| the blood vessels of the heart of gorilla gorilla beringei. | | 1961 | 13903917 |
| somatic chromosomes of the gorilla. | | 1961 | 13904092 |
| comparative pathology of periodontal disease. i. gorilla. | | 1963 | 13965037 |
| [the lamination of the masseter muscle of the crab-eating monkey, the orang-utan, and the gorilla]. | | 1962 | 14002709 |
| blood groups in anthropoid apes and baboons. | tests on chimpanzees, orangutans, gibbons, baboons, and a gorilla, with blood grouping reagents prepared for human red cells, have disclosed patterns of reactions characteristic of each primate species. determinations have been made of a-b-o groups and subgroups, m-n types, rh-hr types, secretor status, and lewis types. immunization experiments with ape and monkey blood are in progress. | 1963 | 14057359 |
| the filarial parasites of the eastern gorilla in the congo. | | 1964 | 14250820 |
| [(the nerves of the anterior extremity of the gorilla.)]. | | 1964 | 14316807 |
| dietary deficiency in the captive gorilla. | | 1955 | 14367023 |
| gross motor behavior in an infant gorilla. | | 1959 | 14410156 |
| the development of adaptive behavior in an infant gorilla. | | 1959 | 14410158 |
| brain of a gorilla. i. surface anatomy and cranial nerve nuclei. | | 1959 | 14427431 |
| brain of a gorilla. ii. brain stem nuclei. | | 1959 | 14427433 |
| [a further contribution to the structure of the gorilla placenta]. | | 1961 | 14467197 |
| [the nerves of the posterior extremity in the gorilla (gorilla gorilla savage and wyman, 1847)]. | | 1962 | 14488689 |
| [contribution to the microscopic anatomy of the gorilla eye]. | | 1962 | 14493408 |
| comparative assessment of handedness for a coordinated bimanual task in chimpanzees (pan troglodytes), gorillas (gorilla gorilla) and orangutans (pongo pygmaeus). | hand preferences for a coordinated bimanual task were assessed in a sample of 31 captive gorillas (gorilla gorilla) and 19 captive orangutans (pongo pygmaeus) and were compared with chimpanzee (pan troglodytes) hand preferences in subjects that were matched on the basis of age, sex, and rearing history. the task required that the apes remove food from the inside edges of a symmetrical polyvinyl chloride pipe presented to them in their home cages. the results indicate significant species differen ... | 2003 | 14498806 |
| myotonic dystrophy type 2: human founder haplotype and evolutionary conservation of the repeat tract. | myotonic dystrophy (dm), the most common form of muscular dystrophy in adults, can be caused by a mutation on either chromosome 19 (dm1) or 3 (dm2). in 2001, we demonstrated that dm2 is caused by a cctg expansion in intron 1 of the zinc finger protein 9 (znf9) gene. to investigate the ancestral origins of the dm2 expansion, we compared haplotypes for 71 families with genetically confirmed dm2, using 19 short tandem repeat markers that we developed that flank the repeat tract. all of the families ... | 2003 | 14505273 |
| animal self-medication and ethno-medicine: exploration and exploitation of the medicinal properties of plants. | early in the co-evolution of plant-animal relationships, some arthropod species began to utilize the chemical defences of plants to protect themselves from their own predators and parasites. it is likely, therefore, that the origins of herbal medicine have their roots deep within the animal kingdom. from prehistoric times man has looked to wild and domestic animals for sources of herbal remedies. both folklore and living examples provide accounts of how medicinal plants were obtained by observin ... | 2003 | 14506884 |
| geographic and species association of hepatitis b virus genotypes in non-human primates. | infection with hepatitis b virus (hbv) has been detected in human populations throughout the world, as well as in a number of ape species (pan troglodytes, gorilla gorilla, gibbons [nomascus and hylobates species] and pongo pygmaeus). to investigate the distribution of naturally occurring hbv infection in these species and other african old world monkey species (cercopithecidae), we screened 137 plasma samples from mainly wild caught animals by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) using several of hi ... | 2003 | 14517090 |
| development and validation of the y-plex 5, a y-chromosome str genotyping system, for forensic casework. | a genotyping system, y-plex 5, has been developed for use in human identification. the y-plex 5 enables simultaneous amplification of five polymorphic short tandem repeat (str) loci residing on the y-chromosome, which are dys389i, dys389ii, dys439, dys438, and dys392. as little as 0.1 ng of template dna can be used for analysis. the specificity of the amplification reaction enabled analysis of male dna in a male: female dna mixture at a ratio of 1:600. mean stutter values ranged from 3.60-10.97% ... | 2003 | 14535662 |
| construction of a gorilla fosmid library and its pcr screening system. | a gorilla fosmid library of 261,120 independent clones was constructed and characterized. the fosmid vector is similar to the cosmid in average insert size of ca. 40 kb but contains the f factor for replication, and it is more resistant to recombination. this clone library represents about 3.7 times coverage of the gorilla genome. a simple screening system by pcr was established, and we successfully found 9 clones that cover the entire hox a gene cluster of the gorilla genome. this gorilla fosmi ... | 2003 | 14559214 |
| reduced polymorphism in the chimpanzee semen coagulating protein, semenogelin i. | the semen of many primate species coagulates into a mating plug believed to prevent the sperm of subsequent mating events from accessing the ova. the texture of the coagulum varies among species: from a semisoft mass in humans to a firm plug in chimpanzees. in humans, a component of the coagulum, semenogelin i, also inhibits sperm motility. we tested the hypothesis that polymorphism and divergence at semenogelin i differ among hominoid species with different mating systems. sequence data for the ... | 2003 | 14562960 |
| proximity patterns of female western lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla) during the six months after parturition. | studies of wild mountain gorillas have demonstrated strong preferences among new mothers for the silverback. protection against infanticide has been theorized to be the primary cause for this attraction. we examined social partner preferences in captive western lowland mothers during the 6 mo after parturition and found that juveniles and females were the primary members of the new mothers' social network. mothers spent significantly more time in close proximity with both of these subgroups than ... | 2003 | 14582128 |
