| novel gamma-1 herpesviruses identified in free-ranging new world monkeys (golden-handed tamarin [saguinus midas], squirrel monkey [saimiri sciureus], and white-faced saki [pithecia pithecia]) in french guiana. | the recent finding of a novel epstein-barr virus-related lymphocryptovirus (calhv-3) in a captive colony of common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) in the united states modifies the view that the host range of lymphocryptovirus is restricted to humans and old world primates. we investigated the presence of epstein-barr virus-related viruses in 79 samples of new world monkeys caught in the wild, including six species of the cebidae family and one of the callitrichidae, living in the rain forest of f ... | 2003 | 12885928 |
| early maternal availability and prefrontal correlates of reward-related memory. | early emotional experiences affect developing brain systems that subsequently mediate adult learning and memory in rodents. here we test for similar effects in squirrel monkeys (saimiri sciureus) four years after disruptions in early maternal availability. these conditions were previously shown to generate differences in emotional behavior, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal stress physiology, and right ventral medial prefrontal volumes determined in adulthood by magnetic resonance imaging. this rep ... | 2003 | 12932424 |
| somatic receiving areas of cerebral cortex of squirrel monkey (saimiri sciureus). | | 1957 | 13429391 |
| motor effects of stimulation of cerebral cortex of squirrel monkey (saimiri sciureus). | | 1957 | 13439407 |
| cerebral effects of 3-acetylpyridine in the squirrel monkey (saimiri sciureus). | | 1959 | 13810891 |
| thalamic localization of afferents from the tongue in squirrel monkey (saimiri sciureus). | | 1962 | 13870099 |
| influence of strong magnetic fields on the electrocardiogram of squirrel monkeys (saimiri sciureus). project mr005.13-9010, subtask 1, rep no. 8. | | 1964 | 14151683 |
| projection of the retina on to striate and prestriate cortex in the squirrel monkey, saimiri sciureus. | | 1964 | 14168198 |
| influence of strong magnetic fields on the electrocardiogram of squirrel monkeys (saimiri sciureus). | | 1964 | 14198655 |
| mirror display in the squirrel monkey, saimiri sciureus. | male squirrel monkeys may display the erect phallus under various conditions of courtship, aggression, and salutation. one variety will display consistently to its reflection in a mirror. such display has a typical pattern and can sometimes be triggered by reflection of but one eye. a mirror display test has beenz designed for experimentation on the brain. | 1964 | 14199724 |
| aldehyde-fuchsin positive material in brain of squirrel monkey (saimiri sciureus). | | 1964 | 14211396 |
| histopathologic evaluation of a laboratory primate: the squirrel monkey (saimiri sciureus). proj mr005.13-9010, subtask 5, rep 1. | | 1964 | 14242064 |
| an outbreak of a fulminating infectious disease in the squirrel monkey, saimiri sciureus. | | 1965 | 14278296 |
| molecular characterization of major histocompatibility complex class 1 (mhc-i) from squirrel monkeys (saimiri sciureus). | little is known about the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class 1 in squirrel monkeys ( saimiri sciureus). we cloned, sequenced and characterized two alleles and the cdna of the coding region of mhc class 1 in these new world monkeys. phylogenetic analyses showed that these sequences are related to hla class 1 genes ( hla-a and hla-g). the structure and organization of one of the two identified clones was similar to that of a class 1 mhc gene ( hla-a2). all the exon/intron splice acceptor ... | 2003 | 14574519 |
| endogenous retrovirus hc2 pol fragments in the squirrel monkey: expression, evolution, and phylogeny. | human endogenous retrovirus hc2 is an incomplete provirus containing the entire gag and pol genes and a 3' ltr, whereas the 5' ltr and env gene are missing. we investigated expression of the hc2 pol gene in the squirrel monkey ( saimiri sciureus) by rt-pcr. the pol gene was expressed in cerebellum, liver, lung, and spleen of the squirrel monkey, but not in six other tissues tested. rt-pcr products were cloned and sequenced resulting in seven sequences that were analyzed. these sequences showed 7 ... | 2003 | 14579182 |
| genetic analysis of the saimiri breeding colony of the pasteur institute (french guiana): development of a molecular typing method using a combination of nuclear and mitochondrial dna markers. | saimiri (cebidae) groups a complex of species and subspecies, which present a large morphological plasticity. genetic analysis is complicated by the absence of consensus on classification criteria and the paucity of molecular tools available for the genus. as the squirrel monkey is widely used in biomedical research, breeding centers have been established, but the genetic make up and diversity of many of the existing colonies is unknown precluding a rationale breeding policy. to develop a geneti ... | 2003 | 14641788 |
| neuronal activity in the periaqueductal gray and bordering structures during vocal communication in the squirrel monkey. | in seven freely moving squirrel monkeys (saimiri sciureus), the neuronal activity in the periaqueductal gray (pag) and bordering structures was registered during vocal communication, using a telemetric single-unit recording technique. in 9.3% of the pag neurons, a vocalization-correlated activity was found. four reaction types could be distinguished: a) neurons, showing an activity burst immediately before vocalization onset; b) neurons, firing during vocalization, and starting shortly before vo ... | 2004 | 14667441 |
| pterygodermatites nycticebi (nematoda: rictulariidae): accidental detection of encapsulated third-stage larvae in the tissue of a white-fronted marmoset. | twin, white-fronted marmosets (callithrix geoffroyi) born and raised in a zoo in japan died at 7 mo of age. several encapsulated nematode larvae were detected in the intestinal wall, as well as a few in the mesenteric lymph nodes of 1 of the twins. in the other marmoset, no encapsulated nematode larva was detected in the organs, but many adult pterygodermatites nycticebi were found in the intestinal lumen. in the past 5 yr, 5 primates kept in the same zoo, i.e., 1 squirrel monkey (saimiri sciure ... | 2003 | 14740905 |
| different rates of line-1 (l1) retrotransposon amplification and evolution in new world monkeys. | line-1 (l1) elements constitute the major family of retrotransposons in mammalian genomes. here we report the first investigation of l1 evolution in new world monkeys (nwm). two regions of the second open-reading frame were analyzed by two methods in three nwm species, the squirrel monkey (saimiri sciureus), the tamarin (saguinus oedipus), and the spider monkey (ateles paniscus). since these three species diverged, l1 has amplified in the saimiri and saguinus lineages but l1 activity seems to ha ... | 2004 | 14743320 |
