae. of them, influenza b virus and rsv infections ... | 1984 | 6442134 |
| depression of chemiluminescence response in mouse spleen cells by infective and inactivated influenza virus. | the effect on respiratory burst of murine splenic cells after exposure to influenza viruses was studied by luminol-dependent chemiluminescence (cl). infectious influenza a and b viruses considerably depressed the zymosan-induced cl response of the cells. commercially available trivalent influenza virus vaccines also depressed cl activity. the whole-virus vaccine induced the greatest inhibition of the cl response, followed by the subunit and the split-virus vaccines. virus-induced depression of c ... | 1984 | 6478654 |
| altered auditory brainstem evoked responses in the ferret model for reye's syndrome. | the effects of influenza b, aspirin and hyperammonemia on the functional integrity of the cochlea were examined using the ferret model for reye's syndrome. auditory brainstem evoked responses (abr) were recorded from treated ferrets and compared to those recorded from controls. delayed latencies of all waves, as well as increased i-iv interwave latencies were observed in recordings from treated ferrets. importantly, the latencies of wave i, nerve generator potential from the eighth nerve, and wa ... | 1984 | 6480231 |
| immune response of adults to sequential influenza vaccination. | annual immunization against influenza is recommended for numerous individuals, but the antibody response to sequential vaccination has not been well characterized. levels of hemagglutination-inhibition antibody were measured in adults given either two or three doses of trivalent influenza vaccine at six-month intervals. a significant rise in the number of individuals with antibody titers of greater than or equal to 40 was seen for all three antigens only after initial vaccination. repeated vacci ... | 1984 | 6491643 |
| studies on the synthesis of the influenza v virus nb glycoprotein. | the synthesis of the influenza b virus glycoprotein nb has been demonstrated in cells infected with four different virus strains isolated from 1940 to 1983. time-course studies have shown that the neuraminidase protein (na) and nb appear simultaneously in infected cells, in agreement with the previous observation that both proteins are translated from a single, bicistronic mrna. pulse-chase experiments indicated that the nb protein disappears from infected cells within 3 hr after synthesis. the ... | 1984 | 6495655 |
| [detection of influenza virus a antigens by radioimmunological methods in patients' nasopharyngeal washings]. | 9olid-phase radioimmunoassay (spria) was used for the detection of influenza a (h3n2,h1n1) and b viruses in nasopharyngeal washings of patients admitted in january-march, 1983, to the 1st clinical hospital of moscow city with acute respiratory diseases. the solid phase consisted of nitrocellulose filters and plastic plates which were coated with nasopharyngeal washings of the patients. rabbit or horse antiviral immunoglobulins were used as antibodies. 125i-labeled protein a was the indicator sys ... | 1984 | 6495704 |
| distribution of influenza viruses in northern greece during 1972-1983. | observations on the circulation of influenza viruses in northern greece during the winters of 1972/3 to 1982/3 are presented. influenza a viruses were detected every winter with the exception of those of 1973/4 and 1981/2, when neither type a nor type b was isolated. the strains of type a isolated during the study period were similar to those circulating world-wide over the same time scale. influenza b viruses were isolated only during the winters of 1972/3 and 1979/80; influenza a viruses were ... | 1984 | 6501876 |
| influenza b virus infection complicated by pneumonia, acute renal failure and disseminated intravascular coagulation. | the case is presented of a 14-year-old boy in whom influenza b virus infection caused pneumonia, acute renal failure and disseminated intravascular coagulation (dic). survival was achieved by prompt treatment of dic with clotting factors and heparin. dic should be diligently sought in severe viral infections because appropriate therapy may be life-saving. | 1984 | 6501907 |
| ultrastructures of leuco-adsorption on monolayers infected with influenza virus. | leuco-adsorption occurring in influenza virus infected-cell cultures was studied morphologically to clarify the mechanisms of adsorption of leukocytes. among the various types of chicken leukocytes studied, such as lymphocytes, monocytes, granulocytes, and thrombocytes, all were found to adhere to the virus-infected cells. the adsorption seems to occur through at least two processes, one is mediated by microvilli (microvillus-attachment), and the other is direct adherence of both cells (cell-to- ... | 1984 | 6503744 |
| [simultaneous occurrence of influenza b and influenza a(h1n1) virus in the winter of 1983/84]. | | 1984 | 6504198 |
| effects of influenza infection, aspirin, and an arginine-deficient diet on the inner ear in reye's syndrome. | the individual effects of an influenza b viral infection, aspirin, and an arginine-deficient diet on the inner ear were assessed in the ferret model for reye's syndrome using both functional and morphological parameters. auditory brainstem evoked responses recorded from inoculated ferrets revealed threshold elevations and increased latencies during the first 72 hours, but approximated those of control animals by 96 hours. although there was a mild distention of reissner's membrane, no pronounced ... | 1984 | 6508126 |
