| sex-biased dispersal and volcanic activities shaped phylogeographic patterns of extant orangutans (genus: pongo). | the southeast asian sunda archipelago harbors a rich biodiversity with a substantial proportion of endemic species. the evolutionary history of these species has been drastically influenced by environmental forces, such as fluctuating sea levels, climatic changes, and severe volcanic activities. orangutans (genus: pongo), the only asian great apes, are well suited to study the relative impact of these forces due to their well-documented behavioral ecology, strict habitat requirements, and except ... | 2011 | 21335339 |
| inferential reasoning by exclusion in great apes, lesser apes, and spider monkeys. | using the cups task, in which subjects are presented with limited visual or auditory information that can be used to deduce the location of a hidden reward, call (2004) found prima facie evidence of inferential reasoning by exclusion in several great ape species. one bonobo (pan paniscus) and two gorillas (gorilla gorilla) appeared to make such inferences in both the visual and auditory domains. however, common chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) were successful only in the visual domain, and bornean ... | 2011 | 21341913 |
| identification of two novel missense wfs1 mutations, h696y and r703h, in patients with non-syndromic low-frequency sensorineural hearing loss. | non-syndromic low-frequency sensorineural hearing loss (lfsnhl) is an unusual type of hearing loss in which frequencies =2000 hz predominantly are affected. to date, different mutations in two genes, diaph1 and wfs1, have been found to be associated with lfsnhl. here, we report a five-generation chinese family with postlingual and progressive lfsnhl. we mapped the disease locus to a 2.5 mb region on chromosome 4p16 between markers snp_a-2167174 and d4s431, overlapping with the dfna6/14/38 locus. ... | 2011 | 21356526 |
| apes in space: saving an imperilled orangutan population in sumatra. | deforestation rates in sumatra are amongst the highest in the tropics. lowland forests, which support the highest densities of orangutans, are particularly vulnerable to clearance and fragmentation because they are highly accessible. consequently, many orangutans will, in the future, live in strictly or partially isolated populations. whilst orangutans have been extensively studied in primary forests, their response to living in human-dominated landscapes remains poorly known, despite it being e ... | 2011 | 21364732 |
| molecular evolution of immunoglobulin superfamily genes in primates. | genes of the immunoglobulin superfamily (igsf) have a wide variety of cellular activities. in this study, we investigated molecular evolution of igsf genes in primates by comparing orthologous sequences of 249 igsf genes among human, chimpanzee, orangutan, rhesus macaque, and common marmoset. to evaluate the non-synonymous/synonymous substitution ratio (¤ë), we applied bn-bs program and paml program. igsf genes were classified into 11 functional categories based on the gene ontology (go) databas ... | 2011 | 21390552 |
| position and sequence conservation in amniota of polymorphic enhancer hs1.2 within the palindrome of igh 3'regulatory region. | the immunoglobulin heavy chain (igh) 3' regulatory region (3'rr), located at the 3' of the constant alpha gene, plays a crucial role in immunoglobulin production. in humans, there are 2 copies of the 3'rr, each composed of 4 main elements: 3 enhancers and a 20 bp tandem repeat. the single mouse 3'rr differs from the two human ones for the presence of 4 more regulative elements with the double copy of one enhancer at the border of a palindromic region. | 2011 | 21406099 |
| estimating divergence time and ancestral effective population size of bornean and sumatran orangutan subspecies using a coalescent hidden markov model. | due to genetic variation in the ancestor of two populations or two species, the divergence time for dna sequences from two populations is variable along the genome. within genomic segments all bases will share the same divergence-because they share a most recent common ancestor-when no recombination event has occurred to split them apart. the size of these segments of constant divergence depends on the recombination rate, but also on the speciation time, the effective population size of the ance ... | 2011 | 21408205 |
| redescription and resurrection of bertiella satyri (cestoda, anoplocephalidae) parasitizing the orangutan (pongo abelii) in indonesia. | the tapeworm species bertiella satyri from a semi-wild sumatran orangutan (pongo abelii: ponginae) is redescribed and the sequence of its 18s rdna is presented. the tapeworms parasitizing the genera pan, pongo, homo and hylobates from muséum national d'histoire naturelle, paris and from muséum d´histoire naturelle, genève are also presented. the validity of b. satyri is confirmed. b. satyri (bsa) differs from the most similar species bertiella studeri (bstu) in the following characteristics: (1) ... | 2011 | 21424808 |
| the behavior of a zoo-housed infant orangutan after the death of its mother. | the behavior of an infant female orangutan at dublin zoo before and after the death of her mother was recorded using scan sampling and compared. social interactions and associations of the infant with the other individuals in the group were also compared before and after the death of her mother. increases in climbing and object manipulation were observed, and a decrease in resting occurred. the infant orangutan significantly increased the amount of time she spent in close contact with another re ... | 2011 | 21462247 |
| locomotor behavior of wild orangutans (pongo pygmaeus wurmbii) in disturbed peat swamp forest, sabangau, central kalimantan, indonesia. | this study examined the locomotor behavior of wild bornean orangutans (p. p. wurmbii) in an area of disturbed peat swamp forest (sabangau catchment, indonesia) in relation to the height in the canopy, age-sex class, behavior (feeding or traveling), and the number of supports used to bear body mass. backward elimination log-linear modeling was employed to expose the main influences on orangutan locomotion. our results showed that the most important distinctions with regard to locomotion were betw ... | 2011 | 21469074 |
| why don't we ask? a complementary method for assessing the status of great apes. | species conservation is difficult. threats to species are typically high and immediate. effective solutions for counteracting these threats, however, require synthesis of high quality evidence, appropriately targeted activities, typically costly implementation, and rapid re-evaluation and adaptation. conservation management can be ineffective if there is insufficient understanding of the complex ecological, political, socio-cultural, and economic factors that underlie conservation threats. when ... | 2011 | 21483859 |
| a new method for recording complex positional behaviours and habitat interactions in primates. | in an arboreal habitat, primates have to cope with a complex meshwork of flexible supports in order to obtain food, find mates and avoid predators. to understand how animals interact with such complex environments we can study their positional behaviour. however, due to the intricate variation in locomotion and posture it can be difficult to capture details such as limb use (i.e. weight and balance), limb flexion and substrate use. this paper presents a suitable method replicable for any primate ... | 2011 | 21494048 |
