| aedes albopictus is a natural vector of dirofilaria immitis in italy. | investigations were carried out in padova town (veneto region, ne italy) to define the actual role of aedes albopictus in the natural transmission of dirofilaria nematodes, and to assess the risk that its presence might represent for veterinary and medical health. during summer 2000-2002 daytime captures of human-attracted mosquitoes were carried out in three areas of the town. the presence of filarial parasites in mosquitoes was evaluated by pcr, and sequencing confirmed species assessment. dna ... | 2003 | 14729167 |
| allomonal effect of breath contributes to differential attractiveness of humans to the african malaria vector anopheles gambiae. | background: removal of exhaled air from total body emanations or artificially standardising carbon dioxide (co2) outputs has previously been shown to eliminate differential attractiveness of humans to certain blackfly (simuliidae) and mosquito (culicidae) species. whether or not breath contributes to between-person differences in relative attractiveness to the highly anthropophilic malaria vector anopheles gambiae sensu stricto remains unknown and was the focus of the present study. methods: the ... | 2004 | 14748930 |
| convergent habitat segregation of aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus (diptera: culicidae) in southeastern brazil and florida. | during the rainy season of 2001, the incidence of the dengue vectors aedes aegypti and ae. albopictus was examined in different habitats of two cities (rio de janeiro and nova iguaçu) in rio de janeiro state, brazil, and in two cities (palm beach and boca raton) in florida. oviposition trap collections were performed in urban, suburban, and rural habitats in both areas. our hypothesis that the abundances and frequencies of occurrence of ae. aegypti and ae albopictus are affected in opposite ways ... | 2003 | 14765654 |
| role of bacteria in mediating the oviposition responses of aedes albopictus (diptera: culicidae). | the responses of aedes albopictus to sources of oviposition attractants and stimulants were evaluated with a behavioral bioassay in which females attracted to odorants emanating from water were trapped on screens coated with an adhesive. gravid mosquitoes were attracted to volatiles from larval-rearing water and soil-contaminated cotton towels. bacteria were isolated from these substrates and from an organic infusion made with oak leaves. through fatty acid-methyl ester analyses, six bacterial i ... | 2003 | 14765661 |
| analysis of the replication kinetics of the chimerivax-den 1, 2, 3, 4 tetravalent virus mixture in aedes aegypti by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. | the vector competence of mosquitoes for chimeric viruses being developed as vaccines to protect against dengue (den) virus infection were evaluated in a cooperative agreement with acambis, inc. chimeric viruses have been constructed that contain the premembrane (prm) and envelope (e) genes of each of the wild-type (wt) den virus serotypes, den-1, den-2, den-3, and den-4, in the yellow fever (yf) vaccine virus (strain 17d) yf-vax backbone. it was previously shown that the replication profile of c ... | 2004 | 14971704 |
| genetic, biochemical, and structural characterization of a new densovirus isolated from a chronically infected aedes albopictus c6/36 cell line. | we report the isolation, sequencing, biochemical, and structural characterization of a previously undescribed virus in a chronically infected aedes albopictus c6/36 cell line. this virus is identified as a new densovirus under the densovirinae subfamily of the parvoviridae based on its biological and morphologic properties as well as sequence homologies, and is tentatively designated a. albopictus c6/36 cell densovirus (c6/36 dnv). analysis of the 4094 nt of the c6/36 dnv genome revealed that th ... | 2004 | 14972541 |
| interferon-dependent immunity is essential for resistance to primary dengue virus infection in mice, whereas t- and b-cell-dependent immunity are less critical. | dengue virus (den) causes dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome, which are major public health problems worldwide. the immune factors that control den infection or contribute to severe disease are neither well understood nor easy to examine in humans. in this study, we used wild-type and congenic mice lacking various components of the immune system to study the immune mechanisms in the response to den infection. our results demonstrate that alpha/beta interferon (ifn-al ... | 2004 | 14990690 |
| bluetongue virus outer capsid proteins are sufficient to trigger apoptosis in mammalian cells. | bluetongue virus (btv) is transmitted by culicoides sp. biting midges to livestock, causing severe hemorrhagic disease in sheep, but is asymptomatic in the insect host. similarly, btv causes rapid cell death in infected mammalian cells in culture, whereas infections of insect cells are long-term and unapparent, despite productive virus replication. to assess whether apoptosis plays any role in these two distinct cell responses, we have investigated apoptosis in cultured insect and mammalian cell ... | 2004 | 14990706 |
| potential vectors of west nile virus following an equine disease outbreak in italy. | in the late summer of 1998, an outbreak of equine encephalomyelitis due to west nile virus (wnv) occurred in the tuscany region of central italy. the disease was detected in 14 race horses from nine localities in four provinces: firenze, lucca, pisa and pistoia. the outbreak area included fucecchio wetlands (1800 ha), the largest inland marsh in italy, and the adjacent hilly cerbaie woodlands with farms breeding horses. to detect potential vectors of wnv, entomological surveys of fucecchio and c ... | 2004 | 15009441 |
| inhibition of vesicular stomatitis virus replication by prostaglandin a1 in aedes albopictus cells. | cyclopentenone prostaglandins (pgs) exhibit antiviral activity against rna and dna viruses in mammalian cell lines, and this effect has been associated with the induction of a heat shock protein (hsp70). we investigated the effect of prostaglandin a1 (pga1) on the replication of vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) in aedes albopictus (mosquito) cells. pga1 was found to inhibit vsv replication dose dependently. virus yield was reduced to 50% (3 microg pga1/ml) and to 95% with 8 microg pga1/ml. even ... | 2004 | 15018065 |
| phylogenomics of the reproductive parasite wolbachia pipientis wmel: a streamlined genome overrun by mobile genetic elements. | the complete sequence of the 1,267,782 bp genome of wolbachia pipientis wmel, an obligate intracellular bacteria of drosophila melanogaster, has been determined. wolbachia, which are found in a variety of invertebrate species, are of great interest due to their diverse interactions with different hosts, which range from many forms of reproductive parasitism to mutualistic symbioses. analysis of the wmel genome, in particular phylogenomic comparisons with other intracellular bacteria, has reveale ... | 2004 | 15024419 |
