| [cardiac lesions in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). apropos of an autopsy series of 25 cases]. | the pathologic study of the cardiac lesions in 25 persons who died of aids were studied from autopsies. most of these patients were intravenous drug abusers (14 cases). heart failure was symptomatic and lead to death in 4 cases. this study showed histological abnormalities in 76% of the cases. we observed 12 myocarditis. in 6 cases, pathogenes were found: toxoplasma gondii (2), cryptococcus neoformans (2), candida (1), aspergillus (1). a lymphocytic myocarditis was observed in 6 hearts. by immun ... | 1990 | 2257024 |
| monoclonal antibodies identify new toxoplasma gondii soluble antigens. | in order to characterize toxoplasma gondii antigens, we have produced a panel of monoclonal antibodies specific for the parasite. a total of 22 hybridomas were derived from the spleen cells of mice immunized either with a 100,000 g supernatant of a sonicate from the rh strain (called f3), or chronically infected with the wiktor or the 76k strain. except for one hybridoma producing an igm, all the hybridomas derived from mice immunized with f3 produced igg1 antibodies while those obtained from ch ... | 1990 | 2258184 |
| [acute toxoplasmosis: evaluation of a thin-layer immunoassay technic for detection of igm antibodies, anti-toxoplasma gondii]. | a solid phase method, thin-layer immunoassay (igm-tia) was standardized and evaluated for the immunodiagnosis of acute toxoplasmosis, through the detection of igm antibodies to toxoplasma gondii. a total of 300 serum samples from serologically defined acute toxoplasmosis and, from non-related infections, was investigated by igm-tia. statistical analysis were carried out in comparison with conventional tests, the immunofluorescence test for the detection of igm antibodies (igm-ifi) and hemaggluti ... | 1990 | 2259832 |
| prevalence of antibodies to toxoplasma gondii in cats, dogs and horses in sweden. | samples of serum or plasma taken during 1986 and 1987 from 244 pet cats, 303 dogs and 219 horses, randomly selected among animals referred to the animal clinics of the swedish university of agricultural sciences, were screened by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for antibodies to toxoplasma gondii. 42% of cats, 23% of dogs and 1% of horses examined were found seropositive. | 1990 | 2260515 |
| [congenital developmental anomalies of the visual system in children in our 13-year observations]. | cases of congenital anomalies of the visual system in children hospitalized in the period 1974-1986 were analyzed. together 305 cases were analyzed. the most frequently seen congenital anomaly was an unilateral or bilateral cataract (107 cases), further glaucoma (50 cases) and pathological changes caused by toxoplasma gondii (33 cases). among principal causes of these anomalies the author ++ is citing the rubella and toxoplasmosis. | 1990 | 2263034 |
| [the biological aspects of the therapy of parasitic diseases]. | specific drugs, most of them heterocyclic compounds, are leading in the therapy of parasitic infections despite their relative toxicity and potent mutagenicity. in some parasitic diseases chemotherapy is of low efficacy (hydatid and multilocular echinococcosis, african trypanosomiasis) or practically absent (american trypanosomiasis) mostly due to suppression or distortion of an immune response. methods of immunocorrection using recombinant cytokines (interleukins, interferons) or their inducers ... | 1990 | 2266897 |
| effects of pyrimidine salvage inhibitors on uracil incorporation of toxoplasma gondii. | metabolic inhibitors which act in the process of pyrimidine salvage influenced on the uracil incorporation into nucleic acids of toxoplasma. inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, pyrimethamine and methotrexate, and inhibitors of thymidylate synthase, fluoro-uridine, fluoro-dump and fluoro-uracil, diminished isotopic uracil uptake in dose-dependent manners. azauridine which suppresses de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis did not affect the salvage even in a relatively high dose. these results suggest ... | 1990 | 2271504 |
| detection of toxoplasma gondii using the polymerase chain reaction. | | 1990 | 2276504 |
| acute primary toxoplasmic hepatitis in an adult cat shedding toxoplasma gondii oocysts. | a 3-year-old 4-kg neutered male domestic shorthair cat died within 5 days after onset of fever and respiratory distress. at necropsy, all tissues were icteric, and the liver had a diffuse reticular pattern. histologically, hepatitis and encephalitis were associated with toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites. toxoplasma gondii female gamonts and oocysts were found in epithelial cells of intact villi and in epithelial cells desquamated into the lumen. finding of acute hepatitis and t gondii oocysts in an ... | 1990 | 2276958 |
| neuropathology and host-parasite relationship of acute experimental toxoplasmosis of the blue fox (alopex lagopus). | the neuropathology and host-parasite relationship of experimental infection with the rh-strain of toxoplasma gondii were studied in 27 blue foxes (alopex lagopus) aged 0 to 23 days, using light microscopy, including immunohistochemical staining, and transmission and scanning electron microscopy. all cases displayed multifocal necrotic lesions with numerous parasitic tachyzoites in the brain and spinal cord. the gray matter and the meninges were most seriously affected. although a wide variety of ... | 1990 | 2278126 |
| lesions in fetal pigs with transplacentally-induced toxoplasmosis. | two sows (nos. 1, 2) were each fed 1,000 toxoplasma gondii oocysts. sow no. 1 was fed oocysts at 60 day of gestation and was euthanatized 49 days later. sow no. 2 was fed oocysts at day 45 of gestation and euthanatized 62 days later. sow no. 1 had eight dead fetuses of which one was mummified and unsuitable for histologic study. sow no. 2 had 11 fetuses, of which four fetuses were mummified and unsuitable for histologic examination, two fetuses were dead and five were live. lesions and toxoplasm ... | 1990 | 2278129 |
| toxoplasma antigens recognized by human immunoglobulin a antibodies. | the immunoglobulin a (iga) antibody response to antigens of toxoplasma gondii during the acute and chronic stages of t. gondii infection was studied by immunoblotting with a nonreduced antigen (nra) preparation. serum samples were from individuals with acute or chronic t. gondii infection, and sequential samples were from women who seroconverted during gestation or congenitally infected infants. iga antibodies to a variety of antigens were present in sera from each of the groups, irrespective of ... | 1990 | 2279993 |