| changes in the morphology of influenza particles induced at low ph. | at low ph influenza virus causes membrane fusion. this phenomenon is thought to reflect a part of the infection mechanism of the virus. to obtain more information on the effect of low ph on the virus, the change in morphology of influenza virus particles was studied by electron microscopy. further, the degradation of haemagglutinin (ha) after trypsin digestion as a function of ph was studied by gel electrophoresis. the results showed that a threshold value existed below which both a change in mo ... | 1984 | 6508530 |
| [immunity against influenza virus types a and b in the ruhr region]. | haemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies against influenza virus types a and b were determined in the sera of 733 healthy persons among the population of the ruhr region. the receptivity rate for the total population to strains a/philippines 2/82 (h3n2) and a/brazil 1/78 (h1n1) was 60% and 80%, respectively. it was as high as greater than 95% with respect to type b (hongkong). these findings support the call for more widespread anti-influenza vaccination during the winter half-year. | 1984 | 6510247 |
| investigation of a temporal cluster of left sided congenital heart disease. | during october and november 1977, eight newborns with critical congenital heart disease, six of these with left sided lesions, were admitted to a new jersey newborn unit serving two predominantly rural counties with 9700 annual live births. the six left heart lesions (three cases of hypoplastic left heart, two of interrupted aortic arch, and one of aortic coarctation) represented 30% of all neonatal left sided lesions seen at the unit in the three year period 1976-8. the scan statistic for tempo ... | 1984 | 6512489 |
| influenza--a reminder. | | 1984 | 6517006 |
| [viral-microbial associations and the function of humoral factors of natural immunity in acute pneumonia patients]. | a total of 359 patients with acute pneumonia and 152 practically healthy subjects comprising the control group were examined. immunofluorescence was used to investigate nasopharyngeal washings for detecting antigens of influenza and parainfluenza viruses, respiratory-syncytial virus, adenoviruses, whereas serological studies according to the hemagglutination delay test with diagnostic agents for detecting influenza a1, a2, b, types 1, 2 and 3 parainfluenza, and the complement fixation test were ... | 1984 | 6523359 |
| [changes in the population composition of the peripheral blood lymphocytes and the humoral immune response of persons inoculated with live influenza vaccines]. | live influenza vaccines prepared from influenza virus strains h/32/5 (h1n1) and h/1/2/17 (h3n2) induce the formation of humoral immunity only in a part of the vaccinees and cause the transitory quantitative deficiency of t-lymphocytes in their blood, resulting in the poorly pronounced booster effect of the subsequent revaccination. | 1984 | 6524175 |
| biochemical and serological studies of influenza b viruses: comparisons of historical and recent isolates. | the genetic characteristics of 24 representative influenza b viruses isolated in widely different geographical areas of the world between 1940 and 1980 were analysed using either rna:rna hybridisation or oligonucleotide mapping. additional biochemical characterisation included electrophoretic analysis of virus-induced polypeptides and virion rnas. a panel of monoclonal antibodies to virus ha was used to investigate serological relationships between the viruses. the influenza b viruses examined c ... | 1984 | 6532003 |
| complete nucleotide sequence of the influenza c/california/78 virus nucleoprotein gene. | the complete nucleotide sequence of rna segment 5 of the influenza c/california/78 (c/cal/78) virus was determined by using cloned cdna derived from viral rna. the gene contains 1809 nucleotides and can code for a protein of 565 amino acids with a molecular weight of 63 525. the rna 5 protein of the influenza c/cal/78 virus possesses two short regions which share a high degree (60-83%) of sequence homology with the nucleoproteins of influenza a and b viruses. these and other structural features ... | 1984 | 6532006 |
| a specific sub-set of host-cell mrnas prime influenza virus mrna synthesis. | the host-cell derived rna primer sequences at the 5' termini of mrnas of influenza a and b viruses, obtained from sequences of 29 cdna clones, have been compared. this has been done for clones of five different genome segments from four strains of influenza a and b virus. the results indicate that host rna primers containing a 3'-terminal py-g-c-a sequence before the presumed endonuclease cleavage site are preferred for use as primers in influenza virus mrna synthesis. primer-extension analyses ... | 1984 | 6532008 |
| [epidemiologic surveillance of influenza in rome (1981-1982)]. | in the period from september 1981 to april 1982, one strain of influenza virus (a-h3n2) was isolated from 121 throat cultures obtained from patients with acute febrile respiratory disease. a sero-epidemiological survey on 520 serum samples and evaluation of excess mortality from respiratory diseases did not show significant activity of influenza viruses during the period from october 1981 to october 1982. | 1984 | 6534394 |
