| survey on equine cryptosporidiosis in poland and the possibility of zoonotic transmission. | the present study was undertaken to investigate the prevalence of cryptosporidium infection in horses used for recreational riding as well as in humans. a total of 106 faecal specimens from horses raised in 4 localities of western poland and 6 stool samples from 3 persons who had constant or sporadic contact with horses were screened microscopically for oocysts using modified ziehl-neelsen staining. enzyme immunoassay (eia) was additionally used for the detection of coproantigen in human stool s ... | 1999 | 10607998 |
| antimicrobial activity of polycationic peptides. | the in vitro activity of six polycationic peptides, buforin ii, cecropin p1, indolicidin, magainin ii, nisin, and ranalexin, were evaluated against several clinical isolates of gram-positive and gram-negative aerobic bacteria, yeasts, pneumocystis carinii and cryptosporidium parvum, by using microbroth dilution methods. the peptides exhibited different antibacterial activities and rapid time-dependent killing. the gram-negative organisms were more susceptible to buforin ii and cecropin p1, where ... | 1999 | 10612440 |
| association of herd composition, stocking rate, and duration of calving season with fecal shedding of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in beef herds. | to evaluate the association of herd demographics, parturition variables, stocking rate, and rotational grazing practices with the probability of fecal shedding of cryptosporidium parvum from beef cow-calf herds in california. | 1999 | 10613218 |
| in vitro anticryptosporidial activity of ranalexin alone and in combination with other peptides and with hydrophobic antibiotics. | the in vitro activity of ranalexin alone and in combination with other cationic peptides, macrolides, rifampin, and rifabutin was investigated against a clinical isolate of cryptosporidium parvum. susceptibility tests were performed by inoculation of the isolate onto cell monolayers and determining the parasite count after 48 h of incubation at 37 degrees c. antibiotic-free cultures were used as controls in the study. ranalexin showed low anticryptosporidial activity: it suppressed the growth of ... | 1999 | 10614961 |
| comparison of animal infectivity and nucleic acid staining for assessment of cryptosporidium parvum viability in water. | cryptosporidium parvum oocysts were stained with the fluorogenic dyes syto-9 and syto-59 and sorted by flow cytometry in order to determine whether the fluorescent staining intensity correlated with the ability of oocysts to infect neonatal cd-1 mice. oocysts that did not fluoresce or that displayed weak fluorescent intensity when stained with syto-9 or syto-59 readily established infections in mice, whereas those oocysts that fluoresced brightly did not. although fluorescent staining profiles v ... | 2000 | 10618255 |
| opportunistic infections caused by protozoan parasites. | parasitic protozoa have played a major role in the discovery of the hiv epidemic. it was the occurrence of clustered cases of pneumocystis pneumonia which caught the attention of the epidemiologists indicating that something unusual was going on. very recently remarkable progress was made in understanding the epidemiology. knowledge is evolving that pneumocystis is host-specific to an extent which seems to justify species rank for the cause of death in aids patients for many years. toxoplasma go ... | 1998 | 10622619 |
| detection of cryptosporidium parvum in human feces by pcr. | c. parvum has a high pathologic potential also for man, especially for immununosuppressed patients. the microscopic detection of cysts in feces is neither easy nor always reliable. during the recent years, considerable progress has been achieved in establishing pcr-based approaches for i) sensitive detection of c. parvum in a variety of specimen types [3, 9-16, 18, 21, 24, 25, 27, 29-32, 34], ii) identification of individual genotypes of c. parvum [2, 4-7, 17, 19, 20, 22, 23, 26, 28, 33] and iii ... | 1998 | 10622627 |
| effect of salinity, temperature and storage time on mouse experimental infection by cryptosporidium parvum. | cryptosporidium parvum oocysts collected from a naturally infected calf were exposed to different salinity and temperature for 2, 21 and 40 days, and then inoculated intragastrically into coccidium-free neonatal mice. the intensity of infection as determined seven days later by examination of intestinal homogenates were statistically analysed. salinity, time and salinity-time interaction were the only factors with significant effect on the infection intensity. | 1999 | 10628695 |
