| determination of xenobiotic intrinsic clearance in freshly isolated hepatocytes from rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) and rat and its application in bioaccumulation assessment. | bioaccumulation in fish depends on the dynamics of various processes that involve fish uptake, storage, and elimination of xenobiotics. elimination via fish biotransformation is a primary process that can be evaluated in an in vitro system to improve the performance of the prediction of xenobiotic bioaccumulation potentials. in this study, values of intrinsic clearance (clint) of seven reference compounds (atrazine, molinate, 4,4-bis(dimethylamino)-benzophenone, 4-nonylphenol, 2,4-di-tert-butylp ... | 2007 | 17539536 |
| proteomic analyses indicate induction of hepatic carbonyl reductase/20beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase b in rainbow trout exposed to sewage effluent. | proteomic analyses were performed to identify regulated liver proteins in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) caged upstream and downstream from a sewage treatment works (stw). two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, image analysis and ft-icr mass-spectrometry revealed four regulated protein spots. the three down-regulated spots contained betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase and an unidentified protein respectively. the only up-regulated spot consisted of both mitochondrial atp syn ... | 2007 | 17543385 |
| development of a base set of toxicity tests using ultrafine tio2 particles as a component of nanoparticle risk management. | the development of a risk management system for nanoscale or ultrafine particle-types requires a base set of hazard data. assessing risk is a function of hazard and exposure data. previously, we have suggested "parallel tracks" as a strategy for conducting nanoparticle research. on the one hand, mechanistic studies on "representative" nanoparticles could be supported by governmental agencies. alternatively, with regard to commercial nanoparticles, the environmental, health and safety (ehs) frame ... | 2007 | 17566673 |
| tracing salmon-derived nutrients and contaminants in freshwater food webs across a pronounced spawner density gradient. | many have demonstrated that anadromous pacific salmon are significant vectors of nutrients from the ocean to freshwaters. recently. however, it has been recognized that salmon spawners also input significant quantities of contaminants. the objectives of this paper are to delineate the extent to which salmon-derived nutrients are integrated into the freshwater food web using delta(15)n and delta(13)c and to assess the influence of the salmon pathway in the accumulation of contaminants in rainbow ... | 2007 | 17571673 |
| microbial diversity of intestinal contents and mucus in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | the aim of this study was to understand the microbial community of intestinal contents and mucosal layer in the intestine of rainbow trout by means of culture-dependent conventional and independent molecular techniques. | 2007 | 17578431 |
| assessing the impact of a downscaled climate change simulation on the fish fauna in an inner-alpine river. | this study assesses the impact of a changing climate on fish fauna by comparing the past mean state of fish assemblage to a possible future mean state. it is based on (1) local scale observations along an inner-alpine river called mur, (2) an ipcc emission scenario (is92a), implemented by atmosphere-ocean global circulation model (aogcm) echam4/opyc3, and (3) a model-chain that links climate research to hydrobiology. the mur river is still in a near-natural condition and water temperature in sum ... | 2007 | 17587065 |
| expanded geographical distribution of myxobolus cerebralis: first detections from alaska. | the parasite responsible for salmonid whirling disease, myxobolus cerebralis, was introduced to the usa in 1958. it has since spread across the country causing severe declines in wild trout populations, but has never been documented from alaska. however, while assessing the risk of introduction of m. cerebralis into the state, we detected the parasite using a species-specific polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay. testing of 180 hatchery rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), by pepsin tr ... | 2007 | 17640251 |
| molecular cloning and expression analysis of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) ccaat/enhancer binding protein genes and their responses to induction by gh in vitro and in vivo. | ccaat/enhancer-binding proteins (c/ebps) are transcription factors consisting of six isoforms and play diverse physiological roles in vertebrates. in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss), in addition to the reported c/ebpbeta1, we have isolated cdna of four other isoforms, c/ebpalpha, c/ebpbeta2, c/ebpdelta1, c/ebpdelta2, from the liver. comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence of rainbow trout c/ebps with those of other vertebrates revealed that c/ebp isoforms are highly conserved. the prof ... | 2007 | 17641287 |
| enhancement of the immune response and protection induced by probiotic lactic acid bacteria against furunculosis in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | we analysed the effect of probiotic strains on the cellular and humoral immune responses of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss), and their capacity to prevent furunculosis during a challenge trial. probiotic strains (lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis clfp 100, leuconostoc mesenteroides clfp 196, and lactobacillus sakei clfp 202) were administered orally to fish for 2 weeks at 10(6) cfu g(-1) of feed. in comparison to untreated control fish, the phagocytic activity of head kidney leukocytes and the ... | 2007 | 17645738 |
| the effects of three organic chemicals on the upper thermal tolerances of four freshwater fishes. | the upper temperature tolerance limits of four freshwater fish species, silver perch bidyanus bidyanus, eastern rainbowfish melanotaenia duboulayi, western carp gudgeon hypseleotris klunzingeri, and rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss, were determined using the critical thermal maximum (ctmaximum) method. the ctmaximum tests were carried out with unexposed fish and fish exposed to sublethal concentrations of endosulfan, chlorpyrifos, and phenol to determine whether or not the ctmaximum was affecte ... | 2007 | 17665686 |
| cloning and characterization of two clusterin isoforms in rainbow trout. | clusterin is a broadly distributed glycoprotein constitutively expressed by various tissues and cell types and has been shown to be associated with several physiological and pathological functions. in order to study the molecular evolution of clusterin, here we report the cloning and characterization of two clusterin genes in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). the deduced amino acid sequences of clusterin-1 and a partial clusterin-2 clone are 89% identical to each other, showing 45, 42 and 38% ... | 2008 | 17669495 |
| lack of circadian regulation of in vitro melatonin release from the pineal organ of salmonid teleosts. | in many teleost species, the photoreceptive pineal organ harbors the circadian clock that regulates melatonin release in the pineal organ itself. however, the pineal organ of three salmonids (rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss, masu salmon oncorhynchus masou, and sockeye salmon oncorhynchus nerka) did not exhibit circadian rhythms in melatonin release when maintained under constant darkness (dd) in vitro, suggesting that the pineal organs of all salmonids lack the circadian regulation of melatoni ... | 2007 | 17681505 |
| expression and antiviral activity of a beta-defensin-like peptide identified in the rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) est sequences. | the in silico identification of a beta-defensin-like peptide sequence (ombd-1) in the rainbow trout (oncorhynchuss mykiss) database of salmonid est is reported here. we have studied the transcript expression of this beta-defensin-like sequence in different organs and expressed the recombinant peptide in a fish cell line. finally, we have demonstrated the in vitro antiviral activity of the recombinant trout beta-defensin-like peptide against viral haemorrhagic septicaemia rhabdovirus (vhsv), one ... | 2008 | 17692376 |