| an outbreak of west nile virus-associated disease in domestic geese (anser anser domesticus) upon initial introduction to a geographic region, with evidence of bird to bird transmission. | west nile virus activity in manitoba was documented for the first time by the collection of an infected crow found on july 8, 2002, in winnipeg. west nile virus was identified as the cause of death for a large number of domestic geese at a single farm in southern manitoba in august. of the 5 differently aged cohorts on the affected farm, which included 2 breeding flocks and 3 growing flocks, the 6-week-old cohort was most severely affected with 692 of 2731 goslings dying within a 10-day period. ... | 2004 | 15025147 |
| rna interference, arthropod-borne viruses, and mosquitoes. | rna interference (rnai) probably functions as an antiviral mechanism in most eukaryotic organisms. variations in the activity of this antiviral pathway in mosquitoes could explain, in part, why some mosquitoes are competent vectors of medically important, arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) and others are not. there are three lines of evidence that show the rnai pathway exists in aedes species that transmit arboviruses. the first is that recombinant sindbis viruses expressing a rna fragment fr ... | 2004 | 15068882 |
| dengue vector prevalence and virus infection in a rural area in south india. | we conducted a 2-year (1997-1999) longitudinal, entomological and virological study in three dengue endemic villages in vellore district, tamil nadu, to understand the dynamics of dengue transmission. aedes aegypti (linn.), ae. albopictus (skuse) and ae. vittatus (bigot) were the prevalent vector species. aedes aegypti was breeding throughout the year with a breteau index ranging from 9.05 to 45.49. aedes albopictus and ae. vittatus were prevalent mainly in the rainy season. small water holding ... | 2004 | 15078269 |
| experimental infection of cats and dogs with west nile virus. | domestic dogs and cats were infected by mosquito bite and evaluated as hosts for west nile virus (wnv). viremia of low magnitude and short duration developed in four dogs but they did not display signs of disease. four cats became viremic, with peak titers ranging from 10(3.0) to 10(4.0) pfu/ml. three of the cats showed mild, non-neurologic signs of disease. wnv was not isolated from saliva of either dogs or cats during the period of viremia. an additional group of four cats were exposed to wnv ... | 2004 | 15078601 |
| identification of chimpanzee fab fragments by repertoire cloning and production of a full-length humanized immunoglobulin g1 antibody that is highly efficient for neutralization of dengue type 4 virus. | a safe and effective dengue vaccine is still not available. passive immunization with monoclonal antibodies from humans or nonhuman primates represents an attractive alternative for the prevention of dengue virus infection. fab monoclonal antibodies to dengue type 4 virus (denv-4) were recovered by repertoire cloning of bone marrow mrnas from an immune chimpanzee and analyzed for antigen binding specificity, v(h) and v(l) sequences, and neutralizing activity against denv-4 in vitro. fabs 5a7, 3c ... | 2004 | 15078949 |
| larval mosquitoes in abandoned tire pile sites from west virginia. | larvae of 13 mosquito species were collected from abandoned tire piles at peridomestic and nonperidomestic sites in 3 south-central west virginia counties from may through september 2002. ochlerotatus triseriatus was the most frequently collected species from may through august, whereas aedes albopictus and ochlerotatus japonicus were more prevalent in september. prevalence of oc. triseriatus and culex restuans declined throughout the study period. conversely, prevalences of ae. albopictus, oc. ... | 2004 | 15088700 |
| is new zealand prepared to deal with arboviral diseases? | to now, new zealand has been spared arboviral diseases, except for the odd imported infection. however, two exotic vector mosquitoes (ochlerotatus camptorhynchus and ochlerotatus notoscriptus) have become established in new zealand and the routine arrival of infected people from overseas may soon lead to local arboviral transmission. large populations of wild wallabies and brushtail possums could serve as reservoirs of ross river virus and other arboviruses. several other exotic mosquito species ... | 2004 | 15108743 |
| the plant virus tomato spotted wilt tospovirus activates the immune system of its main insect vector, frankliniella occidentalis. | tospoviruses have the ability to infect plants and their insect vectors. tomato spotted wilt virus (tswv), the type species in the tospovirus genus, infects its most important insect vector, frankliniella occidentalis, the western flower thrips (wft). however, no detrimental effects on the life cycle or cytopathological changes have been reported in the wft after tswv infection, and relatively few viral particles can be observed even several days after infection. we hypothesized that tswv infect ... | 2004 | 15113877 |
| accumulation of a 3'-terminal genome fragment in japanese encephalitis virus-infected mammalian and mosquito cells. | japanese encephalitis virus (jev) contains a single positive-strand rna genome nearly 11 kb in length and is not formally thought to generate subgenomic rna molecules during replication. here, we report the abundant accumulation of a 3'-terminal 521- to 523-nucleotide (nt) genome fragment, representing a major portion of the 585-nt 3' untranslated region, in both mammalian (bhk-21) and mosquito (c6/36) cells infected with any of nine strains of jev. in bhk-21 cells, the viral genome was detected ... | 2004 | 15113895 |
| larval habitats and distribution patterns of aedes aegypti (linnaeus) and aedes albopictus (skuse), in thailand. | this study was conducted to survey larval breeding habitats and to obtain larval abundance during the dry period covering all 5 geographical zones of thailand. our results indicated aedes aegypri is prevalent all over the country, whereas aedes albopictus is more restricted to the remote area of the south. water storage containers, especially water jars, served as a main larval breeding habitats of ae. aegypti, whereas broken cans and plastic containers are considered primary breeding sites for ... | 2003 | 15115122 |
| recombinant canarypoxvirus vaccine carrying the prm/e genes of west nile virus protects horses against a west nile virus-mosquito challenge. | an alvac (canarypoxvirus)-based recombinant (vcp2017) expressing the prm and e genes derived from a 1999 new york isolate of west nile virus (wnv) was constructed and assessed for its protective efficacy in horses in two different experiments. in the first trial, a dose titration study was conducted to evaluate both serum neutralising antibody responses to wnv and duration of immunity. in the second trial the onset of protection was determined. twenty-eight adult horses received two doses of vcp ... | 2004 | 15119777 |
| fitness advantage and cytoplasmic incompatibility in wolbachia single- and superinfected aedes albopictus. | wolbachia are obligate, maternally inherited, intracellular bacteria that infect numerous insects and other invertebrates. wolbachia infections have evolved multiple mechanisms to manipulate host reproduction and facilitate invasion of naive host populations. one such mechanism is cytoplasmic incompatibility (ci) that occurs in many insect species, including aedes albopictus (asian tiger mosquito). the multiple wolbachia infections that occur naturally in a. albopictus make this mosquito a usefu ... | 2004 | 15127087 |