| squirrel monkeys (saimiri sciureus) choose smaller food arrays: long-term retention, choice with nonpreferred food, and transposition. | squirrel monkeys (saimiri sciureus) that had learned to reach toward 1 piece of food instead of 4 in a reverse-reward contingency were tested after an 8-month delay with no intervening relevant experiences. all monkeys except 1 continued to show inhibitory control by reliably reaching toward the smaller quantity, most of them doing so within 2 sessions. performance was maintained when a low-preference food replaced prized foods as arrays and rewards. when the quantities 1 and 4 were replaced wit ... | 2004 | 15008673 |
| do squirrel monkeys (saimiri sciureus) and capuchin monkeys (cebus apella) predict that looking leads to touching? | squirrel monkeys (saimiri sciureus) and capuchin monkeys (cebus apella) were tested using an expectancy violation procedure to assess whether they use an actor's gaze direction, signaled by congruent head and eye orientation, to predict subsequent behavior. the monkeys visually habituated to a repeated sequence in which the actor (a familiar human or a puppet) looked at an object and then picked it up, but they did not react strongly when the actor looked at an object but then picked up another ... | 2004 | 15022054 |
| immunization of saimiri sciureus monkeys with plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein-3 and glutamate-rich protein suggests that protection is related to antibody levels. | the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of various antigen-adjuvant formulations derived either from the merozoite-surface protein-3 (msp-3) or the glutamate-rich protein (glurp) of plasmodium falciparum were evaluated in saimiri sciureus monkeys. these proteins were selected for immunogenicity studies based primarily on their capacity of inducing an antibody-dependent cellular inhibition effect on parasite growth. some of the s. sciureus monkeys immunized with msp-3(212-380)-as02 or glurp(27 ... | 2004 | 15049780 |
| telemetrically recorded neuronal activity in the inferior colliculus and bordering tegmentum during vocal communication in squirrel monkeys (saimiri sciureus). | in order to find out whether the inferior colliculus, in addition to its auditory decoding function, also has an auditory gating function in the sense that it treats self-produced sounds differently from external ones, we have explored the inferior colliculus and bordering tegmentum for neurones reacting differently to self-produced vocalizations and vocalizations produced by conspecifics. the experiments were made in the squirrel monkey (saimiri sciureus), using a telemetric extracellular recor ... | 2004 | 15084450 |
| locomotor-dependent and -independent components to hypocretin-1 (orexin a) regulation in sleep-wake consolidating monkeys. | the hypocretin system is involved in the integration of hypothalamic functions with sleep and wake. hypocretin-1 release peaks at the end of the active period in both diurnal and nocturnal species. a role for hypocretin-1 in the generation of locomotor activity has been suggested by electrophysiological and neurochemical studies in rodents, dogs and cats. these species, however, do not consolidate wake into a single, daily bout and manipulations of locomotion elicit changes in wakefulness, makin ... | 2004 | 15107479 |
| mutagenesis and reconstitution of middle-to-long-wave-sensitive visual pigments of new world monkeys for testing the tuning effect of residues at sites 229 and 233. | the colour vision polymorphism of new world monkeys results from allelic variations of the middle-to-long-wave-sensitive (m/lws) visual pigments. on the basis of sequence comparison, spectral differences among the alleles have been ascribed to amino acid residues at sites 180, 229, 233, 277, and 285. while the significant spectral effects have been demonstrated for sites 180, 277, and 285 by site-directed mutagenesis for a large number of vertebrate m/lws pigments (the "three-site rule"), effect ... | 2004 | 15208009 |
| detecting location-specific neuronal firing rate increases in the hippocampus of freely-moving monkeys. | the spatial properties of the firing of hippocampal neurons have mainly been studied in (a) freely moving rodents, (b) non-human primates seated in a moveable primate chair with head fixed, and (c) epileptic patients subjected to virtual navigation. although these studies have all revealed the ability of hippocampal neurons to generate spatially selective discharges, the detected firing patterns have been found to be considerably different, even conflicting, in many respects. the present cellula ... | 2004 | 15212996 |
| carcinosarcoma of the maxilla in a squirrel monkey (saimiri sciureus). | we present the first, to our knowledge, described case of carcinosarcoma of the maxilla in a squirrel monkey. carcinosarcomas are rare tumors of the upper aerodigestive tract, and consist of carcinomatous and sarcomatous tissue. histologic analysis revealed a neoplasm composed of an adenocarcinomatous component (epithelial element) and a mesenchymal component (sarcomatous element). metastatic growth was documented in the lung tissue and the submandibular lymph node. the histolopathologic finding ... | 2004 | 15253282 |
| evaluation of photopoint photosensitizer mv6401, indium chloride methyl pyropheophorbide, as a photodynamic therapy agent in primate choriocapillaris and laser-induced choroidal neovascularization. | to assess the potential of a new photosensitizer, indium chloride methyl pyropheophorbide (photopoint mv6401), for ocular photodynamic therapy (pdt) in normal choriocapillaris vessels and experimentally induced choroidal neovascularization in new-world monkeys (saimiri sciureus). | 2004 | 15300072 |
| traumatic elbow luxation repair in a common squirrel monkey (saimiri sciureus) and a bonnet macaque (macaca radiata). | traumatic elbow luxation was diagnosed in a common squirrel monkey (saimiri sciureus) and a bonnet macaque (macaca radiata). in the common squirrel monkey, the luxation was complicated by an ulnar fracture and would not stay reduced when attempts at closed reduction were made. the luxation was surgically reduced and a transarticular type i external skeletal fixator was placed. in the bonnet macaque, closed reduction was performed and the elbow was stabilized using a cast. both monkeys regained g ... | 2004 | 15305515 |
| biologic data of macaca mulatta, macaca fascicularis, and saimiri sciureus used for research at the fiocruz primate center. | physiological parameters of laboratory animals used for biomedical research is crucial for following several experimental procedures. with the intent to establish baseline biologic parameters for non-human primates held in closed colonies, hematological and morphometric data of captive monkeys were determined. data of clinically healthy rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta), cynomolgus monkeys (macaca fascicularis), and squirrel monkeys (saimiri sciureus) were collected over a period of five years. a ... | 2004 | 15558168 |
| squirrel monkeys support replication of bk virus more efficiently than simian virus 40: an animal model for human bk virus infection. | we performed experiments to test the suitability of squirrel monkeys (saimiri sciureus) as an experimental model for bk virus (bkv) and simian virus 40 (sv40) infection. four squirrel monkeys received intravenous inoculation with bkv gardner strain, and six squirrel monkeys received intravenous inoculation with sv40 777 strain. eight of 10 monkeys received immunosuppression therapy, namely, cyclophosphamide subcutaneously either before or both before and after viral inoculation. the presence of ... | 2005 | 15613359 |