| acute and subacute toxic effects produced by microcystin-yr on the fish cell lines rtg-2 and plhc-1. | approximately 80 microcystins (mcs) variants have been isolated in surface water worldwide. the toxicity of the most frequently mcs are encountered, mc-lr and mc-rr, has been extensively studied in humans and animals. however, studies dealing with mc-yr toxicity are still scarce. in this work, the toxic effects of mc-yr were investigated in the fish cell line plhc-1, derived from a hepatocellular carcinoma of the topminnow poeciliopsis lucida, and rtg-2 fibroblast-like cells derived from the gon ... | 2007 | 17706912 |
| cross-reactivity of human leukocyte differentiation antigen monoclonal antibodies on carp and rainbow trout cells. | three hundred and seventy-seven monoclonal antibodies (mabs) directed against human cd antigens and non-classified human leukocyte surface antigens were assayed for their reactivity with common carp (cyprinus carpio l.) and rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) peripheral blood leukocytes (pbl) and thymocytes within the animal homologue section of the 8th international workshop on human leukocyte differentiation antigens (hlda8). four of the mabs clearly reacted with rainbow trout pbl and two with ... | 2007 | 17707517 |
| alphavirus infections in salmonids--a review. | the first alphavirus to be isolated from fish was recorded in 1995 with the isolation of salmon pancreas disease virus from atlantic salmon, salmo salar l., in ireland. subsequently, the closely related sleeping disease virus was isolated from rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), in france. more recently norwegian salmonid alphavirus (sav) has been isolated from marine phase production of atlantic salmon and rainbow trout in norway. these three viruses are closely related and are now co ... | 2007 | 17718707 |
| pancreas disease in farmed atlantic salmon, salmo salar l., and rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), in norway. | the present paper describes, for the first time, clinical signs and pathological findings of pancreas disease (pd) in farmed atlantic salmon, salmo salar l., and rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), in sea water in norway. similarities and differences with reports of pd from ireland and scotland are discussed. samples of 68 rainbow trout from disease outbreaks on 14 farms and from 155 atlantic salmon from outbreaks on 20 farms collected from 1996 to 2004 were included in the present stu ... | 2007 | 17718709 |
| identification of a second group of type i ifns in fish sheds light on ifn evolution in vertebrates. | in this report, three type i ifn genes were identified in rainbow trout (rt) oncorhynchus mykiss and are classified into two groups based on their primary protein sequences: group i containing two cysteine residues; and group ii containing four cysteines residues. the group i rtifns were induced in fibroblasts (rtg-2 cells), macrophages (rts-11 cells), and head kidney leukocytes when stimulated with polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid, whereas group ii ifn was up-regulated in head kidney leukocytes ... | 2007 | 17785823 |
| sequence analysis of omnramp alpha and quantitative expression of nramp homologues in different trout strains after infection with myxobolus cerebralis. | salmonid whirling disease caused by the metazoan parasite myxobolus cerebralis is an ongoing problem in wild and farmed rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss populations. rainbow trout from different strains vary in susceptibility to the parasite. identification of underlying mechanisms could be a starting point for improved control of the disease. we conducted infection trials using 2 rainbow trout strains and brown trout salmo trutta fario, a species not susceptible to the parasite, to investigate ... | 2007 | 17803108 |
| gill erod in monitoring of cyp1a inducers in fish: a study in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) caged in stockholm and uppsala waters. | the gill filament 7-ethoxyresorufin o-deethylase (erod) assay was evaluated as a monitoring tool for waterborne cytochrome p4501a (cyp1a) inducers using rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) caged in urban area waters in sweden. to compare the cyp1a induction response in different tissues, erod activity was also analyzed in liver and kidney microsomes. immunohistochemistry was used to localize cyp1a protein in gill and kidney. in two separate experiments fish were caged at sites with fairly high e ... | 2007 | 17826851 |
| the development of probiotics for the control of multiple bacterial diseases of rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum). | jb-1 and gc2, which were equated with bacillus sp. and aeromonas sobria respectively, were recovered from the digestive tract of rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss and ghost carp, cyprinus sp. respectively, and demonstrated effectiveness as probiotics for the control of infections caused by aeromonas salmonicida, lactococcus garvieae, streptococcus iniae, vibrio anguillarum, vibrio ordalii and yersinia ruckeri. when administered to rainbow trout (average weight = 12 g) for 14 days in feed dosed ... | 2007 | 17850573 |
| fish genotype significantly influences susceptibility of juvenile rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), to waterborne infection with infectious salmon anaemia virus. | | 2007 | 17850579 |
| ultraviolet b irradiation affects resistance of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) against bacterium yersinia ruckeri and trematode diplostomum spathaceum. | ultraviolet b (uvb) radiation is known to have various effects on the immune system of fish, but the effect on the actual disease resistance has remained largely unknown. here we studied the effect of uvb on the resistance of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) against a bacterium yersinia ruckeri, the causative agent of enteric red mouth disease, and a trematode parasite diplostomum spathaceum, which causes cataracts in fish. the fish were exposed to uvb irradiation seven times in 14 days, and ... | 2007 | 17880522 |
| protein recovery from rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) processing byproducts via isoelectric solubilization/precipitation and its gelation properties as affected by functional additives. | solubility of rainbow trout proteins was determined between ph 1.5 and 13.0 and various ionic strengths (is). minimum solubility occurred at ph 5.5; however, when is = 0.2, the minimum solubility shifted toward more acidic ph. isoelectric solubilization/precipitation was applied to trout processing byproducts (fish meat left over on bones, head, skin, etc.), resulting in protein recovery yields (kjeldahl, dry basis) between 77.7% and 89.0%, depending of the ph used for solubilization and precipi ... | 2007 | 17902629 |
| effects of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv) on the rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) monocyte cell line rts-11. | the effect of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv) was studied on the established rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) monocyte/macrophage-like cell line rts11. the virus was not able to complete its replication cycle as infectious viral particles were not released from the cells. however, in rts11, the virus was capable of producing mrna from at least its n and g genes. at the protein level, only n protein was detected 2 days post-infection, whereas a faint band corresponding to the g prote ... | 2008 | 17928055 |
| temperature-dependent expression of immune-relevant genes in rainbow trout following yersinia ruckeri vaccination. | the gene expression of immune-relevant genes in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss following vaccination with a bacterin of yersinia ruckeri, a bacterial pathogen causing enteric red mouth disease (erm), was investigated at 5, 15, and 25 degrees c. rainbow trout were immunized by i.p. injection of a water-based y. ruckeri (serotype o1) bacterin, and gene expression profiles were compared to control groups injected with phosphate buffered saline (pbs). blood and tissue samples (spleen and head kid ... | 2007 | 17933396 |
