| gambicin: a novel immune responsive antimicrobial peptide from the malaria vector anopheles gambiae. | a novel mosquito antimicrobial peptide, gambicin, and the corresponding gene were isolated in parallel through differential display-pcr, an expressed sequence tag (est) project, and characterization of an antimicrobial activity in a mosquito cell line by reverse-phase chromatography. the 616-bp gambicin orf encodes an 81-residue protein that is processed and secreted as a 61-aa mature peptide containing eight cysteines engaged in four disulfide bridges. gambicin lacks sequence homology with othe ... | 2001 | 11606751 |
| rural bancroftian filariasis in north-western cameroon: parasitological and clinical studies. | a cross-sectional epidemiological, parasitological and clinical survey of bancroftian filarieasis was conducted in the rural north-western republic of cameroon. of the 1020 respondents (622 males and 398 females) randomly drawn from 4 ethnically homogeneous communities, 148 were microfilaraemic giving an overall prevalence of 14.5%. association between the ages of individuals and the prevalence of microfilaria (mf) in peripheral circulation was statistically significant (chi 2(6) = 12.59, p < 0. ... | 2000 | 11668936 |
| various levels of cross-resistance to bacillus sphaericus strains in culex pipiens (diptera: culicidae) colonies resistant to b. sphaericus strain 2362. | we studied the cross-resistance to three highly toxic bacillus sphaericus strains, iab-59 (serotype h6), iab-881 (serotype h3), and iab-872 (serotype h48), of four colonies of the culex pipiens complex resistant to b. sphaericus 2362 and 1593, both of which are serotype h5a5b strains. two field-selected highly resistant colonies originating from india (kochi, 17,000-fold resistance) and france (sphae, 23,000-fold resistance) and a highly resistant laboratory-selected colony from california (geor ... | 2001 | 11679325 |
| targeting plasmodium ligands on mosquito salivary glands and midgut with a phage display peptide library. | despite vast efforts and expenditures in the past few decades, malaria continues to kill millions of persons every year, and new approaches for disease control are urgently needed. to complete its life cycle in the mosquito, plasmodium, the causative agent of malaria, has to traverse the epithelia of the midgut and salivary glands. although strong circumstantial evidence indicates that parasite interactions with the two organs are specific, hardly any information is available about the interacti ... | 2001 | 11687659 |
| the availability of potential hosts as a determinant of feeding behaviours and malaria transmission by african mosquito populations. | a simple model for the influence of host availability on vector bloodmeal choice is applied to estimate the relative availabilities of humans, cattle and other host populations to malaria vectors in african communities, using published human blood indices and ratios of cattle to humans. cattle were bitten < 0.01, 0.021 +/- 0.11, 1.61 +/- 0.16 and 1.61 +/- 0.46 times as often as humans by anopheles funestus, an. gambiae sensu stricto and an. arabiensis in segera, tanzania, and an. gambiae sensu l ... | 2001 | 11706651 |
| cyt1aa from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis is toxic to the diamondback moth, plutella xylostella, and synergizes the activity of cry1ac towards a resistant strain. | the bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis cytolytic protein cyt1aa was found to be toxic to an insecticide-susceptible laboratory population of plutella xylostella. cry1ac-resistant populations of p. xylostella showed various degrees of resistance to cyt1aa. cyt1aa/cry1ac mixtures showed a marked level of synergism in the cry1ac-resistant populations. | 2001 | 11722947 |
| candidate odorant receptors from the malaria vector mosquito anopheles gambiae and evidence of down-regulation in response to blood feeding. | olfaction plays a major role in host preference and blood feeding, integral behaviors for disease transmission by the malaria vector mosquito anopheles gambiae sensu stricto (henceforth a. gambiae). we have identified four genes encoding candidate odorant receptors from a. gambiae that are selectively expressed in olfactory organs, contain approximately seven transmembrane domains, and show significant similarity to several putative odorant receptors in drosophila melanogaster. furthermore, one ... | 2001 | 11724964 |
| a beta-1,3-glucan binding protein from the black tiger shrimp, penaeus monodon. | a beta-1,3-glucan binding protein (gbp) has been isolated from a shrimp hemocyte cdna library. its open reading frame consists of 1314 nucleotides with a polyadenylated sequence and a poly a tail. it encodes a polypeptide of 370 amino acids including a 17 amino acid-signal peptide. the mature protein has an estimated molecular mass of 39.5 kda and a predicted pi of 5.5. sequence comparison shows a high degree of similarity to invertebrate recognition proteins with glucanase-like domains for exam ... | 2002 | 11755673 |
| effect of passive zooprophylaxis on malaria transmission in the gambia. | the effect of zooprophylaxis on malaria transmission has not been studied on the african continent despite that the world health organization has recommended this intervention method since 1982. the effect of passive zooprophylaxis on malaria vector abundance, mosquito feeding preferences, and infectivity was studied in an area of moderate seasonal transmission in the gambia. a paired cohort of 204 children <7 yr of age was selected and matched in groups for presence or absence of cattle (bos ta ... | 2001 | 11761380 |
| innate preference for host-odor blends modulates degree of anthropophagy of anopheles gambiae sensu lato (diptera: culicidae). | in field studies, anopheles gambiae giles sensu stricto obtains most blood meals from humans, whereas anopheles quadriannulatus theobald bites predominantly bovids. we investigated whether host odors modulate the host preference of these mosquito species. in a dual-choice olfactometer, mosquitoes were given a choice between clean air and putative host-specific odor blends. an. gambiae chose 'human odor' over clean air and clean air over cow odor.' although anopheles quadriannulatus did not choos ... | 2001 | 11761386 |
| a comparative genomic analysis of two distant diptera, the fruit fly, drosophila melanogaster, and the malaria mosquito, anopheles gambiae. | genome evolution entails changes in the dna sequence of genes and intergenic regions, changes in gene numbers, and also changes in gene order along the chromosomes. genes are reshuffled by chromosomal rearrangements such as deletions/insertions, inversions, translocations, and transpositions. here we report a comparative study of genome organization in the main african malaria vector, anopheles gambiae, relative to the recently determined sequence of the drosophila melanogaster genome. the ances ... | 2002 | 11779831 |
| cuticular-hydrocarbon discrimination between anopheles gambiae s.s. and an. arabiensis larval karyotypes. | examination of chromatograms of karyotyped larvae of anopheles gambiae s.s. and anopheles arabiensis has revealed that there are differences in the profile of their epicuticular hydrocarbons. a discriminant analysis of the quantitative hydrocarbon data has shown that the an. gambiae mopti 2rbc/bc karyotype from mali could be separated from the forest 2la/a karyotype from liberia in > 80% of cases. similar analysis permitted > 80% separation of individuals of two karyotypes of anopheles arabiensi ... | 2001 | 11784439 |