| are monkeys aesthetists? rensch (1957) revisited. | three experiments assessed whether capuchin monkeys (cebus apella) and squirrel monkeys (saimiri sciureus) prefer regular and symmetrical visual patterns. pictorial representations of faces were included in 1 stimulus set. when the monkeys could pick up and manipulate small cards bearing the stimuli, all preferences expressed by capuchins and most of those expressed by squirrel monkeys were for regular stimuli. symmetry of the patterns was influential but not essential. some preferences were als ... | 2005 | 15656728 |
| yersinia enterocolitica serovar o:8 infection in breeding monkeys in japan. | in the period from december 2002 to january 2003, 5 of 50 squirrel monkeys (saimiri sciureus) housed at a zoological garden in the kanto region of japan died following a few days' history of diarrhea. after this outbreak had ended in the squirrel monkeys, 1 of 2 dark-handed gibbons (hylobates agilis) died in april of 2003, showing similar clinical signs. we examined the organs of 3 of the dead squirrel monkeys and of the dark-handed gibbon, and yersinia enterocolitica serovar o:8, which is the m ... | 2005 | 15665447 |
| immunization of saimiri sciureus monkeys with a recombinant hybrid protein derived from the plasmodium falciparum antigen glutamate-rich protein and merozoite surface protein 3 can induce partial protection with freund and montanide isa720 adjuvants. | the immunogenicity and efficacy of a hybrid recombinant protein derived from the n-terminal end of the glutamate-rich protein (glurp) and the c-terminal portion of the merozoite surface protein 3 (msp3) of plasmodium falciparum was evaluated in saimiri sciureus monkeys. the glurp/msp3 hybrid protein, expressed in lactococcus lactis, was administered in association with alum, montanide isa720, or complete or incomplete freund adjuvant (cfa/ifa) in groups of five animals each. the three formulatio ... | 2005 | 15699417 |
| urinary prolactin is correlated with mothering and allo-mothering in squirrel monkeys. | the hormone prolactin is implicated in infant care-giving by parents and allo-parents in a variety of species. adult female squirrel monkeys (saimiri spp.) engage in allo-mothering behavior, which includes carrying and nursing infants, but communal care of offspring has not been investigated from an endocrine standpoint in this taxon. we attempted to fill this gap by examining prolactin levels in squirrel monkeys (saimiri sciureus) as a function of parental responsiveness. subjects were housed a ... | 2005 | 15708781 |
| afferents of vocalization-controlling periaqueductal regions in the squirrel monkey. | in order to determine the input of vocalization-controlling regions of the midbrain periaqueductal gray (pag), wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase was injected in six squirrel monkeys (saimiri sciureus) at pag sites yielding vocalization when injected with the glutamate agonist homocysteic acid. brains were scanned for retrogradely labeled areas common to all six animals. the results show that the vocalization-eliciting sites receive a widespread input, with the heaviest projections com ... | 2005 | 15713263 |
| flow cytometry identification and characterization of mononuclear cell subsets in the neotropical primate saimiri sciureus (squirrel monkey). | the neotropical primate squirrel monkey is used in many areas of biomedical research including neuroendocrinology, immunology and infectious diseases. however, research has been hampered by the lack of immunological tools for this primate. | 2005 | 15777931 |
| t-cell transformation and oncogenesis by gamma2-herpesviruses. | gamma2-herpesviruses, also termed rhadinoviruses, have long been known as animal pathogens causing lymphoproliferative diseases such as malignant catarrhal fever in cattle or t-cell lymphoma in certain neotropical primates. the rhadinovirus prototype is herpesvirus saimiri (hvs), a t-lymphotropic agent of squirrel monkeys (saimiri sciureus); herpesvirus ateles (hva) is closely related to hvs. the first human rhadinovirus, human herpesvirus type 8 (hhv-8), was discovered a decade ago in kaposi's ... | 2005 | 15797445 |
| can squirrel monkeys (saimiri sciureus) plan for the future? studies of temporal myopia in food choice. | in seven experiments, 2 squirrel monkeys were given choices between arrays of food that varied in the quantity offered. in experiments 1-5, the monkeys were offered choices between quantities of the same food that varied in a 2:1 ratio. the squirrel monkeys failed to show the temporal myopia effect or a decrease in preference for the larger quantity as the absolute number of food items offered increased. even when given choices of 8 versus 16 peanuts and 10 versus 20 peanuts, both monkeys signif ... | 2004 | 15825880 |
| quadrupedal locomotion in squirrel monkeys (cebidae: saimiri sciureus): a cineradiographic study of limb kinematics and related substrate reaction forces. | quadrupedal locomotion of squirrel monkeys on small-diameter support was analyzed kinematically and kinetically to specify the timing between limb movements and substrate reaction forces. limb kinematics was studied cineradiographically, and substrate reaction forces were synchronously recorded. squirrel monkeys resemble most other quadrupedal primates in that they utilize a diagonal sequence/diagonal couplets gait when walking on small branches. this gait pattern and the ratio between limb leng ... | 2005 | 15838834 |
| a role for the plasmodium falciparum resa protein in resistance against heat shock demonstrated using gene disruption. | during erythrocyte invasion, the plasmodium falciparum ring-infected erythrocyte surface antigen (resa) establishes specific interactions with spectrin. based on analysis of strains with a large chromosome 1 deletion, resa has been assigned several functions, none of which is firmly established. analysis of parasites with a disrupted resa1 gene and isogenic parental or resa3-disrupted controls confirmed the critical role of resa in the surface reactivity of immune adult sera on glutaraldehyde-fi ... | 2005 | 15853885 |
| anastomotic vessels remain viable after photodynamic therapy in primate models of choroidal neovascularization. | anastomotic vessels in exudative age-related macular degeneration (amd) represent a serious clinical feature that reportedly does not respond well to either photocoagulation or photodynamic therapy (pdt). anastomoses also occur in various animal models of choroidal neovascularization (cnv). in the present study, anastomotic vessels and their patency were evaluated in two primate cnv laser-trauma models after pdt, by using two novel photosensitizers. | 2005 | 15914638 |