| biological activity of obiopeptide-1, a synthetic peptide derived from the native immune-regulator obioactin. | tachyzoites of toxoplasma gondii were killed in mouse macrophage and human somatic cell monolayers by a novel synthetic peptide (obiopeptide-1) which is a glycil-penta-glutaminate (gpg) derivative of native obioactin. in view of the worldwide prevalence of this protozoan disease and the lack of effective treatments, obiopeptide-1 may be a new and unique antimicrobial active substance of non-antibiotic chemotherapeutic agents for intracellular parasites, t. gondii and associated nonspecific hypoi ... | 1990 | 2280500 |
| [detection of antibodies against toxoplasma gondii in human sera in immunoblot procedures]. | proteins of toxoplasma lysate were separated by sds-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with subsequent transfer to a nitrocellulose sheet by electrophoretic blotting. patient human sera reacted predominant with protein fractions of toxoplasma antigen of 94 kd and 35 kd. human sera were tested by toxoplasma-igg elisa and immunofluorescence assay (igg-ifat, igm-ifat). | 1990 | 2284822 |
| [frequency of abortion and seroprevalence of the principal diseases causing ovine infectious abortion in the area of rabat (morocco)]. | a survey was carried out on 23 sheep flocks to estimate the frequency of abortion as well as the prevalence of antibodies against abortive infections. during the visit of each farm, a questionnaire was completed with the collaboration of the owner and blood samples were collected from all aborted ewes and some of those with normal lambing. a rate of 7% abortion was reached in both aborted and normally lambed ewes. anti-chlamydia psittaci antibodies were the most frequently detected (14 flocks). ... | 1990 | 2288452 |
| cloning, expression, and cdna sequence of surface antigen p22 from toxoplasma gondii. | immunoblot, immunofluorescence, and complement-mediated cytolytic assays revealed that two new monoclonal antibodies raised against a membrane-enriched fraction of toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites recognize protein p22 on the surface of the parasite. using these monoclonal antibodies to screen a cdna expression library in lambda gt11, several clones expressing recombinant fusion proteins were isolated. subsequent screening of the library with a synthetic oligonucleotide derived from the 5' end of o ... | 1990 | 2290448 |
| inhibition of growth of toxoplasma gondii by qinghaosu and derivatives. | the antimalarial compound qinghaosu (artemisinin) was tested in vitro for the ability to inhibit plaque formation by toxoplasma gondii in fibroblasts. qinghaosu at 0.4 microgram/ml for 5 days eliminated all plaques and microscopic foci of t. gondii. at 1.3 micrograms/ml for 14 days, qinghaosu completely eliminated t. gondii. pretreatment of host cells or t. gondii with qinghaosu had no effect on t. gondii growth. there was no apparent toxicity to human fibroblasts in long-term studies. of the si ... | 1990 | 2291661 |
| [epidemiological study of toxoplasmosis at kinshasa and in lower zaire]. | an epidemiological survey of human toxoplasmosis was carried out in urban kinshasa and in rural kwilu-ngongo (bas-zaïre). first contact with toxoplasma gondii occurred earlier in children from kinshasa, but adults aged over 30 were more often carriers of igg antibodies in kwilu-ngongo (65.5%) compared to those in kinshasa (50.2%). in zaire, nutritional diet and telluric contact seem to be very important. | 1990 | 2291694 |
| toxoplasmosis of the stomach: a cause of antral narrowing. | radiographs of the stomach showed narrowing of the antrum, caused by toxoplasmosis, in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). a biopsy specimen demonstrated numerous cysts containing toxoplasma gondii and many free trophozoites. a subsequent brain scan, obtained with computed tomography, showed multiple enhancing lesions throughout the cerebrum, cerebellum, and basal ganglia that were characteristic of toxoplasmosis. radiographic abnormalities of the stomach are not uncommon i ... | 1990 | 2296647 |
| prevalence of toxoplasmosis in swine from iowa. | of swine from 104 herds, 2,616 were tested for antibodies against toxoplasma gondii, using an elisa. data were analyzed according to swine type, herd size, facility type, and season. the true prevalence of toxoplasmosis was estimated as 5.4% among finishing swine and 11.4% among sows and gilts. herds with less than 100 breeding swine were significantly (p less than 0.05) more likely to be infected than were herds with greater than or equal to 100 breeding swine. the rate of seropositivity in bre ... | 1990 | 2298652 |
| toxoplasmosis and other causes of abortions in sheep from north central united states. | between 1983 and 1989, we examined 1,201 aborted fetuses and dead lambs from the north central united states. toxoplasmosis was diagnosed in 17.5%, campylobacteriosis in 9.9%, chlamydiosis in 4.7%, and miscellaneous infections in 15.1%. inflammatory lesions suggestive of infectious causes were seen in 13%. noninfectious causes were identified in 6.1%, and a diagnosis was not reached in 33.3%. an agglutination test was used to detect toxoplasma gondii-specific antibodies in ovine fluids. toxoplas ... | 1990 | 2298653 |
| prevalence of toxoplasma gondii antibodies in dairy goats from 1982 to 1984. | serum samples from 1,000 dairy goats from northwest united states (1982 to 1984) were examined for toxoplasma gondii antibodies by a modified agglutination test. toxoplasma gondii antibody titers were less than 1.40 for 779 goats, 1.40 for 153 goats, and greater than or equal to 1:400 for 68 goats. seroprevalence increased with age of goats; 3.7% of 54 six-month-old goats were seropositive (greater than or equal to 1:40) vs 17.8% of 218 one-year-old goats. | 1990 | 2298654 |
| acute toxoplasmosis in a camel. | a 6-year-old camel was examined because of a history of dyspnea of unknown duration. approximately 24 l of turbid fluid was drained from the pleural cavity. numerous toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites were found in macrophages in smears of the pleural fluid. high titers (1:20,000) of t gondii antibodies were found in pleural fluid. | 1990 | 2298664 |
| interaction of sulfonamide and sulfone compounds with toxoplasma gondii dihydropteroate synthase. | toxoplasma gondii is a common protozoan disease that often causes life-threatening disease, particularly among patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. this study demonstrates that the dihydropteroate synthase in t. gondii is kinetically distinct from the enzyme characterized from other sources and can be highly purified with a high yield using sequential dye-affinity chromatography. conditions have been identified that allow for stabilization of the purified enzyme, and its physica ... | 1990 | 2298911 |