| survey of gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla) and chimpanzees (pan troglodytes troglodytes) in southwestern cameroon. | a study on the distribution and population density of the western lowland gorilla (gorilla g. gorilla) and the central chimpanzee (pan t. troglodytes) was undertaken between december 1997 and august 2000 in the campo and ma'an forests in southwestern cameroon. the aim of this survey was to estimate the densities of the apes in different parts of the area, to assess the importance of the region for the conservation of these endangered species and to determine the influence of human activities suc ... | 2004 | 14586801 |
| baby-transfer and other interactions between its mother and grandmother in a captive social group of lowland gorillas. | this report describes the responses of an experienced gorilla mother to inappropriate maternal behavior displayed by her young adult daughter toward a newborn baby and repeated acts of baby-transfer between these two females in a captive social group of lowland gorillas ( gorilla g. gorilla). the quality of infant care by the young adult daughter clearly improved during the first 4 days after birth, and this improvement was at least partly based on her mother's encouragement. thus, the mother's ... | 2004 | 14586802 |
| is somnambulism a distinct disorder of humans and not seen in non-human primates? | though somnambulism (sleepwalking) is a well-recognized sleep disorder in humans, a biomedical literature search in medline and primate literature bibliographic databases showed no publications on sleepwalking in non-human primates. from this finding, two inferences can be made. first is that somnambulism may be present in non-human primates; but due to limitations in expertise and methodological resources as well as narrow focus of research interest, until now researchers have not detected it i ... | 2003 | 14592779 |
| gene arrangement at the rhesus blood group locus of chimpanzees detected by fiber-fish. | the rhesus (rh) blood group system in humans is encoded by two genes with high sequence homology. these two genes, namely, rhce and rhd, have been implied to be duplicated during evolution. however, the genomic organization of rh genes in chimpanzees and other nonhuman primates has not been precisely studied. we analyzed the arrangement of the rh genes of chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) by two-color fluorescence in situ hybridization on chromatin dna fibers (fiber-fish) using two genomic dna probe ... | 2003 | 14610358 |
| evolution of the hominoid semenogelin genes, the major proteins of ejaculated semen. | the hominoid primates (apes and humans) exhibit remarkable diversity in their social and sexual behavioral systems. this is reflected in many ways in their anatomy and physiology. for example, the testes and seminal vesicles are relatively large in species with high sperm competition like the chimpanzee and small in species with low or no sperm competition like the gorilla. additionally, the chimpanzee is the only hominoid primate known to produce a firm copulatory plug, which presumably functio ... | 2003 | 14629036 |
| victorian spectacle: julia pastrana, the bearded and hairy female. | julia pastrana toured europe in the late 1850s advertising herself as the 'bearded and hairy lady' or 'nonedescript'. she suffered from a rare inherited disorder, not understood until the late 20th century, which manifested itself in facial distortion and considerable facial hair in the male pattern. doctors, as well as sensation seekers, were very keen to examine her. her story is unusual, not least because she was mummified after death by her husband-manager and continued to tour as a mounted ... | 2003 | 14652038 |
| a gradient of silent substitution rate in the human pseudoautosomal region. | it has been demonstrated that recombination in the human p-arm pseudoautosomal region (p-par) is at least twenty times more frequent than the genomic average of approximately 1 cm/mb, which may affect substitution patterns and rates in this region. here i report the analysis of substitution patterns and rates in 10 human, chimpanzee, gorilla, and orangutan genes across the p-par. between species silent divergence in the p-par forms a gradient, increasing toward the telomere. the correlation of s ... | 2004 | 14660686 |
| sex differences in play among western lowland gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla) infants: implications for adult behavior and social structure. | mammalian play is believed to improve motor skills as well as facilitate the development of social relationships. given the marked sexual dimorphism in gorilla body size and the role assumed by the male in protecting the group from conspecifics and predators, the motor-training hypothesis of play predicts that male infants should exhibit higher frequencies of social play than female infants, and that males should prefer to play with other males. given that adult female gorillas are strongly attr ... | 2004 | 14669236 |
| human cytosolic sulfotransferase database mining: identification of seven novel genes and pseudogenes. | a total of 10 sult genes are presently known to be expressed in human tissues. we performed a comprehensive genome-wide search for novel sult genes using two different but complementary approaches, and developed a novel graphical display to aid in the annotation of the hits. seven novel human sult genes were identified, five of which were predicted to be pseudogenes, including two processed pseudogenes and three pseudogenes that contained introns. those five pseudogenes represent the first unamb ... | 2004 | 14676822 |
| genetic variability and evolution of two pharmacologically important classes of genes. | we have studied the human genetic variability of single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) and haplotypes in two pharmaceutically important classes of genes that might be expected to experience different evolutionary pressures: antigen presentation and processing (app) and nuclear hormone receptor (nhr) genes. we compared the variation pattern in these two classes of genes with 5119 reference (ref) genes. we assessed this variability by sequencing and discovering snps in 5'-upstream, 5'-untranslate ... | 2004 | 14683423 |