| a bunyamwera virus minireplicon system in mosquito cells. | artificial minigenomes are powerful tools for studying the replication and transcription of negative-strand rna viruses. bunyamwera virus (bun; genus orthobunyavirus, family bunyaviridae) is an arbovirus that shows fundamental biological differences when replicating in mammalian versus mosquito cells. to study bun rna synthesis in mosquito cells, we developed a bacteriophage t7 rna polymerase-based minireplicon system similar to that described previously for mammalian cells. an aedes albopictus ... | 2004 | 15140965 |
| processing of a pestivirus protein by a cellular protease specific for light chain 3 of microtubule-associated proteins. | the genome of the cytopathogenic (cp) bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) jacp contains a cellular insertion coding for light chain 3 (lc3) of microtubule-associated proteins, the mammalian homologue of yeast aut7p/apg8p. the cellular insertion induces cp bvdv-specific processing of the viral polyprotein by a cellular cysteine protease homologous to the known yeast protease aut2p/apg4p. three candidate bovine protease genes were identified on the basis of the sequence similarity of their products ... | 2004 | 15140988 |
| the mosquito ribonucleotide reductase r2 gene: ultraviolet light induces expression of a novel r2 variant with an internal amino acid deletion. | abstract using rt-pcr, we examined expression of the ribonucleotide reductase r2 subunit (rnr-r2) in aedes albopictus mosquito cells after treatment with ultraviolet light (uv). in control cells, a predominant band at 1.2 kb corresponded to the full-length cdna. a smaller 650 bp band was unique to uv-treated cells. sequence analysis showed that the 650 bp band encoded a protein with an internal deletion of 179 amino acids, relative to ae. albopictus rnr-r2. the n-terminal twenty amino acids were ... | 2004 | 15157224 |
| strain-specific quantification of wolbachia density in aedes albopictus and effects of larval rearing conditions. | the density of the endosymbiont wolbachia can influence the expression of the crossing sterilities known as cytoplasmic incompatibility (ci), and also its rate of maternal transmission. aedes albopictus mosquitoes contain a superinfection with the wolbachia strains walba and walbb. a strain-specific real-time quantitative pcr assay was developed and used to quantify relative wolbachia strain densities within individual mosquitoes. the walbb strain was consistently found to be at higher density t ... | 2004 | 15157232 |
| nodamura virus nonstructural protein b2 can enhance viral rna accumulation in both mammalian and insect cells. | during infection of both vertebrate and invertebrate cell lines, the alphanodavirus nodamura virus (nov) expresses two nonstructural proteins of different lengths from the b2 open reading frame. the functions of these proteins have yet to be determined, but b2 of the related flock house virus suppresses rna interference both in drosophila cells and in transgenic plants. to examine whether the nov b2 proteins had similar functions, we compared the replication of wild-type nov rna with that of mut ... | 2004 | 15163762 |
| sequences of flavivirus-related rna viruses persist in dna form integrated in the genome of aedes spp. mosquitoes. | flavivirus-related sequences have been discovered in the dsdna genome of aedes albopictus and aedes aegypti mosquitoes, demonstrating for the first time an integration into a eukaryotic genome of a multigenic sequence from an rna virus that replicates without a recognized dna intermediate. in the aedes albopictus c6/36 cell line, an open reading frame (orf) of 1557 aa with protease/helicase and polyprotein processing domains characteristic of flaviviruses was identified. it is closely related to ... | 2004 | 15218182 |
| wolbachia and cytoplasmic incompatibility in mosquitoes. | wolbachia are maternally inherited bacteria that induce cytoplasmic incompatibility in mosquitoes, and are able to use these patterns of sterility to spread themselves through populations. for this reason they have been proposed as a gene drive system for mosquito genetic replacement, as well as for the reduction of population size or for modulating population age structure in order to reduce disease transmission. here, recent progress in the study of mosquito wolbachia is reviewed. we now have ... | 2004 | 15242714 |
| current advances in dengue diagnosis. | | 2004 | 15242935 |
| evaluation of attractants and egg-laying substrate preference for oviposition by aedes albopictus (diptera: culicidae). | evaluation of oviposition attractants and substrate preferences of aedes albopictus was carried out under laboratory and field conditions. to obtain candidate oviposition substances we used a water rinse of 3 mollusk species: blood cockle (anadara granosa), carpet shell (paphia undulata), and sea mussel (mytilus smaragdinus), and the giant tiger prawn (penaeus monodon). the rinse water of carpet shell and giant tiger prawn showed higher attractiveness for ovipostion than the other candidate attr ... | 2004 | 15266742 |
| [aedes albopictus (diptera: culicidae) in rome: experimental study of relevant control strategy parameters]. | since 1997, aedes albopictus has colonised and then rapidly invaded the city of rome (italy) and its peripheral areas. presently, the control of this mosquito in italy relies mainly on larvicidal treatment of street storm sewer catch basins with the organophosphate temephos. we have therefore obtained baseline data on the susceptibility to temephos of the roman ae. albopictus population by laboratory bioassays on f1 fourth-instar larvae following standard who protocols. estimated lethal concentr ... | 2003 | 15267004 |
| venezuelan equine encephalitis emergence: enhanced vector infection from a single amino acid substitution in the envelope glycoprotein. | in 1993 and 1996, subtype ie venezuelan equine encephalitis (vee) virus caused epizootics in the mexican states of chiapas and oaxaca. previously, only subtype iab and ic vee virus strains had been associated with major outbreaks of equine and human disease. the iab and ic epizootics are believed to emerge via adaptation of enzootic (sylvatic, equine-avirulent) strains for high titer equine viremia that results in efficient infection of mosquito vectors. however, experimental equine infections w ... | 2004 | 15277679 |
| wolbachia replication and host cell division in aedes albopictus. | wolbachia pipientis is an obligate intracellular endosymbiont of a range of arthropod species. the microbe is best known for its manipulations of host reproduction that include inducing cytoplasmic incompatibility, parthenogenesis, feminization, and male-killing. like other vertically transmitted intracellular symbionts, wolbachia's replication rate must not outpace that of its host cells if it is to remain benign. the mosquito aedes albopictus is naturally infected both singly and doubly with d ... | 2004 | 15297923 |
| allozyme patterns of aedes albopictus, a vector of dengue in thailand. | isozyme frequencies in six wild-caught populations ofaedes albopictus (skuse) from various parts of thailand were compared using starch gel electrophoresis. four populations were sampled from the south of the country, one from samui island and three from the mainland. the remaining two populations were obtained from central (bangkok) and northern (tak) thailand. there were large differences in allele frequencies at two of 22 loci: glutamate oxaloacetate transminase-2 (got-2) and hexokinase-1 (hk ... | 2004 | 15311457 |