| intestinal protozoa in hiv-infected patients: effect of rifaximin in cryptosporidium parvum and blastocystis hominis infections. | in hiv-1 infected patients severe enteritis and chronic diarrhea are often documented as a consequence of multiple opportunistic infections. we analyzed 48 hiv-1 positive patients for the presence of intestinal pathogenic protozoa. patients with cd4 > or = 200/mm3 showed a higher prevalence of a single pathogenic protozoa than patients with cd4 < or =200/mm3, who showed the presence of multiple protozoal infections. patients who proved positive for only a single protozoa, cryptosporidium or blas ... | 1999 | 10632386 |
| generation of a polyclonal fab phage display library to the protozoan parasite cryptosporidium parvum. | we had developed a technology for creation of recombinant polyclonal antibody libraries, standardized perpetual mixtures of polyclonal whole antibodies for which the genes are available and can be altered as desired. we report here the first phase of generating a polyclonal antibody library to cryptosporidium parvum, a protozoan parasite that causes severe disease in aids patients, for which there is no effective treatment. balb/c mice, immunized by neonatal oral infection with oocysts followed ... | 1999 | 10644857 |
| cryptosporidium sp. and giardia sp. infections in mountain gorillas (gorilla gorilla beringei) of the bwindi impenetrable national park, uganda. | for conservation purposes and because of growing ecotourism, some mountain gorilla (gorilla gorilla beringei) populations have been habituated to humans. fecal specimens (n = 100) of nonhabituated and human-habituated gorillas (5 populations; 6 age classes) were tested for cryptosporidium sp. oocysts and giardia sp. cysts by conventional staining and immunofluorescent antibody (ifa). cryptosporidium sp. infections (prevalence 11%) were not restricted to very young gorillas but were observed in 3 ... | 1999 | 10647041 |
| cryptosporidium parvum-induced inflammatory bowel disease of tcr-beta- x tcr-delta-deficient mice. | experimental inoculation of neonatal immunocompetent strains of mice with cryptosporidium parvum results in a transient, noninflammatory enteric infection. in the present study, we show that inoculation of mice deficient in alphabeta and gammadelta t cells (tcr-beta- x tcr-delta-deficient mice) with c. parvum results in persistent infection and severe inflammatory bowel disease-like lesions. the most severe lesions in these mice were in the cecum with similar yet less severe lesions in the ileum ... | 1999 | 10647043 |
| phylogenetic relationships among isolates of cryptosporidium: evidence for several new species. | isolates of cryptosporidium were characterized using nucleotide sequence analysis of the 18s rrna and dihydrofolate reductase genes and also random-amplified polymorphic dna analysis. phylogenetic analysis confirmed the validity of the species of cryptosporidium examined in this study such as cryptospordium muris and cryptosporidium baileyi, and also reinforced evidence from numerous researchers worldwide suggesting that cryptosporidium parvum is not a single uniform species. the data obtained p ... | 1999 | 10647047 |
| a comparison of enumeration techniques for cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. | a variety of methods have been used to enumerate cryptosporidium parvum oocysts from source or drinking waters. the reliability of these counting methods varies, in part, with suspension density, sample purity, and other factors. frequently, the method of determination of suspension density is not reported by authors. to confound the problem, each method of counting has large inherent variation. there is a relationship between suspension density, overall number of organisms counted, and counting ... | 1999 | 10647050 |
| mechanisms of attachment and internalization of cryptosporidium parvum to biliary and intestinal epithelial cells. | although infection of the intestinal and biliary tracts by cryptosporidium parvum is a major problem in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, the specific microbial and host molecules involved in c. parvum infection are unknown. we tested the hypothesis that lectin-carbohydrate interactions and cytoskeleton reorganization are involved in the infection of biliary and intestinal epithelia by c. parvum. | 2000 | 10648465 |