| cortical orofacial motor representation in old world monkeys, great apes, and humans. i. quantitative analysis of cytoarchitecture. | social life in anthropoid primates is mediated by interindividual communication, involving movements of the orofacial muscles for the production of vocalization and gestural expression. although phylogenetic diversity has been reported in the auditory and visual communication systems of primates, little is known about the comparative neuroanatomy that subserves orofacial movement. the current study reports results from quantitative image analysis of the region corresponding to orofacial represen ... | 2004 | 14685002 |
| cortical orofacial motor representation in old world monkeys, great apes, and humans. ii. stereologic analysis of chemoarchitecture. | this study presents a comparative stereologic investigation of neurofilament protein- and calcium-binding protein-immunoreactive neurons within the region of orofacial representation of primary motor cortex (brodmann's area 4) in several catarrhine primate species (macaca fascicularis, papio anubis, pongo pygmaeus, gorilla gorilla, pan troglodytes, and homo sapiens). results showed that the density of interneurons involved in vertical interlaminar processing (i.e., calbindin- and calretinin-immu ... | 2004 | 14685003 |
| domain shuffling has been the main mechanism forming new hominoid killer cell ig-like receptors. | the killer cell ig-like receptor (kir) gene family encodes mhc class i-specific receptors, which regulate nk cell responses and are also expressed on subpopulations of t cells. kir haplotypes vary in gene content, which, in combination with allelic polymorphism, extensively diversifies the kir genotype both within and between human populations. species comparison indicates that formation of new kir genes and loss of old ones are frequent events, so that few genes are conserved even between close ... | 2004 | 14688344 |
| a uniquely human consequence of domain-specific functional adaptation in a sialic acid-binding receptor. | most mammalian cell surfaces display two major sialic acids (sias), n-acetylneuraminic acid (neu5ac) and n-glycolylneuraminic acid (neu5gc). humans lack neu5gc due to a mutation in cmp-neu5ac hydroxylase, which occurred after evolutionary divergence from great apes. we describe an apparent consequence of human neu5gc loss: domain-specific functional adaptation of siglec-9, a member of the family of sialic acid-binding receptors of innate immune cells designated the cd33-related siglecs (cd33rsig ... | 2004 | 14693915 |
| sequence, evolution and ligand binding properties of mammalian duffy antigen/receptor for chemokines. | the duffy antigen/ receptor for chemokine, darc, acts as a widely expressed promiscuous chemokine receptor and as the erythrocyte receptor for plasmodium vivax. to gain insight into the evolution and structure/function relations of darc, we analyzed the binding of anti-human fy monoclonal antibodies (mabs) and human chemokines to red blood cells (rbcs) from 11 nonhuman primates and two nonprimate mammals, and we elucidated the structures of the darc genes from gorilla, gibbon, baboon, marmoset, ... | 2004 | 14712331 |
| comparison of storage methods for reverse-transcriptase pcr amplification of rotavirus rna from gorilla (gorilla g. gorilla) fecal samples. | detection of enteric viral nucleic acids in preserved gorilla fecal specimens was investigated using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr). a commercially available viral rna extraction kit was used to isolate nucleic acids from captive gorilla fecal samples seeded with rotavirus and stored in ethanol, formalin, a commercial rna preservation solution, guanidine thiocyanate buffer (gt), and samples dried in tubes containing silica gel. nucleic acids were extracted at 1, 7, 70 a ... | 2004 | 14715302 |
| simian t cell leukaemia virus type i subtype b in a wild-caught gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla) and chimpanzee (pan troglodytes vellerosus) from cameroon. | a serological survey for human t cell leukaemia virus (htlv)/simian t cell leukaemia virus (stlv) antibodies was performed in 61 wild-caught african apes, including five gorillas and 56 chimpanzees originating from south cameroon. two young animals, a gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla) and a chimpanzee (pan troglodytes vellerosus), exhibited a pattern of complete htlv-i seroreactivity. sequence comparison and phylogenetic analyses using the complete ltr (750 bp) and a 522 bp fragment of the env g ... | 2004 | 14718616 |
| multiple ebola virus transmission events and rapid decline of central african wildlife. | several human and animal ebola outbreaks have occurred over the past 4 years in gabon and the republic of congo. the human outbreaks consisted of multiple simultaneous epidemics caused by different viral strains, and each epidemic resulted from the handling of a distinct gorilla, chimpanzee, or duiker carcass. these animal populations declined markedly during human ebola outbreaks, apparently as a result of ebola infection. recovered carcasses were infected by a variety of ebola strains, suggest ... | 2004 | 14726594 |
| lineage-specific homogenization of the polyubiquitin gene among human and great apes. | ubiquitin is a highly conserved protein, and is encoded by a multigene family among eukaryote species. the polyubiquitin genes, ubb and ubc, comprise tandem multiple ubiquitin coding units without a spacer region or intron. we determined nucleotide sequences for the ubb and ubc of human, chimpanzee, gorilla, and orangutan. the ubiquitin repeat number of ubb was constant (3) in human and great apes, while that of ubc varied: 6 to 11 for human, 10 to 12 for chimpanzee, 8 for gorilla, and 10 for or ... | 2003 | 14745543 |
| phylogenetic relationships in the lymphocryptovirus genus of the gammaherpesvirinae. | complete dna sequences were determined for the glycoprotein b (gb) genes of four viruses from the genus lymphocryptovirus, whose hosts had been assigned as baboon, orangutan, chimpanzee and gorilla. together with published sequences for the gb genes of three lymphocryptoviruses, namely the human pathogen epstein-barr virus (ebv), a rhesus monkey virus and a marmoset virus, the sequences were used to investigate evolutionary relationships in the genus. the chimpanzee and orangutan viruses' sequen ... | 2004 | 14749184 |