| molecular (sub) grouping of endosymbiont wolbachia infection among mosquitoes of taiwan. | wolbachia are maternally inherited bacteria that infect a wide range of arthropods as well as filarial worms. the infection usually results in reproductive distortions of the host, primarily cytoplasmic incompatibility, parthenogenesis, and feminization. this study showed that wolbachia infection (15/29; 51.72%) was prevalent among field-caught mosquitoes in taiwan. three mosquito species were identified as having wolbachia a infection, eight species as having wolbachia b, and four other species ... | 2004 | 15311460 |
| landing preference of aedes albopictus (diptera: culicidae) on human skin among abo blood groups, secretors or nonsecretors, and abh antigens. | we demonstrated in this study that blood group o subjects attracted more aedes albopictus than other blood groups (b, ab, and a) but were only significantly more attractive than blood group a subjects in 64 human landing tests. we collected saliva from the subjects and tested it for agglutination inhibition, categorized the subjects into secretors or nonsecretors, and studied mosquitoes' landing preferences for those groups. the mean relative percent landing on blood group o secretors (83.3%) wa ... | 2004 | 15311477 |
| production of mosquito densonucleosis viruses by aedes albopictus c6/36 cells adapted to suspension culture in serum-free protein-free media. | mosquito densonucleosis viruses (mdvs) have the potential for use as biocontrol agents. to facilitate densovirus production, the aedes albopictus mosquito cell line c6/36 was adapted to two commercially available serum-free protein-free media (sfpfm), sf-900 ii and drosophila-sfm. cells adapted more slowly to growth in sf-900 ii medium, but once adapted, they grew more rapidly and appeared healthier than cells growing in drosophila-sfm. cells that were adapted to growth in each of these sfpfm we ... | 2004 | 15311964 |
| demonstration of vector competence of culex quinquefasciatus (diptera: culicidae) for setaria digitata. | in taiwan, setaria digitata infection causes a lumber paralysis in increasing number of cattle. culex quinquefasciatus is one of the predominant mosquitoes, and it has been suspected that c. quinquefasciatus acts as a vector to setaria nematodes prevalence but this was not confirmed. c. quinquefasciatus, aedes albopictus and a. aegypti of various strains were investigated using an artificial infection system to evaluate their vector competence. after blood feeding at day 14, the number of larvae ... | 2004 | 15325055 |
| a mutant of sindbis virus which is able to replicate in cells with reduced ctp makes a replicase/transcriptase with a decreased km for ctp. | we reported earlier the isolation and characterization of a sindbis virus mutant, sv(pzf), that can grow in mosquito cells treated with pyrazofurin (pzf), a compound that interferes with pyrimidine biosynthesis (y. h. lin, p. yadav, r. ravatn, and v. stollar, virology 272:61-71, 2000; y. h. lin, h. a. simmonds, and v. stollar, virology 292:78-86, 2002). three amino acid changes in nsp4, the viral rna polymerase, were required to produce this phenotype. we now describe a mutant of sindbis virus, ... | 2004 | 15331697 |
| a single amino acid substitution in the envelope protein of chimeric yellow fever-dengue 1 vaccine virus reduces neurovirulence for suckling mice and viremia/viscerotropism for monkeys. | a chimeric yellow fever-dengue 1 (chimerivax-den1) virus was produced by the transfection of vero cells with chimeric in vitro rna transcripts. the cell culture supernatant was subjected to plaque purification for the identification of a vaccine candidate without mutations. of 10 plaque-purified clones, 1 containing no mutation (clone j) was selected for production of the vaccine virus. during subsequent cell culture passaging of this clone for vaccine production, a single amino acid substitutio ... | 2004 | 15331733 |
| critical review of the vector status of aedes albopictus. | the mosquito aedes (stegomyia) albopictus (skuse) (diptera: culicidae), originally indigenous to south-east asia, islands of the western pacific and indian ocean, has spread during recent decades to africa, the mid-east, europe and the americas (north and south) after extending its range eastwards across pacific islands during the early 20th century. the majority of introductions are apparently due to transportation of dormant eggs in tyres. among public health authorities in the newly infested ... | 2004 | 15347388 |
| coexistence of wolbachia with buchnera aphidicola and a secondary symbiont in the aphid cinara cedri. | intracellular symbiosis is very common in the insect world. for the aphid cinara cedri, we have identified by electron microscopy three symbiotic bacteria that can be characterized by their different sizes, morphologies, and electrodensities. pcr amplification and sequencing of the 16s ribosomal dna (rdna) genes showed that, in addition to harboring buchnera aphidicola, the primary endosymbiont of aphids, c. cedri harbors a secondary symbiont (s symbiont) that was previously found to be associat ... | 2004 | 15375144 |
| decreased survival of mosquito cells after stable transfection with a drosophila ecdysteroid response element: possible involvement of a 40 kda dna binding protein. | homologous transfection systems provide a useful tool for characterizing promoters and other regulatory elements from cloned genes. we have used cultured aedes albopictus c7-10 mosquito cells to evaluate expression of 20-hydroxyecdysone-inducible genes. although this cell line has previously been shown to synthesize components of the ecdysteroid receptor and ecdysone-inducible proteins, the well-characterized ecdysteroid response element (ecre) from the drosophilahsp27 promoter failed to confer ... | 2002 | 15455055 |
| structure-based analysis of the ultraspiracle protein and docking studies of putative ligands. | the ultraspiracle protein (usp) is the insect ortholog of the mammalian retinoid x receptor (rxr). fundamental questions concern the functional role of usp as the heterodimerization partner of insect nuclear receptors such as the ecdysone receptor. the crystallographic structures of the ligand binding domain of usps of heliothis virescens and drosophila melanogaster solved recently show that helix 12 is locked in an antagonist conformation raising the question whether usps could adopt an agonist ... | 2002 | 15455059 |
| vaccine candidates derived from a novel infectious cdna clone of an american genotype dengue virus type 2. | a dengue virus type 2 (den-2 tonga/74) isolated from a 1974 epidemic was characterized by mild illness and belongs to the american genotype of den-2 viruses. to prepare a vaccine candidate, a previously described 30 nucleotide deletion (delta30) in the 3' untranslated region of den-4 has been engineered into the den-2 isolate. | 2004 | 15461822 |
| trans-packaged west nile virus-like particles: infectious properties in vitro and in infected mosquito vectors. | a trans-packaging system for west nile virus (wnv) subgenomic replicon rnas (reprnas), deleted for the structural coding region, was developed. wnv reprnas were efficiently encapsidated by the wnv c/prm/e structural proteins expressed in trans from replication-competent, noncytopathic sindbis virus-derived rnas. infectious virus-like particles (vlps) were produced in titers of up to 10(9) infectious units/ml. wnv vlps established a single round of infection in a variety of different cell lines w ... | 2004 | 15479801 |