| the distribution of two major malaria vectors, anopheles gambiae and anopheles arabiensis, in nigeria. | the distribution of anopheles gambiae and an. arabiensis across the ecological zones of nigeria (arid savanna in the north gradually turns into humid forest in the south) was investigated. results of the present study were compared to the distributions determined from samples of indoor-resting females reported by an earlier study over 20 years ago. larvae were sampled in the rainy seasons of 1997 and 1999 from 24 localities, 10 of which were sampled in both years. specimens were identified by th ... | 2001 | 11784926 |
| visual arrestins in olfactory pathways of drosophila and the malaria vector mosquito anopheles gambiae. | arrestins are important components for desensitization of g protein-coupled receptor cascades that mediate neurotransmission as well as olfactory and visual sensory reception. we have isolated agarr1, an arrestin-encoding cdna from the malaria vector mosquito, anopheles gambiae, where olfaction is critical for vectorial capacity. analysis of agarr1 expression revealed an overlap between chemosensory and photoreceptor neurons. furthermore, an examination of previously identified arrestins from dr ... | 2002 | 11792843 |
| structure and evolution of mtanga, a retrotransposon actively expressed on the y chromosome of the african malaria vector anopheles gambiae. | here we report the discovery of a novel family of long terminal repeat (ltr)-retrotransposons designated mtanga-y, specific to the y chromosome of the african malaria vector, anopheles gambiae. mtanga-y elements represent the first y-linked sequences and the first members of the ty1-copia superfamily of retrotransposons described from this mosquito. analysis of a full-length 4,284-bp element revealed the presence of two intact overlapping open reading frames bounded by ltrs of 119 bp. evidence s ... | 2002 | 11801743 |
| platelet-activating-factor-hydrolyzing phospholipase c in the salivary glands and saliva of the mosquito culex quinquefasciatus. | a phospholipase c activity specific for platelet-activating factor (paf), named paf phosphorylcholine hydrolase, was found in the salivary glands and saliva of the human-feeding mosquito culex quinquefasciatus. the enzymatic activity was demonstrated by inhibition of paf-induced platelet aggregation, and by identification of substrate consumption and production of diacyl glyceride by electrospray-ionisation mass spectrometry. the activity has a neutral optimal ph and an apparent molecular mass o ... | 2001 | 11807106 |
| age of anopheles gambiae giles male mosquitoes at time of mating influences female oviposition. | female anopheles gambiae were more likely to oviposit when they mated with males that were two days old than when they mated with older males. the females' age at the time of mating and blood feeding did not influence ovipositional patterns. females were no less likely to oviposit when they mated after blood feeding and maturing eggs. sperm were present in the seminal vesicles of males 28 hours after eclosion, and their accessory glands were replete by 76-100 hours. the mean life span of sucrose ... | 2001 | 11813657 |
| molecular characterisation and chromosomal mapping of transcripts having tissue-specific expression in the malaria mosquito anopheles gambiae: possible involvement in visual or olfactory processes. | we have compared the transcriptional activity of heads, antennae + palps, and carcasses in the mosquito anopheles gambiae by means of differential display pcr (dd-pcr). three transcripts specifically or preferentially expressed in the heads and in the antennae + palps have been selected. all are very similar to genes related to visual and olfactory mechanisms of several different organisms. they have been named ag arrestin, ag rldl, and ag dynamin. the potential of the dd-pcr technique in identi ... | 2002 | 11822731 |
| dissecting the molecular mechanisms of olfaction in a malaria-vector mosquito. | | 2002 | 11830653 |
| satellite imagery in the study and forecast of malaria. | more than 30 years ago, human beings looked back from the moon to see the magnificent spectacle of earth-rise. the technology that put us into space has since been used to assess the damage we are doing to our natural environment and is now being harnessed to monitor and predict diseases through space and time. satellite sensor data promise the development of early-warning systems for diseases such as malaria, which kills between 1 and 2 million people each year. | 2002 | 11832960 |
| what's buzzing? mosquito genomics and transgenic mosquitoes. | genome projects and associated technologies are now being established for mosquito species that are vectors of human disease. the recent announcement of an award by the national institute of allergy and infectious diseases (niaid) to celera genomics to sequence the anopheles gambiae genome will further accelerate the completion of the sequencing of this genome. completion of the an. gambiae sequence will mean that the genomes of all three organisms involved in the transmission of falciparum mala ... | 2002 | 11835673 |
| evidence for genetic differentiation between the molecular forms m and s within the forest chromosomal form of anopheles gambiae in an area of sympatry. | we studied genetic variation at ten microsatellite dna loci in anopheles gambiae populations from the forest chromosomal form collected in four villages in cameroon (central africa). both recently described m and s molecular forms occur in sympatry in this area. geographic differentiation within form was low (fst < 0.017) despite geographical distance between collection sites ranging from 35 to 350 km. however, higher (fst > 0.035) and statistically significant levels of genetic differentiation ... | 2002 | 11841498 |
| a cluster of four d7-related genes is expressed in the salivary glands of the african malaria vector anopheles gambiae. | four genes expressed in the anopheles gambiae adult female salivary glands and similar in sequence to the aedes aegypti d7 gene were identified. the genes, called d7-related (d7r), are included in a single cluster encompassing approximately six kilobases on chromosome arm 3r. the deduced proteins contain secretory signals and they are probably injected by the mosquito into the host with the saliva during blood feeding. the region of similarity to d7 encompasses the carboxy-terminal part of the a ... | 2002 | 11841502 |
| characterization of a unique human single-chain antibody isolated by phage-display selection on membrane-bound mosquito midgut antigens. | the insect midgut is the primary site for food digestion, as well as for vector-borne pathogen infection into the invertebrate host. accordingly, antigens of this critical insect organ are targets for anti-vector vaccines, insecticidal toxins, and transmission-blocking vaccines. we used midgut proteins of the african malaria vector mosquito anopheles gambiae to select single-chain human antibody fragments (scfv) from a high-diversity, phage-displayed library. using a phage-display selection meth ... | 2002 | 11861067 |
| thioredoxin-2 but not thioredoxin-1 is a substrate of thioredoxin peroxidase-1 from drosophila melanogaster: isolation and characterization of a second thioredoxin in d. melanogaster and evidence for distinct biological functions of trx-1 and trx-2. | as drosophila melanogaster does not contain glutathione reductase, the thioredoxin system has a key function for glutathione disulfide reduction in insects (kanzok, s. m., fechner, a., bauer, h., ulschmid, j. k., müller, h. m., botella-munoz, j., schneuwly, s., schirmer, r. h., and becker, k. (2001) science 291, 643-646). in view of these unique conditions, the protein systems participating in peroxide metabolism and in redox signaling are of special interest. the genes for a second thioredoxin ... | 2002 | 11877442 |