| cross-species transmission of gibbon and orangutan hepatitis b virus to upa/scid mice with human hepatocytes. | to investigate the potential of cross-species transmission of non-human primate hbv to humans, severe combined immunodeficiency mice transgenic for urokinase-type plasminogen activator, in which the mouse liver has been engrafted with human hepatocytes, were inoculated with non-human primate hbv. hbv-dna positive serum samples from a gibbon or orangutan were inoculated into 6 chimeric mice. hbv-dna, hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag), and hb core-related antigen in sera and hbv cccdna in liver ... | 2011 | 21510984 |
| species-specific patterns in fecal glucocorticoid and androgen levels in zoo-living orangutans (pongo spp.). | in contrast to most primate species, including the other great apes, orangutans maintain a fission-fusion social system in the wild without being part of a stable community. in zoos, however, they are kept in permanent groups, usually consisting of one adult male and several females. in zoo orangutans, we predict higher levels of glucocorticoids and androgens in the bornean species compared to its congener from sumatra, due to the much more solitary lifestyle of bornean orangutans and the appare ... | 2011 | 21524655 |
| capsular serotyping of pasteurella multocida from various animal hosts - a comparison of phenotypic and genotypic methods. | one hundred and fourteen strains of pasteurella multocida were isolated from different domestic animals species (cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat, pig, rabbit, dog, cat), avian species (chicken, duck, turkey) and wild animals (deer, tiger, orang utan, marmoset). the serogroups of p. multocida were determined by both conventional capsular serotyping and a multiplex pcr assay targeting specific capsular genes. based on the conventional serotyping method, the 114 strains of p. multocida were subtyped i ... | 2011 | 21602769 |
| rhesus macaque kir bind human mhc class i with broad specificity and recognize hla-c more effectively than hla-a and hla-b. | human killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (kir) recognize a3/11, bw4, c1, and c2 epitopes carried by mutually exclusive subsets of human leukocyte antigen (hla)-a, -b, and -c allotypes. chimpanzee and orangutan have counterparts to hla-a, -b, and -c, and kir that recognize the a3/11, bw4, c1, and c2 epitopes, either individually or in combination. because rhesus macaque has counterparts of hla-a and -b, but not hla-c, we expected that rhesus kir would better recognize hla-a and -b, than hl ... | 2011 | 21614583 |
| the evolutionary history of the sal1 gene family in eutherian mammals. | abstract: background: sal1 (salivary lipocalin) is a member of the obp (odorant binding protein) family and is involved in chemical sexual communication in pig. sal1 and its relatives may be involved in pheromone and olfactory receptor binding and in pre-mating behaviour. the evolutionary history and the selective pressures acting on sal1 and its orthologous genes have not yet been exhaustively described. the aim of the present work was to study the evolution of these genes, to elucidate the rol ... | 2011 | 21619679 |
| functional anatomy and adaptation of male gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla) with comparison to male orangutans (pongo pygmaeus). | great apes diversified during the miocene in old world forests. two lineages, gorillas in africa and orangutans in asia, have sexual dimorphisms of super-sized males, though they presumably diverged from a smaller common ancestor. we test the hypothesis that they increased in body mass independently and convergently, and that their many postcranial differences reflect locomotor differences. whole body dissections of five adult male gorillas and four adult male orangutans allowed quantification o ... | 2011 | 21809463 |
| identification of novel phosphorylation modification sites in human proteins that originated after the human-chimpanzee divergence. | motivation: phosphorylation modifications of specific protein residues are involved in a wide range of biological processes such as modulation of intracellular signal networks. here, we present the development and application of a bioinformatics procedure for systematic identification of human-specific phosphorylation sites in proteins that may have occurred after the human-chimpanzee divergence. results: we collected annotated human phosphorylation sites and compared each site to orthologous ma ... | 2011 | 21775310 |
| upper respiratory tract disease in captive orangutans (pongo sp.): prevalence in 20 european zoos and predisposing factors. | background upper respiratory tract disease (urtd) is a significant cause of morbidity in captive orangutans (pongo abelii, pongo pygmaeus), and the pathogenesis is often unknown. methods the prevalence of respiratory disease in captive european orangutans (201 animals; 20 zoos) and possible predisposing factors were investigated. results bornean orangutans (p. pygmaeus) showed chronic respiratory signs significantly more often (13.8%) than sumatran (p. abelii; 3.6%), and males (15.8%) were mo ... | 2011 | 21770970 |
| annotation of hypothetical proteins orthologous in pongo abelii and sus scrofa. | a hypothetical protein is predicted to be expressed from an open reading frame without known experimental evidence of translation. they constitute a substantial fraction of proteomes. domain extraction from these hypothetical sequences helps to search for protein coding genes for protein structural and functional annotation. we describe the analysis of prediction data in a sequence dataset of hypothetical protein orthologs of pongo abelii (orangutan) and sus scrofa (pig). it should be noted that ... | 2011 | 21769189 |
| can captive orangutans (pongo pygmaeus abelii) be coaxed into cumulative build-up of techniques? | while striking cultural variation in behavior from one site to another has been described in chimpanzees and orangutans, cumulative culture might be unique to humans. captive chimpanzees were recently found to be rather conservative, sticking to the technique they had mastered, even after more effective alternatives were demonstrated. behavioral flexibility in problem solving, in the sense of acquiring new solutions after having learned another one earlier, is a vital prerequisite for cumulative ... | 2011 | 21767010 |
| 'progress' renders detrimental an ancient mitochondrial dna genetic variant. | a human mitochondrial dna (mtdna) transition, m.1555a>g, in the 12s rrna gene causes non-syndromic hearing loss. however, this pathological mutation is the wild-type allele in orangutan mtdna. here we rule out different genetic factors as the reason for its fixation in orangutans and show that aminoglycosides negatively affect the oxidative phosphorylation function by decreasing the synthesis of mtdna-encoded proteins and the amount and activity of respiratory complex iv. these drugs also dimini ... | 2011 | 21828074 |
| copy number variation analysis in the great apes reveals species-specific patterns of structural variation. | copy number variants (cnvs) are increasingly acknowledged as an important source of evolutionary novelties in the human lineage. however, our understanding of their significance is still hindered by the lack of primate cnv data. we performed intraspecific comparative genomic hybridizations to identify loci harboring copy number variants in each of the four great apes: bonobos, chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans. for the first time, we could analyze differences in cnv location and frequency in ... | 2011 | 21824994 |