| prevalence of antibody to toxoplasma gondii in the moose (alces alces americana clinton) of nova scotia, canada. | the prevalence of antibodies to toxoplasma gondii was investigated in the sera of 125 moose taken by hunters in 5 countries of nova scotia. nineteen of these sera (15%) were positive by the indirect passive hemagglutination test, with titers above 1:64. this study adds further evidence to the prevalence of antibodies to t. gondii in the wildlife, extending this evidence to eastern canada. the possibility that humans may acquire toxoplasmosis by ingesting undercooked infected meat from game anima ... | 1990 | 2299521 |
| prevalence of toxoplasma gondii antibodies in nine populations of dairy goats: compared titers using modified direct agglutination and indirect hemagglutination. | in a convenience survey of dairy goats on 9 farms in tennessee, kentucky, and georgia, 54 of 99 females were positive for antibodies to toxoplasma gondii as measured by the indirect hemagglutination test (iha). two of 9 males were also positive. positive goats were found on all farms. the percentage of positive does increased from 55% to 65% when the sera were titered a second time by modified direct agglutination (mdat). this difference was not statistically significant, indicating that both ih ... | 1990 | 2299530 |
| lethality of morphine in mice infected with toxoplasma gondii. | opiates modulate a variety of immune responses. we investigated the effect of morphine on the pathogenesis of an acute toxoplasma gondii infection. repeated s.c. injections with morphine sulfate (300 mg/kg) every 36 hr addicted mice and increased markedly the mortality of mice infected with an avirulent strain of t. gondii (86%) vs. 0% mortality in addicted and control mice, respectively, p less than .001). however, a single challenge with morphine (300 mg/kg) also markedly (p less than .001) in ... | 1990 | 2313590 |
| prevalence of toxoplasma gondii infection in man and animals in guangdong, peoples republic of china. | tissue and serum samples from animals and man in guangdong province of the peoples republic of china were examined for toxoplasma gondii infection. tissues from 519 swine, 576 rodents, 84 people, one cat and two dogs were bioassayed in mice. t. gondii was isolated from 13 pools of swine tissues, but not from any other hosts. serum samples from animals and man were examined at 1:64 dilution in the indirect hemagglutination test. antibodies to t. gondii were found in 10.4% of 816 pigs, 0.9% of 955 ... | 1990 | 2316181 |
| animal exposures and antibodies to toxoplasma gondii in a university population. | to determine the risk of toxoplasma infection to individuals exposed to cats in a research institution, we compared the prevalence of toxoplasma antibodies with exposure to cats in university employees. of 116 employees tested, 42 (36 percent) had toxoplasma antibodies as determined by the indirect fluorescent antibody test. women and individuals aged 35 years or more had a greater prevalence of antibodies. the antibody prevalence by occupation was 72.1 percent for physicians and those with doct ... | 1990 | 2316501 |
| absence of relationship between toxoplasma gondii antibodies and blood group in pregnant women in france. | | 1990 | 2318221 |
| microbiostatic effect of murine-activated macrophages for toxoplasma gondii. role for synthesis of inorganic nitrogen oxides from l-arginine. | recent studies show the importance of a single amino acid, l-arginine, as a necessary substrate for activated macrophage-mediated cytotoxic activity for tumor target cells and microbiostatic function for cryptococcus neoformans. the present studies were carried out to determine the role of the l-arginine-dependent macrophage effector function on the microbiostatic effects of activated macrophages on the obligate intracellular protozoan, toxoplasma gondii. a guanidino methylated derivative of l-a ... | 1990 | 2319133 |
| effect of high temperature on infectivity of toxoplasma gondii tissue cysts in pork. | to study the effect of high temperature on infectivity of toxoplasma gondii tissue cysts, pork from infected pigs was mixed with infected mouse brains and homogenized thoroughly. twenty-gram samples of infected homogenized meat were sealed in plastic pouches, pressed to a uniform thickness of 2 mm, and subjected to water-bath temperatures of 49, 52, 55, 58, 61, 64, and 67 c for 0.01, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48, and 96 min. treated samples were digested in hcl-pepsin solution and bioassayed in mice. tox ... | 1990 | 2319420 |
| fatal toxoplasmosis in koalas (phascolarctos cinereus). | toxoplasma gondii-like organisms were seen in the heart, kidney, liver, lung, lymph node, spleen, small intestine, and stomach from 2 koalas that died suddenly in a fauna park in sydney, australia. diagnosis was confirmed by immunohistochemical staining. this is the first confirmed report of toxoplasmosis in an arboreal marsupial. | 1990 | 2319430 |
| effect of extracellular ions on motility and cell entry in toxoplasma gondii. | toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites were quiescent in mouse peritoneal fluid or in k2so4 buffer at ph 8.2. they became consistently motile when k+ was replaced by other monovalent or divalent cations at a constant ph (ph = 8.2). they also became motile when cl- was substituted for so4(2-). nitrate or scn-, can also be substituted for cl- to a certain extent. tachyzoites showed independent movement for more than 15 min in kcl, and for about 5 min in the other buffers at ph 8.2 after which they were exh ... | 1990 | 2319489 |
| antibodies to toxoplasma gondii from domestic animals in malaysia. | | 1990 | 2321262 |
| antibody responses to toxoplasma gondii in sera, intestinal secretions, and milk from orally infected mice and characterization of target antigens. | toxoplasma gondii-specific antibody responses in serum, intestinal secretions, and milk were identified with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay following a single oral infection of mice with strain 76k cysts of t. gondii. immunoglobulin a (iga) production began during week 2 of infection in serum and milk and during week 3 of infection in intestinal secretions and persisted in all three throughout the experiment (17 weeks). igg but not igm antibodies were detected in intestinal secretions late ... | 1990 | 2323815 |
| [lack of development of anti-toxoplasma gondii igg antibodies in an hiv-positive pregnant woman with positive anti-toxoplasma igm]. | | 1990 | 2329876 |
| toxoplasma gondii. | toxoplasmosis encompasses a variety of clinical conditions. serious sequelae are seen in congenital toxoplasmosis and in infections of the immunocompromised host. in the former, prevention of maternal acquisition of toxoplasmosis during pregnancy is paramount. infection in the compromised host often presents with neurologic abnormalities. unfortunately, the hiv syndrome itself or other opportunistic infections can present in a similar manner. often, empiric treatment for toxoplasmosis is begun b ... | 1990 | 2332605 |