| influenza surveillance in rio de janeiro between 1980-1981: a virological and serological study. | laboratory surveillance of influenza has shown a low virus activity in rio de janeiro during 1980 and 1981. a few influenza a (h3n2) viruses were isolated in both years during the winter months. serological investigations showed that this subtype has circulated mostly among children under 10 years of age. no h1n1 virus was isolated but an increase in the proportion of adults with antibody to this virus was noted in sera collected in 1981. influenza b virus was isolated from children in the sprin ... | 1984 | 6535914 |
| [influenza b in moldavia (romania) in the spring of 1984]. | | 1984 | 6537631 |
| [outbreak of influenza b in jilin province]. | | 1984 | 6543743 |
| [epidemiological characteristics of influenza due to virus a and b in moldavia in 1957-1983. a synthesis of the research]. | | 1984 | 6545970 |
| [anti-influenza immunity and the prediction of influenza morbidity in the upcoming epidemic season]. | the possibility of practical use of an increase in the level of antibody to a future causative agent of epidemic from minimal to the "critical" level in the human population against the background of a relative epidemic-free state in a town as a prepotent of an epidemic increase of influenza incidence was studied. during 4 spring and 3 autumn seasons (1978--1981) titres of antihemagglutinins to influenza a (h3n2) and b viruses were determined in 200--250 blood serum specimens from residents of m ... | 1983 | 6604366 |
| viral etiology of acute respiratory diseases in rio de janeiro: first two years of a longitudinal study. | a two-year study was undertaken to establish the incidence and possible viral etiology of acute respiratory diseases among the child population of a shanty town in rio de janeiro, brazil. the results demonstrated that nearly half of all the illnesses seen were respiratory infections, 10% of them affecting the lower respiratory tract. viruses were isolated from 20% of the throat swabs collected. of the viruses identified, 47% were adenoviruses, 25% were enteroviruses, 9% were influenza a, 8% herp ... | 1983 | 6606500 |
| [humoral immunity to influenza a and b viruses in the blood sera of children younger than 14 in 1981]. | blood sera from 317 children with the history of noninfectious diseases or normal children pretreated with rde were collected and examined for antihemagglutinins to 7 influenza virus strains in order to check the results of studies of 1980 and to study the immunity status to influenza a (h1n1), a (h2n2), a (h3n2) and b in the preepidemic period of 1981. negative results of antihemagglutinin detection to influenza a/iksha/1/57 (h2n2) in sera of all the children have confirmed the conclusion made ... | 1983 | 6606903 |
| results of a two-year study of humoral immunity to influenza a and b viruses in children under the age of 14 years in moscow and its suburbs. | a serological survey of antibodies to influenza a(h1n1), a(h2n2), a(h3n2) and b viruses was done with sera collected in moscow in october 1980 and november 1981 from 542 children under 14 years of age. the results of the study showed convincingly that influenza a(h2n2) viruses were not circulating in moscow in 1980-81. low titres found in the sera from four young children were due to cross-reactions which were eliminated from the sera by absorption with a/ussr/174/79(h3n2) virus. low-level hi ti ... | 1984 | 6609021 |
| influenza b virus infections in the community and the family. the epidemics of 1976-1977 and 1979-1980 in houston, texas. | influenza b virus epidemics occurred in houston, texas, in 1976-1977 and 1979-1980. among families with young children followed longitudinally in the houston family study, 112 infections were detected during 511 person-years of observation. the infection rates for the two epidemics were similar--24 per cent and 20 per cent--although the two epidemics differed greatly in the community. the first epidemic was much more intense with a mid-winter peak that produced school absentee rates above 12 per ... | 1983 | 6613976 |
| free fatty acids in an animal model of reye's syndrome. | recent studies have indicated that viral infections, aspirin treatment and hyperammonemia are associated with reye's syndrome. it has also been reported that free fatty acids in serum and total lipids in the liver of reye's syndrome patients are elevated during illness. the role of the lipid changes in the development of the disorder cannot be optimally studied in human patients, because infection and aspirin ingestion occur prior to the earliest symptoms of reye's syndrome. effects of influenza ... | 1983 | 6615853 |
| studies on heterotypic interference between influenza a and b viruses: a differential inhibition of the synthesis of viral proteins and rnas. | mixed infection of mdck cells with influenza a and influenza b viruses leads to a reduction in the rate of synthesis of haemagglutinin (ha) and nucleoprotein (np) as compared to their rate of synthesis in cells separately infected with these viruses. the reduction is much stronger for influenza a virus proteins. the synthesis of the nonstructural ns1 protein of both viruses is relatively resistant to the heterotypic interference. the synthesis of virus-specific mrnas exhibits the same pattern: t ... | 1983 | 6619801 |