| aedes aegypti transducing densovirus pathogenesis and expression in aedes aegypti and anopheles gambiae larvae. | aedes aegypti densovirus (aednv) is a small dna virus that has been developed into an expression and transducing vector for mosquitoes [afanasiev et al. (1994) exp parasitol 79: 322-339; afanasiev et al. (1999) virology 257: 62-72; carlson et al. (2000) insect transgenesis: methods and applications (handler, a.m. & james, a.a., eds), pp. 139-159. crc press, boca raton]. virions carrying a recombinant genome expressing the gfp gene were used to characterize the pathogenesis of the virus in 255 in ... | 2001 | 11881803 |
| population genetic structure of the malaria mosquito anopheles arabiensis across nigeria suggests range expansion. | ten microsatellite loci, four located within and six outside chromosome inversions, were employed to study the genetic structure of anopheles arabiensis across the ecological zones of nigeria (arid savannah in the north gradually turns into humid forest in the south). regardless of location within or outside inversions, genetic variability at all loci was characterized by a reduction in both the number of alleles per locus and heterozygosity from savannah to forest. across all loci, all but one ... | 2001 | 11883874 |
| synergistic interaction between two cockroach sodium channel mutations and a tobacco budworm sodium channel mutation in reducing channel sensitivity to a pyrethroid insecticide. | pyrethroid insecticide resistance due to reduced nerve sensitivity, known as knockdown resistance (kdr or kdr-type), is linked to multiple point mutations in the para-homologous sodium channel genes. previously we demonstrated that two mutations (e434k and c764r) in the german cockroach sodium channel greatly enhanced the ability of the l993f mutation (a known kdr -type mutation) to reduce sodium channel sensitivity to deltamethrin, a pyrethroid insecticide. neither e434k nor c764r alone, howeve ... | 2002 | 11886774 |
| molecular analysis of the gene encoding a novel chitin-binding protease from alteromonas sp. strain o-7 and its role in the chitinolytic system. | alteromonas sp. strain o-7 secretes several proteins in response to chitin induction. we have found that one of these proteins, designated apriv, is a novel chitin-binding protease involved in chitinolytic activity. the gene encoding apriv (apriv) was cloned in escherichia coli. dna sequencing analysis revealed that the open reading frame of apriv encoded a protein of 547 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 57,104 da. apriv is a modular enzyme consisting of five domains: the signal s ... | 2002 | 11889092 |
| cloning and molecular characterization of two mosquito iron regulatory proteins. | iron regulatory proteins (irps) control the synthesis of various proteins at the translational level by binding to iron responsive elements (ires) in the mrnas. iron, infection, and stress can alter irp/ire binding activity. insect messenger rnas for ferritin and succinate dehydrogenase subunit b have ires that are active translational control sites. we have cloned and sequenced cdnas encoding proteins from the irp1 family for the mosquitoes, aedes aegypti and anopheles gambiae. both deduced ami ... | 2002 | 11891134 |
| genetic differentiation of the malaria vector anopheles gambiae across nigeria suggests that selection limits gene flow. | gene flow was investigated in anopheles gambiae from eight localities that span the ecological zones of nigeria (arid savanna zones in the north gradually turn into humid forest zones in the south). genetic differentiation was measured over 10 microsatellite loci and, to determine any effects of selection, five loci were located within chromosome inversions and the other five were outside inversions. over all loci, the largest estimates of differentiation were in comparisons between localities i ... | 2001 | 11903560 |
| germline transformation of the malaria vector, anopheles gambiae, with the piggybac transposable element. | germline transformation of the major african malaria vector, anopheles gambiae, was achieved using the piggybac transposable element marked with the enhanced green fluorescent protein (egfp) injected into mosquito embryos. two g1 generation male mosquitoes expressing egfp were identified among 34 143 larvae screened. genomic southern data and sequencing of the piggybac insertion boundaries showed that these two males arose from one piggybac insertion event in the injected g0 embryos. genetic cro ... | 2001 | 11903629 |
| developmental variation in epidermal growth factor receptor size and localization in the malaria mosquito, anopheles gambiae. | the ager gene encoding the epidermal growth factor receptor (egfr) of the malaria mosquito anopheles gambiae was cloned and sequenced. it represents a canonical member of this family of tyrosine kinase proteins exhibiting many similarities to orthologues from other species, both on the level of genomic organization and protein structure. the mrna can be detected throughout development. western analysis with an antibody raised against the extracellular domain of the mosquito protein suggests deve ... | 2001 | 11903632 |
| [chromosomal polymorphism of populations of anopheles arabiensis (diptera: culicidae) from reunion island and cross-fertility among continental african populations]. | cytological examination of a sample of anopheles gambiae complex mosquitoes from reunion island revealed the presence of an. arabiensis only. chromosomal polymorphisms were observed only for inversion 3ra, the standard homozygote form being predominant. cross-mating experiments with laboratory specimens originating from continental africa produced viable and fertile offspring with no chromosomal asynapsis observed in the f1 female progeny. there was no evidence for speciation of the reunion isla ... | 2001 | 11921546 |
| high malaria transmission intensity in a village close to yaounde, the capital city of cameroon. | a 2-yr longitudinal malaria study was undertaken in a suburb of yaounde, the capital city of cameroon, in the village of simbock, approximately 2 km from the city limits. this study allowed assessment of malaria transmission intensity and dynamics in this region before implementation of pyrethroid impregnated bed nets through the national vector control program. anophelines were captured on human volunteers by pyrethrum spray collections and in resting sites outdoors. malaria vectors were anophe ... | 2002 | 11931035 |
| density-dependent development of anopheles gambiae (diptera: culicidae) larvae in artificial habitats. | the growth and development of anopheles gambiae giles larvae were studied in artificial habitats in western kenya. larvae responded to increasing densities by extending their development time and by emerging as smaller adults, although survival was not significantly affected. addition of nutrients in the form of cow dung collected near the study site had no impact on larval growth and development. regression analysis showed that female development time increased by 0.020 d and female dry mass de ... | 2002 | 11931252 |
| spatial and habitat distribution of anopheles gambiae and anopheles arabiensis (diptera: culicidae) in banambani village, mali. | we studied the larval distribution and composition of anopheles arabiensis patton, an. gambiae s.s. giles, and its forms, among local habitats; and their association with the adults between these habitats in banambani village, mali during the mid-rainy seasons of 1997-1999. for species and form identification we used polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and pcr-restriction fragment-length polymorphism (rflp). differences among species in the distribution of larvae were observed in 1998, but not in 19 ... | 2002 | 11931274 |