| acute disseminated toxoplasmosis in a red fox (vulpes vulpes). | a red fox (vulpes vulpes) with signs of neurological disease was captured in fairmount park, philadelphia, pennsylvania (usa). the animal died in captivity and was examined because of suspected rabies. the liver had pale foci up to 4 mm in diameter. foci of necrosis were associated with toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites in several organs including liver, lungs and adrenal glands. rabies antigen and distemper virus inclusions were not detected. the diagnosis of acute disseminated toxoplasmosis was co ... | 1990 | 2338735 |
| natural immunoglobulin m antibodies against toxoplasma gondii during pregnancy. | | 1990 | 2339748 |
| polymerase chain reaction for detection of toxoplasma gondii. | a dna-based assay has been developed for the detection of toxoplasma gondii. the assay makes use of the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) to amplify part of the p30 gene on the parasite's dna. following gel electrophoresis, the amplified dna can be detected either directly on the gel or by southern hybridisation with radioactive or non-radioactive dna probes. the assay has been used to detect the dna from different isolates of t. gondii in a background of human or mouse dna. together with other in ... | 1990 | 2342084 |
| 'clover leaf' nuclei in atypical lymphocytes during acute toxoplasma gondii infection. | | 1990 | 2344711 |
| dung beetles, onthophagus spp., as potential transport hosts of feline coccidia. | cockroaches and filth-flies have been known to be transport hosts of toxoplasma gondii but the role of dung beetles as the carrier of coccidian oocysts is not known. we attempted to clarify the role of dung beetles (onthophagus spp.) as the transport host of feline coccidia including toxoplasma. toxoplasma oocysts were found in the feces of the beetles until day 3 after the insects were exposed to cat feces mixed with the oocysts. furthermore, oocysts on the body surface of beetles were not easi ... | 1990 | 2348594 |
| internalization of surface anionic sites and phagosome-lysosome fusion during interaction of toxoplasma gondii with macrophages. | the participation of cell surface anionic sites on the interaction between tachyzoites of toxoplasma gondii and macrophages and the process of phagosome-lysosome fusion were analyzed using cationized ferritin as a marker of cell surface anionic sites and albumin-colloidal gold as a marker for secondary lysosomes. incubation of either the macrophages or the parasites with cationized ferritin before the interaction increased the ingestion of parasites by macrophages. anionic sites of the macrophag ... | 1990 | 2351151 |
| protection of toxoplasma gondii-infected mice by stearylamine-bearing liposomes. | the cytotoxic activity of stearylamine-bearing liposomes against toxoplasma gondii (rh strain) was examined. when tachyzoites were treated in vitro with liposomes consisting of 20 mol% stearylamine and 80 mol% phosphatidylcholine (130 micrograms/ml total lipids), more than 95% of the parasites were killed within 90 min. intraperitoneal injection of 10 mg of 30 mol% stearylamine/70 mol% phosphatidylcholine-liposomes in mice shortly before or after t. gondii challenge afforded protection from deat ... | 1990 | 2352064 |
| induction of tolerance to toxoplasma gondii in newborn mice by maternal antibody. | to develop an animal model for analysing the suppressed immune response to toxoplasma gondii in newborn humans with congenital toxoplasmosis, newborn mice from chronically infected mothers were inoculated intraperitoneally with bradyzoites of an avirulent strain. the newborn mice with maternal toxoplasma antibodies showed a marked delay in the production of toxoplasma antibodies when infected after birth. many mice (11/13; 85%) developed a state of tolerance to t. gondii after disappearance of t ... | 1990 | 2352919 |
| characterization of dihydrofolate reductase of pneumocystis carinii and toxoplasma gondii. | pneumocystis carinii and toxoplasma gondii are opportunistic pathogens of immunosuppressed patients that are susceptible to therapy with inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr). the dhfr of these two organisms was characterized to facilitate the identification of more selective inhibitors. similar to all reported protozoa, t. gondii has a bifunctional enzyme, of 120,000 da, that possesses both dhfr and thymidylate synthase (ts) activity. unexpectedly, p. carinii dhfr activity was present on ... | 1990 | 2354716 |
| [toxoplasmosis of the central nervous system in immunodepressed patients. our experience]. | seven patients carriers of a disease capable of provoking immunodeficiency (six of them suffering aids and one case of hodgkin type lymphoma) are reported. all of them presented neurological complications consisting of toxoplasma gondii infection of the central nervous system. we summarize their evolution and the diagnostic and therapeutical approaches. | 1990 | 2356349 |
| concentrations of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole in cerebrospinal fluid and serum in mares with and without a dimethyl sulfoxide pretreatment. | each of seven mares was given an intravenous (iv) injection of 40% dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso) at a dosage of 1 g/kg, over 35 min, immediately followed by a single iv injection of a trimethoprim (tmp) and sulfamethoxazole (smz) combination (smz 83%, tmp 17%) at a combined dosage of 44 mg/kg (7.48 mg/kg tmp; 36.52 mg/kg smz). each horse served as its own control and was alternately treated with an identical dose of tmp-smz treatment alone at least seven days following or preceding the dmso and tmp- ... | 1990 | 2357657 |
| in vitro and in vivo effects of doxycycline on toxoplasma gondii. | we investigated the effects of doxycycline on toxoplasma gondii infections in vitro and in vivo. resident peritoneal macrophages were infected with the virulent rh strain of t. gondii and exposed to doxycycline at different concentrations. the antitoxoplasmic activity of doxycycline was first assessed with [3h]uracil, which is incorporated by the parasite but not the host cell. the concentration of doxycycline that inhibited 50% of the radioactive uptake was calculated to be 6.4 micrograms/ml (9 ... | 1990 | 2360817 |
| detection and characterization of circulating antigens in acute experimental infections of mice with four different strains of toxoplasma gondii. | acute infections with four different strains of toxoplasma gondii, all of them being highly pathogenic for mice, were provoked by intraperitoneal injection of 2.2 x 10(7) trophozoites. the times of the appearance of circulating antigens in the sera of the infected mice were determined and the amounts of these antigens were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. the molecular weight of the circulating antigens was determined by gel filtration and by western blot following page. the iso ... | 1990 | 2360970 |