| cryptosporidium andersoni n. sp. (apicomplexa: cryptosporiidae) from cattle, bos taurus. | a new species of cryptosporidium is described from the feces of domestic cattle, bos taurus. oocysts are structurally similar to those of cryptosporidium muris described from mice but are larger than those of cryptosporidium parvum. oocysts of the new species are ellipsoidal, lack sporocysts, and measure 7.4 x 5.5 microm (range, 6.0-8.1 by 5.0-6.5 microm). the length to width ratio is 1.35 (range, 1.07-1.50). the colorless oocyst wall is < 1 microm thick, lacks a micropyle, and possesses a longi ... | 2000 | 10651302 |
| morphologic, host specificity, and molecular characterization of a hungarian cryptosporidium meleagridis isolate. | this study was undertaken in order to characterize cryptosporidium meleagridis isolated from a turkey in hungary and to compare the morphologies, host specificities, organ locations, and small-subunit rna (ssu rrna) gene sequences of this organism and other cryptosporidium species. the phenotypic differences between c. meleagridis and cryptosporidium parvum hungarian calf isolate (zoonotic genotype) oocysts were small, although they were statistically significant. oocysts of c. meleagridis were ... | 2000 | 10653744 |
| cryptosporidium parvum gene discovery. | cryptosporidium parvum is a well-recognized cause of diarrhea in humans and animals throughout the world, and is associated with a substantial degree of morbidity and mortality in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). at the present time, there is no effective therapy for treating or preventing infection with c. parvum. this is primarily due to a lack of understanding of the basic cellular and molecular biology of this pathogen in terms of virulence factors, genome structure, ... | 1999 | 10659365 |
| susceptibility of the chesapeake bay to environmental contamination with cryptosporidium parvum. | | 2000 | 10662525 |
| disinfection of endoscopes contaminated with cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. | | 2000 | 10662567 |
| genomic characterisation of the large segment of a rabbit picobirnavirus and comparison with the atypical picobirnavirus of cryptosporidium parvum. | the 2362 base pair sequence of the larger of the two double stranded rna genome segments of a rabbit strain of picobirnavirus (pbv) has a major open reading frame (orf) of 591 amino acids and two smaller orfs of 55 and 155 amino acids. a clone of the segment did not hybridise with other viral bisegmented ds rnas from faecal samples. there is no relationship in sequence or organisation between this pbv sequence and the bisegmented dsrnas found associated with cryptosporidium parvum. this suggests ... | 1999 | 10664398 |
| detection of cryptosporidium oocysts in water: techniques for generating precise recovery data. | when determining the recovery efficiency of a procedure for the detection of cryptosporidium or the removal efficiency of a treatment process, it is necessary to accurately enumerate a 'seed dose'. conventional techniques for this are highly variable and consequently, can result in misleading data. in this study, a flow cytometric method was developed for the production of suspensions of cryptosporidium oocysts in which the number of organisms could be precisely determined. a becton dickinson fa ... | 1999 | 10664905 |
| in situ reverse transcription for the specific detection of bacteria and protozoa. | in situ hybridization experiments with oligonucleotide probes directed against the 16s and 18s rrna molecules have been used successfully to identify specific organisms in mixed microbial populations. however, there are limitations in applying these techniques to environmental samples. in the present study we have examined the possibility of using in situ reverse transcription as an alternative to hybridization methods for the rapid detection of escherichia coli and the waterborne parasite crypt ... | 1999 | 10664984 |
| an outbreak of cryptosporidiosis linked to a foodhandler. | in september and october 1998, a cryptosporidiosis outbreak occurred on a washington, dc, university campus. in a case-control study of 88 case patients and 67 control subjects, eating in 1 of 2 cafeterias was associated with diarrheal illness (p<.001). morbidity was associated with eating dinner on 22 september (odds ratio, 8.1; 95% confidence interval, 3.4-19.5); weaker associations were found for 6 other meals. cryptosporidium parvum was detected in stool specimens of 16 (70%) of 23 ill stude ... | 2000 | 10669357 |
| interferon-gamma expression in jejunal biopsies in experimental human cryptosporidiosis correlates with prior sensitization and control of oocyst excretion. | to investigate the role of interferon (ifn)-gamma in human cryptosporidiosis, jejunal biopsies from experimentally infected volunteers and chronically infected aids patients were examined for ifn-gamma expression by in situ hybridization. ifn-gamma expression was compared with oocyst excretion, baseline serum anti-cryptosporidium antibody, and symptoms. ifn-gamma mrna was detected in biopsies from 13 of 26 volunteers after experimental infection but not in biopsies taken before c. parvum exposur ... | 2000 | 10669358 |