| increased sensitivity and reduced specificity of hemagglutination inhibition tests with ether-treated influenza b/singapore/222/79. | hemagglutination inhibition (hi) tests against whole virus (wv) influenza b/singapore/222/79 antigen detected prevaccination serum antibody in only 15 (20%) of 50 predominantly elderly volunteers and fourfold or greater titer rises in only three (6%) after they received 1981-1982 trivalent influenza vaccine containing antigens of this virus. hi titers against ether-treated (et) b/singapore/222/79 were about eightfold higher than those against wv antigen and were comparable to microneutralization ... | 1983 | 6630472 |
| serum neutralizing antibody and lymphocyte transformation responses after influenza b virus infections. | serum neutralizing antibody and influenza b-specific lymphocyte blast transformation responses were measured in 110 adults and children after an influenza b outbreak. serum neutralizing antibody and lymphocyte blast transformation responses were seen in 67 to 75% of adults and children recently infected (less than 1 year), but significant lymphocyte blast transformation responses were seen in only 25% of those whose infection was remote (greater than or equal to 3 years). the frequencies of infl ... | 1983 | 6643673 |
| antigenic and biochemical analysis of field isolates of influenza b virus: evidence for intra- and inter-epidemic variation. | detailed antigenic analysis using a panel of monoclonal antibodies was carried out on the haemagglutinin antigen of 53 influenza b viruses isolated from an epidemic in a single school. thirteen distinguishable antigenic groupings of influenza b viruses could be detected but 26 of the viruses were in two groups (iii and iv) which co-existed during the entire epidemic. antigenically distinguishable influenza b viruses were isolated from an epidemic in a second nearby school. influenza b viruses is ... | 1983 | 6644273 |
| prevention and drug treatment of influenza. | influenza remains a significant cause of morbidity, mortality and loss of productivity. type a influenza is more common than type b in all age groups. influenza b outbreaks chiefly affect children. during a known outbreak, the clinical picture is generally sufficient to make the diagnosis. early immunization, with antigens fitting the circulating strains, is the prophylactic method of choice. for type a strains, there are specific indications for use of amantadine prophylaxis. amantadine is also ... | 1983 | 6650333 |
| a study of respiratory infections in the elderly to assess the role of respiratory syncytial virus. | a prospective study was performed from 1 december 1981 to 31 may 1982 in two departments of geriatric medicine in edinburgh. this yielded 159 cases of acute respiratory tract infection (rti). twelve of these were undoubtedly associated with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), 14 with influenza a and 18 with influenza b (as established in each case by a fourfold or greater increase in antibody titre). eighty-five of the 159 patients with rti and rsv titres of 32 or greater. their significance is d ... | 1983 | 6663083 |
| [two cases of acute cerebellar ataxia associated with influenza b virus infection]. | | 1983 | 6673875 |
| influenza b: hospital activity during a community epidemic. | during a community epidemic of influenza b, surveillance throat cultures for influenza were collected from febrile adult patients and hospital employees on three medical wards to determine the frequency and source of influenza among hospitalized patients. twenty-five cases of influenza b (18.5% of febrile patients) were identified; no clusters of influenza-like illness occurred. the attack rate on two wards was 4.6%. peak hospital influenza incidence followed that in the community by 1-2 weeks. ... | 1983 | 6673894 |
| morphology of acute myopathy associated with influenza b infection. | calf muscle samples were obtained from 12 children with transient incapacitating myalgia and proved infection of the upper respiratory tract with influenza virus, type b. in all except one, light microscopy revealed isolated segmental muscle fiber degeneration and necrosis without frank myositis. ultrastructural studies revealed that in zones of segmental necrosis, the sarcolemma was lysed but the basement membrane was intact. focal degenerative changes included myofibrillar disarray with disrup ... | 1983 | 6687269 |
| complete nucleotide sequence of the nucleoprotein gene of influenza b virus. | a dna copy of influenza b/singapore/222/79 viral rna segment 5, containing the gene coding for the nucleoprotein (np), has been cloned in escherichia coli plasmid pbr322, and its nucleotide sequence has been determined. the influenza b np gene contains 1,839 nucleotides and codes for a protein of 560 amino acids with a molecular weight of 61,593. comparison of the influenza b np amino acid sequence with that of influenza a np (a/pr/8/34) reveals 37% direct homology in the aligned regions, indica ... | 1983 | 6688639 |
| [unconscious state in influenza b infection]. | | 1984 | 6700988 |