| parasitic infections in hiv patients in austria: first results of a long-term study. | in the course of a long-term study of parasitic infections among hiv-infected persons in austria during the period from november 1985 until may 1989, 618 persons infected with hiv (including 270 hospitalized patients, most of them with severe symptoms of aids) were examined. 58% of all persons had antibodies against toxoplasma gondii. the incidence of clinically overt toxoplasmosis was about 20% in the 167 hospitalized persons infected with the parasite. in 29% of 68 patients with suspected pneu ... | 1990 | 2360972 |
| prevalence of toxoplasma gondii antibodies in gravidas and recently aborted women and study of risk factors. | two hundred seventeen parturients and eighty six recent aborters were screened for igm and igg toxoplasma antibodies. age, profession, educational level, residence (urban/rural), presence of cat and other domestic animals were recorded for each subject. none of the subjects was igm-positive. prevalence of igg positivity was 52.3% in the parturients and 50.2% in the recently aborted women. none of the personal or social characteristics investigated could be related to igg positivity. however, the ... | 1990 | 2361547 |
| serologic investigations in a new york city cohort of parenteral drug users. | human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection continues to be a major health problem for society. intravenous drug users are the second largest risk group for hiv infection. the disease primarily affects immunologic functioning. this study examined the inherent immunologic dysfunction by measuring the seroprevalence of infection against pathogens often associated with hiv infection. additionally, chi square analysis was used to compare intravenous drug users with a non-drug-using control group to ... | 1990 | 2362296 |
| identification of the dominant cyst antigens of toxoplasma gondii. | brain cysts from three strains of toxoplasma gondii were purified and analysed by sds-page and immunoblotting. western blot analysis revealed the presence of major cyst/bradyzoite antigens at mr 25,000, 36,000 and 67,000 common to all strains and recognized by many individual sera. there was also evidence of strain variation in cyst antigens with, for example, antigens at mr 88,000, 28,000 and 26,000 unique to the 17025 strain. there was some overlap in the molecular weight of cyst and tachyzoit ... | 1990 | 2362765 |
| toxoplasma gondii pneumonia in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. | to perform a retrospective and descriptive study of toxoplasma gondii pneumonia in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). clinical presentation, diagnostic procedures, results of therapy, and hypotheses on pathophysiology are discussed. | 1990 | 2368769 |
| isotypic profiles of antibody responses to toxoplasma gondii infection in rats and mice: kinetic study and characterization of target antigens of immunoglobulin a antibodies. | the antibody responses to toxoplasma gondii were investigated in rat and mouse experimental models. the immunoglobulin a (iga) antibody response was of particular interest because acquisition of toxoplasma gondii is usually by the oral route. the rat model was used because the natural resistance of rats to the parasite is similar to the natural resistance exhibited by adult humans. there was an early and simultaneous rise in iga and igm antibody responses. the iga antibody response was maximal a ... | 1990 | 2370101 |
| infection of mice with neospora caninum (protozoa: apicomplexa) does not protect against challenge with toxoplasma gondii. | neospora caninum and toxoplasma gondii are structurally related protozoal parasites of mammals that may cause abortion and neonatal morbidity and mortality. groups of mice were subcutaneously inoculated with 10(5) live zoites of the nc-1 or nc-3 isolates of n. caninum and reinoculated with an identical number of live zoites 2 weeks later. groups of mice which were injected subcutaneously with hanks balanced salt solution served as controls. three weeks after the final n. caninum inoculation, one ... | 1990 | 2370115 |
| simultaneous diagnosis of toxoplasmosis in goats and goatowner's family. | four out of 6 goats from a small british goat herd gave birth to weak or stillborn kids. all were seropositive for toxoplasma gondii. the parasite was isolated from the tissues of one kid and the milk of one goat. concurrently, one of the goatowner's sons developed a mononucleosis-like illness with serological evidence of current toxoplasma infection. investigation of the family showed past infection in the other son, but both parents were seronegative. the source of infection for both boys appe ... | 1990 | 2371548 |
| [effects of cotrimoxazole on some macrophage functions: microbicide, tumoricide, production of free oxygen radicals, prostaglandins and leukotrienes]. | in order to demonstrate an immunomodulating effect of cotrimoxazole, we investigated its influence on some macrophage (m phi) functions in culture: p815 tumor cells killing, toxoplasma gondii killing, production of free oxygen radicals by luminol-dependent chemiluminescence, prostaglandins and leukotrienes secretion evaluated after incorporation of tritiated arachidonic acid. in vitro, cotrimoxazole inhibited in a dose-dependent fashion the chemiluminescence of murine resident peritoneal or guin ... | 1990 | 2377390 |
| toxoplasma gondii antibodies in common barn-owls (tyto alba) and pigeons (columba livia) in new jersey. | in southwestern new jersey during 1986 and 1987, common barn-owls and pigeons were captured on farmsteads and tested for toxoplasma gondii antibodies by a modified direct agglutination test. in 1986, 3/28 (10.7%) adult and 0/124 nestling owls tested positive at titers of greater than or equal to 1:40. additionally, 2/34 (5.9%) pigeons tested had t. gondii antibodies at titer of 1:320. in 1987, 9/38 (27.3%) adult and 18/80 (22.5%) nestling owls tested positive at titers of greater than or equal t ... | 1990 | 2382386 |
| successful therapy for toxoplasma gondii myocarditis in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. | | 1990 | 2382625 |
| diagnosis of transplacentally induced toxoplasmosis in pigs. | seventeen sows were fed 1,000 toxoplasma gondii oocysts of isolates gt-1 or pt-1 at 32 to 92 days of gestation, and the products of conception were examined for t gondii antibodies and parasites. twelve of these sows were euthanatized near term between 21 and 62 days after being fed t gondii; fetal body fluids or fetal sera were examined for agglutinating t gondii antibodies, and tissues were bioassayed in mice for t gondii parasites. six sows produced pigs that had been transplacentally infecte ... | 1990 | 2386331 |
| toxoplasma gondii serology in hiv-infected patients: the development of central nervous system toxoplasmosis in aids. | central nervous system (cns) toxoplasmosis is an important infectious complication of aids which requires prolonged treatment. most cases occur in patients with serologic evidence of prior exposure and therefore appear to result from reactivation of a previously acquired infection. antibody to toxoplasma gondii was found in 130 out of 411 patients with aids (32%). of these, cns toxoplasmosis developed in 31 (24%). by survival analysis, the estimated probability of ever developing cns infection i ... | 1990 | 2386617 |