| the endogenous retroviral locus ervwe1 is a bona fide gene involved in hominoid placental physiology. | the definitive demonstration of a role for a recently acquired gene is a difficult task, requiring exhaustive genetic investigations and functional analysis. the situation is indeed much more complicated when facing multicopy gene families, because most or portions of the gene are conserved among the hundred copies of the family. this is the case for the ervwe1 locus of the human endogenous retrovirus w family (herv-w), which encodes an envelope glycoprotein (syncytin) likely involved in trophob ... | 2004 | 14757826 |
| [morphology of the ileocecal region of the gorilla]. | | 1951 | 14801020 |
| the hypophysis cerebri of bushman, the gorilla of lincoln park zoo, chicago. | | 1952 | 14943965 |
| the mastoid process in the chimpanzee and gorilla. | | 1952 | 14952564 |
| hypothesis for the causes and periodicity of repetitive linear enamel hypoplasia in large, wild african (pan troglodytes and gorilla gorilla) and asian (pongo pygmaeus) apes. | repetitive linear enamel hypoplasia (rleh) is often observed in recent large-bodied apes from africa and asia as well as mid- to late miocene sites from spain to china. the ubiquity and periodicity of rleh are not understood. its potential as an ontogenetic marker of developmental stress in threatened species (as well as their ancient relatives) makes rleh an important if enigmatic problem. we report research designed to show the periodicity of rleh among west african pan troglodytes (12 male, 3 ... | 2004 | 14968420 |
| sister grouping of chimpanzees and humans as revealed by genome-wide phylogenetic analysis of brain gene expression profiles. | gene expression profiles from the anterior cingulate cortex (acc) of human, chimpanzee, gorilla, and macaque samples provide clues about genetic regulatory changes in human and other catarrhine primate brains. the acc, a cerebral neocortical region, has human-specific histological features. physiologically, an individual's acc displays increased activity during that individual's performance of cognitive tasks. of approximately 45,000 probe sets on microarray chips representing transcripts of all ... | 2004 | 14976249 |
| sexual behavior and hormonal estrus cycles in captive aged lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla). | to evaluate whether observed cycles in proceptive behavior in aging lowland gorilla females (age 40+) at brookfield zoo were driven by ovarian activity, we compared monthly behavioral data to estradiol and progestogen cycles based on fecal hormone assessments. progestogen peaks showed regularity and close coincidence with monthly sexual behaviors. estradiol was more variable. progestogen peaks varied between 22+/-5 days for the control female (29 years old), to 24+/-2.5 and 29+/-8 for the two ag ... | 2004 | 14983470 |
| recent evolutionary origin within the primate lineage of two pseudogenes with similarity to members of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily. | using a search engine called motifer, we searched the public database of the human genome for genes matching a consensus pattern of cysteine residues derived from members of the transforming growth factor-beta (tgf-beta) superfamily. we identified two genes (named mdf451 and mdf628) that display sequence similarity to members of the tgf-beta superfamily in the arrangement of six conserved cysteine residues. phylogenetic analyses revealed that mdf451 and mdf628 constitute a distinct subgroup with ... | 2004 | 14999407 |
| multitude multicolor chromosome banding (mmcb) - a comprehensive one-step multicolor fish banding method. | multicolor chromosome banding (mcb) using one single chromosome-specific mcb probe set per experiment was previously reported as powerful tool in molecular cytogenetics for the characterization of all kinds of human marker chromosomes. however, a quick analysis of karyotypes with highly complex chromosomal changes was hampered by the problem that up to 24 mcb experiments were necessary for a comprehensive karyotype description. to overcome that limitation the 138 available region-specific microd ... | 2003 | 15004461 |
| levels of abstraction in orangutan (pongo abelii) categorization. | levels of abstraction have rarely been manipulated in studies of natural concept formation in nonhumans. isolated examples have indicated that animals, relative to humans, may learn concepts at varying levels of abstraction with differential ease. the ability of 6 orangutans (pongo abelii) of various ages to make natural concept discriminations at 3 levels of abstraction was therefore investigated. the orangutans were rewarded for selecting photos of orangutans instead of humans and other primat ... | 2004 | 15008667 |
| dnm1dn: a new class of paralogous genomic segments (duplicons) with highly conserved copies on chromosomes y and 15. | screening a testis cdna selection library for y-linked genes yielded 79 cdnas. of these, 9 matched the 3' region of the dynamin 1 gene (dnm1) on chromosome 9q34 with >90% identity. fluoresence in situ hybridisation and pcr amplification were used to localise a large number of dnm1-like sequences to human chromosomes 15 and y. pcr amplification of overlapping y-linked yacs allowed a more accurate mapping of the y-linked dnm1-like cdnas to a euchromatic locus in close proximity to heterochromatin ... | 2004 | 15008788 |
| human-specific amino acid changes found in 103 protein-coding genes. | we humans have many characteristics that are different from those of the great apes. these human-specific characters must have arisen through mutations accumulated in the genome of our direct ancestor after the divergence of the last common ancestor with chimpanzee. gene trees of human and great apes are necessary for extracting these human-specific genetic changes. we conducted a systematic analysis of 103 protein-coding genes for human, chimpanzee, gorilla, and orangutan. nucleotide sequences ... | 2004 | 15014171 |
| human cognitive ecology: an instructive framework for comparative primatology. | in this review, research on human cognitive ecology is compared with studies of the cognitive ecologies of apes-especially the common chimpanzee. the objective was to assess the feasibility of extending an activity-theory framework developed in studies of humans to an integrated approach for studying the cognitive accomplishments and skills of other primates living in the wild. six generalizations were abstracted from studies of humans: 1) social and material environments are arranged to facilit ... | 2004 | 15027094 |