| development of an effective whole-spore vaccine to protect against microsporidial gill disease in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) by using a low-virulence strain of loma salmonae. | in determining the effective vaccine spore dose of a low-virulence strain of loma salmonae to limit microsporidial gill disease in trout, we found that fish receiving 10(3) to 10(5) killed spores had the best protection against experimental infection, with 85% fewer xenomas in their gills than in the controls. intraperitoneal delivery of the vaccine was effective, and the addition of adjuvant did not improve vaccine performance against this disease-causing microsporidian. | 2007 | 17942613 |
| detection and quantification of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) by sybr green real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. | a real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay using the fluorogenic dye sybr green i was developed for the detection and quantification of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) infecting rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). using primers designed for the ihnv nucleocapsid (n) and surface glycoprotein (g) genes, virus was detected in liver, kidney, spleen, adipose tissue, and pectoral fin samples from fish challenged in the laboratory via either injection or immersion ... | 2008 | 17945355 |
| bacillus subtilis ab1 controls aeromonas infection in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss, walbaum). | to develop a probiotic with effectiveness against aeromonas sp., which was pathogenic to rainbow trout. | 2007 | 17953580 |
| characterization of glycans in the developmental stages of myxobolus cerebralis (myxozoa), the causative agent of whirling disease. | glycans and sugar-binding molecules (lectins) form an interactive recognition system, which may enable parasitic organisms to adhere to host cells and migrate into target tissues. the aim of the present study was to analyse surface-associated glycans in the developmental stages of myxobolus cerebralis (hofer), the causative agent of whirling disease. a panel of biotin-labelled plant lectins was used to detect a broad spectrum of glycan motifs with high specificity. binding sites were detected hi ... | 2007 | 17958607 |
| proteomic analysis of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss, walbaum) serum after administration of probiotics in diets. | the response of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss, walbaum) towards probiotics present in the feed was investigated by examining the proteome of serum as a measure of the acute phase response (apr). proteomic analysis by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2d) concurrently with mass spectrometry was used to detect apr related proteins in rainbow trout serum following feeding with probiotics aeromonas sobria gc2 and bacillus sp. jb-1. three candidate proteins increased following use of gc2, and wer ... | 2008 | 17981340 |
| the vitronectin gene in rainbow trout: cloning, expression and phylogenetic analysis. | vitronectin is a major cell adhesion glycoprotein that is found in plasma and the extracellular matrix. vitronectin consists of an n-terminal somatomedin b domain and two hemopexin-like domains and controls functions including cell adhesion, migration, haemostasis and immune defence. in order to study the molecular evolution of the complement lytic pathway regulation, we have cloned and characterized the vitronectin gene from rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). the deduced amino acid sequence o ... | 2008 | 17981477 |
| detection and quantitation of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction using lethal and non-lethal tissue sampling. | infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (ipnv) is a bisegmented double-stranded rna virus belonging to the family birnaviridae, genus aquabirnavirus, which is a major viral pathogen of salmonid fish. the virus infects wild and cultured salmonids, causing high mortality in juvenile trout and salmon. a highly sensitive and specific real-time rt-pcr assay using the fluorogenic dye sybr((r)) green i was developed for the detection and quantitation of ipnv in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). rainbow ... | 2008 | 17996958 |
| in vivo modulation of the rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) immune response by the human alpha defensin 1, hnp1. | recent studies have demonstrated that the synthetic human defensin-alpha1, also designated as human neutrophil peptide 1 (hnp1), not only has in vitro antiviral activity against viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv), a fish rhabdovirus, but can also modulate some immune activities of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) head kidney leucocytes. however, none of these hnp1 properties have been analysed in vivo so far. thus, in the current work, we have studied the in vivo immunomodulatory capac ... | 2008 | 18023592 |
| microhabitat selection of gyrodactylus salaris malmberg on different salmonids. | the microhabitat selection of the ectoparasite gyrodactylus salaris (laerdalselva strain, norway) was investigated concurrently with studies on the parasite population growth on five strains of atlantic salmon, salmo salar l., and a strain of danish rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum). the salmon used were hatchery-reared parr of east atlantic strains [river conon (scotland), river storå (western denmark) and river atran (western sweden)] and baltic strains [lule and ume (eastern sweden ... | 2007 | 18034680 |
| amino acid, fatty acid, and mineral profiles of materials recovered from rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) processing by-products using isoelectric solubilization/precipitation. | protein, lipid, and insolubles (bones, skin, scales, fins, insoluble protein, and more) were recovered from rainbow trout processing by-products by means of isoelectric solubilization/precipitation at basic ph and acidic ph. isoelectric solubilization/precipitation of the trout processing by-products resulted in the recovery of protein that was higher (p < 0.05) in essential amino acids (eaas), non-eaas, and total eaa/total aa ratio when compared to the processing by-products. basic ph treatment ... | 2007 | 18034715 |
| cadmium chloride-induced disruption of testicular steroidogenesis in rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss. | cadmium (cd) is a known endocrine disruptor with the ability to affect the production of hormones involved in the regulation of reproductive processes. in the present study, the effects of cdcl(2) on unstimulated and stimulated testicular steroidogenesis were examined with the intention of furthering the understanding of the potential site(s) of action in the signaling pathway for 11-kt synthesis in teleosts. in short-term (2-h) exposures, cdcl(2 )stimulated 11-kt production (29% and 28% over co ... | 2008 | 18040592 |
| first evidence of the pore-forming properties of a keratin from skin mucus of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss, formerly salmo gairdneri). | the epidermis of fish is covered with a layer of mucus, which contributes to the defence of the species against parasites, bacteria and fungi. we have previously extracted glycoproteins from various mucus samples from fish and have shown that they present pore-forming activities well correlated with strong antibacterial properties [ebran, julien, orange, saglio, lemaitre and molle(2000) biochim. biophys. acta 1467, 271-280]. the present study focuses on the 65 kda glycoprotein, tr65, from the ra ... | 2008 | 18052924 |