| potentiation of the toxic effects of acetaminophen in mice by concurrent infection with influenza b virus: a possible mechanism for human reye's syndrome? | using weanling mice of two different genetic strains we demonstrated a potentiation of the toxic effects of acetaminophen by prior infection with influenza b virus. the c57bl/6n (b6) strain of mice is genetically predisposed to increased toxicity from acetaminophen when the hepatic cytochrome p-450 mixed function oxidase system is preinduced. when b6 animals are pretreated with influenza b virus and an mixed function oxidase system inducing agent before administering acetaminophen, we observed a ... | 1984 | 6701047 |
| combined interferon-alpha 2, rimantadine hydrochloride, and ribavirin inhibition of influenza virus replication in vitro. | recombinant dna-produced human interferon-alpha 2 inhibited the replication of influenza a and b viruses in primary rhesus monkey kidney cells (rmk). human interferon-alpha 2 interacted additively or synergistically with rimantadine hydrochloride or ribavirin in reducing the yield of clinical isolates of either h3n2 or h1n1 subtype influenza a viruses. the combination of human interferon-alpha 2 and ribavirin also inhibited the replication of an influenza b virus to a greater extent than either ... | 1984 | 6703684 |
| [effect of ribavirin on the reproduction of influenza b virus]. | the influence of ribavirin on influenza b virus reproduction was studied at different experimental levels. ribavirin was found to reduce significantly the production of hemagglutinin and accumulation of infectious influenza b/lee/40 virus in mdck cell culture. synthesis of virus-specific polypeptides of influenza b/hong kong/5/72 virus was markedly reduced in its presence. ribavirin in a dose of 100 mg/kg inhibited the infectious titre of influenza b/lee/40 virus considerably and prevented the d ... | 1984 | 6730434 |
| a one-year study of trivalent influenza vaccines in primed and unprimed volunteers: immunogenicity, clinical reactions and protection. | three hundred volunteers were divided into two age groups, 14-30 years and 31-60 years. each participant was immunized intramuscularly with a subunit, whole virus or absorbed whole virus vaccine, containing a/bangkok/1/79 (h3n2), a/brazil/11/78 (h1n1) and b/singapore/222/79 influenza virus. serum haemagglutination-inhibition (hi) antibody response, protection, and reactogenicity were studied after one and two doses of the vaccines. primary immunization induced much higher percentages of hi antib ... | 1984 | 6736638 |
| isolation and preliminary characterization of a highly cytolytic influenza b virus variant with an aberrant ns gene. | by repeated backcrosses of influenza virus a/aichi/2/68 (h3n2) with b/yamagata/1/73 in mdck cells, a virus clone with ha of b serotype (clone b/610b5b/201, or clone 201) was obtained, which formed sharp plaques in mdck cells and induced a severe cell lysis early after infection. its structural proteins were indistinguishable from those of b/yamagata. electrophoresis of the rna of the clone also showed an identical pattern to that of b/yamagata except rna segment 8 (ns gene), which migrated faste ... | 1984 | 6740944 |
| inner ear changes in the ferret model for reye's syndrome. | the acute effects of influenza b, aspirin, and hyperammonemia on the inner ear were examined using the ferret model for reye's syndrome. histopathologic examination revealed varying degrees of vacuolization in both the sensory and nonsensory endolymphatic tissues of the cochlear and vestibular membranous labyrinth. the secretory epithelial cells of the stria vascularis and the vestibular dark cells appeared to be more severely affected, as demonstrated by the presence of an extensive number of i ... | 1984 | 6742340 |
| abortive infection of l cells by influenza b virus: defect in bud formation. | host-dependent restriction of influenza b virus replication in l cells was analysed in comparison with productive infection in mdck or 1-5c-4 cells. the synthesis and intracellular distribution of virus-specific proteins and the production of cytoplasmic ribonucleoproteins in nonpermissive l cells were similar to those in permissive mdck cells. however, an electron microscopic study of infected l cells showed neither extracellular virions nor budding virus particles on the cell surface, in contr ... | 1984 | 6748967 |
| selected laboratory aspects of influenza surveillance. | the importance of virologically documented infections in influenza surveillance is well recognized and has been reaffirmed in recent reviews. the large number of specimens tested in surveillance make efficiency and low cost of virologic methods important. based on observations made by others and our work with reisolation of stored specimens we have used the continuous line tissue cultures mdck and llc-mk2 for virus isolation in large-scale influenza surveillance studies for three years. both cel ... | 1982 | 6758369 |
| monoclonal antibodies for rapid, strain-specific identification of influenza virus isolates. | monoclonal antibodies conjugated with fluorescein permitted rapid, strain-specific identification of influenza a isolates and type-specific identification of influenza b isolates by direct immunofluorescence staining. identification of h1 influenza a strains could be accomplished by direct immunofluorescence on cell culture fluids lacking sufficient hemagglutinin activity to permit identification by hemagglutination inhibition. | 1982 | 6759526 |