| intact cryptosporidium parvum oocysts isolated after in vitro excystation are infectious to neonatal mice. | in vitro excystation is often used as a measure of viability of encysted protozoan parasites. parasites that do not excyst in vitro are assumed to be non-viable and non-infectious, whereas those that do excyst are assumed viable. to test the validity of these assumptions, cryptosporidium parvum oocysts were excysted in vitro using two different excystation protocols, and the non-excysted intact oocysts were isolated using flow cytometry. non-excysted sorted oocysts readily infected neonatal cd-1 ... | 2000 | 10675606 |
| intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis following cryptosporidium parvum infection. | cryptosporidium parvum induces moderate levels of apoptosis of cultured human intestinal epithelial cells, which are maximal at 24 h after infection. apoptosis is further increased in c. parvum-infected cells by inhibition of nf-kappab. c. parvum infection also attenuates epithelial apoptosis induced by strongly proapoptotic agents. the data suggest c. parvum has developed strategies to limit apoptosis in order to facilitate its growth and maturation in the early period after epithelial cell inf ... | 2000 | 10678994 |
| immunoassays for pentamidine and related compounds: development of a facile inhibitory elisa suitable for clinical use. | aromatic dicationic drugs have a broad spectrum of activity against protozoal and fungal pathogens including pneumocystis carinii, leishmania mexicana amazonensis, cryptosporidium parvum and cryptococcus neoformans. pentamidine serves as the exemplar for an extensive collection of newly synthesized related compounds, which have reduced toxicity and a wider range of target organisms. assays of pentamidine and related compounds have depended on hplc-tandem mass spectrometry (hplc-tms) for the quan ... | 2000 | 10683618 |
| efficacy of treatment with paromomycin, azithromycin, and nitazoxanide in a patient with disseminated cryptosporidiosis. | a 24-year-old hiv-positive heterosexual woman with disseminated cryptosporidiosis was monitored from january 1998 to may 1999. during this period, consecutive stool, sputum, and bile examinations showed the constant presence of cryptosporidium oocysts. although the patient was repeatedly treated with oral paromomycin and azithromycin and, finally, nitazoxanide, her condition continued to deteriorate. in order to monitor the in vitro susceptibility of the parasite, specimens from various sites we ... | 1999 | 10691200 |
| molecular analysis of a type i fatty acid synthase in cryptosporidium parvum. | we report here the molecular analysis of a type i fatty acid synthase in the apicomplexan cryptosporidium parvum (cpfas1). the cpfas1 gene encodes a multifunctional polypeptide of 8243 amino acids that contains 21 enzymatic domains. this cpfas1 structure is distinct from that of mammalian type i fas, which contains only seven enzymatic domains. the cpfas1 domains are organized into: (i) a starter unit consisting of a fatty acid ligase and an acyl carrier protein; (ii) three modules, each contain ... | 2000 | 10693747 |
| intestinal protozoa in hiv-infected patients in apulia, south italy. | protozoa are important enteric pathogens in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection. in this study the prevalence of intestinal protozoa in 154 hiv-infected patients, with or without diarrhoea, in our region (apulia, south italy) was evaluated between december 1993 and february 1998. in the majority of patients cd4+ t cell count was below 200/microl. the overall prevalence of intestinal protozoa was 43/154 (27.92%). twenty-eight (43.08%) out of 65 patients with diarrhoea and 1 ... | 1999 | 10694157 |
| molecular characterization of cryptosporidium isolates obtained from human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals living in switzerland, kenya, and the united states. | a total of 22 cryptosporidium isolates from human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients from kenya, switzerland, and the united states were examined at three genetic loci: the 18s ribosomal dna, hsp-70, and acetyl coenzyme a synthetase genes. four distinct cryptosporidium genotypes were identified: (i) the cryptosporidium parvum "human" genotype, (ii) the c. parvum "cattle" genotype, (iii) cryptosporidium felis, and (iv) cryptosporidium meleagridis. this is the first report of c. meleagridis ... | 2000 | 10699017 |