| lipid peroxidative stress and antioxidant defence status during ontogeny of rainbow trout ( oncorhynchus mykiss). | the objective of the present study was to characterise some important antioxidant enzymes and their relationships with retinoids and lipid peroxidation during rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) early development. eggs were incubated at 7 degrees c until the swim-up stage whereupon fry were fed two semi-purified diets with 0% (co) and 8% (ox) oxidised lipid respectively for 2 months at 17 degrees c. the activities and gene expression of superoxide dismutase (sod), catalase (cat) and glutathione ... | 2008 | 18062828 |
| the biological effects of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) recombinant interleukin-8. | in this report, recombinant interleukin-8 (ril-8) was produced and its activity tested for the first time in fish. the rainbow trout ril-8 was produced in escherichia coli and purified using a 6xhis tag at the n-terminus. the ril-8 induced a dose-dependent migration of head kidney leukocytes at concentrations from 0.1 to 10 ng/ml, with a peak response at 1 ng/ml. trout ril-8 also had a significant effect on superoxide production by head kidney cells, with maximal activity at 0.1 and 1 ng/ml. whe ... | 2008 | 18068225 |
| effects of short-term growth hormone treatment on liver and muscle transcriptomes in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | although studies have established that exogenous growth hormone (gh) treatment stimulates growth in fish, its effects on target tissue gene expression are not well characterized. we assessed the effects of posilac (monsanto, st. louis, mo), a recombinant bovine gh, on tissue transcript levels in rainbow trout selected from two high-growth rate and two low-growth rate families. transcript abundance was measured in liver and muscle with the genome research in atlantic salmon project (grasp) 16k cd ... | 2008 | 18073272 |
| in vitro leukocyte-encapsulation model in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | we developed an in vitro model to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms of granulomatous inflammation in response to invading pathogens. ichthyophonus hoferi was used as a target for encapsulation by cultivated leukocytes from the kidney of the rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). the encapsulation process was observed over 1 week. the leukocytes were identified as either macrophages in the inner layer, or neutrophils and lymphocytes in the outer layer. the encapsulation response was inhib ... | 2008 | 18093653 |
| morphologic description of infectious salmon anaemia virus (isav)-induced lesions in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss compared to atlantic salmon salmo salar. | in the present study the pathogenesis of experimental infectious salmon anaemia virus (isav) infection in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum, 1972) and atlantic salmon salmo salar was compared. the virus infection in the 2 species demonstrated different mortality patterns and pathology characteristics. atlantic salmon showed a typical acute mortality pattern peaking at 8 to 16 d post-infection (dpi) depending on virus dose, whereas in rainbow trout, only the highest virus dose (10(7.13-7 ... | 2007 | 18159667 |
| non-specific adsorption of fish immunoglobulin m (igm) to blocking reagents on elisa plate wells. | enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) is a popular technique for quantifiable detection of specific antibodies in warm-blooded animals, but it has not been accepted for detection of fish antibodies because of its low reproducibility, which is due in part to high background optical density (od) measurements. in the present study, we report that the high background of a fish antibody-detection elisa resulted from non-specific adsorption of fish immunoglobulin m (igm) to blocking reagents on th ... | 2007 | 18159673 |
| in vitro enhancement by cpg odn of phagocytic activity of rainbow trout head kidney phagocytes against fish pathogen vibrio ordalii, but not against polystyrene particles. | rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) head kidney phagocytes precultured with a synthetic cytidine-phosphate-guanosine (cpg) oligodeoxynucleotide (odn) displayed significantly higher phagocytic activity against vibrio ordalii than phagocytes precultured with non-cpg odn. however, head kidney phagocytes precultured with cpg odn did not show enhanced phagocytic activity against polystyrene particles. | 2007 | 18176027 |
| development of an oral vaccine for immunisation of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) against viral haemorrhagic septicaemia. | in the european union viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (vhs) eradication is still based on stamping out. due to the lack of effective low cost vaccines immune prophylaxis is currently not used to combat vhs. this paper describes a new oral delivery method for immunisation of trout with attenuated virus. the vaccine consists of lyophilised virus surrounded by polyethylene glycol (peg) and was extruded under low temperature. in the stomach of trout, the use of additional neutralising and adsorbing b ... | 2008 | 18191880 |
| surveillance for ceratomyxa shasta in the puget sound watershed, washington. | discovery of fish exhibiting clinical signs of ceratomyxosis in washington state prompted concern over the potential impact of the myxozoan parasite ceratomyxa shasta on native stocks of steelhead oncorhynchus mykiss (anadromous rainbow trout). to investigate these concerns, a survey of 16 freshwater systems within the puget sound watershed, including lake washington, was conducted by sentinel exposure of susceptible fish (cutthroat trout o. clarkii and rainbow trout). fish were exposed for 7 d ... | 2007 | 18201052 |
| treatment of ichthyophthiriasis in rainbow trout and common carp with common and alternative therapeutics. | the goal of this laboratory study was to provide better knowledge about the treatment of ichthyophthiriasis (causative agent: ichthyophthirius multifiliis, a ciliate bacteria) in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss and common carp cyprinus carpio. the following questions were investigated: (1) the effectiveness of different chemicals (formalin, sodium chloride, hydrogen peroxide, perotan, virkon, aquahumin, baycox, and ivomec) and at different concentrations and durations of application, (2) the n ... | 2007 | 18201060 |
| selenium and mercury in native and introduced fish species of patagonian lakes, argentina. | a survey of mercury (hg) and selenium (se) contents was performed in fish collected from lakes located in two national parks of the northern patagonian andean range. two native species, catfish (diplomystes viedmensis) and creole perch (percichthys trucha), and three introduced species, brown trout (salmo trutta), rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss), and brook trout (salvelinus fontinalis), were caught from lakes nahuel huapi, moreno, traful, espejo chico, and guillelmo belonging to nahuel huapi ... | 2008 | 18214390 |
| an investigation into the prevalence of renibacterium salmoninarum in farmed rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), and wild fish populations in selected river catchments in england and wales between 1998 and 2000. | a cross-sectional survey of renibacterium salmoninarum infection in farmed rainbow trout (rbt) and wild fish populations was carried out in 10 farms and six river catchments, respectively, in england and wales. the majority of the wild fish were sampled in 1998 and the farmed fish in 2000. grayling, thymallus thymallus, and brown trout, salmo trutta, were the main wild species sampled. two fish, one grayling and one salmon, salmo salar, were r. salmoninarum culture-positive, compared with 40 con ... | 2008 | 18234016 |
| the involvement of aeromonas salmonicida virulence factors in bacterial translocation across the rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), intestine. | the pathogenic bacterium aeromonas salmonicida is the causative agent of furunculosis, a lethal disease in salmonids. the mode of lateral transmission has not been conclusively defined, but a. salmonicida is able to translocate across the intestinal epithelium of salmonids, making the intestinal route a probable candidate. this study investigated some of the virulence mechanisms used by the bacteria to promote translocation. intestinal segments were placed in modified ussing chambers to investig ... | 2008 | 18234022 |