| use of the hemagglutination inhibition with ether-treated antigen and of the single-radial-haemolysis methods to detect antibody to influenza b viruses. | | 1982 | 6763512 |
| influenza b--texas. | | 1981 | 6795436 |
| the epidemiology of tracheobronchitis in pediatric practice. | epidemiologic characteristics of childhood tracheobronchitis occurring over a 104-month period in chapel hill, nc, were ascertained and compared to those of other pediatric lower respiratory illness (lri) syndromes. tracheobronchitis accounted for 40% of all lri seen at the community's only pediatric practice. tracheobronchitis incidence was highest during the first two years of life, through the ratio of tracheobronchitis incidence to total lri incidence increased with age. a viral pathogen or ... | 1981 | 6797294 |
| influenza b, influenza a (h1n1)--united states. | | 1982 | 6798416 |
| a graded-dose study of inactivated, surface antigen influenza b vaccine in volunteers: reactogenicity, antibody response and protection to challenge virus infection. | one hundred and nineteen volunteers were divided into five groups, and each volunteer inoculated subcutaneously with an aqueous subunit b/hong kong/73 vaccine containing 40, 20, 10, or 5 micrograms of ha or saline alone in a 0.5 ml volume. the incidence of reactions was recorded 24 h after inoculation. one month following immunization the serum hi antibody to b/hong kong/73 virus was measured; each volunteer was inoculated intranasally with live, attenuated influenza b (rb77) virus; and the inci ... | 1983 | 6822725 |
| etiology of mild acute infectious myocarditis. relation to clinical features. | the etiology of mild myocarditis, diagnosed on the basis of serial ecg changes during an acute infection, was studied in 126 consecutive conscripts. a fourfold rise in the antibody titers in the paired serum samples was required for a positive etiologic diagnosis. an etiologic diagnosis was made probable in 47% of the patients. adenovirus was incriminated in 19 patients, vaccinia in 12, influenza a in eight, beta-hemolytic streptococcus in six, mononucleosis in five and mycoplasma in three. chla ... | 1983 | 6829323 |
| temperature-sensitive influenza a virus clones originated by a cross between a/aichi/2/68 (h3n2) and b/yamagata/1/73. | a genetic cross was performed between influenza viruses b/yamagata/1/73 and clone 6-10, an a type influenza virus derived from a cross between a/aichi/2/68 (h3n2) and b/yamagata. efficiency of plating of b/yamagata at 39.5 degrees c was less than 10(-3) in mdck cells, while that of clone 6-10 or a/aichi was higher than 10(-1). four of the 15 clones selected for ha of aichi serotype from the mixed yield, where type b virus was predominant over type a, were temperature-sensitive (ts), with efficie ... | 1983 | 6830443 |
| mechanism of uncoating of influenza b virus in mdck cells: action of chloroquine. | exposure of influenza b virus-infected mdck cells to chloroquine at the time of infection resulted in significant inhibition of infection. the appearance of input virus in the intracellular vesicles was not affected in the presence of the drug, but primary transcription of the virus genome did not occur. chloroquine caused a rapid rise in the ph inside the lysosomes of mdck cells, to 6.5 from the physiological ph 5.6. in contrast, exposure of infected cells incubated in acidic medium (ph 6.0) to ... | 1983 | 6842189 |
| anti m-protein antibody response to type a or b natural influenza detected by solid phase enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and by complement fixation. | anti m-protein antibody response has been looked for in sera from individuals with serological evidence of a or b influenza infection using pure m-protein (m) in complement fixation tests (cf), in igg and in iga specific enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (elisa). mp elisa (igg specific) antibodies are not restricted to people with history of recent respiratory infection. individuals under 15 years are less prone than those older to display m elisa activity. most m elisa positive individuals are ... | 1983 | 6860147 |
| a comparison of live and inactivated influenza a (h1n1) virus vaccines. 2. long-term immunity. | groups of volunteers were immunized with one of three influenza virus vaccines, and the resistance to challenge infection with attenuated influenza a (h1n1) virus was measured 8 months later. the vaccines were aqueous subunit influenza a/ussr/77 (h1n1) vaccine, aqueous subunit influenza b/hong kong/73 vaccine, or attenuated influenza virus a (h1n1) vaccine. the b virus vaccine was included as a control to assess the incidence of natural a virus infection during the study period. a proportion of ... | 1983 | 6863910 |
| enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of antibodies to type-b influenza virus. | the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) has been applied to the detection of antibodies to type b influenza virus. the specificity, the sensitivity and the reproducibility of the indirect method has been evaluated. the haemagglutination inhibition assay (hai) was used as reference system. the results obtained at a single serum dilution show good correlation between elisa and hai test (r = 0.70). reproducibility is satisfactory. our results seem to show a better sensitivity of the elisa tes ... | 1982 | 6927222 |