| blood typing in saimiri sciureus monkeys: influence of anti-red blood cell alloantibodies on plasmodium falciparum parasitaemia in vivo. | the saimiri sciureus monkey is a well-established host for experimental studies with human malaria parasites. during the course of iterative inoculations with plasmodium falciparum parasitised red blood cells (rbc), anti-rbc alloantibodies were detected in the sera of two of eight saimiri monkeys. these anti-rbc antibodies were further used to investigate rbc phenotypes in 35 colony-reared saimiri monkeys by flow cytometry. three rbc phenotypes (named i-iii) were observed. their distribution was ... | 2005 | 15994106 |
| cranial growth in normal and low-protein-fed saimiri. an environmental heterochrony. | protein malnutrition has a significant and measurable effect on the rate and timing of growth. heterochrony is generally viewed as the study of evolutionary changes in the relative rates and timing of growth and development. although changes in growth commonly result from experimental manipulations of diet, nobody has previously attempted to explain such changes from a heterochronic perspective. we use a heterochronic perspective to compare a group of squirrel monkeys fed a low-protein diet to i ... | 2005 | 16051314 |
| reduced cell turnover in lymphocytic monkeys infected by human t-lymphotropic virus type 1. | understanding cell dynamics in animal models have implications for therapeutic strategies elaborated against leukemia in human. quantification of the cell turnover in closely related primate systems is particularly important for rare and aggressive forms of human cancers, such as adult t-cell leukemia. for this purpose, we have measured the death and proliferation rates of the cd4+ t lymphocyte population in squirrel monkeys (saimiri sciureus) infected by human t-lymphotropic virus type 1 (htlv- ... | 2005 | 16091751 |
| staphylococcus simiae sp. nov., isolated from south american squirrel monkeys. | eight coagulase-negative, oxidase-negative and novobiocin-susceptible staphylococcal strains were isolated from the gastrointestinal tracts of south american squirrel monkeys (saimiri sciureus l.). these strains were differentiated from known staphylococcal species on the basis of 16s rrna gene and hsp60 gene sequencing, and from the most closely related species by using dna-dna hybridization, ribotyping, whole-cell protein profiles and biotyping. phylogenetic analysis based on 16s rrna gene seq ... | 2005 | 16166694 |
| interspecies transmission of chronic wasting disease prions to squirrel monkeys (saimiri sciureus). | chronic wasting disease (cwd) is an emerging prion disease of deer and elk. the risk of cwd transmission to humans following exposure to cwd-infected tissues is unknown. to assess the susceptibility of nonhuman primates to cwd, two squirrel monkeys were inoculated with brain tissue from a cwd-infected mule deer. the cwd-inoculated squirrel monkeys developed a progressive neurodegenerative disease and were euthanized at 31 and 34 months postinfection. brain tissue from the cwd-infected squirrel m ... | 2005 | 16227298 |
| circadian regulation of sleep in mammals: role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus. | despite significant progress in elucidating the molecular basis for circadian oscillations, the neural mechanisms by which the circadian clock organizes daily rhythms of behavioral state in mammals remain poorly understood. the objective of this review is to critically evaluate a conceptual model that views sleep expression as the outcome of opponent processes-a circadian clock-dependent alerting process that opposes sleep during the daily wake period, and a homeostatic process by which sleep dr ... | 2005 | 16269313 |
| projections of the ventrolateral pontine vocalization area in the squirrel monkey. | in four squirrel monkeys (saimiri sciureus), the tracer biotin dextranamine (bda) was injected into the ventrolateral pons at a site at which injection of the glutamate antagonist kynurenic acid blocked vocalization electrically elicited from the periaqueductal gray (pag). anterograde projections could be traced into all cranial motor and sensory nuclei involved in phonation, that is, the nucleus ambiguus, facial, hypoglossal and trigeminal motor nuclei, the motorneuron column in the ventral gra ... | 2006 | 16292643 |
| call type-specific differences in vocalization-related afferents to the periaqueductal gray of squirrel monkeys (saimiri sciureus). | in a recent retrograde tracing study in the squirrel monkey, we found that regions in the midbrain periaqueductal gray (pag) producing different call types when pharmacologically stimulated, receive their input largely from the same structures. the aim of the present study was to find out, whether there are quantitative differences in this input. for this reason, we counted retrogradely labeled neurons in various brain regions after injections of wheatgerm agglutinin-conjugated horseradish perox ... | 2006 | 16297458 |
| attention to combined attention in new world monkeys (cebus apella, saimiri sciureus). | co-orientation by capuchin (cebus apella) and squirrel (saimiri sciureus) monkeys in response to familiar humans abruptly switching the direction of their visual attention was recorded. co-orientation occurred more frequently overall in capuchins than squirrel monkeys. capuchins showed a tendency to habituate within trials involving consecutive attention switches performed by 2 different people, whereas squirrel monkeys co-oriented more when the 2nd attention switch was by a 2nd actor. these res ... | 2005 | 16366781 |
| effects of altered enclosure size and substrates on squirrel monkey (saimiri sciureus sciureus) behavior. | we evaluated the effects of decreasing spatial density and changing substrate availability on activity, social spacing, and substrate use in a well-established, social group of 12 squirrel monkeys (saimiri sciureus sciureus). using instantaneous scan samples, we recorded the specific activity, distance to nearest neighbor, and substrate type for each animal at 10-min intervals during daylight hours and at three variations in spatial density and substrate availability. decreased spatial density w ... | 2005 | 16370574 |
| behavioral motor recovery in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-lesioned squirrel monkey (saimiri sciureus): changes in striatal dopamine and expression of tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine transporter proteins. | the neurotoxicant 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (mptp) provides an excellent opportunity to study repair and response to injury in the basal ganglia. administration to mammals leads to the destruction of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons and depletion of striatal dopamine. in the squirrel monkey (saimiri sciureus), mptp-lesioning results in parkinsonian motor symptoms including bradykinesia, postural instability, and rigidity. over time animals display motor behavioral recovery. ... | 2006 | 16385585 |
| telemetric recording of neuronal activity. | a telemetric system is described which allows the wireless registration of extracellular neuronal activity and vocalization-associated skull vibrations in freely moving, socially living squirrel monkeys (saimiri sciureus). the system consists of a carrier platform with numerous guiding tubes implanted on the skull. custom-made microdrives are mounted on the platform, allowing the exploration of two electrode tracks at the same time. commercially available quartz-insulated platinum-tungsten micro ... | 2006 | 16497514 |