| melanization of plasmodium falciparum and c-25 sephadex beads by field-caught anopheles gambiae (diptera: culicidae) from southern tanzania. | the melanization responses of field-captured anopheles gambiae s.l. toward oocysts of the malaria parasite plasmodium falciparum or negatively charged (c-25) sephadex beads were determined. only two of 431 infected mosquitoes harboured melanized oocysts. however, 90% of field-captured mosquitoes melanized c-25 sephadex beads. the effects of age, glucose concentration and blood meal on the melanization response of an an gambiae s.s. laboratory colony toward c-25 beads were also assayed. all newly ... | 2002 | 11931276 |
| integrated approach to malaria control. | malaria draws global attention in a cyclic manner, with interest and associated financing waxing and waning according to political and humanitarian concerns. currently we are on an upswing, which should be carefully developed. malaria parasites have been eliminated from europe and north america through the use of residual insecticides and manipulation of environmental and ecological characteristics; however, in many tropical and some temperate areas the incidence of disease is increasing dramati ... | 2002 | 11932233 |
| [cloning and sequence analysis of full-length trypsin cdna of culex pipiens pallens]. | the expression difference of trypsin gene between deltamethrin-resistant strain and -susceptible strain of culex pipiens pallens was further investigated, and the results showed that the expression of trypsin gene were respectively 4.3 and 3.9 fold more in the resistant strain than in the susceptible strain, by reverse northern blot and northern blot assays. a full-length trypsin cdna of 909 base pairs (genbank/ncbi ay034060) with an open reading frame of 786 base pairs was cloned from the const ... | 2002 | 11958130 |
| comparative insecticidal power of three pyrethroids on netting. | adult mosquitoes, anopheles gambiae giles and culex quinquefasciatus say (diptera: culicidae), were exposed for 3 min to replicate samples of polyester netting cut from replicate bednets treated with pyrethroid insecticide formulations at the recommended concentration (alphacypermethrin sc at 40mg ai/m2; cyfluthrin ew at 50 mg ai/m2; deltamethrin wt at 25 mg ai/m2), or treated with only a quarter of those dosages. after 4 months domestic use of the bednets in malawi, chemical assays showed that ... | 2002 | 11963974 |
| male size does not affect mating success (of anopheles gambiae in são tomé). | for malaria control, the utility of transgenic vector anopheles mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) refractory to plasmodium transmission, will depend on their interbreeding with the wild vector population. in many species, larger males are more successful in obtaining mates. in são tomé island, we determined that size did not affect mating success of male anopheles gambiae giles sensu stricto, the main malaria vector in tropical africa. also we showed that larval intraspecific competition is probab ... | 2002 | 11963975 |
| a simple method for calculating mosquito mortality rates, correcting for seasonal variations in recruitment. | a simple age-structured exponential growth model is presented for the analysis of the population dynamics of mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae). in this model, the proportion of parous mosquitoes r depends on the birth rate beta, and the length of the first gonotrophic cycle g, but not on the mortality rate. if the age structure is fairly constant, r = exp(- betag). extensions of the model correcting for feeding patterns are given. a simple method is applied to an example of anopheles gambiae giles ... | 2002 | 11963978 |
| development of an exposure-free bednet trap for sampling afrotropical malaria vectors. | an exposure-free bednet trap (the 'mbita trap') for sampling of afrotropical malaria vectors was developed during preliminary studies of mosquito behaviour around human-occupied bednets. its mosquito sampling efficiency was compared to the cdc miniature light-trap and human landing catches under semi-field conditions in a screen-walled greenhouse using laboratory-reared anopheles gambiae giles sensu stricto (diptera: culicidae). when compared in a competitive manner (side by side), the mbita tra ... | 2002 | 11963983 |
| l-lactic acid: a human-signifying host cue for the anthropophilic mosquito anopheles gambiae. | using a dual-choice olfactometer, the role of l-lactic acid was investigated in relation to host-seeking and selection by female anopheles gambiae giles sensu stricto (diptera: culicidae) mosquitoes in a y-tube bioassay. l-lactic acid alone was not attractive, but it significantly augmented the attractiveness of co2, skin odour and skin-rubbing extracts from humans and other vertebrates. comparing the left and right index fingers of the same person, one could be made more attractive than the oth ... | 2002 | 11963986 |
| isolation of cdna clones encoding putative odourant binding proteins from the antennae of the malaria-transmitting mosquito, anopheles gambiae. | one way of controlling disease transmission by blood-feeding mosquitoes is to reduce the frequency of insect-host interaction, thus reducing the probability of parasite transmission and re-infection. a better understanding of the olfactory processes responsible for allowing mosquitoes to identify human hosts is required in order to develop methods that will interfere with host seeking. we have therefore initiated a molecular approach to isolate and characterize the genes and their products that ... | 2002 | 11966877 |
| the d7 family of salivary proteins in blood sucking diptera. | the d7 subfamily of salivary proteins is widespread in blood sucking diptera and belongs to the superfamily of pheromone/odourant binding proteins. although d7 proteins are among the most abundant salivary proteins in adult female mosquitoes and sand flies, their role in blood feeding remains elusive. in the present work we report the sequence of seventeen novel d7 proteins, and propose an evolutionary scenario for the appearance of the several forms of this protein, based on a total of twenty-o ... | 2002 | 11966880 |
| leveraging genomic databases: from an aedes albopictus mosquito cell line to the malaria vector anopheles gambiae via the drosophila genome project. | an important justification for genome sequencing efforts is the anticipation that data from model organisms will provide a framework for the more rapid analysis of other, less studied genomes. in this investigation, we sequenced an internal region of 25 amino acids from a 52 kda protein that was differentially expressed in 20-hydroxyecdysone-treated aedes albopictus cells in culture. within the genbank non-mouse and non-human expressed sequence tag (est) database, this "aedes peptide" uncovered ... | 2002 | 11966884 |
| loss of the membrane anchor of the target receptor is a mechanism of bioinsecticide resistance. | the mosquitocidal activity of bacillus sphaericus is because of a binary toxin (bin), which binds to culex pipiens maltase 1 (cpm1), an alpha-glucosidase present in the midgut of culex pipiens larvae. in this work, we studied the molecular basis of the resistance to bin developed by a strain (geo) of c. pipiens. immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization experiments showed that cpm1 was undetectable in the midgut of geo larvae, although the gene was correctly transcribed. the sequence of the ... | 2002 | 11983886 |