| oxidative stress in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to sewage treatment plant effluent. | effluents from sewage treatment plants (stps) can be regarded as "hot spots" of discharge releasing large amounts of chemicals into the aquatic environment. many of these compounds are toxic to organisms due to their ability to form reactive oxygen species (ros) and cause oxidative stress. in order to investigate if stp effluents contain compounds that may cause oxidative stress, rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) were exposed to effluent from a swedish stp at different dilutions in a flow-thro ... | 2008 | 18234334 |
| use of site occupancy models to estimate prevalence of myxobolus cerebralis infection in trout. | empirical estimates of pathogen prevalence in samples of fish may underestimate true prevalence because available detection techniques are incapable of perfect detection. trout of several species were collected from enzootic (myxobolus cerebralis, causative agent in whirling disease) habitats, and individual fish were examined for presence of the parasite two or six times by one of four methods: pepsin-trypsin digest (brown trout salmo trutta), plankton centrifuge (brown trout), polymerase chain ... | 2007 | 18236627 |
| bath vaccination of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss walbaum) against yersinia ruckeri: effects of temperature on protection and gene expression. | protection of rainbow trout fry following bath vaccination with a bacterin of y. ruckeri o1, the bacterial pathogen causing enteric red mouth disease (erm), was investigated at 5, 15 and 25 degrees c. rainbow trout fry were acclimatised for 8 weeks at the three temperatures before vaccination. they were subsequently challenged with y. ruckeri 4 and 8 weeks post-vaccination which demonstrated a significant protection of vaccinated fish kept at 15 degrees c. no protective effect of vaccination in ... | 2008 | 18237828 |
| suggestive association of major histocompatibility ib genetic markers with resistance to bacterial cold water disease in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | genes within the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) are important for both innate and adaptive immune responses in mammals; however, much less is known regarding their contribution in teleost fishes. we examined the involvement of four major histocompatibility (mh) genomic regions in rainbow trout in resistance to the causative agent of bacterial coldwater disease (bcwd), flavobacterium psychrophilum. fish from the 2005 ncccwa brood-year (71 full-sib families) were challenged with f. psychro ... | 2008 | 18274824 |
| heads or tails? stressor-specific expression of corticotropin-releasing factor and urotensin i in the preoptic area and caudal neurosecretory system of rainbow trout. | corticotropin-releasing factor (crf)- and urotensin i (ui)-expressing cells of the preoptic area (poa) and caudal neurosecretory system (cnss) are considered key contributors to the regulation of the stress response in fish; however, the expression pattern of these neurons to environmental and social challenges have not been compared in a single study. therefore, we characterized in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) the central distribution of crf and ui expression and quantified the poa and c ... | 2008 | 18310459 |
| cross-species comparison of conazole fungicide metabolites using rat and rainbow trout (onchorhynchus mykiss) hepatic microsomes and purified human cyp 3a4. | ecological risk assessment frequently relies on cross-species extrapolation to predict acute toxicity from chemical exposures. a major concern for environmental risk characterization is the degree of uncertainty in assessing xenobiotic biotransformation processes. although inherently complex, metabolite identification is critical to risk assessment since the product(s) formed may pose a greater toxicological threat than the parent molecule. this issue is further complicated by differences observ ... | 2008 | 18323127 |
| study of the viral interference between infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (ipnv) and infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | the resistance of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) to an infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) challenge following a preceding non-lethal infection with infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (ipnv) was investigated through experimental dual infections. trout initially infected with ipnv were inoculated 14 days later with ihnv. single infections of trout with 1 of the 2 viruses or with cell culture supernatant were also carried out and constituted control groups. no mortality was note ... | 2008 | 18329899 |
| effects of dexamethasone on host innate and adaptive immune responses and parasite development in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss infected with loma salmonae. | the effects of dexamethasone (dex) treatment on infections with the microsporidian parasite, loma salmonae and the effects of dex on initiation of the adaptive immune response were investigated in rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss experimentally infected with the parasite. dex treatment resulted in significantly higher infections with the parasite in the gills and other internal organs, suggesting that dex inhibits aspects of the innate immune response to l. salmonae; the heavier infections in ... | 2008 | 18359641 |
| osmotic regulation of a novel flavin-containing monooxygenase in primary cultured cells from rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | a cdna encoding a hepatic isoform of flavin-containing monooxygenase (hfmo) (ef063736) containing an open reading frame of 1792 base pairs (bp) and encoding 554 amino acids was cloned and sequenced from liver mrna of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). the genomic sequence of hfmo was also characterized and was 4.379 kilobases, possessing 10 exons and 9 introns (eu519462). structural analysis of the promoter region showed several cis-acting elements including putative glucocorticoid and osmoreg ... | 2008 | 18372402 |
| a new species of myxozoan (myxosporea) from the brain and spinal cord of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) from idaho. | a new species of myxosporea, myxobolus neurotropus n. sp., is described from the brain and spinal cord of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) from duncan creek, owyhee county, idaho. spores are oval, have 2 pyriform polar capsules, and possess a thick spore wall (sutural rim) with a short intracapsular offshoot. the mean spore dimensions are length 11.8 microm, width 10.8 microm, and thickness 8.8 microm. this myxozoan is compared to other described myxobolus species found in cranial tissues of ... | 2008 | 18372644 |
| effects of ergosan on the expression of cytokine genes in the liver of juvenile rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to enteric red mouth vaccine. | the effects of administration of the immunomodulator ergosan, an algal extract containing alginic acid, in juvenile rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to aquavac vaccination, were tested. juveniles treated with ergosan, 95 days after the beginning of first solid feeding and control fish fed solely on commercial diet, were vaccinated by immersion in aquavac solution. the time-course of the effects of vaccination on liver immunorelated gene modulation and on the tolerance to stress manipu ... | 2008 | 18378002 |
| cloning and mrna expression analysis of an abcg2 (bcrp) efflux transporter in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) liver and primary hepatocytes. | as has been recently demonstrated in mammals, apart from the p-glycoprotein (pgp, abcb) and the mrp-like proteins (mrps, abcc), another efflux transporter - the bcrp (abcg2) - expressed in polarized epithelial cells of different tissues, is involved in regulation of intestinal absorption and biliary excretion of potentially toxic xenobiotics. however, no study has been directed towards identification of bcrp (abcg2) in fish species. in the present study we have cloned the full abcg2 transcript f ... | 2008 | 18381223 |