| the efficacy of combined therapy of arsenic trioxide and alpha interferon in human t-cell leukemia virus type-1-infected squirrel monkeys (saimiri sciureus). | human t-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (htlv-1)-associated adult t-cell leukemia/lymphoma (atll) has a poor prognosis owing to its intrinsic resistance to chemotherapy. although zidovudine (azt) and alpha interferon (ifn-alpha) give rise to some response and improve the prognosis of atll, alternative therapies are needed. arsenic trioxide (as(2)o(3)) has been shown to synergize with ifn-alpha in arresting cell growth and inducing apoptosis of atll cells in vitro. in this study, we evaluated the ... | 2006 | 16540180 |
| genetically unique microsporidian encephalitozoon cuniculi strain type iii isolated from squirrel monkeys. | microsporidian spores were isolated from two squirrel monkeys (saimiri sciureus) that had been bred at an animal-breeding colony in japan. the spores were identified as encephalitozoon cuniculi on the basis of nucleotide sequence analysis of the small-subunit (ssu) rrna gene. the internal transcribed spacer (its) gene sequence revealed that these isolates were classified into genotype iii because it contained tetrarepeats of 5'-gttt-3'. however, the sequences of the polar tube protein (ptp) gene ... | 2006 | 16580248 |
| chimeric peptide vaccine composed of b- and t-cell epitopes of human t-cell leukemia virus type 1 induces humoral and cellular immune responses and reduces the proviral load in immunized squirrel monkeys (saimiri sciureus). | a squirrel monkey model of human t-cell leukemia virus type 1 (htlv-1) infection was used to evaluate the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a chimeric peptide vaccine composed of a b-cell epitope from the envelope region (aa 175-218) and three hla-a*0201-restricted cytotoxic t-lymphocyte epitopes derived from tax protein (tri-tax). these selected tax peptides induced secretion of gamma interferon (ifn-gamma) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from monkeys chronically infected ... | 2006 | 16603536 |
| chromosome territory positioning of conserved homologous chromosomes in different primate species. | interphase chromosomes form distinct spatial domains called chromosome territories (cts). the position of cts is known not to be at random and is related to chromosome size and gene density. to elucidate how cts are arranged in primate proliferating fibroblasts and whether the radial position of cts has been conserved during primate evolution, several specific cts corresponding to conserved chromosomes since the simiiformes (human 6, 12, 13, and 17 homologous cts) have been studied in 3d preserv ... | 2006 | 16607509 |
| sleep quantitation in common marmoset, cotton top tamarin and squirrel monkey by non-invasive actigraphy. | sleep quantitation data on the neotropical primate species, apart from the squirrel monkey, are still sparse. as such, we have quantitated sleep in the common marmosets (callithrix jacchus), cotton top tamarins (saguinus oedipus) and squirrel monkeys (saimiri sciureus) reared in one primate facility simultaneously, by non-invasive actigraphy. the range in total sleep time/24h measured for male adult common marmosets, cotton top tamarins and squirrel monkeys were 713-793 min (n=4), 707-889 min (n ... | 2006 | 16626986 |
| on the role of the pontine brainstem in vocal pattern generation: a telemetric single-unit recording study in the squirrel monkey. | in a recent study, we localized a discrete area in the ventrolateral pontine brainstem of squirrel monkeys, which seems to play a role in vocal pattern generation of frequency-modulated vocalizations. the present study compares the neuronal activity of this area with that of three motoneuron pools involved in phonation, namely the trigeminal motor nucleus, facial nucleus, and nucleus ambiguous. the experiments were performed in freely moving squirrel monkeys (saimiri sciureus) during spontaneous ... | 2006 | 16807339 |
| primate errors in transitive 'inference': a two-tier learning model. | transitive performance (tp) is a learning-based behaviour exhibited by a wide range of species, where if a subject has been taught to prefer a when presented with the pair ab but to prefer b when presented with the pair bc, then the subject will also prefer a when presented with the novel pair ac. most explanations of tp assume that subjects recognize and learn an underlying sequence from observing the training pairs. however, data from squirrel monkeys (saimiri sciureus) and young children cont ... | 2007 | 16810495 |
| alternative response training, differential reinforcement of other behavior, and extinction in squirrel monkeys (saimiri sciureus). | in experiment i, (a) extinction, (b) extinction plus reinforcement of a discrete alternative response, and (c) differential reinforcement of other behavior were each correlated with a different stimulus in a three-component multiple schedule. the alternative-response procedure more rapidly and completely suppressed behavior than did differential reinforcement of other behavior. differential reinforcement of other behavior was slightly more effective than extinction alone. in experiment ii, reinf ... | 1976 | 16811914 |
| an interresponse-time analysis of responding maintained by schedules of response-produced electric shock. | the present study investigated ratio contingencies to evaluate factors that may determine the maintenance of responding when electric shock is the consequent event. initially, squirrel monkeys (saimiri sciureus) were exposed to a continuous-avoidance schedule to initiate bar pressing. subsequently, a multiple random-interval variable-ratio yoked schedule of response-produced shock was used to maintain and to compare interval and ratio performance. a microcomputer recorded and stored the number o ... | 1983 | 16812341 |
| cellular and subcellular localization of neurokinin-1 and neurokinin-3 receptors in primate globus pallidus. | the primate globus pallidus receives massive innervations from gabaergic striatal neurons that co-release the neuropeptide substance p (sp). to expand our knowledge regarding sp interaction at pallidal level, we used single and double antigen retrieval methods to study the cellular and subcellular localization of sp and its high-affinity receptors neurokinin-1 (nk-1r) and neurokinin-3 (nk-3r) in the globus pallidus of the squirrel monkey (saimiri sciureus). at the light microscopic level, a larg ... | 2006 | 16817879 |
| audio-vocal interaction in the pontine brainstem during self-initiated vocalization in the squirrel monkey. | the adjustment of the voice by auditory input happens at several brain levels. the caudal pontine brainstem, though rarely investigated, is one candidate area for such audio-vocal integration. we recorded neuronal activity in this area in awake, behaving squirrel monkeys (saimiri sciureus) during vocal communication, using telemetric single-unit recording techniques. we found audio-vocal neurons at locations not described before, namely in the periolivary region of the superior olivary complex a ... | 2006 | 16820019 |