| postural strategies employed by orangutans (pongo abelii) during feeding in the terminal branch niche. | obtaining food in an arboreal habitat is complex due to the irregular and flexible nature of the supports available. as the largest predominantly arboreal primate, orangutans are expected to have developed particular postural strategies to enable them to feed successfully. in particular, they need to be able to cope within the terminal branch niche (tbn) as this is where the smallest, most compliant supports are, and also where the majority of the fruit and leaves are situated. we recorded feedi ... | 2011 | 21826632 |
| raiders of the lost bark: orangutan foraging strategies in a degraded landscape. | deforestation is rapidly transforming primary forests across the tropics into human-dominated landscapes. consequently, conservationists need to understand how different taxa respond and adapt to these changes in order to develop appropriate management strategies. our two year study seeks to determine how wild sumatran orangutans (pongo abelii) adapt to living in an isolated agroforest landscape by investigating the sex of crop-raiders related to population demographics, and their temporal varia ... | 2011 | 21731636 |
| gorilla genome structural variation reveals evolutionary parallelisms with chimpanzee. | structural variation has played an important role in the evolutionary restructuring of human and great ape genomes. recent analyses have suggested that the genomes of chimpanzee and human have been particularly enriched for this form of genetic variation. here, we set out to assess the extent of structural variation in the gorilla lineage by generating 10-fold genomic sequence coverage from a western lowland gorilla and integrating these data into a physical and cytogenetic framework of structur ... | 2011 | 21685127 |
| genetic characterization of strongyloides spp. from captive, semi-captive and wild bornean orangutans (pongo pygmaeus) in central and east kalimantan, borneo, indonesia. | summaryorangutans (pongo spp.), asia's only great apes, are threatened in their survival due to habitat loss, hunting and infections. nematodes of the genus strongyloides may represent a severe cause of death in wild and captive individuals. in order to better understand which strongyloides species/subspecies infect orangutans under different conditions, larvae were isolated from fecal material collected in indonesia from 9 captive, 2 semi-captive and 9 wild individuals, 18 captive groups of bor ... | 2011 | 21838961 |
| new words in human mutagenesis. | abstract: | 2011 | 21718472 |
| gain, loss and divergence in primate zinc-finger genes: a rich resource for evolution of gene regulatory differences between species. | the molecular changes underlying major phenotypic differences between humans and other primates are not well understood, but alterations in gene regulation are likely to play a major role. here we performed a thorough evolutionary analysis of the largest family of primate transcription factors, the kr++ppel-type zinc finger (kznf) gene family. we identified and curated gene and pseudogene models for kznfs in three primate species, chimpanzee, orangutan and rhesus macaque, to allow for a comparis ... | 2011 | 21738707 |
| Happy orang-utans live longer lives. | Nonhuman primate ageing resembles its human counterpart. Moreover, ratings of subjective well-being traits in chimpanzees, orang-utans and rhesus macaques are similar to those of humans: they are intercorrelated, heritable, and phenotypically and genetically related to personality. We examined whether, as in humans, orang-utan subjective well-being was related to longer life. The sample included 184 zoo-housed orang-utans followed up for approximately 7 years. Age, sex, species and number of tra ... | 2011 | 21715398 |
| phyloepigenomic comparison of great apes reveals a correlation between somatic and germline methylation states. | we have determined methylation state differences in the epigenomes of uncultured cells purified from human, chimpanzee, and orangutan, using digestion with a methylation-sensitive enzyme, deep sequencing, and computational analysis of the sequence data. the methylomes show a high degree of conservation, but the methylation states of ~10% of cpg island-like regions differ significantly between human and chimp. the differences are not associated with changes in cg content and recapitulate the know ... | 2011 | 21908772 |
| Assessing the role of tandem repeats in shaping the genomic architecture of great apes. | Ancestral reconstructions of mammalian genomes have revealed that evolutionary breakpoint regions are clustered in regions that are more prone to break and reorganize. What is still unclear to evolutionary biologists is whether these regions are physically unstable due solely to sequence composition and/or genome organization, or do they represent genomic areas where the selection against breakpoints is minimal. | 2011 | 22076140 |
| culture and geographic variation in orangutan behavior. | although geographic variation in an organism's traits is often seen as a consequence of selection on locally adaptive genotypes accompanied by canalized development [1], developmental plasticity may also play a role [2, 3], especially in behavior [4]. behavioral plasticity includes both individual learning and social learning of local innovations ("culture"). cultural plasticity is the undisputed and dominant explanation for geographic variation in human behavior. it has recently also been sugge ... | 2011 | 22018539 |
| Orangutans (pongo abelii) "play the odds": Information-seeking strategies in relation to cost, risk, and benefit. | Recent research has examined whether animals possess metacognition, or the ability to monitor their knowledge states. However, the extent to which animals actively control their knowledge states is still not well delineated. Although organisms might be capable of seeking information when it is lacking, it does not mean that it is always adaptive to do so. In the present set of experiments, we examined the flexibility of this behavior in captive orangutans (Pongo abelii; two adults and one juveni ... | 2011 | 22023265 |
| centromere repositioning in mammals. | the evolutionary history of chromosomes can be tracked by the comparative hybridization of large panels of bacterial artificial chromosome clones. this approach has disclosed an unprecedented phenomenon: 'centromere repositioning', that is, the movement of the centromere along the chromosome without marker order variation. the occurrence of evolutionary new centromeres (encs) is relatively frequent. in macaque, for instance, 9 out of 20 autosomal centromeres are evolutionarily new; in donkey at ... | 2012 | 22045381 |
| quantifying killing of orangutans and human-orangutan conflict in kalimantan, indonesia. | human-orangutan conflict and hunting are thought to pose a serious threat to orangutan existence in kalimantan, the indonesian part of borneo. no data existed prior to the present study to substantiate these threats. we investigated the rates, spatial distribution and causes of conflict and hunting through an interview-based survey in the orangutan's range in kalimantan, indonesia. between april 2008 and september 2009, we interviewed 6983 respondents in 687 villages to obtain socio-economic inf ... | 2011 | 22096582 |