| carrier-mediated urea transport across the mitochondrial membrane of an elasmobranch (raja erinacea) and a teleost (oncorhynchus mykiss) fish. | in osmoregulating teleost fish, urea is a minor nitrogen excretory product, whereas in osmoconforming marine elasmobranchs it serves as the major tissue organic solute and is retained at relatively high concentrations ( approximately 400 mmol/l). we tested the hypothesis that urea transport across liver mitochondria is carrier mediated in both teleost and elasmobranch fishes. intact liver mitochondria in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) demonstrated two components of urea uptake, a linear com ... | 2008 | 18385468 |
| evaluation of bioavailable hydrocarbon sources and their induction potential in prince william sound, alaska. | to realistically evaluate the consequences of exposure to a complex mixture, we modified a passive sampler technology, the semipermeable membrane device (spmd), which absorbs the bioavailable hydrophobic organic compounds present in an environment. these samplers were deployed in prince william sound (pws), alaska, at locations selected as potential sites of hydrocarbon deposition, as well as in random sites for regional assessment. some of these sites were affected by previous human activity, s ... | 2008 | 18403008 |
| cloning, binding properties, and tissue localization of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) ladderlectin. | the present paper describes the primary structure, expression and immunohistochemical localization of rainbow trout ladderlectin (rtll), a multimeric serum lectin that binds sepharose and lps of aeromonas salmonicida. two rainbow trout cdnas (504 and 546bp) and a genomic sequence (2kb) were amplified using ladderlectin-specific primers. the sequences were identified as group vii mannose-binding c-type lectins from predicted amino acid sequences and showed highest identity with the atlantic salmo ... | 2008 | 18407519 |
| [aquaporins in gametogenesis of vertebrate animals]. | a review of the data on the presence, localization, and supposed role of aquaporin water channels in oocytes of xenopus laevis, oogenesis and maturation of teleosts sparus auratus and oncorhynchus mykiss, oogenesis and oocyte maturation of rats and mice, and spermatogenesis of several mammalians. | 2008 | 18409379 |
| efficacy of in-feed probiotics against aeromonas bestiarum and ichthyophthirius multifiliis skin infections in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss, walbaum). | the aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of in-feed probiotics as a preventive measure against skin infections caused by aeromonas bestiarum and ichthyophthirius multifiliis (ich) in rainbow trout. | 2008 | 18422955 |
| contaminant levels in rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss, and their diets from missouri coldwater hatcheries. | organochlorine and metal contaminants often occur in commercial fish diets and can accumulate in fish to levels of concern for human consumption. contaminant levels were investigated in diet and rainbow trout fillets from missouri coldwater hatcheries used in "put and take" fisheries. the average fillet:diet ratio was <0.1 for lead and cadmium, 0.4-0.6 for organochlorine compounds, and about 0.8 for mercury. trout fillet concentrations for all contaminants were low (<50 ng/g) and below missouri' ... | 2008 | 18425399 |
| demonstrating freedom from gyrodactylus salaris (monogenea: gyrodactylidae) in farmed rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss. | this paper describes an approach to demonstrate freedom of individual rainbow trout farms from gyrodactylus salaris malmberg, 1957. the infection status of individual farms is relevant should g. salaris be introduced into a country or zone previously known to be free of the parasite. trade from farms where g. salaris may have been introduced would be restricted until freedom had been demonstrated. cage, fish and parasite sample sizes were calculated based on the minimum detectable prevalence (p* ... | 2008 | 18429441 |
| hemagglutinating activity of serovar reference strains of ornithobacterium rhinotracheale. | in the present study, the hemagglutinating activity of 9 reference strains (serovars a-i) of ornithobacterium rhinotracheale was investigated by using fresh erythrocytes from 15 different species: chicken (broiler, rooster, hen), turkey, pigeon, quail, duck, harris hawk (parabuteo unicinctus), house finch (carpodacus mexicanus), cow, sheep, horse, dog, rabbit, pig, human (groups a, b, ab, and o), and rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). all 9 strains agglutinated rabbit erythrocytes. none of the ... | 2008 | 18460626 |
| innate immunomodulation with recombinant interferon-alpha enhances resistance of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) to infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus. | we examined the in vivo immunostimulatory effects of a recombinant atlantic salmon (salmo salar) interferon-alpha2 (rsasaifn-alpha2). the mature rsasaifn-alpha2, expressed and purified from escherichia coli, was administered to rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) via the oral, immersion, or intraperitoneal (ip) injection route. injection of rsasaifn-alpha2 at 0.1microg/g fish gave significantly greater protection than a phosphate buffered saline (pbs) injection against a lethal challenge of infe ... | 2008 | 18466972 |
| subcellular components of vibrio harveyi and probiotics induce immune responses in rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), against v. harveyi. | bacterial subcellular components and probiotics were successful for the stimulation of immunity and the prevention of vibrio harveyi infections in rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum). rainbow trout were immunized with whole inactivated cells of v. harveyi to obtain polyclonal antibodies against specific antigens. western blotting showed a unique reactive band (approximately 93 kda) between serum and bacterial proteins from outer membrane proteins (omp) and extracellular products (ecp). ... | 2008 | 18482381 |
| the a/b domain of the teleost glucocorticoid receptors influences partial nuclear localization in the absence of hormone. | the glucocorticoid (gr) and mineralocorticoid receptor (mr) of extant jawed vertebrates emerged after duplication of an ancestral corticosteroid receptor. the ancestral corticosteroid receptor resembled extant mrs in hormone selectivity, and the different ligand specificity of extant grs is a secondary derived characteristic. an additional characteristic that distinguishes the mammalian gr from the mr is the cellular distribution pattern in the absence of hormone: the naïve gr resides in the cyt ... | 2008 | 18483153 |
| a soluble nonglycosylated recombinant infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) g-protein induces ifns in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | viral glycoproteins interact with cell-surface receptors to mediate virus entry and innate immune system activation. we found that a soluble recombinant infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus g-protein (rihnv-g) stimulated an early innate immune response mediated by proinflammatory cytokines, ifn1 and ifn-gamma in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) fry. expression of both ifn1 and ifn-gamma mrna transcripts was an early event and was rihnv-g dose-dependent. in addition, preliminary evidence re ... | 2008 | 18499475 |
| transmission of tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae (myxozoa: malacosporea) to fredericella sultana (bryozoa: phylactolaemata) by various fish species. | tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae is a myxozoan parasite of salmonids and freshwater bryozoans, which causes proliferative kidney disease (pkd) in the fish host. to test which fish species are able to transmit t. bryosalmonae to bryozoans, an infection experiment was conducted with 5 pkd-sensitive fish species from different genera. rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss, brown trout salmo trutta, brook trout salvelinus fontinalis, grayling thymallus thymallus and northern pike esox lucius were cohabitat ... | 2008 | 18500029 |