| tularemia as a cause of fever in a squirrel monkey. | a 3-year-old female squirrel monkey (saimiri sciureus sciureus) was examined because of sudden onset of lethargy and fever. | 2006 | 16842053 |
| modeling dichromatic and trichromatic sensitivity to the color properties of fruits eaten by squirrel monkeys (saimiri sciureus). | most platyrrhines have a visual polymorphism that is characterized by the presence of multiple alleles of the m/lws gene on the x chromosome. this polymorphism is probably maintained by selection. there are two possible mechanisms by which this can be explained: first, heterozygous females may have perceptual advantages over dichromats, such that trichromacy would be favored via the existence of different visual pigments. this is known as selection by heterosis. second, dichromacy may be advanta ... | 2006 | 17096422 |
| anticipation of future events in squirrel monkeys (saimiri sciureus) and rats (rattus norvegicus): tests of the bischof-kohler hypothesis. | the bischof-kohler hypothesis holds that nonhuman animals cannot anticipate a future event and take appropriate action when that event involves satisfaction of a need not currently experienced. tests of the bischof-kohler hypothesis were performed with squirrel monkeys (saimiri sciureus) and rats (rattus norvegicus). in experimental trials with both species, a nonthirsty animal had its water bottle removed and then chose between a smaller and larger quantity of food. consumption of the food indu ... | 2006 | 17115855 |
| age and seasonal effects on predator-sensitive foraging in squirrel monkeys (saimiri sciureus): a field experiment. | a field experiment was conducted to examine the effect of perceived predation risk on the use of foraging areas by juvenile and adult primates under different conditions of local food abundance. wild squirrel monkeys, saimiri sciureus, were observed in an experiment conducted during the dry and the wet seasons at a site in eastern amazonia, brazil. animals were presented with feeding platforms that differed in food quantity and exposure to aerial predators through varying vegetative cover. in th ... | 2007 | 17154385 |
| responses of squirrel monkeys to seasonal changes in food availability in an eastern amazonian forest. | tropical forests are characterized by marked temporal and spatial variation in productivity, and many primates face foraging problems associated with seasonal shifts in fruit availability. in this study, i examined seasonal changes in diet and foraging behaviors of two groups of squirrel monkeys (saimiri sciureus), studied for 12 months in eastern brazilian amazonia, an area characterized by seasonal rainfall. squirrel monkeys were primarily insectivorous (79% of feeding and foraging time), with ... | 2007 | 17154390 |
| calorie restriction attenuates alzheimer's disease type brain amyloidosis in squirrel monkeys (saimiri sciureus). | recent studies from our laboratories and others suggest that calorie restriction (cr) may benefit alzheimer's disease (ad) by preventing amyloid-beta (abeta) neuropathology in the mouse models of ad. moreover, we found that promotion of the nad+-dependent sirt1 mediated deacetylase activity, a key regulator in cr extension of life span, may be a mechanism by which cr influences ad-type neuropathology. in this study we continued to explore the role of cr in ad-type brain amyloidosis in squirrel m ... | 2006 | 17183154 |
| immunological changes and cytokine gene expression during primary infection with human t-cell leukaemia virus type 1 in squirrel monkeys (saimiri sciureus). | we have developed an animal model of experimental htlv-1 infection in saimiri sciureus monkeys in order to study both the immunological and the virological aspects of the infection. as cytokines expressed by immune cells play an essential role during viral infection, we have studied the correlation between the expression of some th1/th2 cytokines, including il-2, il-5, il-6, il-10, and ifn-gamma, and immunological dynamics during primary and chronic htlv-1 infection in this model. we first demon ... | 2007 | 17223152 |
| gaze alternation during "pointing" by squirrel monkeys (saimiri sciureus)? | gaze alternation (ga) is considered a hallmark of pointing in human infants, a sign of intentionality underlying the gesture. ga has occasionally been observed in great apes, and reported only anecdotally in a few monkeys. three squirrel monkeys that had previously learned to reach toward out-of-reach food in the presence of a human partner were videotaped while the latter visually attended to the food, a distractor object, or the ceiling. frame-by-frame video analysis revealed that, especially ... | 2007 | 17242934 |
| clinical, neuropathological and immunohistochemical features of sporadic and variant forms of creutzfeldt-jakob disease in the squirrel monkey (saimiri sciureus). | the squirrel monkey (saimiri sciureus) has been shown to be nearly as susceptible as the chimpanzee to experimentally induced creutzfeldt-jakob disease (cjd), and has been used extensively in diagnostic and pathogenetic studies. however, no information is available concerning the clinicopathological characteristics of different strains of human transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (tse) in this species, in particular, strains of sporadic and variant cjd (scjd and vcjd, respectively). brain ho ... | 2007 | 17251588 |
| herpesvirus saimiri episomal persistence is maintained via interaction between open reading frame 73 and the cellular chromosome-associated protein mecp2. | herpesvirus saimiri (hvs) is the prototype gamma-2 herpesvirus, which naturally infects the squirrel monkey saimiri sciureus, causing an asymptomatic but persistent infection. the latent phase of gamma-2 herpesviruses is characterized by their ability to persist in a dividing cell population while expressing a limited subset of latency-associated genes. in hvs only three genes, open reading frame 71 (orf71), orf72, and orf73, are expressed from a polycistronic mrna. orf73 has been shown to be th ... | 2007 | 17267510 |
| seasonality of reproduction in captive squirrel monkeys (saimiri sciureus). | seasonality of reproduction is believed to be influenced by environmental factors such as humidity, temperature, and photoperiod. in primates, there has been much speculation about which environmental factors have the greatest influence on reproductive seasonality. to determine whether environmental factors affect seasonality of reproduction of squirrel monkeys in captivity, i used path analysis to compare number of births and matings per month with monkeys kept in indoor enclosures (maintained ... | 2007 | 17387699 |
| noradrenergic mechanisms in cocaine-induced reinstatement of drug seeking in squirrel monkeys. | norepinephrine (ne) uptake and ne receptor mechanisms play important modulating roles in the discriminative stimulus and stimulant effects of cocaine. the present study investigated the role of ne mechanisms in cocaine priming-induced reinstatement of extinguished drug seeking. squirrel monkeys (saimiri sciureus) were trained to stability under a second-order fixed interval, fixed ratio schedule of drug self-administration in which operant responding was maintained jointly by i.v. cocaine inject ... | 2007 | 17505018 |