| factors affecting reproduction in rehabilitant female orangutans: young age at first birth and short inter-birth interval. | this study investigated the reproductive parameters of free-ranging rehabilitant female orangutans. we aimed to assess the factors that influence these parameters and provide information that could assist with the management of orangutan reintroduction programs. we analyzed the birth records of free-ranging female rehabilitants at bukit lawang, bukit tigapuluh, sepilok, camp leakey, kaja island, sungai wain, and meratus and compared them with reproductive parameters reported in wild and zoo popu ... | 2011 | 22109351 |
| Allelic Lineages of the Ficolin Genes (FCNs) Are Passed from Ancestral to Descendant Primates. | The ficolins recognize carbohydrates and acetylated compounds on microorganisms and dying host cells and are able to activate the lectin pathway of the complement system. In humans, three ficolin genes have been identified: FCN1, FCN2 and FCN3, which encode ficolin-1, ficolin-2 and ficolin-3, respectively. Rodents have only two ficolins designated ficolin-A and ficolin-B that are closely related to human ficolin-1, while the rodent FCN3 orthologue is a pseudogene. Ficolin-2 and ficolin-3 have so ... | 2011 | 22194813 |
| [Phylo- and ontogenetic aspects of erect posture and walking in developmental neurology]. | The group or profile of elementary neuromotor patterns is different from the primitive reflex group which is now called the "primitive reflex profile." All these elementary neuromotor patterns are characterized by a high degree of organization, persistence, and stereotypy. In many regards, these patterns are predecessors or precursors of from them the specific human motor patterns which appear spontaneously later as crawling, creeping, sitting, and walking with erect posture. On the basis of our ... | 2011 | 21863691 |
| A matter of life or death: How microsatellites emerge in and vanish from the human genome. | Microsatellites-tandem repeats of short DNA motifs-are abundant in the human genome and have high mutation rates. While microsatellite instability is implicated in numerous genetic diseases, the molecular processes involved in their emergence and disappearance are still not well understood. Microsatellites are hypothesized to follow a life cycle, wherein they are born and expand into adulthood, until their degradation and death. Here we identified microsatellite births/deaths in human, chimpanze ... | 2011 | 21994250 |
| Functional adaptations in the forelimb muscles of non-human great apes. | The maximum capability of a muscle can be estimated from simple measurements of muscle architecture such as muscle belly mass, fascicle length and physiological cross-sectional area. While the hindlimb anatomy of the non-human apes has been studied in some detail, a comparative study of the forelimb architecture across a number of species has never been undertaken. Here we present data from chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas and an orangutan to ascertain if, and where, there are functional differenc ... | 2012 | 22034995 |
| not by science alone: why orangutan conservationists must think outside the box. | orangutan survival is threatened by habitat loss and illegal killing. most wild populations will disappear over the next few decades unless threats are abated. saving orangutans is ultimately in the hands of the governments and people of indonesia and malaysia, which need to ensure that habitats of viable orangutan populations are protected from deforestation and well managed to ensure no hunting takes place. companies working in orangutan habitat also have to play a much bigger role in habitat ... | 2011 | 22175247 |
| A genome sequence resource for the aye-aye (Daubentonia madagascariensis), a nocturnal lemur from Madagascar. | We present a high-coverage, draft genome assembly of the aye-aye (Daubentonia madagascariensis), a highly unusual, nocturnal primate from Madagascar. Our assembly totals ~3.0 billion base pairs (3.0 Gb), roughly the size of the human genome, comprised of ~2.6 million scaffolds (N50 scaffold size = 13,597 bp) based on short, paired-end sequencing reads. We compared the aye-aye genome sequence data to the four other published primate genomes (human, chimpanzee, orangutan, and rhesus macaque), as w ... | 2011 | 22155688 |
| enamel thickness in bornean and sumatran orangutan dentitions. | dental enamel thickness has received considerable attention in ecological models of the adaptive significance of primate morphology. several authors have theorized that the degree of enamel thickness may reflect selective pressures related to the consumption of fallback foods (dietary items that may require complex processing and/or have low nutritional value) during times of preferred food scarcity. others have speculated that enamel thickness reflects selection during mastication of foods with ... | 2012 | 22271572 |
| testing the oxidative stress hypothesis of aging in primate fibroblasts: is there a correlation between species longevity and cellular ros production? | the present study was conducted to test predictions of the oxidative stress theory of aging assessing reactive oxygen species production and oxidative stress resistance in cultured fibroblasts from 13 primate species ranging in body size from 0.25 to 120 kg and in longevity from 20 to 90 years. we assessed both basal and stress-induced reactive oxygen species production in fibroblasts from five great apes (human, chimpanzee, bonobo, gorilla, and orangutan), four old world monkeys (baboon, rhesus ... | 2012 | 22219516 |
| orangutan instrumental gesture-calls: reconciling acoustic and gestural speech evolution models. | | 2011 | 22923853 |
| on detecting selective sweeps using single genomes. | identifying the genetic basis of human adaptation has remained a central focal point of modern population genetics. one major area of interest has been the use of polymorphism data to detect so-called "footprints" of selective sweeps - patterns produced as a beneficial mutation arises and rapidly fixes in the population. based on numerous simulation studies and power analyses, the necessary sample size for achieving appreciable power has been shown to vary from a few individuals to a few dozen, ... | 2011 | 22303379 |
| y-chromosome variation in hominids: intraspecific variation is limited to the polygamous chimpanzee. | we have previously demonstrated that the y-specific ampliconic fertility genes daz (deleted in azoospermia) and cdy (chromodomain protein y) varied with respect to copy number and position among chimpanzees (pan troglodytes). in comparison, seven y-chromosomal lineages of the bonobo (pan paniscus), the chimpanzee's closest living relative, showed no variation. we extend our earlier comparative investigation to include an analysis of the intraspecific variation of these genes in gorillas (gorilla ... | 2011 | 22216243 |
| a new isolation with migration model along complete genomes infers very different divergence processes among closely related great ape species. | we present a hidden markov model (hmm) for inferring gradual isolation between two populations during speciation, modelled as a time interval with restricted gene flow. the hmm describes the history of adjacent nucleotides in two genomic sequences, such that the nucleotides can be separated by recombination, can migrate between populations, or can coalesce at variable time points, all dependent on the parameters of the model, which are the effective population sizes, splitting times, recombinati ... | 2012 | 23284294 |