| treatment of toxoplasmic encephalitis in mice with recombinant gamma interferon. | the effect of exogenous gamma interferon (ifn-gamma) on toxoplasmic encephalitis in a murine model was evaluated. the brains of cba/ca mice chronically infected with the me49 strain of toxoplasma gondii have a remarkable inflammatory cell infiltrate. intravenous administration of six doses (5 x 10(5) u each) of recombinant ifn-gamma (rifn-gamma) resulted in a remarkable decrease in numbers and foci of inflammatory cells in murine brain parenchyma and perivascular areas 1 day after the last injec ... | 1990 | 2387632 |
| toxoplasmosis in atlantic bottle-nosed dolphins (tursiops truncatus). | a female atlantic bottle-nosed dolphin (tursiops truncatus) and her calf were found beached on picnic island in tampa bay, florida, usa. despite therapy the animals died. necropsy revealed severe pneumonia and lymphadenopathy in the mother and the calf, gastric ulcers and infection with the stomach digenean braunina cordiformis in the mother, and a large, pale liver in the calf. toxoplasma gondii was identified by light and electron microscopy and by immunohistochemistry in tissues of both anima ... | 1990 | 2388360 |
| prevalence of toxoplasma gondii antibodies in dingoes. | serum samples from 62 dingoes (canis familiaris dingo) trapped in five areas of southeastern new south wales, australia were tested for antibodies to toxoplasma gondii. six (10%) of the dingoes had direct agglutination test titers for t. gondii of greater than or equal to 1:64, and four of these animals had t. gondii-specific igm, suggesting recent exposure. | 1990 | 2388361 |
| a fast and easy method to determine the production of reactive oxygen intermediates by human and murine phagocytes using dihydrorhodamine 123. | analysis of the functional activity of phagocytes is of great importance in the differential diagnosis of patients with recurrent bacterial infections. here we describe a method to determine the production of reactive oxygen intermediates (roi) by microcytofluorometry using dihydrorhodamine 123, a derivative of rhodamine 123. using this method the roi production of erythrocyte-depleted whole blood samples can be measured without further time-consuming purification steps. possible harmful manipul ... | 1990 | 2391431 |
| experimental feline toxoplasmosis: humoral immune responses of cats inoculated orally with toxoplasma gondii cysts and oocysts. | | 1990 | 2391788 |
| effects of immobilization stress on the pathogenesis of acute murine toxoplasmosis. | stress modulates a variety of immune responses. we investigated the effects of immobilization stress on the pathogenesis of acute murine toxoplasmosis, an infection in which cell-mediated immunity is of major importance in host defense. repetitive overnight immobilization beginning 3 days prior to infection enhanced (p less than 0.05) the mortality of mice infected with a virulent strain (c56) of toxoplasma gondii (77% vs 15% mortality in restrained and control mice, respectively). daily immobil ... | 1990 | 2393725 |
| antitoxoplasma antibody in clinically suspected cases of human toxoplasmosis. | (1) seventy sera from a variety of patients suffering from different diseases suspected to be caused by toxoplasma gondii infection and forty from non-toxoplasmic hospital cases and laboratory and hospital staff were collected. (2) antitoxoplasma antibody was detected in those sera by indirect haemagglutination test (iha test) and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). (3) twenty one (30%) sera out of 70 test samples and 2 (5%) out of 40 control samples were positive by elisa test. with iha ... | 1990 | 2397947 |
| toxoplasmic myelitis in aids: gadolinium-enhanced mr. | an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) patient developed acute symptoms suggestive of a lower spinal cord lesion. magnetic resonance imaging was performed and demonstrated an enhancing lesion of the conus medullaris. surgical biopsy revealed toxoplasma gondii. disease processes involving the spinal cord in aids patients are reviewed and differential diagnosis for the lesion in this patient is discussed. | 1990 | 2398166 |
| evidence of toxoplasma gondii in an equine placenta. | | 1990 | 2402868 |
| differences in microbicidal activities of human macrophages against toxoplasma gondii and trypanosoma cruzi. | the microbicidal activities of normal human pelvic macrophages against infection by the intracellular protozoa toxoplasma gondii and trypanosoma cruzi were examined. macrophages allowed infection by t. gondii and yet possessed remarkable microbicidal activity against this organism. in contrast, human macrophages were not microbicidal against t. cruzi. | 1990 | 2403533 |
| toxoplasma gondii infections in wildlife. | | 1990 | 2404927 |
| cerebral toxoplasmosis in patients with aids. | toxoplasma gondii, a previously rare cause of central nervous system infection, has become a major cause of encephalitis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. the diagnosis of cerebral toxoplasmosis should be kept in mind when neurologic signs and symptoms develop in patients with aids. patients with positive serology and characteristic lesions on computed tomographic scans should receive two weeks of antitoxoplasma therapy. biopsy is recommended for patients with atypical present ... | 1990 | 2407076 |
| major surface protein of toxoplasma gondii (p30) contains an immunodominant region with repetitive epitopes. | four monoclonal antibodies (mab) against surface antigens of tachyzoites of toxoplasma gondii were produced. immunoprecipitation of extracts of 125i-labeled tachyzoites identified the same polypeptide with apparent molecular weight of 30 000 (p30). a competition binding assay indicated that a single region of p30 was recognized by all 4 of the mab. furthermore, we found that single mab inhibited 25-50% of the specific binding of antibodies of patients with toxoplasmosis to the antigenic extract ... | 1985 | 2408905 |
| detection of specific igg and igm antibodies to toxoplasma gondii with a commercially available enzyme immunoassay kit system. | a total of 138 serum samples submitted for toxoplasma serology have been examined by enzyme immunoassay using kits produced by labsystems oy for the detection of specific antibodies of the igg and igm class. results were compared with the dye test, an indirect haemagglutination test, and an indirect immunofluorescence test for specific igm. the enzyme immunoassay was less sensitive than the dye test, but by running both igg and igm enzyme immunoassays, 92.4% sensitivity was achieved. the specifi ... | 1985 | 2409116 |