| detection of giardia lamblia and cryptosporidium parvum antigens in human fecal specimens using the colorpac combination rapid solid-phase qualitative immunochromatographic assay. | the colorpac giardia/cryptosporidium (becton dickinson) is a solid-phase qualitative immunochromatographic assay that detects and distinguishes between giardia lamblia and cryptosporidium parvum in human stool. agreement between the alexon-trend prospect giardia rapid eia and the colorpac assay was 166 of 172 (96.5%). agreement between the alexon-trend prospect cryptosporidium rapid eia and the colorpac assay was 169 of 171 (98.8%). no cross-reactions were seen with other parasites or human cell ... | 2000 | 10699038 |
| cloning of the immunodominant 17-kda antigen from cryptosporidium parvum. | infection with cryptosporidium parvum causes a self-limiting diarrheal illness in immunocompetent humans and is associated with the development of a serum igg antibody response dominated by the 27-kda and 17-kda parasite surface antigens. antibodies against the 27-kda and 17-kda antigens may serve as useful markers for past infection in population-based studies of the risk factors associated with cryptosporidium infection. a recombinant form of the 17-kda antigen would be useful both in epidemio ... | 2000 | 10699255 |
| environmental and geographical factors contributing to watershed contamination with cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. | cryptosporidium parvum is a waterborne parasite which infects cattle and produces life-threatening zoonosis in people with impaired immune systems. digital maps of 100-year floodplain boundaries, land use/cover, and livestock operations were used to select and characterize cattle farms in the floodplain area in lancaster county, pennsylvania, u.s.a. over 21% of the cattle farms were located within 100-year floodplain boundaries. on average, a single farm comprised 12.8 ha of pasture (including b ... | 2000 | 10702335 |
| anticryptosporidial activity of ranalexin, lasalocid and azithromycin alone and in combination in cell lines. | the in vitro anticryptosporidial activities of ranalexin, lasalocid and azithromycin alone and in combination were investigated against four clinical isolates of cryptosporidium parvum. susceptibility was tested by inoculating the isolates on to cell monolayers and determining the parasite count after 48 h incubation at 37 degrees c. the culture medium was supplemented with dulbecco's modified eagle's medium containing serial dilutions of the above-mentioned compounds. ranalexin showed moderate ... | 2000 | 10702561 |
| prevalence of enteric zoonotic organisms in cats. | to determine prevalence of enteric zoonotic organisms in cats in north-central colorado. | 2000 | 10707683 |
| cryptosporidiosis: the treatment dilemma. | | 2000 | 10707939 |
| cryptosporidium parvum appears to lack a plastid genome. | surprisingly, unlike most apicomplexa, cryptosporidium parvum appears to lack a plastid genome. primers based upon the highly conserved plastid small- or large-subunit rrna (ssu/lsu rrna) and the tufa-trnaphe genes of other members of the phylum apicomplexa failed to amplify products from intracellular stages of c. parvum, whereas products were obtained from the plastid-containing apicomplexans eimeria bovis and toxoplasma gondii, as well as the plants allium stellatum and spinacia oleracea. dot ... | 2000 | 10708370 |
| preliminary profile of the cryptosporidium parvum genome: an expressed sequence tag and genome survey sequence analysis. | cryptosporidium parvum is a protozoan enteropathogen that infects humans and animals and causes a pronounced diarrheal disease that can be life-threatening in immunocompromised hosts. no specific chemo- or immunotherapies exist to treat cryptosporidiosis and little molecular information is available to guide development of such therapies. to accelerate gene discovery and identify genes encoding potential drug and vaccine targets we constructed sporozoite cdna and genomic dna sequencing libraries ... | 2000 | 10717299 |
| inhibition of cryptosporidium parvum in vitro by 9-(alkylthio)acridine derivatives. | the synthesis of several acridinic thioethers is described. compounds prepared were tested in vitro as potential drugs against the opportunistic infection known as cryptosporidiosis. with a view to predict activity, the quantitative structure-activity relationships were investigated. correlations between experimental data and either log p or pka are discussed. | 2000 | 10719621 |