| principles of rational classification and nomenclature of human influenza a viruses. | to eliminate possible mistakes in the new nomenclature of influenza a viruses, approved by the who influenza experts committee on february 1980, it is suggested to introduce the following changes: reestablish the independent position of subtypes of human influenza a viruses with hemagglutinins hsw1, ho and h1 and neuraminidase n1; use as a principle method for differentiation of various subtypes the hemagglutination inhibition (hi) test instead of the double immunodiffusion test (didt); to stren ... | 1982 | 6927250 |
| evolution of influenza a and b viruses: conservation of structural features in the hemagglutinin genes. | the complete nucleotide sequence of the hemagglutinin (ha) gene of a type b influenza virus (b/lee/40) was obtained by using cloned cdna derived from the rna segment. the gene is 1,882 nucleotides long and can code for a protein precursor of 584 amino acids. structural features common to type a virus has are also conserved in the b virus ha. these include a hydrophobic signal peptide, hydrophobic nh2 and cooh termini of the ha2 subunit, and a ha1/ha2 cleavage site involving an arginine residue. ... | 1982 | 6956892 |
| pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis in young immunocompetent infants. | of 67 infants enrolled in a prospective study of infant pneumonia ten (14%) had evidence of pneumocystis carinii infection. diagnosis was achieved by demonstrating circulating p carinii antigens by counterimmunoelectrophoresis in all ten cases and by histopathology in the only infant who underwent an open lung biopsy. antigenemia did not occur in 64 control infants (p = .003), nor in 57 patients of similar age who were hospitalized with pneumonitis due to chlamydia trachomatis, respiratory syncy ... | 1980 | 6967588 |
| a revision of the system of nomenclature for influenza viruses: a who memorandum. | in february 1980, the world health organization convened a meeting to consider information relevant to the nomenclature of influenza viruses and to make definitive proposals for the revision of the system which has been in use since 1971. the who recommendations are based on data derived from double immunodiffusion reactions involving haemagglutinin and neuraminidase antigens. the revised system of nomenclature is similar to the 1971 system in that it consists of two parts: (a) a type and strain ... | 1980 | 6969132 |
| the ecology of influenza viruses: a who memorandum. | influenza a viruses continue to be isolated from man, pigs, horses, and a wide range of avian species, especially ducks. the recent isolation of an influenza a virus from seals has added an additional mammal to the list of natural hosts for these viruses. in contrast, influenza b viruses have been isolated only from man.the haemagglutinin of a virus isolated from gulls in the united states of america could not be identified with reference antisera and may constitute a new haemagglutinin subtype. ... | 1981 | 6978194 |
| epidemiological, clinical, and virological features of influenza outbreaks in pune, india, 1980. | during the course of continuous surveillance of influenza in 1980 in pune, india, which has a tropical monsoon climate, three outbreaks of acute respiratory infection (ari) were investigated in march (hot season), in july-september (rainy season), and in november (cold season); sporadic cases during the interepidemic months were also studied. the first outbreak was associated with influenza a virus (h3n2), the second with influenza a viruses (h3n2) and (h1n1) and influenza b virus, but fewer inf ... | 1982 | 6982785 |
| comparison of haemagglutination-inhibition and single-radial-haemolysis techniques for detection of antibodies to influenza b virus. | some of the strains influenza b isolated between 1975 to 1978 showed a significant drift away from the prototype strain b/hk/8/73 when tested by cross haemagglutination-inhibition. a serum survey for antibody to two strains of influenza b virus was carried out comparing haemagglutination-inhibition (hi) and single-radical haemolysis (srh) tests. the srh technique was found to be more sensitive than the hi test. | 1980 | 6986861 |
| high isolation rate of branhamella catarrhalis from the nasopharynx in adults with acute laryngitis. | branhamella catarrhalis was isolated from the nasopharynx in 55% of 40 noncompromised adult patients suffering from acute laryngitis. diplococcus pneumoniae and haemophilus influenzae were found in another 5 and 8%, respectively; one patient had group a streptococci in the throat specimen. in 90% of the patients the laryngitis complaints were preceded by symptoms of an acute respiratory tract infection. two of the patients with b. catarrhalis showed a significant titre conversion against influen ... | 1980 | 7006061 |
| recombinants of influenza virus type b as potential live vaccine candidates: rna characterization and evaluation in man. | two recombinants (r22 and r75) of the attenuated b/ussr/69 strain bright and the virulent b/hong kong/5/72 and one recombinant (r5) of bright and the virulent b/hong kong /8/73 were selected for genotypic and phenotypic caracterization. all three recombinants had the growth property of the attenuated parent brigit. analysis of their rna's by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that, the strains r22 and r75 had derived all their genes from brigit, those coding for haemagglutinin excepted. ... | 1981 | 7019320 |