| dynamics of the malaria-vector populations in coastal lagos, south-western nigeria. | an entomological study was carried out in coastal lagos, south-western nigeria, to explore the role of anopheles gambiae s.l. and an. moucheti in the transmission of plasmodium falciparum in this holo-endemic area. mosquitoes were caught, on human bait at night and by pyrethrum-spray catches during the day, twice a month throughout 2000. of the 1812 anopheles mosquitoes collected, an. gambiae s.l., the predominant vector species, represented 78.7% while the other 21.3% were an. moucheti. the res ... | 2002 | 11989536 |
| an isolate of bacillus circulans toxic to mosquito larvae. | a new strain of bacillus circulans isolated from a larva of culex quinquefasciatus showed larvicidal activity on 3 mosquitoes of medical importance. compared to bacillus sphaericus strain 2362, this b. circulans isolate proved less toxic to cx. quinquefasciatus and anopheles gambiae but was 107 times more toxic to aedes aegypti. moreover, in comparison to other studies, b. circulans was at least as pathogenic as b. thuringiensis var. israelensis in ae. aegypti. the tests have showed that the tox ... | 2002 | 11998934 |
| [dynamics of malaria transmission in kafiné, a rice growing village in a humid savannah area of côte d'ivoire]. | a study on malaria transmission based on samples of mosquitoes caught on human subjects was conducted from february to august 1995 in the rice growing area of kafine, a village located in the niakaramandougou district of northern côte d'ivoire. the village is surrounded by 117,500 acres of rice fields. irrigation is sub-permanent in the rice field and harvests number two a year. during the 6 months of the study, 12.353 mosquitoes were caught. the average biting rate was 118.8 bites per man per n ... | 2002 | 12012955 |
| how reliable are light traps in estimating biting rates of adult anopheles gambiae s.l. (diptera: culicidae) in the presence of treated bed nets? | the sampling efficiency of light trap catches relative to human bait catches in estimating biting rates of the mosquito anopheles gambiae giles was investigated in two types of community in southern sierra leone: (i) where most of the inhabitants slept under treated bed nets; and (ii) where most of the inhabitants slept without bed nets. the number of female a. gambiae mosquitoes caught in these communities by light trap was strongly correlated (r > or = 0.72) with those from corresponding human ... | 2002 | 12020364 |
| the paradoxical population genetics of plasmodium falciparum. | among the leading causes of death in african children is cerebral malaria caused by the parasitic protozoan plasmodium falciparum. endemic forms of this disease are thought to have originated in central africa 5000-10000 years ago, coincident with the innovation of slash-and-burn agriculture and the diversification of the anopheles gambiae complex of mosquito vectors. population genetic studies of p. falciparum have yielded conflicting results. some evidence suggests that today's population incl ... | 2002 | 12036741 |
| a cluster of candidate odorant receptors from the malaria vector mosquito, anopheles gambiae. | olfaction is critical to the host preference selection behavior of many disease-transmitting insects, including the mosquito anopheles gambiae sensu stricto (hereafter a. gambiae), one of the major vectors for human malaria. in order to more fully understand the molecular biology of olfaction in this insect, we have previously identified several members member of a family of candidate odorant receptor proteins from a. gambiae (agors). here we report the cloning and characterization of an additio ... | 2002 | 12052782 |
| recombinational telomere elongation promoted by dna circles. | yeast mutants lacking telomerase are capable of maintaining telomeres by an alternate mechanism that depends on homologous recombination. we show here, by using kluyveromyces lactis cells containing two types of telomeric repeats, that recombinational telomere elongation generates a repeating pattern common in most or all telomeres in survivors that retain both repeat types. we propose that these patterns arise from small circles of telomeric dna being used as templates for rolling-circle gene c ... | 2002 | 12052861 |
| short-range attractiveness of pregnant women to anopheles gambiae mosquitoes. | malaria is a major cause of illness and an indirect cause of mortality in pregnant women. it can also cause stillbirths and low-birthweight babies. we have shown previously that pregnant women attracted twice as many anopheles gambiae mosquitoes, the principal african malaria vector, as their non-pregnant counterparts over distances of about 15 m. in the current study (in 1998/99) we compared the short-range attractiveness of both pregnant and non-pregnant women sleeping under untreated bednets ... | 2002 | 12055794 |
| a theoretical approach to predicting the success of genetic manipulation of malaria mosquitoes in malaria control. | mosquitoes that have been genetically modified to better encapsulate the malaria parasite plasmodium falciparum are being considered as a possible tool in the control of malaria. hopes for this have been raised with the identification of genes involved in the encapsulation response and with advances in the tools required to transform mosquitoes. however, we have only very little understanding of the conditions that would allow such genes to spread in natural populations. | 2002 | 12057019 |
| comparative genomic analysis in the region of a major plasmodium-refractoriness locus of anopheles gambiae. | we have sequenced six overlapping clones from a library of bacterial artificial chromosome (bac) clones derived from a laboratory strain of the mosquito, anopheles gambiae, the major vector of human malaria in africa. the resulting uninterrupted 528-kb sequence is from the 8c region of the mosquito 2r chromosome, at or very near the major refractoriness locus associated with melanotic encapsulation of parasites. this sequence represents the first extensive view of the mosquito genome structure e ... | 2002 | 12060762 |
| bifenthrin: a useful pyrethroid insecticide for treatment of mosquito nets. | bifenthrin, a pyrethroid insecticide already used in agriculture was evaluated in laboratory conditions against susceptible and pyrethroid resistant mosquitoes, as a potential insecticide for treatment of mosquito nets. two laboratory strains of anopheles gambiae s.s. giles, the major malaria vector in africa, and two of culex quinquefasciatus say, a major pest mosquito in urban areas, were used. compared with other pyrethroids such as permethrin and deltamethrin, the intrinsic toxicity of bifen ... | 2002 | 12061451 |
| mating alters the cuticular hydrocarbons of female anopheles gambiae sensu stricto and aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae). | the cuticular hydrocarbons of female anopheles gambiae giles sensu stricto and aedes aegypti (l.) mosquitoes were analyzed before and after they mated. in an. gambiae, the proportions of the two cuticular hydrocarbon components, n-heneicosane and n-tricosane, were significantly reduced as the female aged and after it mated. there were no changes in the hydrocarbon composition of males after they mated. hydrocarbon extracts from mated and unmated an. gambiae females as well as those from males ca ... | 2002 | 12061454 |
| novel cdnas encoding salivary proteins from the malaria vector anopheles gambiae. | several genes encoding salivary components of the mosquito anopheles gambiae were identified using a selective trapping approach. among these, five corresponded to genes expressed specifically in female glands and their role may possibly be linked to blood-feeding. our collection included a fourth member of the d7 protein family and two polypeptides that showed weak similarity to anti-coagulants from distantly related species. moreover, we identified two additional members of a novel group of pr ... | 2002 | 12062411 |