| what can comparative studies of placental structure tell us?--a review. | the diversity of placental structures in eutherian mammals is such that drawing generalizations from the definitive forms is problematic. there are always areas of reduced interhaemal distance whether the placenta is epitheliochorial, synepitheliochorial, endotheliochorial or haemochorial. however, the thinning may be achieved by different means. the presence of a haemophagous area as an iron transport facilitator is generally associated with endotheliochorial placentae but is also found in shee ... | 2004 | 15033300 |
| nosocomial pneumonia: the gorilla in the icu. | | 2003 | 15035769 |
| dispersed male networks in western gorillas. | although kin-selection theory has been widely used to explain the tendency of individuals to bias beneficial behaviors towards relatives living within the same social group, less attention has focused on kin-biased interactions between groups. for animal societies in which females emigrate, as is the case for mountain gorillas (gorilla beringei beringei), encounters between males in different groups often involve aggressive displays that can escalate to physical violence and fatal injuries. howe ... | 2004 | 15043817 |
| naturally acquired simian retrovirus infections in central african hunters. | hunting and butchering of wild non-human primates infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) is thought to have sparked the hiv pandemic. although siv and other primate retroviruses infect laboratory workers and zoo workers, zoonotic retrovirus transmission has not been documented in natural settings. we investigated zoonotic infection in individuals living in central africa. | 2004 | 15043960 |
| accelerated evolution of the aspm gene controlling brain size begins prior to human brain expansion. | primary microcephaly (mcph) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by global reduction in cerebral cortical volume. the microcephalic brain has a volume comparable to that of early hominids, raising the possibility that some mcph genes may have been evolutionary targets in the expansion of the cerebral cortex in mammals and especially primates. mutations in aspm, which encodes the human homologue of a fly protein essential for spindle function, are the most common known cause of mcph. he ... | 2004 | 15045028 |
| orangutan herpesvirus. | a male orangutan suffered from ulcers at the buccal mucosa. we obtained swab fluid from the base of both vesicles and ulcers and collected blood for further separation into serum, plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) for detection of antibody to herpesvirus by serology and herpesvirus dna by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) using consensus degenerate primers. serology was positive for human ebv igg but negative for epstein-barr virus (ebv) immunoglobulin (igm), as well as for both ... | 2004 | 15061729 |
| event memory and misinformation effects in a gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla). | event memory and misinformation effects were examined in an adult male gorilla ( gorilla gorilla gorilla). the gorilla witnessed a series of unique events, involving a familiar person engaging in a novel behavior (experiment 1), a novel person engaging in a novel behavior (experiment 2), or the presentation of a novel object (experiment 3). following a 5- to 10-min retention interval, a tester gave the gorilla three photographs mounted on wooden cards: a photograph depicting the correct person o ... | 2004 | 15069608 |
| simian t-cell leukemia virus (stlv) infection in wild primate populations in cameroon: evidence for dual stlv type 1 and type 3 infection in agile mangabeys (cercocebus agilis). | three types of human t-cell leukemia virus (htlv)-simian t-cell leukemia virus (stlv) (collectively called primate t-cell leukemia viruses [ptlvs]) have been characterized, with evidence for zoonotic origin from primates for htlv type 1 (htlv-1) and htlv-2 in africa. to assess human exposure to stlvs in western central africa, we screened for stlv infection in primates hunted in the rain forests of cameroon. blood was obtained from 524 animals representing 18 different species. all the animals w ... | 2004 | 15078952 |
| conservation and loss of the erv3 open reading frame in primates. | the human endogenous retrovirus erv3 possesses an open reading frame for a truncated envelope, which is expressed as mrna and protein. here we examine the env sequence in primates for evidence of evolutionary conservation. erv3 sequences were amplified by pcr from genomic dna of great ape and old world primates but not from new world primates or gorilla, suggesting an integration event more than 30 million years ago with a subsequent loss in one species. in the chimpanzee, the protein sequence o ... | 2004 | 15081124 |
| treatment of acute self-aggressive behaviour in a captive gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla). | | 2004 | 15083975 |
| fracture toughness of mountain gorilla (gorilla gorilla beringei) food plants. | mountain gorillas, the largest extant primates, subsist almost entirely on plant matter. moreover, their diet includes a substantial amount of structural material, such as bark and stems, which other primates tend to avoid. accordingly, the robust masticatory apparatus of gorillas may be adaptive to this presumably tough diet; however, quantitative information on this subject is lacking. in this study the fracture toughness of mountain gorilla foods was examined for the first time. samples of 44 ... | 2004 | 15085532 |
| dental topography and diets of australopithecus afarensis and early homo. | diet is key to understanding the paleoecology of early hominins. we know little about the diets of these fossil taxa, however, in part because of a limited fossil record, and in part because of limitations in methods available to infer their feeding adaptations. this paper applies a new method, dental topographic analysis, to the inference of diet from fossil hominin teeth. this approach uses laser scanning to generate digital 3d models of teeth and geographic information systems software to mea ... | 2004 | 15120268 |