| ecological volatility and human evolution: a novel perspective on life history and reproductive strategy. | humans are characterized by a suite of traits that seem to differentiate them profoundly from closely related apes such as the gorilla, chimpanzee, and orang-utan. these traits include longevity, cooperative breeding, stacking of offspring, lengthy maturation, and a complex life-course profile of adiposity. when, how, and why these traits emerged during our evolutionary history is currently attracting considerable attention. most approaches to life history emphasize dietary energy availability a ... | 2012 | 23280924 |
| molecular anthropology and the subversion of paleoanthropology: an example of "the emperor's clothes" effect? | although the birth of "molecular systematics" may date to the turn of the twentieth century, the discipline did not gain momentum until the 1960s, when most paleoanthropologists believed that humans were distantly related to a great ape group (chimpanzee, gorilla, orangutan), within which the african apes were most closely related. from the beginning, interpretation of molecular data, initially protein immunoreactivity, conflicted with the interpretation of morphological data by favoring a human ... | 2012 | 23272601 |
| placental invasion, preeclampsia risk and adaptive molecular evolution at the origin of the great apes: evidence from genome-wide analyses. | recent evidence from chimpanzees and gorillas has raised doubts that preeclampsia is a uniquely human disease. the deep extravillous trophoblast (evt) invasion and spiral artery remodeling that characterizes our placenta (and is abnormal in preeclampsia) is shared within great apes, setting homininae apart from hylobatidae and old world monkeys, which show much shallower trophoblast invasion and limited spiral artery remodeling. we hypothesize that the evolution of a more invasive placenta in th ... | 2012 | 23266291 |
| molecular cloning, characterization and predicted structure of a putative copper-zinc sod from the camel, camelus dromedarius. | superoxide dismutase (sod) is the first line of defense against oxidative stress induced by endogenous and/or exogenous factors and thus helps in maintaining the cellular integrity. its activity is related to many diseases; so, it is of importance to study the structure and expression of sod gene in an animal naturally exposed most of its life to the direct sunlight as a cause of oxidative stress. arabian camel (one humped camel, camelus dromedarius) is adapted to the widely varying desert clima ... | 2012 | 22312292 |
| evolution of c, d and s-type cystatins in mammals: an extensive gene duplication in primates. | cystatins are a family of inhibitors of cysteine peptidases that comprises the salivary cystatins (d and s-type cystatins) and cystatin c. these cystatins are encoded by a multigene family (cst3, cst5, cst4, cst1 and cst2) organized in tandem in the human genome. their presence and functional importance in human saliva has been reported, however the distribution of these proteins in other mammals is still unclear. here, we performed a proteomic analysis of the saliva of several mammals and studi ... | 2014 | 25329717 |
| an evolutionary relationship between stearoyl-coa desaturase (scd) protein sequences involved in fatty acid metabolism. | stearoyl-coa desaturase (scd) is a key enzyme that converts saturated fatty acids (sfas) to monounsaturated fatty acids (mufas) in fat biosynthesis. despite being crucial for interpreting scds' roles across species, the evolutionary relationship of scd proteins across species has yet to be elucidated. this study aims to present this evolutionary relationship based on amino acid sequences. | 0 | 26989730 |
| prevalence of cryptosporidium spp., enterocytozoon bieneusi, encephalitozoon spp. and giardia intestinalis in wild, semi-wild and captive orangutans (pongo abelii and pongo pygmaeus) on sumatra and borneo, indonesia. | orangutans are critically endangered primarily due to loss and fragmentation of their natural habitat. this could bring them into closer contact with humans and increase the risk of zoonotic pathogen transmission. | 2016 | 27031241 |
| detailed phylogenetic analysis of primate t-lymphotropic virus type 1 (ptlv-1) sequences from orangutans (pongo pygmaeus) reveals new insights into the evolutionary history of ptlv-1 in asia. | while human t-lymphotropic virus type 1 (htlv-1) originates from ancient cross-species transmission of simian t-lymphotropic virus type 1 (stlv-1) from infected nonhuman primates, much debate exists on whether the first htlv-1 occurred in africa, or in asia during early human evolution and migration. this topic is complicated by a lack of representative asian stlv-1 to infer ptlv-1 evolutionary histories. in this study we obtained new stlv-1 ltr and tax sequences from a wild-born bornean orangut ... | 2016 | 27245152 |
| fatal streptococcus anginosus-associated pneumonia in a captive sumatran orangutan (pongo abelii). | bacterial infections commonly affect the lungs and air sacs of orangutans; culture and identification is rarely performed and may have clinical relevance. | 2014 | 24117447 |
| teasing apart the contributions of hard dietary items on 3d dental microtextures in primates. | 3d dental microtexture analysis is a powerful tool for reconstructing the diets of extinct primates. this method is based on the comparison of fossils with extant species of known diet. the diets of primates are highly diversified and include fruits, seeds, grass, tree leaves, bark, roots, tubers, and animal resources. fruits remain the main component in the diets of most primates. we tested whether the proportion of fruit consumed is correlated with dental microtexture. two methods of microtext ... | 2012 | 22705031 |
| molecular characterization, polymorphism, and association of porcine gadd45g gene. | growth arrest and dna-damage-inducible gamma (gadd45g) is a reproduction related gene. in this study, the full-length cdna sequence of porcine gadd45g gene was cloned through rapid amplification of cdna ends (race) method. the porcine gadd45g gene encodes a protein of 159 amino acids that shares high homology with the gadd45g of nine species: chimpanzee (97%), sumatran orangutan (97%), white-tufted-ear marmoset (97%), northern white-cheeked gibbon (97%), cattle (97%), human (97%), rhesus monkey ... | 2015 | 25927170 |
| phylogenetic and structural analysis of the phospholipase a2 gene family in vertebrates. | the phospholipase a (pla)2 family is the most complex gene family of phospholipases and plays a crucial role in a number of physiological activities. however, the phylogenetic background of the pla2 gene family and the amino acid residues of the pla2g7 gene following positive selection gene remain undetermined. in this study, we downloaded 49 genomic data sets of pla from different species, including the human, house mouse, norway rat, pig, dog, chicken, cattle, african clawed frog, sumatran ora ... | 2015 | 25543670 |
| identification and sequence analysis of the keratin-associated protein 24-1 (kap24-1) gene homologue in sheep. | keratin-associated proteins (kaps) are major structural components of hair and wool fibres, and play a critical role in determining the properties of the fibre. while over 100 kap genes that have been grouped into 27 kap families have been identified in mammals, most homologues remain unidentified in sheep. a blast search of the ovine genome assembly v2.0 using a human krtap24-1 coding sequence (nm_001085455), identified a putative ovine kap24-1 gene clustered with six other known kap genes on c ... | 2012 | 22995344 |