| [tyrophagus putrescentiae predating adult insects of aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus in laboratory]. | the present study aimed at identifying a mite infesting a colony of aedes aegypti and ae. albopictus as well as investigating the source of infestation. the mite species was identified after it was mounted on slides in hoyer's medium and examined under an optical microscope. it showed to be tyrophagus putrescentiae. fish and rabbit food samples were kept in an environmental chamber at 27 degrees c and 90% humidity for 21 days and were weekly examined. the presence of t. putrescentiae was only ob ... | 2004 | 15499448 |
| dengue emergence and adaptation to peridomestic mosquitoes. | phylogenetic evidence suggests that endemic and epidemic dengue viruses (denv), transmitted among humans by the anthropophilic mosquitoes aedes aegypti and ae. albopictus, emerged when ancestral, sylvatic denv transmitted among nonhuman primates by sylvatic aedes mosquitoes adapted to these peridomestic vectors. we tested this hypothesis by retrospectively examining evidence for adaptation of epidemic and endemic versus sylvatic strains of denv-2 to ae. albopictus and ae. aegypti. first and seco ... | 2004 | 15504265 |
| markedly reduced severity of dengue virus infection in mosquito cell cultures persistently infected with aedes albopictus densovirus (aaldnv). | aaldnv-infected c6/36 cells serially passaged for over 10 weeks showed a decline in percentage of anti-aaldnv-positive cells (apc) from an initial 92% to approximately 20%. cultures of persistent apc were indistinguishable from uninfected cultures by direct microscopy but most stained cells from early apc passages had enlarged nuclei with eosinophilic inclusions, while late apc passages had few and naive cells none. super challenge of persistent apc cultures did not increase percentage apc and s ... | 2004 | 15518806 |
| entomological observations on dengue vector mosquitoes following a suspected outbreak of dengue in certain parts of nagaland with a note on their susceptibility to insecticides. | three species of aedes viz., aedes albopictus, aedes aegypti and aedes annandalei were detected from different breeding sources in and around human habitats during entomological study conducted following an outbreak suspected to be of dengue (which occurred during, 1994) in parts of medziphema phc area of nagaland in two different points of time ie., in the year, 1994 and, 2000. the potential dengue vector, aedes albopictus showed high preponderance by breeding in all types of containers searche ... | 2004 | 15529881 |
| commercial mosquito trap and gravid trap oviposition media evaluation, atlanta, georgia. | field trials evaluating the effectiveness of selected gravid trap oviposition media and commercially available mosquito traps were conducted in southern fulton county (atlanta), ga, from june 9 to june 18 and june 24 to july 4, 2002, respectively. total number of mosquitoes and number of each species captured during the tests were compared using a latin square design. for the gravid trap infusion media, significant differences were found for total number of mosquitoes collected where sod > or = ... | 2004 | 15532919 |
| yeast-generated co2 as a convenient source of carbon dioxide for adult mosquito sampling. | a new, convenient method was developed to supply co2 for mosquito sampling by using yeast, which converts sugar into co2 and ethyl alcohol. the system could, at average, generate 32.4 ml/min of co2 for at least 27 h. the total weight of the co2 generated was estimated to be 94 g. the efficacy of yeast-generated co2 as attractant for mosquitoes was significant, and the following 6 mosquito species were collected using yeast-generated co2 traps from july to september 2003 in a residential area of ... | 2004 | 15532924 |
| cocoa pod (theobroma caco)--a potential breeding habit of aedes albopictus in dengue-sensitive kerala state, india. | aedes (stegomyia) albopictus (skuse), a potential dengue vector, particularly in the foot-hill areas of the western ghat region of kerala state has been found breeding for the first time in cocoa pods (theobroma cacao) in india. breeding in cocoa pods is considered an opportunistic adaptive behavior of the mosquito to maintain density in the absence of common breeding sites, especially latex-collecting cups in rubber plantations, during the monsoon periods. vector breeding in cocoa pods was obse ... | 2004 | 15532938 |
| overwintering and establishment of aedes albopictus (diptera: culicidae) in an urban la crosse virus enzootic site in illinois. | in 1997, aedes albopictus (skuse) was discovered in peoria, il, a known focus of la crosse (lac) virus transmission. this accidental introduction provided an opportunity to determine whether ae. albopictus would reemerge in the spring or summer and, if successful overwintering occurred, to follow changes in the geographic range of ae. albopictus, and to compare its distribution to that of the local treehole mosquito and lac vector aedes triseriatus (say). in 1998, 25 oviposition traps were place ... | 2000 | 15535592 |
| insecticide resistance in alabama and florida mosquito strains of aedes albopictus. | the susceptibility of four strains of aedes albopictus (skuse) to permethrin, deltamethrin, resmethrin, chlorpyrifos, malathion, propoxur, fipronil, imidacloprid, spinosad, and bacillus thuringiensis variety israelensis (bti) was determined. the hamaal and mamaal strains were collected in 2002 and 2003, respectively, from huntsville and mobile, al, and the vbfmaal and sfmaal strains were collected in 1998 from vero beach and southern florida, respectively. the hamaal strain showed a 22-fold elev ... | 2004 | 15535626 |
| susceptibility of urban and rural populations of aedes albopictus from são paulo state, brazil, to infection by dengue-1 and -2 viruses. | in brazil, dengue viruses (denv) are transmitted by aedes aegypti (l.). however, the recent introduction of aedes albopictus (skuse) has caused concern, because some populations of this species also are capable of denv transmission. ae. albopictus from rural and urban localities of são paulo state, brazil, were artificially exposed to infection with denv-1 and -2 to evaluate their susceptibility. the rates of infection (6.2 and 5.7% for denv-1; 5.3 and 12% for denv-2) and dissemination (22.2 and ... | 2004 | 15535628 |
| immune responses to mosquito saliva in 14 individuals with acute systemic allergic reactions to mosquito bites. | mosquito bite-induced acute systemic allergic reactions are an increasing clinical concern and have not been optimally characterized immunologically. | 2004 | 15536430 |
| weather-based prediction of plasmodium falciparum malaria in epidemic-prone regions of ethiopia i. patterns of lagged weather effects reflect biological mechanisms. | malaria epidemics due to plasmodium falciparum are reported frequently in the east african highlands with high case fatality rates. there have been formal attempts to predict epidemics by the use of climatic variables that are predictors of transmission potential. however, little consensus has emerged about the relative importance and predictive value of different factors. understanding the reasons for variation is crucial to determining specific and important indicators for epidemic prediction. ... | 2004 | 15541174 |