| phylogenomics of species from four genera of new world monkeys by flow sorting and reciprocal chromosome painting. | the taxonomic and phylogenetic relationships of new world monkeys (platyrrhini) are difficult to distinguish on the basis of morphology and because diagnostic fossils are rare. recently, molecular data have led to a radical revision of the traditional taxonomy and phylogeny of these primates. here we examine new hypotheses of platyrrhine evolutionary relationships by reciprocal chromosome painting after chromosome flow sorting of species belonging to four genera of platyrrhines included in the c ... | 2007 | 17767727 |
| rapid diagnosis and quantification of francisella tularensis in organs of naturally infected common squirrel monkeys (saimiri sciureus). | francisella tularensis, a small gram-negative facultative intracellular bacterium, is the causative agent of tularaemia, a severe zoonotic disease transmitted to humans mostly by vectors such as ticks, flies and mosquitoes. the disease is endemic in many parts of the northern hemisphere. among animals, the most affected species belong to rodents and lagomorphs, in particular hares. however, in the recent years, many cases of tularaemia among small monkeys in zoos were reported. we have developed ... | 2008 | 17875369 |
| multiple granulomas in three squirrel monkeys (saimiri sciureus) caused by mycobacterium microti. | mycobacterium microti, a member of the mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, causes tuberculosis in small rodents and occasionally in other mammals including man. three adult male squirrel monkeys, two with a history of lethargy, weakness and stridor and one with paralysis of the hind legs, were presented for necropsy. one of the two lethargic animals showed multiple granulomas in the mesentery, mesenteric lymph nodes, lung, liver, kidneys and spleen, while the other showed granulomas only in the ... | 2007 | 17888448 |
| olfactory sensitivity for putrefaction-associated thiols and indols in three species of non-human primate. | using a conditioning paradigm, the olfactory sensitivity of four spider monkeys, three squirrel monkeys and three pigtail macaques to four thiols and two indols, substances characteristic of putrefaction processes and faecal odours, was assessed. with all odorants, the animals significantly discriminated concentrations below 1 p.p.m. (part per million) from the odourless solvent, and in several cases individual animals even demonstrated thresholds below 1 p.p.t. (part per trillion). the detectio ... | 2007 | 18025016 |
| rosetting is associated with increased plasmodium falciparum in vivo multiplication rate in the saimiri sciureus monkey. | severe plasmodium falciparum malaria in african children is associated with high peripheral parasite densities and high rate of rosette-forming parasites. to explore the relationship between rosette formation and parasite density in vivo, we compared the multiplication rate of a rosette-forming variant (varo) of the palo alto line with a sibling non-rosetting variant (varr) in splenectomized saimiri monkeys. the multiplication rate of varo parasites was 1.5-fold higher than that of the varr vari ... | 2008 | 18400545 |
| prevalence and molecular phylogenetic characterization of trypanosoma (megatrypanum) minasense in the peripheral blood of small neotropical primates after a quarantine period. | neotropical primates of the cebidae and callitrichidae, in their natural habitats, are frequently infected with a variety of trypanosomes including trypanosoma cruzi, which causes a serious zoonosis, chagas' disease. the state of trypanosome infection after a 30-day quarantine period was assessed in 85 squirrel monkeys (saimiri sciureus) and 15 red-handed tamarins (saguinus midas), that were wild-caught and exported to japan as companion animals or laboratory animals, for biomedical research, re ... | 2008 | 18576832 |
| glutamatergic inputs to midbrain dopaminergic neurons in primates. | anterograde tract-tracing and immunohistochemical methods were used to study projections from the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (ppn) to midbrain dopaminergic neurons in the squirrel monkey (saimiri sciureus). the ppn harbored numerous cholinergic and glutamatergic neurons, as well as neurons that displayed both cholinergic and glutamatergic markers. injections of anterograde tracer into the ppn led to intense fiber labeling in the substantia nigra pars compacta (snc) and the ventral tegmen ... | 1999 | 18591140 |
| the effects of adenosine a2a receptor antagonists on haloperidol-induced movement disorders in primates. | adenosine and dopamine interact within the striatum to control striatopallidal output and globus pallidus gaba release. manipulating striatal adenosine transmission via blockade of the a2a receptor subtype can compensate for the reduced dopamine activity within the striatum that underlies movement disorders such as antipsychotic-induced extrapyramidal syndrome (eps) and parkinson's disease (pd). preclinical studies in the rat have demonstrated that adenosine a2a receptor antagonists can attenuat ... | 2008 | 18594798 |
| sequence length polymorphisms within primate amelogenin and amelogenin-like genes: usefulness in sex determination. | sequence length polymorphisms between the amelogenin (amelx) and the amelogenin-like (amely) genes both within and between several mammalian species have been identified and utilized for sex determination, species identification, and to elucidate evolutionary relationships. sex determination via polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assays of the amelx and amely genes has been successful in greater apes, prosimians, and two species of old world monkeys. to date, no sex determination pcr assay using am ... | 2008 | 18613027 |
| social rank and social separation as determinants of alcohol drinking in squirrel monkeys. | alcohol may be self-administered for its anxiolytic effects to alleviate symptoms of stress, but different types of stressors have varying effects on alcohol intake. social stress is particularly relevant to alcohol drinking, and a primate model of stress-induced alcohol self-administration would be useful. | 2008 | 18641974 |
| colour versus quantity as cues in reverse-reward-competent squirrel monkeys (saimiri sciureus). | to assess the relative salience of colour and quantity cues, squirrel monkeys previously trained to reach for the smaller of two quantities of food in a reverse-reward contingency task received colour discrimination training. after initial failure to discriminate between two colours of dots under a differential reinforcement regime, they learned the task when the s- colour was associated with zero reward. the monkeys then showed good retention on the original reverse-reward task of 1 versus 4 wi ... | 2009 | 18720276 |