| identification of cryptosporidium parvum dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors by complementation in saccharomyces cerevisiae. | there is a pressing need for drugs effective against the opportunistic protozoan pathogen cryptosporidium parvum. folate metabolic enzymes and enzymes of the thymidylate cycle, particularly dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr), have been widely exploited as chemotherapeutic targets. although many dhfr inhibitors have been synthesized, only a few have been tested against c. parvum. to expedite and facilitate the discovery of effective anti-cryptosporidium antifolates, we have developed a rapid and faci ... | 2000 | 10722506 |
| cryptosporidium parvum induces host cell actin accumulation at the host-parasite interface. | cryptosporidium parvum is an intracellular protozoan parasite that causes a severe diarrheal illness in humans and animals. previous ultrastructural studies have shown that cryptosporidium resides in a unique intracellular compartment in the apical region of the host cell. the mechanisms by which cryptosporidium invades host intestinal epithelial cells and establishes this compartment are poorly understood. the parasite is separated from the host cell by a unique electron-dense structure of unkn ... | 2000 | 10722635 |
| specific pcr primers for cryptosporidium parvum with extra high sensitivity. | one pair of high-sensitive polymerase chain reaction (pcr) primers for cryptosporidium parvum was constructed based on the sequence of random amplified polymorphic dna. pcr with this primer pair amplified only the dna of c. parvum, not the control dna including cryptosporidium muris. this primer pair had most advantageous in its sensitivity over the six pairs of primers reported elsewhere. the minimum amount of template dna required to produce visible bands after gel electrophoresis and ethidium ... | 2000 | 10722790 |
| sequence of the gene encoding hsp90e from cryptosporidium parvum. | a composite 2364 nt dna sequence with an open reading frame (orf) encoding an endoplasmic reticulum-associated heat shock protein 90 (cphsp90e) was determined from clones isolated from genomic libraries constructed from the ksu-1 isolate of cryptosporidium parvum. transcription was verified by isolation of a clone from a cdna library with a similar restriction map to that observed with genomic dna. the predicted protein consists of 787 amino acids, has a predicted molecular size of 89.2 kda, and ... | 1999 | 10727089 |
| cryptosporidium parvum studies with dairy products. | cryptosporidium parvum is a protozoan parasite capable of causing massive waterborne outbreaks. this study was conducted to model the transfer of c. parvum oocysts from contaminated water via food contact surfaces into yogurt and ice-cream, as well as to examine oocyst survival. propidium iodide staining, combined with a direct immunofluorescence assay, was used for oocyst viability determination. oocysts were recovered from milk products by a sucrose flotation-based procedure, with average reco ... | 1999 | 10728612 |
| bacterial, viral and parasitic aetiology of paediatric diarrhoea in the highlands of papua new guinea. | enteropathogens and clinical features associated with diarrhoea were investigated in 1526 children admitted over a 5-year period to the paediatric ward of a hospital in the highlands of papua new guinea. overall, a recognized pathogen was isolated from 39 per cent of the children admitted with diarrhoea. the most commonly isolated agents were rotavirus (23 per cent), shigella spp. (13 per cent), campylobacter spp. (12 per cent), cryptosporidium parvum (10 per cent) and enteropathogenic escherich ... | 2000 | 10730034 |
| cryptosporidium parvum: the many secrets of a small genome. | the coccidium cryptosporidium parvum is an obligate intracellular parasite of the phylum apicomplexa. it infects the gastrointestinal tract of humans and livestock, and represents the third major cause of diarrhoeal disease worldwide. scarcely considered for decades due to its apparently non-pathogenic nature, c. parvum has been studied very actively over the last 15 years, after its medical relevance as a dangerous opportunistic parasite and widespread water contaminant was fully recognised. de ... | 2000 | 10731576 |
| microbiological water purification without the use of chemical disinfection. | point-of-use (pou) water treatment systems are self-contained units that can be used by recreational enthusiasts who normally obtain drinking water from untreated sources (i.e., rivers, lakes, etc). microbiological water purifier units are capable of removing all waterborne pathogens. the purpose of this study was to evaluate a new technology (structured matrix) capable of micro-biologically purifying the water without the use of chemical disinfectants or an external power requirement. | 2000 | 10731901 |