| antigen-specific lymphocyte transformation in congenital toxoplasmosis. | secreted (tsa) and water lysed antigens (wla) derived from cell culture of the rh strain of toxoplasma gondii have been used to induce antigen-specific mitogenesis of lymphocytes from children with congenital toxoplasmosis. responsiveness to wla was variable, with all patients giving false negative results. responses to tsa, however, were highly specific, with no false negatives. this increased specificity was not due to an increased response to tsa (p less than 0.001), but a lower tsa response ... | 1985 | 2411653 |
| recognition of different toxoplasma antigens by igm and igg antibodies in mothers and their congenitally infected newborns. | the protein-blotting technique was used to determine the antigens of toxoplasma gondii that were recognized by igg and igm antibodies in sera of congenitally infected newborns and their mothers. patterns of igg and igm blots with sera from newborns revealed antigen-antibody reactions (bands) that were not present in the respective blots obtained with sera from their mothers. this was true for 50% of 24 congenitally infected newborns. in contrast, such a difference was noted in only one (5%) of 2 ... | 1985 | 2413141 |
| serodiagnosis of toxoplasma infection using a purified parasite protein (p30). | the major surface protein (p30) of toxoplasma gondii has been purified by immunoabsorption with anti-p30 monoclonal antibodies linked to a glutardialdehyde activated affinity absorbant. sds-page analysis of the eluted material followed by silver staining showed only a single band of 30,000 mol wt. western blotting using antibodies from a rabbit immunized with purified p30 against the total toxoplasma extract separated by sds-page again revealed an unique antigen of 30,000 daltons. the presence o ... | 1985 | 2417762 |
| congenital toxoplasmic myocarditis: case report of an unusual presentation. | extensive calcification of the heart, involving predominantly the right ventricle and interventricular septum, was observed in a 3-h-old baby. the aetiology of the condition was attributed to infection by toxoplasma gondii, based on the presence of several visceral lesions allied to the identification of the microorganism. the case is reported in view of the rarity of the type of the heart lesion. it is considered that calcification of the myocardium is secondary to vascular, inflammatory or tox ... | 1985 | 2418775 |
| changes in brain concentrations of catecholamines and indoleamines in toxoplasma gondii infected mice. | brain concentrations of dopamine, homovanillic acid, norepinephrine, serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid were measured in mice with acute and chronic, adult-acquired toxoplasmosis. mice with acute infections showed a 40% rise in homovanillic acid levels as compared with controls; dopamine levels, however, remained unchanged. norepinephrine levels in this group were 28% lower than in controls. dopamine levels were 14% higher in the mice with chronic infections than controls. serotonin and 5- ... | 1985 | 2420295 |
| characterization and in vitro translation of toxoplasma gondii ribonucleic acid. | rna was extracted from purified tachyzoites of toxoplasma gondii (rh strain) by sequential centrifugation in guanidine hydrochloride, urea, and lithium chloride. the subunits of the rna were characterized by denaturing and non-denaturing electrophoresis in agarose gels. poly(a)+-rna, purified by oligo(dt)-cellulose affinity chromatography, was translated in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate assay and the products were immunoprecipitated with an experimentally infected mouse serum and a naturally infe ... | 1986 | 2421163 |
| the effect of transfer factor on lymph node morphology in murine toxoplasmosis. | mice were infected intraperitoneally with a low virulence strain of toxoplasma gondii (to) and transfer factor (tf) was prepared from the spleens of infected (tft) and uninfected control mice (tfc). three experimental groups of 12 mice were given either saline, tfc or tft, by intraperitoneal injection. after 24 h half of each group of these animals were infected by intraperitoneal injection of to cysts. in three separate experiments animals were killed at 11, 28 and 35 days and the flank and axi ... | 1986 | 2423107 |
| characterization of an indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase induced by gamma-interferon in cultured human fibroblasts. | we have previously observed that gamma-interferon (ifn-gamma) inhibited the growth of the intracellular protozoan parasite toxoplasma gondii in cultured human fibroblasts and that this inhibition was related to the disappearance of tryptophan from the medium with the concomitant appearance of kynurenine and n-formylkynurenine. in this report, we show that ifn-gamma induced an indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in human fibroblasts that converts tryptophan to n-formylkynurenine. the induction of this en ... | 1986 | 2427623 |
| the surface charge of toxoplasma gondii: a cytochemical and electrophoretic study. | the surface charge of toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites was evaluated by means of binding of colloidal iron hydroxide particles at ph 1.8, cationized ferritin particles at ph 7.2 and ruthenium red to the cell surface, as visualized by electron microscopy and by direct measurements of the electrophoretic mobility (epm) of the cells suspended in solutions of different ionic strength and ph. at ph 7.2, t. gondii has a negative surface charge with a mean epm of--1.1272 +/- 0.0917 micron.s-1 x v-1 x cm. ... | 1986 | 2431157 |
| purification and characterization of toxoplasma gondii tachyzoite dna. | toxoplasma gondii dna from rh strain tachyzoites was purified from contaminating murine dna by isopycnic density gradient ultracentrifugation in cscl containing the fluorescent dye hoechst 33258. quantitative hybridization studies with dna from uninfected mice and dna extracted from oocysts of the me49 strain of t. gondii confirmed that rh strain dna could be obtained at least 90% pure with a high recovery. preliminary characterization studies on such purified dna showed that it had a g + c cont ... | 1986 | 2431672 |
| detection of microtubules of the flagellate trichomonas vaginalis by monoclonal antibodies specific for beta-tubulin. | monoclonal antibodies specific for mammalian beta-tubulin recognized the microtubule cytoskeleton of the flagellated protozoon trichomonas vaginalis. of seven antibodies, two demonstrated the axostyle, costa, recurrent flagellum, and anterior flagella by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy. the remaining five stained a hazy reticular pattern in the cytoplasm of formaldehydefixed, detergent-extracted organisms. western immunoblots of whole t. vaginalis extracts treated with protease inhibitors ... | 1986 | 2432269 |