| design and activity of antimicrobial peptides against sporogonic-stage parasites causing murine malarias. | insects produce several types of peptides to combat a broad spectrum of invasive pathogenic microbes, including protozoans. however, despite this defense response, infections are often established. our aim was to design novel peptides that produce high rates of mortality among protozoa of the genus plasmodium, the malaria parasites. using existing antimicrobial peptide sequences as templates, we designed and synthesized three short novel hybrids, designated vida1 to vida3. each has a slightly di ... | 2002 | 12069961 |
| the lipopolysaccharide and beta-1,3-glucan binding protein gene is upregulated in white spot virus-infected shrimp (penaeus stylirostris). | pattern recognition proteins such as lipopolysaccharide and beta-1,3-glucan binding protein (lgbp) play an important role in the innate immune response of crustaceans and insects. random sequencing of cdna clones from a hepatopancreas cdna library of white spot virus (wsv)-infected shrimp provided a partial cdna (psest-289) that showed similarity to the lgbp gene of crayfish and insects. subsequently full-length cdna was cloned by the 5'-race (rapid amplification of cdna ends) technique and sequ ... | 2002 | 12072514 |
| genome expression analysis of anopheles gambiae: responses to injury, bacterial challenge, and malaria infection. | the complex gene expression responses of anopheles gambiae to microbial and malaria challenges, injury, and oxidative stress (in the mosquito and/or a cultured cell line) were surveyed by using cdna microarrays constructed from an est-clone collection. the expression profiles were broadly subdivided into induced and down-regulated gene clusters. gram+ and gram- bacteria and microbial elicitors up-regulated a diverse set of genes, many belonging to the immunity class, and the response to malaria ... | 2002 | 12077297 |
| extent of digestion affects the success of amplifying human dna from blood meals of anopheles gambiae (diptera: culicidae). | the success of distinguishing blood meal sources of anopheles gambiae giles through deoxyribonucleic acid (dna) profiling was investigated by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplification at the tc-11 and vwa human short tandem repeats (str) loci. blood meal size and locus had no significant effect on the success of amplifying human dna from blood meals digested for 0, 8, 16, 24 and 32 h (p = 0.85 and 0.26 respectively). however, logistic regression found a significant negative relationship betw ... | 2002 | 12088540 |
| cultivation of clinically significant hemoflagellates. | the hemoflagellates, trypanosoma spp. and leishmania spp., are causal agents of a number of parasitic diseases having a major impact on humans and domestic animals over vast areas of the globe. among the diseases are some of the most pernicious and deadly of human afflictions: african sleeping sickness, chagas' disease, kala-azar, and oriental sore. the organisms have complex, pleomorphic life cycles typically involving a vertebrate and an invertebrate host, the latter serving as a vector. in th ... | 2002 | 12097246 |
| plasmodium vivax blood-stage dynamics. | we examine the dynamics of parasitemia and gametocytemia reflected in the preintervention charts of 221 malaria-naive u.s. neurosyphilis patients infected with the st. elizabeth strain of plasmodium vivax, for malariatherapy, focusing on the 109 charts for which 15 or more days of patency preceded intervention and daily records encompassed an average 98% of the duration of each infection. our approximations of merogony cycles (via "local peaks" in parasitemia) seldom fit patterns that correspond ... | 2002 | 12099421 |
| landing responses of anopheles gambiae elicited by oxocarboxylic acids. | a wind tunnel bioassay and video system were used to observe anopheles gambiae giles sensu stricto (diptera: culicidae) landing on glass cylinders, heated to human skin temperature (34 degrees c) and treated with aqueous solutions of oxocarboxylic acids. six of nine compounds tested: 2-oxobutanoic, 2-oxo-3-methylbutanoic, 2-oxopentanoic, 2-oxo-3-methylpentanoic, 2-oxo-4-methylpentanoic and 2-oxohexanoic elicited significant landing responses in comparison to a water control. landing responses ap ... | 2002 | 12109705 |
| host selection by anopheles arabiensis and an. quadriannulatus feeding on cattle in zimbabwe. | in the zambezi valley, mosquito females of the anopheles gambiae giles complex (diptera: culicidae) were collected from a hut containing pairs of cattle distinguishable by known dna markers. dna was extracted from the blood-fed mosquito abdomens and primer sets for ungulate and mosquito dna loci were used to identify the mosquito sibling species and individual host source(s) of their bloodmeals. the 67 mosquitoes comprised a mixture of an. arabiensis patton (31%) and an. quadriannulatus theobald ... | 2002 | 12109716 |
| pcr assay for identification of anopheles quadriannulatus species b from ethiopia and other sibling species of the anopheles gambiae complex. | sibling species a and b of anopheles quadriannulatus (theobald) are recognized as allopatric members of the anopheles gambiae giles complex of afrotropical mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae). species a represents an. quadriannulatus sensu stricto, widespread in southern africa, whereas an. quadriannulatus species b occurs in ethiopia. because of difficulty of identification, distribution of an. quadriannulatus sensu lato remains poorly known. cytotaxonomy and the standard dna polymerase chain react ... | 2002 | 12109717 |
| endo-beta-n-acetylglucosaminidase, an enzyme involved in processing of free oligosaccharides in the cytosol. | formation of oligosaccharides occurs both in the cytosol and in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (er). luminal oligosaccharides are transported into the cytosol to ensure that they do not interfere with proper functioning of the glycan-dependent quality control machinery in the lumen of the er for newly synthesized glycoproteins. once in the cytosol, free oligosaccharides are catabolized, possibly to maximize the reutilization of the component sugars. an endo-beta-n-acetylglucosaminidase ( ... | 2002 | 12114544 |
| toward a catalog for the transcripts and proteins (sialome) from the salivary gland of the malaria vector anopheles gambiae. | hundreds of anopheles gambiae salivary gland cdna library clones have been sequenced. a cluster analysis based on sequence similarity at e(-60) grouped the 691 sequences into 251 different clusters that code for proteins with putative secretory, housekeeping, or unknown functions. among the housekeeping cdnas, we found sequences predicted to code for novel thioredoxin, tetraspanin, hemopexin, heat shock protein, and trio and mbf proteins. among secreted cdnas, we found 21 novel a. gambiae saliva ... | 2002 | 12124367 |
| malaria vectors in bioko island (equatorial guinea): pcr determination of the members of anopheles gambiae giles complex (diptera: culicidae) and pyrethroid knockdown resistance (kdr) in an. gambiae sensu stricto. | anopheles gambiae sensu lato giles, 1902 and anophelesfunestus giles, 1900 are the main malaria vectors on the island of bioko (equatorial guinea). this study was carried out to determine: a) members of the an. gambiae complex that may be present on the island of bioko and, b) the sensitivity of an. gambiae sensu stricto to pyrethroids. the analysis by pcr detected the presence of an. gambiae s.s. as the major vector of the complex and the "forest chromosomal form" was demonstrated by cytogeneti ... | 2002 | 12125862 |