| identification, cloning and tissue localization of a rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) intelectin-like protein that binds bacteria and chitin. | intelectins are a recently identified group of animal lectins involved in innate immune surveillance. this paper describes the primary structure, expression and immunohistochemical localization of a rainbow trout plasma intelectin (rtint). rtint exhibited calcium-dependent binding to n-acetylglucosamine (glcnac) and mannose conjugated toyopearl amino 650 m matrices. when glcnac eluates from chromatography matrices were analyzed by reducing 1d page and western blots, the lectin appeared as approx ... | 2008 | 18502147 |
| tollip, a negative regulator of tlr-signalling, is encoded by twin genes in salmonid fish. | the factor tollip is known to dampen tlr2- and tlr4-mediated signalling in mammals. no negative regulator of the piscine tlr-signalling cascade has been described so far, albeit a sizable collection of factors contributing to this ancient pathogen-sensing system are known from fish to date. we identified two closely related tollip-encoding genes in atlantic salmon (salmo salar) and the respective ortholog mrna molecules in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). the salmonid tollip genes are segmen ... | 2008 | 18502148 |
| analysis of the flavobacterium psychrophilum outer-membrane subproteome and identification of new antigenic targets for vaccine by immunomics. | flavobacterium psychrophilum is an important infectious gram-negative bacterium causing cold-water disease (cwd) and rainbow trout fry syndrome. outer-membrane proteins (omps) are key molecules with regard to the interface between the cell and its environment. therefore, we sought to define the outer-membrane (om) subproteome of f. psychrophilum in order to gain insight into the biology and pathogenesis of this bacterium and to identify the dominant antigens targeted by the rainbow trout (oncorh ... | 2008 | 18524934 |
| angler numerical response across landscapes and the collapse of freshwater fisheries. | recreational angling opportunities in lakes are distributed across landscapes and attract anglers based on the combination of angling quality, travel distance, and availability of facilities. the relationship between angler density and fishing quality, as measured by catch rate, represents a numerical response that is analogous to a predator numerical response to variability in prey abundance. we quantified this numerical response of anglers to rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss, populations dis ... | 2008 | 18536261 |
| purification and some kinetic properties of carbonic anhydrase from rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) liver and metal inhibition. | in the present study, carbonic anhydrase (ca) enzyme was purified from rainbow trout (rt) liver with a specific activity of 4318 euxmg(-1) and a yield of 38% using sepharose-4b-l tyrosine-sulfanilamide affinity gel chromatography. the overall purification was approximately 2260-fold. to check the purity and determine subunit molecular weight of enzyme, sds-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was performed, which showed a single band and mw of approx. 29.4 kda. the molecular weight of native enzym ... | 2008 | 18537745 |
| xenobiotic intrinsic clearance in freshly isolated hepatocytes from rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss): determination of trout hepatocellularity, optimization of cell concentrations and comparison of serum and serum-free incubations. | metabolism plays an important role in bioaccumulation of xenobiotics in fish. in vitro determination of xenobiotic intrinsic clearance (clint) in trout hepatocytes and subsequent extrapolation to in vivo hepatic clearance (clh) using the "well-stirred" liver model greatly improved our current practice of bioaccumulation assessment [han, x., nabb, d.l., mingoia, r.t., yang, c.h., 2007. determination of xenobiotic intrinsic clearance in freshly isolated hepatocytes from rainbow trout (oncorhynchus ... | 2008 | 18599132 |
| the partial pressure of oxygen affects biomarkers of oxidative stress in cultured rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) hepatocytes. | oxidative stress, the imbalance between production of reactive oxygen species and the cellular detoxification of these reactive compounds, is believed to be involved in the pathology of various diseases. several biomarkers for oxidative stress have been proposed to serve as tools in toxicological and ecotoxicological research. not only may exposure to various pro-oxidants create conditions of cellular oxidative stress, but hyperoxic conditions may also increase the production of reactive oxygen ... | 2008 | 18603400 |
| insulin regulates the expression of several metabolism-related genes in the liver and primary hepatocytes of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | rainbow trout have a limited ability to use dietary carbohydrates efficiently and are considered to be glucose intolerant. administration of carbohydrates results in persistent hyperglycemia and impairs post-prandial down regulation of gluconeogenesis despite normal insulin secretion. since gluconeogenic genes are mainly under insulin control, we put forward the hypothesis that the transcriptional function of insulin as a whole may be impaired in the trout liver. in order to test this hypothesis ... | 2008 | 18626086 |
| three isoforms of complement properdin factor p in trout: cloning, expression, gene organization and constrained modeling. | properdin is a plasma glycoprotein and the only known naturally occurring positive regulator of the complement system, stabilizing the alternative pathway convertase (c3bbb). in order to elucidate the molecular evolution of properdin factor p (pfc), here we report the cloning and characterization of three gene isoforms of properdin in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). the predicted polypeptide sequences of trout properdins pfc1, pfc2 and pfc3 (447, 449 and 447 amino acids, respectively) share ... | 2008 | 18638502 |
| regulation of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) interleukin-8 receptor (il-8r) gene transcription in response to viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv), dna vaccination and chemokines. | an interleukin-8 receptor (il-8r)-like sequence has been previously reported in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss); however, no further studies to confirm its biological activity or regulation of expression have been performed. in this report, we have studied the regulation of the transcription of this receptor in response to different stimuli both in vivo and in vitro. we found that in response to a viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv) infection, the levels of expression of il-8r are supp ... | 2008 | 18657446 |
| antioxidative role of selenium against the toxic effect of heavy metals (cd+2, cr+3) on liver of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss walbaum 1792). | the main purpose of this study is to discuss the effect of cd+2, cr+3 and se metals on biochemical parameters in liver tissue of oncorhynchus mykiss. the rainbow trout were exposed to heavy metal stress (cd+2, cr+3) at 2 ppm dosage. the present study was undertaken to determine the protective effect of selenium treatment at the same dosage (2 ppm) on some biochemical parameters. the activity of catalase (cat), glutathione peroxidase (gsh-px), superoxide dismutase (sod) and the changes in levels ... | 2008 | 18665459 |
| estimating naphthenic acids concentrations in laboratory-exposed fish and in fish from the wild. | naphthenic acids (nas) are the most water-soluble organic components found in the athabasca oil sands in alberta, canada, and these acids are released into aqueous tailing waters as a result of bitumen extraction. although the toxicity of nas to fish is well known, there has been no method available to estimate nas concentrations in fish. this paper describes a newly developed analytical method using single ion monitoring gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (gc-ms) to measure nas in fish, down ... | 2008 | 18667226 |