| ultrastructural analysis of the cristae ampullares in the squirrel monkey (saimiri sciureus). | type i hair cells outnumber type ii hair cells (hcs) in squirrel monkey (saimiri sciureus) cristae by a nearly 3:1 ratio. associated with this type i hc preponderance, calyx fibers make up a much larger fraction of the afferent innervation than in rodents (fernández et al. [1995] j. neurophysiol. 73:1253-1269). to study how this affects synaptic architecture, we used disector methods to estimate various features associated with type i and type ii hcs in central (cz) and peripheral (pz) zones of ... | 2008 | 18729176 |
| an in vivo and in vitro model of plasmodium falciparum rosetting and autoagglutination mediated by varo, a group a var gene encoding a frequent serotype. | in the saimiri sciureus monkey, erythrocytes infected with the varo antigenic variant of the plasmodium falciparum palo alto 89f5 clone bind uninfected red blood cells (rosetting), form autoagglutinates, and have a high multiplication rate, three phenotypic characteristics that are associated with severe malaria in human patients. we report here that varo parasites express a var gene having the characteristics of group a var genes, and we show that the varo duffy binding-like 1alpha(1) (dbl1alph ... | 2008 | 18809668 |
| a pcr-based marker to simply identify saimiri sciureus and s. boliviensis boliviensis. | squirrel monkeys, mainly saimiri sciureus and s. boliviensis, are common in zoos and widely used in biomedical research. however, an exact species identification based on morphological characteristics is difficult. hence, several molecular methods were proposed, but all of them are expensive and require extensive laboratory work. in contrast, we describe an alu integration, which is present in s. boliviensis boliviensis and absent in s. sciureus. among analyzed s. b. peruviensis specimens variou ... | 2008 | 18831057 |
| behavior patterns of southern bearded sakis (chiropotes satanas) in the fragmented landscape of eastern brazilian amazonia. | the endangered but poorly studied southern bearded saki, chiropotes satanas, faces extremes of habitat fragmentation throughout its geographic range in eastern amazonia. this article focuses on the behavior of the members of two groups--a large one (30-34 members) in continuous forest (home range=69 ha) and a much smaller one (7 members) on a 17-ha man-made island--at the tucuruí reservoir on the tocantins river. quantitative behavioral data were collected through scan and all-events sampling. b ... | 2009 | 18850586 |
| an outbreak of toxoplasmosis amongst squirrel monkeys in an israeli monkey colony. | an outbreak of toxoplasmosis in a colony of squirrel monkeys (saimiri sciureus) in israel is described. serological, pathological, and molecular findings of monkeys, as well as rodents and pigeons from the vicinity are summarized. seventy-nine percent (19/24) of monkeys were t. gondii seropositive at titer 1:16 whilst 4% (1/24) were also seropositive at titer 1:64 using the modified agglutination test (mat). eighty four percent (21/25) of rats were positive at titer 1:16 and 8% (2/25) of rats we ... | 2009 | 19019554 |
| sexual dimorphism in the squirrel monkey, saimiri sciureus (linnaeus, 1758) and saimiri ustus (i. geoffroy, 1844) (primates, cebidae). | causes and implications of sexual dimorphism have been studied in several different primates using a variety of morphological characters such as body weight, canine length, coat color and ornamentation. here we describe a peculiar coat color characteristic in the squirrel monkey that is present only in adult females over five years old and which increases with age. neither males nor young animals manifest this phenomenon, which is characterized by a spot of black hairs located anteriorly to the ... | 2009 | 19347161 |
| gustatory responsiveness to six bitter tastants in three species of nonhuman primates. | gustatory responsiveness of six adult squirrel monkeys, four spider monkeys, and five pigtail macaques to six bitter tastants was assessed in two-bottle preference tests of brief duration (2 min). animals were given the choice between a 30-mm sucrose solution and defined concentrations of a bitter tastant dissolved in a 30-mm sucrose solution. with this procedure, saimiri sciureus, ateles geoffroyi, and macaca nemestrina were found to significantly discriminate concentrations as low as 0.2, 0.05 ... | 2009 | 19399556 |
| outbreaks of toxoplasmosis in a captive breeding colony of squirrel monkeys. | toxoplasma gondii is highly virulent in new world monkeys, but despite numerous outbreaks observed in captive populations there are few reports of molecular characterization of strains. in this article, we describe two outbreaks of toxoplasmosis that occurred in 2001 and 2006 in an outdoor captive breeding colony of squirrel monkeys (saimiri sciureus) kept by the institut pasteur in french guiana. a microsatellite dna analysis of the biological samples collected in the 2001 and 2006 outbreaks sh ... | 2009 | 19423226 |
| ovarian aging in squirrel monkeys (saimiri sciureus). | in female squirrel monkeys (saimiri sciureus), the reproductive period normally extends from approximately 2.5 years to the mid-teens. in the present study, we examined the age-associated cytological changes in the ovaries of 24 squirrel monkeys ranging in age from newborn to approximately 20 years. we found a significant, age-related decline in the number of primordial follicles, with the most pronounced loss occurring between birth and 5 years. after approximately 8 years of age, relatively fe ... | 2009 | 19656956 |
| staphylococcal meningoencephalitis, nematodiasis, and typhlocolitis in a squirrel monkey (saimiri sciureus). | seizures were observed in a 16-year old male guyanese squirrel monkey with a history of inappetence and weakness. | 2009 | 19737242 |
| living together: behavior and welfare in single and mixed species groups of capuchin (cebus apella) and squirrel monkeys (saimiri sciureus). | there are potential advantages of housing primates in mixed species exhibits for both the visiting public and the primates themselves. if the primates naturally associate in the wild, it may be more educational and enjoyable for the public to view. increases in social complexity and stimulation may be enriching for the primates. however, mixed species exhibits might also create welfare problems such as stress from interspecific aggression. we present data on the behavior of single and mixed spec ... | 2010 | 19790191 |
| discriminative stimulus effects of l-838,417 (7-tert-butyl-3-(2,5-difluoro-phenyl)-6-(2-methyl-2h-[1,2,4]triazol-3-ylmethoxy)-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-b]pyridazine): role of gaba(a) receptor subtypes. | previous reports suggest that gamma-aminobutyric acid type a (gaba(a)) receptors containing alpha1 subunits may play a pivotal role in mediating the discriminative stimulus effects of benzodiazepines (bzs). l-838,417 (7-tert-butyl-3-(2,5-difluoro-phenyl)-6-(2-methyl-2h-[1,2,4]triazol-3-ylmethoxy)-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-b]pyridazine) is a gaba(a) receptor modulator with intrinsic efficacy in vitro at alpha2, alpha3, and alpha5 subunit-containing gaba(a) receptors, and little demonstrable intrinsic e ... | 2010 | 19853619 |