| molecular characterization, polymorphism and association of porcine spata19 gene. | spermatogenesis associated 19 (spata19) is an important reproduction related gene. in this study, we cloned the full-length cdna sequence of porcine spata19 gene through the rapid amplification of cdna ends (race) method. the porcine spata19 gene encodes a protein of 154 amino acids which shares high homology with the spata19 of ten species: giant panda (87 %), dog (86 %), cattle (84 %), rabbit (78 %), sumatran orangutan (72 %), human (71 %), rhesus monkey (71 %), chimpanzee (70 %), mouse (71 %) ... | 2012 | 22736110 |
| molecular characterization, polymorphism and association of porcine ibp4 gene. | the complete coding sequence of the porcine ibp4 gene was isolated using rt-pcr. sequence analysis showed that the porcine ibp4 gene encodes a protein of 259 amino acids which shares high homology with the insulin-like growth factor binding protein 4 (ibp4) of eight species: cattle (97 %), goat (97 %), chimpanzee (97 %), human (96 %), giant panda (96 %), sheep (95 %), sumatran orangutan (95 %) and rabbit (93 %). this gene is structured in four exons and three introns as revealed by computer- ass ... | 2012 | 22464822 |
| next generation sequencing (ngs) database for tandem repeats with multiple pattern 2°-shaft multicore string matching. | next generation sequencing (ngs) technologies have been rapidly applied in biomedical and biological research in recent years. to provide the comprehensive ngs resource for the research, in this paper , we have considered 10 loci/codi/repeats taga, tcat, gaat, agat, agaa, gata, tatc, cttt, tctg and tcta. then we developed the ngs tandem repeat database (tandemrepeatdb) for all the chromosomes of homo sapiens, callithrix jacchus, chlorocebus sabaeus, gorilla gorilla, macaca fascicularis, macaca m ... | 2016 | 26981434 |
| apes (gorilla gorilla, pan paniscus, p. troglodytes, pongo abelii) versus corvids (corvus corax, c. corone) in a support task: the effect of pattern and functionality. | apes (gorilla gorilla, pan paniscus, p. troglodytes, pong abelii) and corvids (corvus corax, c. corone) are among the most proficient and flexible tool users in the animal kingdom. although it has been proposed that this is the result of convergent evolution, little is known about whether this is limited to behavior or also includes the underlying cognitive mechanisms. we compared several species of apes (bonobos, chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans) and corvids (carrion crows and common raven ... | 2012 | 22545765 |
| successful treatment of infertility in a female sumatran orangutan pongo abelii. | in 2011, a female sumatran orangutan housed at durrell wildlife conservation trust became infertile following a massive antepartum hemorrhage in labor and the delivery of a stillborn infant. the placenta was infected with pantoea sp. hysterosalpingography (hsg) revealed blocked fallopian tubes, and pressurized fallopian tube perfusion was used to reverse the tubal occlusion. she subsequently conceived and following an intensive training program, we were able to measure umbilical artery waveform ... | 2017 | 28394461 |
| prevalence of an unusual hypoplastic defect of the permanent maxillary lateral incisor in great apes. | in this article, i describe a previously unreported maxillary lateral incisor defect (mlid) of the enamel in great apes and evaluate potential general causes (genetic, systemic stress, or localized disturbance), as well as examine differences in prevalence among the represented taxa. this defect occurred only on the labial surface of the maxillary lateral incisor and extended from the cervical-mesial quarter of the crown to the mesial edge of the cementoenamel junction (cej). the study sample co ... | 2017 | 27643754 |
| molecular phylogeny of anoplocephalid tapeworms (cestoda: anoplocephalidae) infecting humans and non-human primates. | anoplocephalid tapeworms of the genus bertiella stiles and hassall, 1902 and anoplocephala blanchard, 1848, found in the asian, african and american non-human primates are presumed to sporadic ape-to-man transmissions. variable nuclear (5.8s-its2; 28s rrna) and mitochondrial genes (cox1; nad1) of isolates of anoplocephalids originating from different primates (callicebus oenanthe, gorilla beringei, gorilla gorilla, pan troglodytes and pongo abelii) and humans from various regions (south america, ... | 2015 | 26046952 |
| looking in apes as a source of human pathogens. | because of the close genetic relatedness between apes and humans, apes are susceptible to many human infectious agents and can serve as carriers of these pathogens. consequently, they present a serious health hazard to humans. moreover, many emerging infectious diseases originate in wildlife and continue to threaten human populations, especially vector-borne diseases described in great apes, such as malaria and rickettsiosis. these wild primates may be permanent reservoirs and important sources ... | 2014 | 25220240 |
| structure and evolution of the filaggrin gene repeated region in primates. | the evolutionary dynamics of repeat sequences is quite complex, with some duplicates never having differentiated from each other. two models can explain the complex evolutionary process for repeated genes-concerted and birth-and-death, of which the latter is driven by duplications maintained by selection. copy number variations caused by random duplications and losses in repeat regions may modulate molecular pathways and therefore affect phenotypic characteristics in a population, resulting in i ... | 2017 | 28077068 |
| patterns of milk macronutrients and bioactive molecules across lactation in a western lowland gorilla (gorilla gorilla) and a sumatran orangutan (pongo abelii). | in addition to nutrients, milk contains signaling molecules that influence offspring development. human milk is similar in nutrient composition to that of apes, but appears to differ in other aspects such as immune function. we examine the longitudinal patterns across lactation of macronutrients, the metabolic hormone adiponectin, the growth factors epidermal growth factor (egf) and transforming growth factor β2 (tgf-β2), and two receptors for these growth factors (egf-r and tgf-β2-riii) in milk ... | 2017 | 27768810 |
| a systematic review of the literature relating to captive great ape morbidity and mortality. | wild bonobos (pan paniscus), chimpanzees (pan troglodytes), western gorillas (gorilla gorilla), and orangutans (pongo pygmaeus, pongo abelii) are threatened with extinction. in order to help maintain a self-sustaining zoo population, clinicians require a sound understanding of the diseases with which they might be presented. to provide an up-to-date perspective on great ape morbidity and mortality, a systematic review of the zoological and veterinary literature of great apes from 1990 to 2014 wa ... | 2016 | 27691977 |
| structure and evolution of the gorilla and orangutan growth hormone loci. | in primates, the unigenic growth hormone (gh) locus of prosimians expressed primarily in the anterior pituitary, evolved by gene duplications, independently in new world monkeys (nwm) and old world monkeys (owms)/apes, to give complex clusters of genes expressed in the pituitary and placenta. in human and chimpanzee, the gh locus comprises five genes, gh-n being expressed as pituitary gh, whereas gh-v (placental gh) and cshs (chorionic somatomammotropins) are expressed (in human and probably chi ... | 2016 | 27376725 |