| the expression of pannier and achaete-scute homologues in a mosquito suggests an ancient role of pannier as a selector gene in the regulation of the dorsal body pattern. | the drosophila gene pannier (pnr) has recently been assigned to a new class of selector genes (calleja, m., herranz, h., estella, c., casal, j., lawrence, p., simpson, p. and morata, g. (2000). development 127, 3971-3980; (mann, r. s. and morata, g. (2000). annu: rev. cell dev. biol. 16, 243-271). it specifies pattern in the dorsal body. on the dorsal notum it is expressed in a broad medial domain and directly regulates transcription of the achaete-scute (ac-sc) genes driving their expression in ... | 2002 | 12135924 |
| polymerase chain reaction-based identification and genotyping of anopheles mosquitoes with a 96-pin bacterial replicator. | a simple method for rapid identification of large numbers of anopheles mosquitoes was developed based on polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplification of the rdna intergenic spacer and internal transcribed spacer 2. by means of previously described primers for the anopheles gambiae and an. quadrimaculatus species complexes, rdna was amplified simultaneously from 96 whole mosquitoes or parts. no homogenization or individual dna preparation was necessary, and transfer of 96 samples to pcr reaction ... | 2002 | 12139213 |
| stable chromosomal inversion polymorphisms and insecticide resistance in the malaria vector mosquito anopheles gambiae (diptera: culicidae). | anopheles gambiae giles has been implicated as a major vector of malaria in africa. a number of paracentric chromosomal inversions have been observed as polymorphisms in wild and laboratory populations of this species. these polymorphisms have been used to demonstrate the existence of five reproductive units in west african populations that are currently described as incipient species. they have also been correlated with various behavioral characteristics such as adaptation to aridity and feedin ... | 2002 | 12144286 |
| [the epidemiology of malaria in the southwestern forests of the ivory coast (tai region)]. | an epidemiological study on malaria was undertaken between july 1995 and july 1996 in two villages (zaïpobly and gahably) and their encampments (kouassikro, hamanikro and konankro), in the south-western forest area of côte d'ivoire (region of taï). the parasitological scheme comprised a total of 2023 tests performed on children aged from 0 to 14 years. the species found were plasmodium falciparum, p. malariae and p. ovale with a proportion of 84%, 14% and 2% respectively. the global parasite pre ... | 2002 | 12145967 |
| advantages of larval control for african malaria vectors: low mobility and behavioural responsiveness of immature mosquito stages allow high effective coverage. | based on sensitivity analysis of the macdonald-ross model, it has long been argued that the best way to reduce malaria transmission is to target adult female mosquitoes with insecticides that can reduce the longevity and human-feeding frequency of vectors. however, these analyses have ignored a fundamental biological difference between mosquito adults and the immature stages that precede them: adults are highly mobile flying insects that can readily detect and avoid many intervention measures wh ... | 2002 | 12153709 |
| malaria infection, morbidity and transmission in two ecological zones southern ghana. | a one year survey was conducted in 1992 to compare malaria infection, morbidity and transmission patterns between a coastal savannah community (prampram) and a community (dodowa) in the forest zone in southern ghana. the study population of 6682 at prampram and 6558 at dodowa were followed up in their homes once every two weeks and all episodes of clinical malaria recorded. blood films for microscopy were prepared from 600 participants randomly selected in each community in april and in august r ... | 1995 | 12160443 |
| bee venom phospholipase inhibits malaria parasite development in transgenic mosquitoes. | malaria kills millions of people every year, and new control measures are urgently needed. the recent demonstration that (effector) genes can be introduced into the mosquito germ line to diminish their ability to transmit the malaria parasite offers new hope toward the fight of the disease (ito, j., ghosh, a., moreira, l. a., wimmer, e. a. & jacobs-lorena, m. (2002) nature, 417, 452-455). because of the high selection pressure that an effector gene imposes on the parasite population, development ... | 2002 | 12167627 |
| traditional use of mosquito-repellent plants in western kenya and their evaluation in semi-field experimental huts against anopheles gambiae: ethnobotanical studies and application by thermal expulsion and direct burning. | ethnobotanical survey in 2 communities in western kenya revealed that the most commonly known repellent plants were ocimum americanum l. (64.1%), lantana camara l. (17.9%), tagetes minuta l. (11.3%) and azadirachta indica a. juss (8.7%) on rusinga island, and hyptis suaveolens poit. (49.2%), l. camara (30.9%) and o. basilicum l. (30.4%) in rambira. direct burning of plants is the most common method of application for o. americanum (68.8%), l. camara (100%) and o. basilicum (58.8%). placing branc ... | 2002 | 12174767 |
| complete mitochondrial dna sequence and amino acid analysis of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit i (coi) from aedes aegypti. | the complete sequence of the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti, mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene has been identified. the nucleotide sequence codes for a 512 amino acid peptide. the aecoi sequence is a + t rich (68.6%) and the codon usage is highly biased toward a preference for a- or t-ending triplets. the a. aegypti coi peptide shows high homology, up to 93% identity, with several other insect sequences and a phylogenetic analysis indicates that the a. aegypti sequence is c ... | 2002 | 12180346 |
| reverse genetics in the mosquito anopheles gambiae: targeted disruption of the defensin gene. | anopheles gambiae, the major vector of human malaria parasite, is an important insect model to study vector-parasite interactions. here, we developed a simple in vivo double-stranded rna (dsrna) knockout approach to determine the function of the mosquito antimicrobial peptide gene defensin. we injected dsrna into adults and observed efficient and reproducible silencing of defensin. analysis of the knockdown phenotype revealed that this peptide is required for the mosquito antimicrobial defense a ... | 2002 | 12189180 |
| genetic differentiation in the african malaria vector, anopheles gambiae s.s., and the problem of taxonomic status. | of the seven recognized species of the anopheles gambiae complex, a. gambiae s.s. is the most widespread and most important vector of malaria. it is becoming clear that, in parts of west africa, this nominal species is not a single panmictic unit. we found that the internal transcribed spacer (its) of the x-linked rdna has two distinct sequences with three fixed nucleotide differences; we detected no heterozygotes at these three sites, even in areas of sympatry of the two its types. the intergen ... | 2002 | 12196401 |
| molecular systematics of anopheles: from subgenera to subpopulations. | the century-old discovery of the role of anopheles in human malaria transmission precipitated intense study of this genus at the alpha taxonomy level, but until recently little attention was focused on the systematics of this group. the application of molecular approaches to systematic problems ranging from subgeneric relationships to relationships at and below the species level is helping to address questions such as anopheline phylogenetics and biogeography, the nature of species boundaries, a ... | 2003 | 12208816 |