| influenza b at christ's hospital: natural antibody to influenza b estimated by radial haemolysis. | the technique of radial haemolysis (srh) was used to assess the response to infection with different strains of influenza b virus, to determine the persistence of antibody following such infection and to examine sera from boys entering school at age 11 years. the technique detected 95% of infections and in primary infection the antibody response was mainly to the infecting strain. re-infections resulted in a broad response, both to the homotypic strain and to strains more distantly related. anti ... | 1981 | 7026670 |
| detection of influenza a virus by radioimmunoassay and enzyme-immunoassay from nasopharyngeal specimens. | four-layer (indirect) radioimmunoassay (ria) and enzyme-immunoassay (eia) techniques were developed for the detection of influenza a and b virus in the sonicated nasopharyngeal specimens from patients hospitalized for acute respiratory infection. polystyrene beads (ria) or polystyrene microtiter plates (eia) were used as the solid-phase, guinea pig antivirus immunoglobulins as the catching antibodies, rabbit antivirus immunoglobulins as the secondary antibodies, and 125i-labeled sheep antirabbit ... | 1981 | 7026733 |
| clinical trial of a subunit influenza vaccine. | a double-blind field trial was performed comparing a subunit influenza vaccine (a/victoria/75 and b/hongkong/73) with placebo. a good protection against influenza was induced by the vaccine. on the basis of serological determinations (enzyme immunoassay, eia) the incidences of influenza a and b infections were reduced within a period from 3 weeks up to 5 months after the vaccination by 88 and 68%, respectively. three weeks after the vaccination 79% of the vaccines had acquired protective serum a ... | 1981 | 7031855 |
| use of a simple, new test for virus-specific igm to investigate an outbreak of influenza b in a hospitalised aged community. | | 1982 | 7037809 |
| quantitation and analysis of the specificity of post-immunization antibodies to influenza b viruses using single radial haemolysis. | the single radial haemolysis (srh) technique detected anti-b/hk/8/73 ha antibody rises in 59-85% of paired sera from persons immunized with different influenza vaccines. in contrast, analysis of the same sera by the haemagglutination inhibition (hi) test indicated significant antibody rises in only 27-54% of paired sera. high levels of antibody were detected to influenza b/hk/8/73 and b/singapore/222/79 viruses in post-immunization sera analysed by srh, whereas the hi test indicated comparativel ... | 1982 | 7037949 |
| serological diagnosis of influenza b virus infection: comparison of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and the hemagglutination inhibition test. | the sensitivity of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for the detection of antibody to influenza b virus was compared with that of the hemagglutination inhibition test on acute- and convalescence-phase sera obtained from adults and children infected with influenza b virus. two whole virus, tissue culture-grown antigen preparations were used in the elisa, influenza b/west virginia/81 and influenza b/hong kong/72. four antigens were used in the hemagglutination inhibition test. these inc ... | 1982 | 7047553 |
| evaluation of an attenuated, cold-recombinant influenza b virus vaccine. | a live, attenuated influenza b virus vaccine was evaluated in a group of students. the virus, cold-recombinant (cr) 7, was produced by recombining the attenuated cold-adapted parent, b/ann arbor/1/66, with a wild strain, b/hong kong/8/73. in ferrets, the wild strain produced histopathologic lesions in the lungs, whereas the cr strain and the attenuated parent did not. a total of 306 individuals was inoculated intranasally with either the cr virus or a placebo. after inoculation, only one symptom ... | 1982 | 7054318 |
| responses of elderly subjects to a new subunit influenza virus vaccine. | the serologic responses and the side effects resulting from the administration of a new subunit vaccine against influenza were compared with those of a currently available whole-virus vaccine in an elderly population. the subunit vaccine is prepared by cleavage of the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase surface antigens from the virus with a cationic detergent, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. the resulting vaccine is more selectively reduced to these primary antigens than are the available subunit v ... | 1982 | 7054332 |
| nosocomial influenza b virus infection in the elderly. | a hospital-acquired outbreak of influenza-like illness that involved 29 patients during 4 weeks was detected in march 1980. the average age of the patients was 63 years. eighteen of the 29 patients with symptoms had influenza b virus infection documented by virus isolations, fourfold or greater hemagglutination inhibition antibody increases, or both. the attack rate among all hospitalized inpatients was 20%. absenteeism of the hospital staff because of influenza-like illnesses preceded the outbr ... | 1982 | 7059061 |