| great apes and children infer causal relations from patterns of variation and covariation. | we investigated whether nonhuman great apes (n=23), 2.5-year-old (n=20), and 3-year-old children (n=40) infer causal relations from patterns of variation and covariation by adapting the blicket detector paradigm for apes. we presented chimpanzees (pan troglodytes), bonobos (pan paniscus), orangutans (pongo abelii), gorillas (gorilla gorilla), and children (homo sapiens) with a novel reward dispenser, the blicket detector. the detector was activated by inserting specific (yet randomly determined) ... | 2016 | 27343481 |
| differences in between-reinforcer value modulate the selective-value effect in great apes (pan troglodytes, p. paniscus, gorilla gorilla, pongo abelii). | we investigated how apes allocated their choices between 2 food options that varied in terms of their quantity and quality. experiment 1 tested whether subjects preferred an ab option over an a option, where the a item is preferred to the b item (e.g., apple + carrot vs. apple). additionally, we tested whether the length of the intertrial interval (iti) affected subjects' choices. five orangutans, 4 gorillas, 7 bonobos, and 10 chimpanzees received 3 types of trials: preference (a vs. b), quantit ... | 2016 | 26460854 |
| all great ape species (gorilla gorilla, pan paniscus, pan troglodytes, pongo abelii) and two-and-a-half-year-old children (homo sapiens) discriminate appearance from reality. | nonhuman great apes and human children were tested for an understanding that appearance does not always correspond to reality. subjects were 29 great apes (bonobos [pan paniscus], chimpanzees [pan troglodytes], gorillas [gorilla gorilla], and orangutans [pongo abelii]) and 24 2½-year-old children. in our task, we occluded portions of 1 large and 1 small food stick such that the size relations seemed reversed. subjects could then choose which one they wanted. there was 1 control condition and 2 e ... | 2014 | 25150962 |
| great apes (pan paniscus, pan troglodytes, gorilla gorilla, pongo abelii) follow visual trails to locate hidden food. | whether nonhuman primates understand causal relations beyond mere associations is still a matter of debate. we presented all four species of nonhuman great apes (n = 36) with a choice between 2 opaque, upside down cups after displacing them out of sight from their starting positions. crucially, 1 of them had left a yogurt trail behind it. great apes spontaneously used the trail to select the yogurt baited cup. follow-up experiments demonstrated that chimpanzees distinguished trails based on the ... | 2014 | 24866009 |
| human-animal relationships in zoo-housed orangutans (p. abelii) and gorillas (g. g. gorilla): the effects of familiarity. | i examined human-animal relationships (hars) in zoo-housed orangutans (pongo abelii) and gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla) to see if they followed patterns similar to conspecific relationships in great apes and humans. familiarity and social relationships guide humans' and great apes' behaviors with conspecifics. inter-individual relationships, based on shared social history, and "generalized" relationships, based on a history of interactions with relevant classes of individuals, guide behavior ... | 2014 | 24687450 |
| orangutans (pongo abelii) and a gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla) match features in familiar and unfamiliar individuals. | great apes can perceive images as representative of corresponding real-life objects. coupled with the potential advantages of identifying specific members of one's species and mounting evidence for individual recognition in other non-humans, it seems likely that great apes would have the ability to identify conspecifics in photographs. the ability of four orangutans and a gorilla to match images of individuals of their own and a closely related but unfamiliar species was examined here for the fi ... | 2014 | 24623526 |
| matching based on biological categories in orangutans (pongo abelii) and a gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla). | following a series of experiments in which six orangutans and one gorilla discriminated photographs of different animal species in a two-choice touch screen procedure, vonk & macdonald (2002) and vonk & macdonald (2004) concluded that orangutans, but not the gorilla, seemed to learn intermediate level category discriminations, such as primates versus non-primates, more rapidly than they learned concrete level discriminations, such as orangutans versus humans. in the current experiments, four of ... | 2013 | 24058886 |
| food washing and placer mining in captive great apes. | sweet potato washing and wheat placer mining in japanese macaques (macaca fuscata) are among the most well known examples of local traditions in non-human animals. the functions of these behaviors and the mechanisms of acquisition and spread of these behaviors have been debated frequently. prompted by animal caretaker reports that great apes [chimpanzees (pan troglodytes), bonobos (pan paniscus), gorillas (gorilla gorilla), and orangutans (pongo abelii)] at leipzig zoo occasionally wash their fo ... | 2013 | 23665925 |
| face and eye scanning in gorillas (gorilla gorilla), orangutans (pongo abelii), and humans (homo sapiens): unique eye-viewing patterns in humans among hominids. | because the faces and eyes of primates convey a rich array of social information, the way in which primates view faces and eyes reflects species-specific strategies for facial communication. how are humans and closely related species such as great apes similar and different in their viewing patterns for faces and eyes? following previous studies comparing chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) with humans (homo sapiens), this study used the eye-tracking method to directly compare the patterns of face and ... | 2012 | 22946925 |
| problem solving in great apes (pan paniscus, pan troglodytes, gorilla gorilla, and pongo abelii): the effect of visual feedback. | what kind of information animals use when solving problems is a controversial topic. previous research suggests that, in some situations, great apes prefer to use causally relevant cues over arbitrary ones. to further examine to what extent great apes are able to use information about causal relations, we presented three different puzzle box problems to the four nonhuman great ape species. of primary interest here was a comparison between one group of apes that received visual access to the func ... | 2012 | 22644115 |
| phylogenetic relationships between pinworms (nematoda: enterobiinae) parasitising the critically endangered orang-utan, according to the characterisation of molecular genomic and mitochondrial markers. | pinworms (nematoda: enterobiinae) include 52 species parasitising primates throughout the world. in the present study, we performed the first ever molecular analysis to investigate the phylogenetic position of recently described pinworms parasitising the sumatran orang-utan. the phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial co1 and chromosomal 18s rdna and its1 regions could support the independent status of several nematoda species. our molecular data clearly suggest that enterobius (colobenterobius) ... | 2014 | 24880237 |
| [great apes: who are they? are they able to self-medicate?]. | six great ape species (chimpanzees, bonobos, western gorillas, eastern gorillas, sumatran orangutans and bornean orangutans) live in tropical forests of africa and south-east asia. their habitat, severely threatened by deforestation, contains a vast chemical and biological diversity. during the last decade, we have isolated and identified novel pharmacologically active compounds from plants used by wild chimpanzees in kibale national park, uganda. our continuous observations over the last 12 yea ... | 2011 | 22844752 |