| chimpanzee fab fragments and a derived humanized immunoglobulin g1 antibody that efficiently cross-neutralize dengue type 1 and type 2 viruses. | passive immunization with monoclonal antibodies from humans or nonhuman primates represents an attractive alternative to vaccines for prevention of illness caused by dengue viruses (denv) and other flaviviruses, including the west nile virus. in a previous study, repertoire cloning to recover fab fragments from bone marrow mrna of chimpanzees infected with all four denv serotypes (dengue virus serotype 1 [denv-1] to denv-4) was described. in that study, a humanized immunoglobulin g1 (igg1) antib ... | 2004 | 15542643 |
| assessment of the efficacy of a single dose of a recombinant vaccine against west nile virus in response to natural challenge with west nile virus-infected mosquitoes in horses. | to determine the onset of immunity after im administration of a single dose of a recombinant canarypox virus vaccine against west nile virus (wnv) in horses in a blind challenge trial. | 2004 | 15566080 |
| rna interference acts as a natural antiviral response to o'nyong-nyong virus (alphavirus; togaviridae) infection of anopheles gambiae. | rna interference (rnai) is triggered in eukaryotic organisms by double-stranded rna (dsrna), and it destroys any mrna that has sequence identity with the dsrna trigger. the rnai pathway in anopheles gambiae can be silenced by transfecting cells with dsrna derived from exon sequence of the a. gambiae argonaute2 (agago2) gene. we hypothesized that rnai may also act as an antagonist to alphavirus replication in a. gambiae because rna viruses form dsrna during replication. silencing agago2 expressio ... | 2004 | 15583140 |
| isolation, identification, and phylogenetic analysis of a dengue virus strain from aedes albopictus collected in mawei town in guizhou province, china. | | 2004 | 15603717 |
| decreased diversity but increased substitution rate in host mtdna as a consequence of wolbachia endosymbiont infection. | a substantial fraction of insects and other terrestrial arthropods are infected with parasitic, maternally transmitted endosymbiotic bacteria that manipulate host reproduction. in addition to imposing direct selection on the host to resist these effects, endosymbionts may also have indirect effects on the evolution of the mtdna with which they are cotransmitted. patterns of mtdna diversity and evolution were examined in drosophila recens, which is infected with the endosymbiont wolbachia, and it ... | 2004 | 15611174 |
| variable surface epitopes in the crystal structure of dengue virus type 3 envelope glycoprotein. | dengue virus is an emerging global health threat. the major envelope glycoprotein, e, mediates viral attachment and entry by membrane fusion. antibodies that bind but fail to neutralize noncognate serotypes enhance infection. we have determined the crystal structure of a soluble fragment of the envelope glycoprotein e from dengue virus type 3. the structure closely resembles those of e proteins from dengue type 2 and tick-borne encephalitis viruses. serotype-specific neutralization escape mutant ... | 2005 | 15613349 |
| susceptibility of ochlerotatus trivittatus (coq.), aedes albopictus (skuse), and culex pipiens (l.) to west nile virus infection. | the susceptibility of ochlerotatus trivittatus (coq.) to west nile virus (wnv) was assessed by comparing it to the susceptibility of aedes albopictus (skuse), a likely bridge vector, and culex pipiens (l.), a primary wnv amplifying species. the three species were infected with wnv (ny crow-1999) by feeding on 2-3-day-old chickens with serum virus titers ranging from 10(2.5) to 10(9.5) cell culture infective dose (cid) 50s/ml. the lowest infective titer for oc. trivittatus and cx. pipiens was 10( ... | 2004 | 15631062 |
| early events in the pathogenesis of eastern equine encephalitis virus in mice. | to elucidate the pathogenesis of eastern equine encephalitis (eee) virus infections, we used histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and in situ hybridization to track the spread and early cellular targets of viral infection in mice. young mice were inoculated with virulent eee virus in their right rear footpad and were followed in a time-course study for 4 days. virulent eee virus produced a biphasic illness characterized by an early self-limiting replication phase in peripheral tissues followed ... | 2005 | 15632009 |
| [susceptibility of 15 collections of aedes albopictus from guizhou to dengue virus oral infection]. | to study the susceptibility of aedes albopictus to dengue virus infection. | 2004 | 15640856 |
| horizontal and vertical dispersal of dengue vector mosquitoes, aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus, in singapore. | to study the dispersal of dengue vector mosquitoes in singapore, females of aedes aegypti (l.) and aedes albopictus (skuse) (diptera: culicidae) were fed blood containing rubidium (rb), which was detectable in their eggs by means of graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry (gfaas). laboratory calibration of the rb reading, for a range of egg numbers from rb-fed females, indicated a reasonably linear relationship and an unequivocal distinction between results with zero and one marked ... | 2004 | 15642001 |
| pcr cloning of a histone h1 gene from anopheles stephensi mosquito cells: comparison of the protein sequence with histone h1-like, c-terminal extensions on mosquito ribosomal protein s6. | in aedes and anopheles mosquitoes, ribosomal protein rps6 has an unusual c-terminal extension that resembles histone h1 proteins. to explore homology between a mosquito h1 histone and the rps6 tail, we took advantage of the anopheles gambiae genome database to clone a histone h1 gene from an anopheles stephensi mosquito cell line. | 2005 | 15667661 |
| host population persistence in the face of introduced vector-borne diseases: hawaii amakihi and avian malaria. | the past quarter century has seen an unprecedented increase in the number of new and emerging infectious diseases throughout the world, with serious implications for human and wildlife populations. we examined host persistence in the face of introduced vector-borne diseases in hawaii, where introduced avian malaria and introduced vectors have had a negative impact on most populations of hawaiian forest birds for nearly a century. we studied birds, parasites, and vectors in nine study areas from ... | 2005 | 15668377 |
| duplex reverse transcription-pcr followed by nested pcr assays for detection and identification of brazilian alphaviruses and flaviviruses. | a new approach was developed for the rapid detection and identification of brazilian alphaviruses and flaviviruses. the methodology involves the genus-specific detection of alphavirus and flavivirus by a duplex reverse transcription-pcr (d-rt-pcr), followed by multiplex nested pcr (m-n-pcr) or nested pcr (n-pcr) assays for species-specific identification. by this protocol, 25 arboviruses were specifically detected and identified. detection levels between 10(1.3) and 10(3.5) 50% tissue culture in ... | 2005 | 15695666 |