| testing the chromosomal speciation hypothesis for humans and chimpanzees. | fixed differences of chromosomal rearrangements between isolated populations may promote speciation by preventing between-population gene flow upon secondary contact, either because hybrids suffer from lowered fitness or, more likely, because recombination is reduced in rearranged chromosomal regions. this chromosomal speciation hypothesis thus predicts more rapid genetic divergence on rearranged than on colinear chromosomes because the former are less porous to gene flow. a number of studies of ... | 2004 | 15123584 |
| reversal of neurologic deficit in an adult gorilla with severe symptomatic lumbar stenosis. | a case report is presented. | 2004 | 15129090 |
| mitochondrial dna phylogeography of western lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla). | the geographical distribution of genetic variation within western lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla) was examined to clarify the population genetic structure and recent evolutionary history of this group. dna was amplified from shed hair collected from sites across the range of the three traditionally recognized gorilla subspecies: western lowland (g. g. gorilla), eastern lowland (g. g. graueri) and mountain (g. g. beringei) gorillas. nucleotide sequence variation was examined in the fir ... | 2004 | 15140097 |
| ontogenetic allometry, heterochrony, and interspecific differences in the skull of african apes, using tridimensional procrustes analysis. | ontogenetic studies of african ape skulls lead to an analysis of morphological differences in terms of allometry, heterochrony, and sexual dimorphism. the use of geometric morphometrics allows us 1) to define size and shape variations as independent factors (an essential but seldom respected condition for heterochrony), and 2) to calculate in percentage of shape changes and to graphically represent the parts of shape variation which are related to various biological phenomena: common allometry, ... | 2004 | 15160366 |
| beware of canine gorilla glue ingestions. | household adhesive ingestions are considered relatively non-toxic. gorilla glue is a household glue containing a urethane polymer and a polymeric isocyanate liquid compound available in container sizes of 2 to 36 oz, and when applied will expand to 3-4 times its original volume. we report the ingestion of gorilla glue by 2 dogs that caused obstructive masses requiring surgical intervention. dogs with a history of gorilla glue ingestion should be monitored closely by their owners and a veterinary ... | 2004 | 15171495 |
| parasitic health of olive baboons in bwindi impenetrable national park, uganda. | this study examined the endoparasite load of a group of olive baboons (papio cynocephalus anubis) that share their habitat with a population of mountain gorillas (gorilla gorilla berengei) in bwindi impenetrable national park, uganda. during a 2-week period in june 2002, shared habitat was substantiated by noting the ranging patterns of both species and recording observations and trail remains with a global positioning system (gps). parasite load was determined by collecting fecal samples preser ... | 2004 | 15177721 |
| comparison of cranial ontogenetic trajectories among great apes and humans. | molecular data suggest that humans are more closely related to chimpanzees than either is to the gorillas, yet one finds the closest similarity in craniofacial morphology to be among the great apes to the exclusion of humans. to clarify how and when these differences arise in ontogeny, we studied ontogenetic trajectories for homo sapiens, pan paniscus, pan troglodytes, gorilla gorilla and pongo pygmaeus. a total of 96 traditional three-dimensional landmarks and semilandmarks on the face and cran ... | 2004 | 15183670 |
| the deciduous lower dentition of ouranopithecus macedoniensis (primates, hominoidea) from the late miocene deposits of macedonia, greece. | two mandibular fragments with associated milk teeth assigned to the late miocene hominoid primate ouranopithecus macedoniensis are analyzed. the fossils, which belong to a single individual, were found in the vallesian locality of "ravin de la pluie" of the axios valley (macedonia, greece). the material is described here and compared with extant and extinct hominoids, allowing assessment of the evolutionary trends in the deciduous lower dentition within the hominoidea. hylobatids represent the m ... | 2004 | 15183671 |
| perceptual simulation in property verification. | if people represent concepts with perceptual simulations, two predictions follow in the property verification task (e.g., is face a property of gorilla?). first, perceptual variables such as property size should predict the performance of neutral subjects, because these variables determine the ease of processing properties in perceptual simulations (i.e., perceptual effort). second, uninstructed neutral subjects should spontaneously construct simulations to verify properties and therefore perfor ... | 2004 | 15190717 |
| fossils, feet and the evolution of human bipedal locomotion. | we review the evolution of human bipedal locomotion with a particular emphasis on the evolution of the foot. we begin in the early twentieth century and focus particularly on hypotheses of an ape-like ancestor for humans and human bipedal locomotion put forward by a succession of gregory, keith, morton and schultz. we give consideration to morton's (1935) synthesis of foot evolution, in which he argues that the foot of the common ancestor of modern humans and the african apes would be intermedia ... | 2004 | 15198703 |
| degeneration of an atp-binding cassette transporter gene, abcc13, in different mammalian lineages. | the abc transporter gene family has evolved by a gene "birth-and-death" process; however, the number of abc pseudogenes in the human genome is surprisingly small. on chromosome 21q11.2, spanning 90 kb, is an abc gene-like sequence (recently annotated as abcc13) with the highest similarity to abcc2. here we show that while comparative analysis and in silico prediction methods indicate the presence of at least 28 exons, the major abcc13 transcript in humans consists of only 6 exons with a total le ... | 2004 | 15203202 |
| the evolutionary conservation of the human chitotriosidase gene in rodents and primates. | chitinases have been identified in a variety of organisms ranging from prokaryotes to eukaryotes, known to specifically degrade chitin, an abundant polymer of n-acetylglucosamine. recently a human chitinolytic enzyme called chit1 was discovered. chit1 is expressed by activated macrophages and hydrolyzes artificial chitotrioside substrates, but its specific function in humans is unknown, since it is generally believed that man completely lacks endogenous chitin and endogenous substrates for chiti ... | 2004 | 15218258 |