| are great apes able to reason from multi-item samples to populations of food items? | inductive learning from limited observations is a cognitive capacity of fundamental importance. in humans, it is underwritten by our intuitive statistics, the ability to draw systematic inferences from populations to randomly drawn samples and vice versa. according to recent research in cognitive development, human intuitive statistics develops early in infancy. recent work in comparative psychology has produced first evidence for analogous cognitive capacities in great apes who flexibly drew in ... | 2017 | 28877364 |
| blood product transfusions in great apes: a retrospective review of 12 cases. | although the administration of blood and blood products can be lifesaving, transfusions in exotic species are less common because of the lack of knowledge of a species' blood groups, the availability of species-specific donors, and possible adverse effects. recently, blood groups were elucidated in great apes; however, few reports have been published regarding actual transfusion situations in these species. this information is critical because poorly executed transfusions can compromise already ... | 2017 | 28749288 |
| charcot-leyden crystals: do they exist in veterinary species? a case report and literature review. | the charcot-leyden crystal (clc) is a major human eosinophil protein that readily crystallizes; these crystals are common in eosinophilic diseases. although anecdotal existence of these crystals is known in veterinary pathology, definitive reports do not exist, to our knowledge. we identified eosinophilic crystals in a laryngeal myxosarcoma from a 2-y-old, spayed female, labrador retriever dog that were tentatively interpreted as clcs. however, ziehl-neelsen acid-fast stain was negative, arguing ... | 2017 | 28782436 |
| divided zygomatic bone in primates with implications of skull morphology and biomechanics. | typically the zygoma is a single bone in the facial skeleton whose shape uniquely copes with loads associated with mastication. rarely but naturally, the zygoma is divided into two or more parts by supernumerary sutures. these extra intrazygomatic sutures are located at an area of critical morphological and biomechanical importance, yet their impacts have not been studied. in this study, the morphological and possible biomechanical consequences of the divided zygoma (dz) were investigated in pri ... | 2016 | 27870346 |
| similar stimulus features control visual classification in orangutans and rhesus monkeys. | many species classify images according to visual attributes. in pigeons, local features may disproportionately control classification, whereas in primates global features may exert greater control. in the absence of explicitly comparative studies, in which different species are tested with the same stimuli under similar conditions, it is not possible to determine how much of the variation in the control of classification is due to species differences and how much is due to differences in the sti ... | 2016 | 26615515 |
| behavioral, ecological, and evolutionary aspects of meat-eating by sumatran orangutans (pongo abelii). | meat-eating is an important aspect of human evolution, but how meat became a substantial component of the human diet is still poorly understood. meat-eating in our closest relatives, the great apes, may provide insight into the emergence of this trait, but most existing data are for chimpanzees. we report 3 rare cases of meat-eating of slow lorises, nycticebus coucang, by 1 sumatran orangutan mother-infant dyad in ketambe, indonesia, to examine how orangutans find slow lorises and share meat. we ... | 2012 | 22467998 |
| great apes distinguish true from false beliefs in an interactive helping task. | understanding the behavior of others in a wide variety of circumstances requires an understanding of their psychological states. humans' nearest primate relatives, the great apes, understand many psychological states of others, for example, perceptions, goals, and desires. however, so far there is little evidence that they possess the key marker of advanced human social cognition: an understanding of false beliefs. here we demonstrate that in a nonverbal (implicit) false-belief test which is pas ... | 2017 | 28379987 |
| the cognitive underpinnings of flexible tool use in great apes. | nonhuman primates perform poorly in trap tasks, a benchmark test of causal knowledge in nonhuman animals. however, recent evidence suggests that when the confound of tool use is avoided, great apes' performance improves dramatically. in the present study, we examined the cognitive underpinnings of tool use that contribute to apes' poor performance in trap tasks. we presented chimpanzees (pan troglodytes), bonobos (pan paniscus), and orangutans (pongo abelii) with different versions of a maze-lik ... | 2014 | 25545978 |
| evolution and diversity of copy number variation in the great ape lineage. | copy number variation (cnv) contributes to disease and has restructured the genomes of great apes. the diversity and rate of this process, however, have not been extensively explored among great ape lineages. we analyzed 97 deeply sequenced great ape and human genomes and estimate 16% (469 mb) of the hominid genome has been affected by recent cnv. we identify a comprehensive set of fixed gene deletions (n = 340) and duplications (n = 405) as well as >13.5 mb of sequence that has been specificall ... | 2013 | 23825009 |
| information seeking about tool properties in great apes. | evidence suggests that great apes engage in metacognitive information seeking for food items. to support the claim that a domain-general cognitive process underlies ape metacognition one needs to show that selective information seeking extends to non-food items. in this study, chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) and orangutans (pongo abelii) either had to determine the location of a desired food item or a property of a non-food item (length of a tool). we manipulated whether subjects received prior in ... | 2017 | 28883523 |
| can grey parrots (psittacus erithacus) succeed on a "complex" foraging task failed by nonhuman primates (pan troglodytes, pongo abelii, sapajus apella) but solved by wrasse fish (labroides dimidiatus)? | linking specific cognitive abilities of nonhuman species on a laboratory task to their evolutionary history-ecological niche can be a fruitful exercise in comparative psychology. crucial issues, however, are the choice of task, the specific conditions of the task, and possibly the subjects' understanding or interpretation of the task. salwiczek et al. (2012) compared cleaner wrasse fish (labroides dimidaitus) to several nonhuman primate species (capuchins, sapajus paella; chimpanzees, pan troglo ... | 2014 | 24798239 |
| cyclic proceptivity in a captive female orang-utan (pongo pygmaeus abelii). | an adult male-female pair of orang-utans was observed for a 3-month period, commencing with the introduction of the animals to each other. after approximately 2 weeks, the female began to show proceptive behaviors towards the male. two other proceptive periods were observed, occuring from 26 to 30 days apart, and lasting for 4-6 days. these female-initiated periods of sexual activity began with increased locomotor activity, solitary play, proximity to the male, following the male, and social gro ... | 1979 | 24896390 |
| ventilatory incidents monitored by electrical impedance tomography in an anaesthetized orangutan (pongo abelii). | | 2017 | 28865953 |