| exotic mosquitoes in new zealand: a review of species intercepted, their pathways and ports of entry. | a review was carried out to identify the exotic mosquito species intercepted in new zealand to 2004, together with their origins, pathways and ports of entry into the country. a total of 171 interceptions have been recorded since 1929. there was little or no taxonomic information available for many, but at least 27 exotic species not yet established in new zealand have been intercepted, including important disease vectors such as aedes albopictus, aedes aegypti and culex annulirostris. of 152 in ... | 2004 | 15707185 |
| simultaneous infection with dengue 2 and 3 viruses in a chinese patient return from sri lanka. | dengue is an acute viral disease transmitted by the aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus mosquito, which are present in most tropical urban areas of the world. there are four antigenically distinct serotypes, designated dengue-1 (den-1), dengue-2 (den-2), dengue-3 (den-3) and dengue-4 (den-4). dengue outbreaks have occurred in several regions in asia, involving four serotypes of dengue 1, 2, 3 and 4. in review of the few cases of dual infection documented in the literature, we report here a case o ... | 2005 | 15722024 |
| nuclear localization of japanese encephalitis virus core protein enhances viral replication. | japanese encephalitis virus (jev) core protein was detected in both the nucleoli and cytoplasm of mammalian and insect cell lines infected with jev or transfected with the expression plasmid of the core protein. mutation analysis revealed that gly(42) and pro(43) in the core protein are essential for the nuclear and nucleolar localization. a mutant m4243 virus in which both gly(42) and pro(43) were replaced by ala was recovered by plasmid-based reverse genetics. in c6/36 mosquito cells, the m424 ... | 2005 | 15731239 |
| size heterogeneity in the 3' noncoding region of south american isolates of yellow fever virus. | the 3' noncoding region (3' ncr) of flaviviruses contains secondary and tertiary structures essential for virus replication. previous studies of yellow fever virus (yfv) and dengue virus have found that modifications to the 3' ncr are sometimes associated with attenuation in vertebrate and/or mosquito hosts. the 3' ncrs of 117 isolates of south american yfv have been examined, and major deletions and/or duplications of conserved rna structures have been identified in several wild-type isolates. ... | 2005 | 15731274 |
| potential transmission of west nile virus in the british isles: an ecological review of candidate mosquito bridge vectors. | west nile virus (wnv) transmitted by mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) infects various vertebrates, being pathogenic for birds, horses and humans. after its discovery in tropical africa, sporadic outbreaks of wnv occurred during recent decades in eurasia, but not the british isles. wnv reached new york in 1999 and spread to california by 2003, causing widespread outbreaks of west nile encephalitis across north america, transmitted by many species of mosquitoes, mainly culex spp. the periodic reapp ... | 2005 | 15752172 |
| population differentiation and wolbachia phylogeny in mosquitoes of the aedes scutellaris group. | mosquito species of the aedes (stegomyia) scutellaris (walker) group (diptera: culicidae) are distributed across many islands of the south pacific and include major regional vectors of filariasis, such as aedes polynesiensis (marks). analysis of populations of ae. polynesiensis at the extremes of its range, from fiji and from moorea, french polynesia, using the rdna its2 (internal transcribed spacer 2) region and six microsatellite markers showed considerable genetic differentiation between them ... | 2005 | 15752179 |
| development of immunoglobulin m capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to differentiate human flavivirus infections occurring in australia. | we report the development of a flavivirus immunoglobulin m (igm) capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (mac-elisa) which improves the determination of an infecting flavivirus serotype over that by current serological methods. a panel of 165 igm-positive sera from flavivirus patients with specific diagnostic results was tested by the flavivirus mac-elisa using a panel of 10 antigens. for 134 of these sera (81.2%), the highest reactivity was demonstrated against the infecting virus, which was ... | 2005 | 15753249 |
| dengue virus detection by using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in saliva and progeny of experimentally infected aedes albopictus from brazil. | oral susceptibility and vertical transmission of dengue virus type 2 (denv-2) in an aedes albopictus sample from rio de janeiro was estimated. the infection (36.7%) and transmission (83.3%) rates for ae. albopictus were higher than those of an ae. aegypti colony used as control, 32.8 and 60%, respectively. fourth instar larvae and females descendants of 48.5 and 39.1% of experimentally infected ae. albopictus showed to harbor the virus. the oral susceptibility and the high capacity to assure ver ... | 2004 | 15761595 |
| two dimensional vopba reveals laminin receptor (lamr1) interaction with dengue virus serotypes 1, 2 and 3. | the search for the dengue virus receptor has generated many candidates often identified only by molecular mass. the wide host range of the viruses in vitro combined with multiple approaches to identifying the receptor(s) has led to the notion that many receptors or attachment proteins may be involved and that the different dengue virus serotypes may utilize different receptors on the same cells as well as on different cell types. | 2005 | 15790424 |
| a comparision of west nile virus transmission by ochlerotatus trivittatus (coq.), culex pipiens (l.), and aedes albopictus (skuse). | transmission of west nile virus (wnv) by ochlerotatus trivittatus, culex pipiens, and aedes albopictus were compared 14 days after taking blood meals from viremic chickens with titers ranging from 10(2.5) to 10(9.5) cell infective dose (50)s (cid50s)/ml serum. transmission occurred in one of four (25%) oc. trivittatus and one of 25 (4%) cx. pipiens that fed on chickens with titers of 10(5.5) cid50s/ml. no transmission occurred among two of 16 (13%) oc. trivittatus or one of 25 (4%) cx. pipiens t ... | 2005 | 15815148 |
| impact of west nile virus outbreak upon st. tammany parish mosquito abatement district. | st. tammany parish, louisiana, experienced an outbreak of west nile virus (wnv) in 2002, with 40 human cases and 4 deaths, most occurring from june to august. culex pipiens quinquefasciatus was believed to be the primary vector of wnv during the outbreak, although circumstantial evidence suggests that aedes albopictus also may have been involved in transmission. dead bird reports were the 1st indication of the outbreak and were an excellent indicator of wnv activity; however, sentinel chickens w ... | 2005 | 15825759 |
| quantification of west nile virus in vector mosquito saliva. | saliva was collected from 4 species of mosquitoes intrathoracically inoculated with west nile virus (wnv). the amount of infectious virus in the saliva was quantified by plaque assay and the number of wnv genomic equivalents (ge) was measured by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. ochlerotatus triseriatus had the greatest mean amount of infectious virus per saliva collection, followed by aedes albopictus, culex pipiens, and cx. quinquefasciatus. the mean ge/saliva collection was als ... | 2005 | 15825761 |