| characterization of four toll related genes during development and immune responses in anopheles gambiae. | toll-like receptors (tlrs) are a group of evolutionary conserved proteins with diverse biological functions. in drosophila melanogaster, toll protein plays an important role in pattern formation in embryogenesis and in antimicrobial immunity in larvae and adults. in insects, toll and two other related proteins, tehao and 18-wheeler have been shown to participate in the activation of the innate immune responses to fungal and bacterial pathogens. in this paper we report the cloning and characteriz ... | 2002 | 12213252 |
| genetic complexity of plasmodium falciparum gametocytes isolated from the peripheral blood of treated gambian children. | the genetic complexity of plasmodium falciparum gametocytes isolated from gambian children participating in a controlled trial of anti-malarial therapy was investigated. rna and dna were prepared from gametocyte-positive blood, which was also used in transmission experiments with anopheles gambiae mosquitoes. amplification by a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) of transcripts from the genes for the ring-infected erythrocyte surface antigen and the 16-kd antigen, which exhi ... | 2002 | 12224577 |
| molecular analysis of multiple cytochrome p450 genes from the malaria vector, anopheles gambiae. | cytochrome p450s are a superfamily of haemoproteins, important in the metabolism of endogenous compounds and xenobiotics. as a first step to elucidating the role of this family in insecticide resistance in the malaria mosquito, anopheles gambiae, we have cloned and mapped multiple p450 genes. sixteen cdnas encoding full-length p450s were cloned and physically mapped to the mosquito's polytene chromosomes. fourteen of these encode putative cyp6 proteins and two encode p450s belonging to the cyp9 ... | 2002 | 12230540 |
| drosophila yolk protein produced in e. coli is accumulated by mosquito ovaries. | despite similar functions, the yolk proteins of the higher dipteran flies and the vitellogenins found in other insects are unrelated at the sequence level and have evolved from different genes. both are selectively endocytosed into the ovary via receptors belonging to the ldlr receptor subfamily. we cloned the drosophila yp1 gene into an e. coli expression vector and showed that the yolk protein produced by e. coli is taken up into ovaries of both drosophila melanogaster and the malaria mosquito ... | 2002 | 12230547 |
| epidemiology of malaria in kenya. | more than four million cases of malaria are reported annually in kenya. a 5.1% mortality rate has been reported among patients admitted with severe malaria. although plasmodium falciparum is the species most frequently associated with severe malaria and accounts for 80-90% of cases in kenya, p. malariae, p. ovale, and p. vivax also exist in the country. vector species in kenya are members of the anopheles gambiae complex and a. funestus. transmission patterns of the disease in kenya are infl ... | 1994 | 12287810 |
| genetic structure of anopheles gambiae (diptera: culicidae) in são tomé and príncipe (west africa): implications for malaria control. | the impact of a vector eradication programme, conducted in the 1980s, on anopheles gambiae populations from the islands of são tomé and príncipe, was evaluated by microsatellite dna analysis. significant genetic differentiation was observed within and between the two islands and between the islands and a population from gabon, suggesting a degree of isolation between them. large estimates of long-term n(e) suggested that the control programme did not affect the effective population size of the v ... | 2002 | 12296959 |
| behavioural determinants of gene flow in malaria vector populations: anopheles gambiae males select large females as mates. | plasmodium-refractory mosquitoes are being rapidly developed for malaria control but will only succeed if they can successfully compete for mates when released into the wild. pre-copulatory behavioural traits maintain genetic population structure in wild mosquito populations and mating barriers have foiled previous attempts to control malaria vectors through sterile male release. | 2002 | 12296972 |
| repellent activities of stereoisomers of p-menthane-3,8-diols against anopheles gambiae (diptera: culicidae). | four stereoisomers of p-menthane-3,8-diol, which make up the natural product obtained from eucalyptus citriodora, were synthesized through stereoselective procedures. repellency assays showed that all the four were equally active against anopheles gambiae s.s. racemic blends and the diastereoisomeric mixture of all the four isomers were also equally repellent. 1-alpha-terpeneol, with a single hydroxyl function at c-8 and unsaturation at c-8, and menthol, with a single hydroxyl function at c-3, w ... | 2002 | 12349856 |
| influence of host and larval habitat distribution on the abundance of african malaria vectors in western kenya. | the abundance of anopheline mosquitoes varies substantially among houses within the same villages. anopheles gambiae sensu stricto is highly anthropophilic, and anopheles arabiensis is zoophilic; thus, it is often hypothesized that the abundance of an. gambiae and an. arabiensis in a house is associated with the distribution of livestock and humans. in this paper we examined the influence of livestock and human host availability on the distribution and abundance of malaria vectors in the basin r ... | 2002 | 12363061 |
| evolutionary and historical aspects of the burden of malaria. | malaria is among the oldest of diseases. in one form or another, it has infected and affected our ancestors since long before the origin of the human line. during our recent evolution, its influence has probably been greater than that of any other infectious agent. here we attempt to trace the forms and impacts of malaria from a distant past through historical times to the present. in the last sections, we review the current burdens of malaria across the world and discuss present-day approaches ... | 2002 | 12364370 |
| a polytene chromosome analysis of the anopheles gambiae species complex. | field-collected specimens of all known taxa in the anopheles gambiae complex were analyzed on the basis of chromosome inversions with reference to a standard polytene chromosome map. the phylogenetic relationships among the seven described species in the complex could be inferred from the distribution of fixed inversions. nonrandom patterns of inversion distribution were observed and, particularly on chromosome arm 2r, provided evidence for genetically distinct populations in a. gambiae, a. arab ... | 2002 | 12364623 |
| anopheles gambiae genome: completing the malaria triad. | | 2002 | 12364752 |
| malaria research. parasite genome sequenced, scrutinized. | this week, an almost complete dna sequence of plasmodium falciparum--one of the parasites that causes malaria--appears in nature, and on page 129 of this issue of science, other researchers report the dna sequence of anopheles gambiae, one of the mosquitoes that transmits p. falciparum to humans. together with the human genome sequence, researchers now have in hand the genetic blueprints for the parasite, its vector, and its victim. | 2002 | 12364754 |
| the mosquito genome--a breakthrough for public health. | the anopheles gambiae genome sequence will accelerate identification of new insect vector target genes leading to improved strategies for malaria control. | 2002 | 12364774 |