| identification of two pseudogenes with sequence homology to human and gorilla mhc class ia genes: ancestral haplotype in the filipino population. | while characterizing exons 2 and 3 of the class i human leukocyte antigen (hla)-a locus in human lymphocytes, two similar but unexpected pcr products were detected in six samples of filipino ethnicity. a nucleotide sequence analysis of the two amplicons, tentatively named hla-coq and hla-del, rendered them as two novel and seemingly related sequences, both with homology to the gorilla and human major histocompatibility complex (mhc) a locus. exon 2 is similar to the published human pseudogenes h ... | 2004 | 15219387 |
| interlaminar astroglial processes in the cerebral cortex of great apes. | the present study was designed to document the architecture of neocortical astroglia in great apes, following glial fibrillary acidic protein immunohistochemistry. these anthropoid species were missing from previous phylogenetic descriptions of astroglia with interlaminar processes, a characteristic event of the cerebral cortex within the primate order. pongo pygmaeus (orangutan), gorilla gorilla (gorilla) and pan troglodytes (chimpanzee) brain samples showed the typical "palisade" of interlamin ... | 2004 | 15221474 |
| population genetic and phylogenetic evidence for positive selection on regulatory mutations at the factor vii locus in humans. | the abundance of cis-regulatory polymorphisms in humans suggests that many may have been important in human evolution, but evidence for their role is relatively rare. four common polymorphisms in the 5' promoter region of factor vii (f7), a coagulation factor, have been shown to affect its transcription and protein abundance both in vitro and in vivo. three of these polymorphisms have low-frequency alleles that decrease expression of f7 and may provide protection against myocardial infarction (h ... | 2004 | 15238535 |
| intrapopulation differences in ant eating in the mountain gorillas of bwindi impenetrable national park, uganda. | variability in ant eating has been observed in several populations of eastern and western gorillas. we investigated the occurrence of ant (dorylus sp.) eating in two groups of mountain gorillas (gorilla beringei beringei) with overlapping home ranges within bwindi impenetrable national park, uganda from september 2001 to august 2002. we calculated the frequency of ant eating by an indirect method of analyzing fecal samples from silverbacks, adult females, and juveniles. one group consumed ants s ... | 2004 | 15248086 |
| inferences about the location of food in the great apes (pan paniscus, pan troglodytes, gorilla gorilla, and pongo pygmaeus). | bonobos (pan paniscus; n = 4), chimpanzees (pan troglodytes; n = 12), gorillas (gorilla gorilla; n = 8), and orangutans (pongo pygmaeus; n = 6) were presented with 2 cups (1 baited) and given visual or auditory information about their contents. visual information consisted of letting subjects look inside the cups. auditory information consisted of shaking the cup so that the baited cup produced a rattling sound. subjects correctly selected the baited cup both when they saw or heard the food. nin ... | 2004 | 15250810 |
| functional anatomy of the olecranon process in hominoids and plio-pleistocene hominins. | this study examines the functional morphology of the olecranon process in hominoids and fossil hominins. the length of the bony lever of the triceps brachii muscle (tbm) is measured as the distance between the trochlear articular center and the most distant insertion site of the tbm, and olecranon orientation is measured as the angle that this bony lever makes with the long axis of the ulna. results show that homo, pan, gorilla, most monkeys, and the australopithecus fossils studied have similar ... | 2004 | 15252859 |
| evidence of selection on the domesticated ervwe1 env retroviral element involved in placentation. | the human endogenous retrovirus herv-w multicopy family includes a unique proviral locus, termed ervwe1, which contains gag and pol pseudogenes and has retained a full-length envelope open reading frame (orf). this env protein (syncytin) is a highly fusogenic membrane glycoprotein and has been proposed to be involved in hominoid placental physiology. to track the hallmarks of natural selection acting on the ervwe1 env gene, the pattern of substitutions and indels was analyzed within all human he ... | 2004 | 15254254 |
| population and group structure of western lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla) at lokoué, republic of congo. | during a 17-month study at the lokoué clearing in odzala national park, republic of congo, we identified 377 western lowland gorillas. this population included 31 solitary males, 37 breeding groups, and eight nonbreeding groups. its age- and sex-class structure was similar to those observed at two other clearings in the same forest block. however, the size of breeding groups varied with site (either clearing or forest sites). at lokoué, breeding groups (mean size: 8.2 gorillas; range: 3-15) incl ... | 2004 | 15258956 |
| nuclear integrations of mitochondrial dna in gorillas. | great ape systematics, particularly at the species level and below, is currently under debate, due in part to the recent influx of molecular data. the phylogenies of previously published mitochondrial control region (or d-loop) dna sequences in gorillas show deep splits within west african gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla), and very high levels of nucleotide diversity in this subspecies. here we demonstrate that several previously reported d-loop haplotypes from west african gorillas are in all ... | 2004 | 15258958 |
| brain structure variation in great apes, with attention to the mountain gorilla (gorilla beringei beringei). | this report presents data regarding the brain structure of mountain gorillas (gorilla beringei beringei) in comparison with other great apes. magnetic resonance (mr) images of three mountain gorilla brains were obtained with a 3t scanner, and the volume of major neuroanatomical structures (neocortical gray matter, hippocampus, thalamus, striatum, and cerebellum) was measured. these data were included with our existing database that includes 23 chimpanzees, three western lowland gorillas, and six ... | 2004 | 15258959 |