| integration of bacillus thuringiensis h-14 formulations and pyriproxyfen for the control of larvae of aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus. | studies were carried out on the bioefficacy and residual activity of bacillus thuringiensis israelensis h-14 (bti) (water-dispersible granules of vectobac abg 6511 and liquid formulations of vectobac 12as) and pyriproxyfen (insect growth regulator, sumilarv 0.5%) as direct applications for control of larvae of aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus. two dosages of each bti formulation (285 and 570 international toxic units [itu]/liter) and the integration of both bti formulations and pyriproxyfen we ... | 2005 | 15825767 |
| development of a humanized monoclonal antibody with therapeutic potential against west nile virus. | neutralization of west nile virus (wnv) in vivo correlates with the development of an antibody response against the viral envelope (e) protein. using random mutagenesis and yeast surface display, we defined individual contact residues of 14 newly generated monoclonal antibodies against domain iii of the wnv e protein. monoclonal antibodies that strongly neutralized wnv localized to a surface patch on the lateral face of domain iii. convalescent antibodies from individuals who had recovered from ... | 2005 | 15852016 |
| entomopathogenic fungi for mosquito control: a review. | fungal diseases in insects are common and widespread and can decimate their populations in spectacular epizootics. virtually all insect orders are susceptible to fungal diseases, including dipterans. fungal pathogens such as lagenidium, coelomomyces and culicinomyces are known to affect mosquito populations, and have been studied extensively. there are, however, many other fungi that infect and kill mosquitoes at the larval and/or adult stage. the discovery, in 1977, of the selective mosquito-pa ... | 2004 | 15861235 |
| [distribution of aedes albopictus (skuse) in nuevo león, méxico, 2001-2004]. | to determine the distribution of aedes albopictus (skuse) in nuevo leon between 2001 and 2004. | 2005 | 15889642 |
| dengue fever, hawaii, 2001-2002. | autochthonous dengue infections were last reported in hawaii in 1944. in september 2001, the hawaii department of health was notified of an unusual febrile illness in a resident with no travel history; dengue fever was confirmed. during the investigation, 1,644 persons with locally acquired denguelike illness were evaluated, and 122 (7%) laboratory-positive dengue infections were identified; dengue virus serotype 1 was isolated from 15 patients. no cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever or shock synd ... | 2005 | 15890132 |
| dengue type 3 virus, saint martin, 2003-2004. | we describe the spread of a dengue virus during an outbreak in saint martin island (french west indies) during winter 2003-2004. dengue type 3 viruses were isolated from 6 patients exhibiting clinical symptoms. this serotype had not been detected on the island during the preceding 3 years. genome sequence determinations and analyses showed a common origin with dengue type 3 viruses isolated in martinique 2 years earlier. | 2005 | 15890134 |
| recombinant canarypox vectored west nile virus (wnv) vaccine protects dogs and cats against a mosquito wnv challenge. | the safety and efficacy of a canarypox vector expressing prm and e genes of west nile virus (wnv) (alvac-wnv) was evaluated in dogs and cats. one group of 17 dogs (vaccinated with 10(5.6) tcid(50)) and two groups of cats (groups 1 [n=14] vaccinated with 10(7.5) tcid(50) and 2 [n=8] 10(5.6) tcid(50)) were vaccinated twice at 28-day intervals. fifteen dogs and eleven cats served as negative controls. the cats and dogs were challenged 120 and 135 days after the second immunization, respectively via ... | 2005 | 15893618 |
| [anthropophilic activity of aedes aegypti and of aedes albopictus in area under control and surveillance]. | to describe the hematophagous activity of ae. aegypti and ae. albopictus in an area under control and surveillance. | 2005 | 15895139 |
| more dengue, more questions. | | 2005 | 15898172 |
| toscana virus and acute meningitis, france. | | 2005 | 15898178 |
| [climate change in spain and risk of infectious and parasitic diseases transmitted by arthropods and rodents]. | due to spain's being located near africa, being a stopping-off point for migrating birds and individuals and due to its climate conditions, nearing those of areas where there are vector-borne diseases, this is a country where this type of diseases could taken on greater importance due to the climate change. the possible risk would result from the geographical spread of already established vectors or due to subtropical vectors adapted to surviving in cooler, dried climates being imported and taki ... | 2005 | 15913053 |
| malaria parasite developmental analyses by the nested polymerase chain reaction method: an implication for the evaluation of mosquito infection rates in epidemiological studies. | a malaria mosquito vector, anopheles saperoi, and a non-vector, aedes albopictus, were allowed to feed on mice infected with murine malaria, plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis, and were subsequently monitored for the development of parasites by the nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr) method, using plasmodium genus-specific primer pairs. the mosquitos were divided into two parts, head/thorax and abdomen, for dna analyses. the parasite dna and murine dna for each mosquito were examined in parallel. ... | 2004 | 15916075 |
| dendritic cell precursors are permissive to dengue virus and human immunodeficiency virus infection. | cd14(+) interstitial cells reside beneath the epidermis of skin and mucosal tissue and may therefore play an important role in viral infections and the shaping of an antiviral immune response. however, in contrast to dendritic cells (dc) or blood monocytes, these antigen-presenting cells (apc) have not been well studied. we have previously described long-lived cd14(+) cells generated from cd34(+) hematopoietic progenitors, which may represent model cells for interstitial cd14(+) apc. here, we sh ... | 2005 | 15919883 |
| complement activation is required for induction of a protective antibody response against west nile virus infection. | infection with west nile virus (wnv) causes a severe infection of the central nervous system (cns) with higher levels of morbidity and mortality in the elderly and the immunocompromised. experiments with mice have begun to define how the innate and adaptive immune responses function to limit infection. here, we demonstrate that the complement system, a major component of innate immunity, controls wnv infection in vitro primarily in an antibody-dependent manner by neutralizing virus particles in ... | 2005 | 15919902 |
| single amino acid insertions at the junction of the sindbis virus e2 transmembrane domain and endodomain disrupt virus envelopment and alter infectivity. | the final steps in the envelopment of sindbis virus involve specific interactions of the e2 endodomain with the virus nucleocapsid. deleting e2 k at position 391 (e2 deltak391) resulted in the disruption of virus assembly in mammalian cells but not insect cells (host range mutant). this suggested unique interactions of the e2 deltak391 endodomain with the different biochemical environments of the mammalian and insect cell lipid bilayers. to further investigate the role of the amino acid residues ... | 2005 | 15919921 |