| the immunodominant epitope of the major membrane tachyzoite protein (p30) of toxoplasma gondii. | several physicochemical characteristics of the repeated epitope of the major surface protein (p30) of toxoplasma gondii were investigated with an anti-p30 mab by two different methods: a one-site/inhibition assay that detects molecules containing single or multiple epitopes and a two-site/one antibody radiometric assay that is only effective with antigenic molecules containing two or more identical epitopes. using both techniques, the repeated epitope within purified p30 was stable after 1 h at ... | 1986 | 2433673 |
| diagnosis of central nervous system toxoplasma gondii from the cerebrospinal fluid in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. | the cytologic diagnosis of central nervous system (cns) toxoplasma gondii was established from the cerebrospinal fluid (csf) in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) who presented with obstructive hydrocephalus and progressive obtundation. free extracellular tachyzoites, phagocytized tachyzoites, and cyst forms were identified with wright staining of cytocentrifuge preparations. diagnosis was confirmed with indirect immunofluorescent antibody studies. initial csf examination w ... | 1987 | 2439268 |
| immune response to toxoplasma gondii--alteration of antigen specificity of peripheral blood leukocyte proliferative responses in acute toxoplasmosis. | ultrasonicated toxoplasma gondii (rh strain) tachyzoite extract was chromatographed on sephadex g-200, and one main peak (93,000 m.w.) and three small peaks (greater than 160,000 m.w., 110,000 m.w., and 20,000 m.w.) were eluted. toxoplasma-specific proliferative t cell responses of peripheral blood leukocytes (pbl) from a patient with acute toxoplasmosis caused by accidental injection of tachyzoites of the protozoa were sequentially examined by using these fractioned antigens. as early as one we ... | 1987 | 2441234 |
| recognition by the human immune system of candidate vaccine epitopes of toxoplasma gondii measured by a competitive elisa. | a competitive elisa for the detection of human antibody to specific candidate vaccine epitopes of toxoplasma gondii is described. the method is based on competition between antibody in human serum and murine monoclonal antibody to bind to a crude sonicated antigen of t. gondii. a total of 301 normal human sera were tested against a panel of four anti-t. gondii murine monoclonal antibodies. the results obtained with two of the monoclonal antibodies (fmc 22 and fmc 23) gave good agreement with tho ... | 1987 | 2445119 |
| western blot analysis of the antibody response of patients with aids and toxoplasma encephalitis: antigenic diversity among toxoplasma strains. | we used immunoblotting to ascertain if toxoplasma encephalitis in disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) could be diagnosed by the appearance of characteristic antibodies recognizing specific toxoplasma antigens. the profile of antibodies to toxoplasma was examined in human serum and cerebrospinal fluid from patients with chronic and acute toxoplasmosis with or without hiv infection. many toxoplasma antigens were recognized by all sera; the majority were presumably surface prot ... | 1988 | 2447201 |
| phagosome-lysosome fusion in p388d1 macrophages infected with histoplasma capsulatum. | the issue of whether or not phagocytized histoplasma capsulatum yeasts evade phagosome-lysosome fusion (p-lf) has been debated by several investigators. to resolve this problem, yet avoid drawbacks associated with the conventional assays of p-lf (electron microscopy and the acridine orange assay), we used fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled dextran (fitc-dextran) to monitor p-lf in the macrophage-like cell line p388d1.d2. controls indicated that fitc-dextran could be used to distinguish between e ... | 1988 | 2454277 |
| human immunodeficiency virus infection in childhood. | acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is associated with considerable morbidity in infants and children. it is caused by human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) which can be transmitted vertically from mother to infant early in pregnancy. transmission might also occur via breast milk. although the exact transmission rate of hiv from mother to infant is not known, hiv can become a major threat to child survival. this threat is already present in africa where high seroprevalences have been reported among ... | 1988 | 2456715 |
| induction of antigen-specific parasiticidal cytotoxic t cell splenocytes by a major membrane protein (p30) of toxoplasma gondii. | infection with toxoplasma gondii has become a major cause of morbidity in patients with aids. to investigate the mechanisms responsible for immune responses to toxoplasma ag we used a highly purified membrane protein (p30) of t. gondii to stimulate an in vitro ag-specific cytotoxic t cell response. p30 immune mouse splenocytes reduced extracellular t. gondii plaque-forming units by more than 50% when incubated at an e/t ratio of 10:1 or greater. by using a [3h]uracil radioisotope release assay, ... | 1988 | 2460541 |
| isoenzymic characterization of seven strains of toxoplasma gondii by isoelectrofocusing in polyacrylamide gels. | toxoplasma gondii strains are usually defined by biological parameters such as pathogenicity in mice. a characterization of toxoplasma strains by biochemical techniques has not been reported. in this study, extracts of tachyzoites of 7 toxoplasma strains were compared on the basis of their isoenzyme patterns for 39 enzymes by means of isoelectrofocusing in polyacrylamide gels. eighteen enzymes gave clear and reproducible bands. of these, 14 had identical electrophoretic patterns for all strains. ... | 1988 | 2462794 |
| toxoplasma gondii: characterization of monoclonal antibodies that recognize rhoptries. | we have previously reported on a series of monoclonal antibodies that recognize the rhoptries of toxoplasma gondii and that interfere with the action of penetration enhancing factor. the antibodies immunoprecipitate several related antigens from [35s]methionine-labeled parasites that range in size from 60 to 43 kda. by immunoblot, one of the antibodies reacts with the 60 kda protein in the presence of protease inhibitors. trypsin digestion of the antigen destroyed antigenic reactivity indicating ... | 1989 | 2465173 |
| two cases of acquired toxoplasmic lymphadenitis. light and electron microscopic and immunohistochemical studies. | we report two cases of acquired toxoplasmic lymphadenitis, one with toxoplasmic cysts and the organisms of toxoplasma gondii and the other with the organisms only. these cysts and organisms were observed in paraffin-embedded sections, touch smears and ultrathin sections for electron microscopy. touch smears were especially valuable for the quick and accurate diagnosis of toxoplasmic lymphadenitis. we also studied immature sinus histiocytosis (ish) in these cases. the predominant cells of ish wer ... | 1988 | 2467513 |