| bony ponticles of the atlas (c1) over the groove for the vertebral artery in humans and primates: polymorphism and evolutionary trends. | the aim of this study was to ascertain the distribution in primates of the three possible bony ponticles over the groove for the vertebral artery (ventral, lateral, and dorsal ponticles), in order to attempt to understand the variants observed in humans and to ascertain possible evolutionary trends in primates. the material consisted of 393 atlases of extant nonhuman primates representative of 41 genera, and of 500 human atlases (dried bones of adults). for each atlas, we studied the existence a ... | 2004 | 15293328 |
| testicular histological examination of spermatogenetic activity in captive gorillas (gorilla gorilla). | to clarify the reproductive state of male gorillas, we performed histological examinations on the testicles of 10 male gorillas (gorilla gorilla). the testicular samples were obtained by autopsy, and ordinal histological preparations were made for light microscopy. the poor spermatogenesis of this species was characterized by the following findings: first, spermatogenesis was evident in only four samples. meiosis progressed in two samples, but they lacked spermatogenesis. in the remaining four s ... | 2004 | 15300708 |
| simulation of the population dynamics and social structure of the virunga mountain gorillas. | an agent-based model was developed to simulate the growth rate, age structure, and social system of the endangered mountain gorillas (gorilla beringei beringei) in the virunga volcanoes region. the model was used to compare two types of data: 1) estimates of the overall population size, age structure, and social structure, as measured by six censuses of the entire region that were conducted in 1971-2000; and 2) information about birth rates, mortality rates, dispersal patterns, and other life hi ... | 2004 | 15300709 |
| clinical effects and plasma concentrations of fentanyl after transmucosal administration in three species of great ape. | fentanyl is approved for transmucosal use in the united states as a preanesthetic agent in human pediatric patients and in adults for breakthrough cancer pain. using this formulation in three species of great ape, including eight orangutans (pongo pygmaeus), nine chimpanzees (pan troglodytes), and two gorillas (gorilla gorilla), fentanyl was offered transmucosally at an intended dose of 10-15 microg/kg based on estimated body weight. the animals were trained to accept and suck slowly on a piece ... | 2004 | 15305510 |
| functional structure of the skull in hominoidea. | finite elements stress analysis (fesa) was used to investigate the flow of compressive forces which occur if a homogenous, three-dimensional body representing the skull is loaded by simulated bite forces against the tooth row. model 1 represents the snout alone. bite forces are applied simultaneously, but increase rearward. stresses in the model concentrate along the anterior contour and the lower surface of the model, leaving unstressed a nasal opening and a wide naso-oral connection. model 2 r ... | 2004 | 15316152 |
| intestinal parasites and bacteria of mountain gorillas (gorilla beringei beringei) in bwindi impenetrable national park, uganda. | a survey in 1994 examined intestinal helminths and bacterial flora of mountain gorillas (gorilla beringei beringei) in bwindi impenetrable national park, uganda. parasites and bacteria were identified to genus in the feces of two groups of tourist-habituated and one group of non-tourist-habituated mountain gorillas. eggs were identified as those of an anoplocephalid cestode, and nematode eggs representative of the genera: trichuris, ascaris, oesophagostomum, strongyloides, and trichostrongylus. ... | 2005 | 15338419 |
| positive selection in maoa gene is human exclusive: determination of the putative amino acid change selected in the human lineage. | monoamine oxidase a (maoa) is the x-linked gene responsible for deamination and subsequent degradation of several neurotransmitters and other amines. among other activities, the gene has been shown to play a role in locomotion, circadian rhythm, and pain sensitivity and to have a critical influence on behavior and cognition. previous studies have reported a non-neutral evolution of the gene attributable to positive selection in the human lineage. to determine whether this selection was human-exc ... | 2004 | 15349769 |
| structure of primate and rodent orthologs of the prostate cancer susceptibility gene elac2. | the human elac2 gene was the first candidate prostate cancer susceptibility gene identified by linkage analysis and positional cloning. dna sequence indicates a protein of 826 amino acids encoded by 24 exons. in the present study, we characterized the coding sequence of chimpanzee and gorilla elac2 orthologs by direct sequencing of genomic fragments, and of cynomolgus monkey and rat orthologs by screening cdna libraries. the orthologs characterized in the chimpanzee, gorilla and cynomolgus monke ... | 2004 | 15358515 |
| a new method for abo genotyping using a multiplex single-base primer extension reaction and its application to forensic casework samples. | we developed a new method for abo genotyping using a multiplex single-base primer extension reaction. the method allows for the simultaneous detection of six snp sites in the abo gene (nt 261, 297, 681, 703, 802, and 803) and the determination of abo genotypes from their combinations. it enabled abo genotyping of all samples of peripheral blood dna extracted from 103 japanese individuals, and had a highly satisfactory detection sensitivity being capable of genotyping 0.1 ng of genomic dna. using ... | 2004 | 15363446 |
| development of y-chromosomal microsatellite markers for nonhuman primates. | we have analysed 136 newly identified human y-chromosomal microsatellites in five (sub)species of nonhuman primates. we identified 83 male-specific loci for central chimpanzees, 82 for western chimpanzees, 67 for gorillas, 45 for orangutans and 19 loci for mandrills. polymorphism was detected at 56 loci in central chimpanzees, 29 in western chimpanzees, 24 in western gorillas, 17 in orangutans and at three in mandrills. success in male-specific amplification of human y-chromosomal microsatellite ... | 2004 | 15367109 |