| contribution of food deprivation to the immune response in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) vaccinated against cryptobia salmositica and aeromonas salmonicida. | the aims of the present study were to determine (a) the effectiveness of an attenuated live cryptobia salmositica vaccine; (b) the effects of food deprivation on the immune response and its duration in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) immunised with a live c. salmositica vaccine or with a killed aeromonas salmonicida vaccine. the fish were divided into three groups (i, ii and iii; 14 fish per group), those in groups i and ii were under food deprivation (0.40% of body weight), while group iii ... | 2008 | 18669247 |
| the first report of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia in farmed rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), in the united kingdom. | viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (vhs) was diagnosed in rainbow trout in the uk in may 2006. vhs virus (vhsv) was isolated from fingerlings showing typical histopathological lesions at a single rainbow trout farm site experiencing high mortality. the virus was confirmed as vhsv by serological and molecular biological tests. phylogenetic analysis based on the complete glycoprotein gene sequence revealed that the isolate was closely related (99% nucleotide identity) to several danish isolates from 1 ... | 2008 | 18681899 |
| genetic diversity of flavobacterium psychrophilum recovered from commercially raised rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), and spawning coho salmon, o. kisutch (walbaum). | flavobacterium psychrophilum is the aetiological agent of rainbow trout fry syndrome and bacterial cold water disease. this study examined the genetic diversity of f. psychrophilum isolates retrieved from multiple epizootics at rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss, rearing facilities and from spawning coho salmon, o. kisutch. a total of 139 isolates were confirmed as f. psychrophilum by pcr assay and were further typed using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge). multiple epizootics at three pro ... | 2008 | 18681900 |
| phylogenetic analyses and molecular epidemiology of european salmonid alphaviruses (sav) based on partial e2 and nsp3 gene nucleotide sequences. | sequence data were generated for portions of the e2 and nsp3 genes of 48 salmonid alphaviruses from farmed atlantic salmon (as), salmo salar l., and rainbow trout (rt), oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), in marine and freshwater environments, respectively, from the republic of ireland, northern ireland, england, scotland, norway, france, italy and spain between 1991 and 2007. based on these sequences, and those of six previously published reference strains, phylogenetic trees were constructed using ... | 2008 | 18681902 |
| in vivo virus growth competition assays demonstrate equal fitness of fish rhabdovirus strains that co-circulate in aquaculture. | a novel virus growth competition assay for determining relative fitness of rna virus variants in vivo has been developed using the fish rhabdovirus, infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv), in juvenile rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). we have conducted assays with ihnv isolates designated b, c, and d, representing the three most common genetic subtypes that co-circulate in idaho trout farm aquaculture. in each assay, groups of 30 fish were immersed in a 1:1 mixture of two genotypes of ... | 2008 | 18703096 |
| development of adaptive immunity in rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum) surviving an infection with yersinia ruckeri. | development of adaptive immunity in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) surviving a primary infection with 5x10(5)cfu yersinia ruckeri o1 (ld(50) dose) was investigated by transcriptome analysis of spleen tissue. these fish surviving a primary infection showed also a significantly increased survival following a secondary infection (same dose) when compared to naïve trout. the weight of the rainbow trout spleen doubled during the first 14 days of the primary infection but the affected organs subs ... | 2008 | 18706505 |
| isolation of rifampicin resistant flavobacterium psychrophilum strains and their potential as live attenuated vaccine candidates. | previous studies have demonstrated that passage of pathogenic bacteria on increasing concentrations of the antibiotic rifampicin leads to the attenuation of virulence and these resistant strains may serve as live attenuated vaccines. two rifampicin resistant strains of flavobacterium psychrophilum, 259-93a.16 and 259-93b.17, were generated by passage on tyes plates containing increasing concentrations of rifampicin. electrophoretic analysis of whole-cell lysates prepared from the parent and resi ... | 2008 | 18708112 |
| recombinant infectious hematopoietic necrosis viruses induce protection for rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss. | infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) and viral hemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv) are rhabdoviruses that infect salmonids, producing serious economic losses. two recombinant ihn viruses were generated by reverse genetics. for one (rihnv gfp) the ihnv nv gene was replaced with the green fluorescent protein (gfp) gene. in the other (rihnv-gvhsv gfp) the g gene was also exchanged for that of vhsv. no mortalities, external signs or histological lesions were observed in experimental infec ... | 2008 | 18717065 |
| development of a sensitive and controlled real-time rt-pcr assay for viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv) in marine salmonid aquaculture. | a survey was undertaken to determine the potential distribution of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv) in marine cage-based salmonid farms in scotland. a rapid, accurate and sensitive quantitative real-time rt-pcr (qrt-pcr) assay was developed, targeting a conserved region of the nucleoprotein (n) gene of the virus. the qrt-pcr assay was shown to be more sensitive than the conventional vhsv rt-pcr. a validation protocol included several different virus isolates as the target and confirme ... | 2008 | 18717066 |
| effect of starvation on transcriptomes of brain and liver in adult female zebrafish (danio rerio). | we used microarray and quantitative real-time pcr (qrt-pcr) analyses in adult female zebrafish (danio rerio) to identify metabolic pathways regulated by starvation in the liver and brain. the transcriptome of whole zebrafish brain showed little response to 21 days of starvation. only agouti-related protein 1 (agrp1) significantly responded, with increased expression in brains of starved fish. in contrast, a 21-day period of starvation significantly downregulated 466 and upregulated 108 transcrip ... | 2008 | 18728227 |
| inactivated infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) vaccines. | the inactivation dynamics of infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) by b-propiolactone (bpl), binary ethylenimine (bei), formaldehyde or heat and the antigenic and immunogenic properties of the inactivated vaccines were evaluated. chemical treatment of ihnv with 2.7 mm bpl, 1.5 mm bei or 50 mm formaldehyde abolished virus infectivity within 48 h whereas heat treatment at 50 or 100 degrees c rendered the virus innocuous within 30 min. the inactivated ihnv vaccines were recognized by rain ... | 2008 | 18752542 |
| immunization of rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), with a low molecular mass fraction isolated from flavobacterium psychrophilum. | flavobacterium psychrophilum, the causative agent of rainbow trout fry syndrome has become a widespread fish pathogen in freshwater aquaculture worldwide. in this study, a low molecular mass fraction (p25-33), with an approximate weight of 25-33 kda, was identified among f. psychrophilum strains in an immunoblotting analysis with anti-f. psychrophilum sera. the immunogenic efficacy of the isolated and extracted p25-33 was investigated in two intraperitoneal immunization trials with rainbow trout ... | 2008 | 18752545 |