| immunomagnetic separation of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts using macs microbeads and high gradient separation columns. | we evaluated the macs immunomagnetic separation (ims) system for concentrating cryptosporidium parvum. oocysts were first labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate (fitc) or rabbit anti-c. parvum antibodies, then linked to microbeads coated with anti-fitc or anti-rabbit igg, and separated through a high gradient separation column. results indicated that over 95% of oocysts were recovered and their fluorescence and infectivity were retained. the presence of microbeads showed no effect on genomic dn ... | 2000 | 10739338 |
| activity of nitazoxanide alone and in combination with azithromycin and rifabutin against cryptosporidium parvum in cell culture. | the in vitro activity of nitazoxanide alone and in combination with azithromycin and rifabutin was investigated against four clinical isolates of cryptosporidium parvum. the susceptibility tests were performed by inoculation of the isolates on toe cell monolayers and determination of the parasite count after 48 h incubation at 37 degrees c. the culture medium was supplemented with dulbecco's modified eagle's medium containing serial dilutions of each agent. antibiotic-free plates were used as co ... | 2000 | 10747821 |
| rotifers ingest oocysts of cryptosporidium parvum. | six genera of rotifers including philodina, monostyla, epiphanes, euchlanis, brachionus, and asplanchna were exposed to oocysts of cryptosporidium parvum cleaned of fecal debris. unstained oocysts and those stained with fluorescein-conjugated monoclonal antibody were added to suspensions of viable rotifers and were examined by phase-contrast, differential interference contrast, and fluorescence microscopy. rotifers of all six genera were observed ingesting oocysts. a maximum of 25 oocysts was ob ... | 2000 | 10750844 |
| balancing the risks and benefits of drinking water disinfection: disability adjusted life-years on the scale. | to evaluate the applicability of disability adjusted life-years (dalys) as a measure to compare positive and negative health effects of drinking water disinfection, we conducted a case study involving a hypothetical drinking water supply from surface water. this drinking water supply is typical in the netherlands. we compared the reduction of the risk of infection with cryptosporidium parvum by ozonation of water to the concomitant increase in risk of renal cell cancer arising from the productio ... | 2000 | 10753089 |
| a microsatellite marker reveals population heterogeneity within human and animal genotypes of cryptosporidium parvum. | isolates of the protozoan parasite cryptosporidium parvum have been differentiated into 2 genotypes: genotype 'h', which is associated only with human infections, and genotype 'c', which is associated with both human and animal infections. to date, the analysis of polymorphisms of genes and of the small subunit ribosomal dna have revealed no heterogeneity within the 2 genotypes. in the present study, a locus containing simple sequence repeats (microsatellites) was pcr amplified and sequenced fro ... | 2000 | 10759081 |
| malaria, intestinal parasites, and schistosomiasis among barawan somali refugees resettling to the united states: a strategy to reduce morbidity and decrease the risk of imported infections. | in 1997, enhanced health assessments were performed for 390 (10%) of approximately 4,000 barawan refugees resettling to the united states. of the refugees who received enhanced assessments, 26 (7%) had malaria parasitemia and 128 (38%) had intestinal parasites, while only 2 (2%) had schistosoma haematobium eggs in the urine. mass therapy for malaria (a single oral dose of 25 mg/kg of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine) was given to all barawan refugees 1-2 days before resettlement. refugees >2 years of a ... | 2000 | 10761735 |
| characterization and formulation of multiple epitope-specific neutralizing monoclonal antibodies for passive immunization against cryptosporidiosis. | the coccidian parasite cryptosporidium parvum causes diarrhea in humans, calves, and other mammals. neither immunization nor parasite-specific pharmaceuticals that are consistently effective against this organism are available. while polyclonal antibodies against whole c. parvum reduce infection, their efficacy and predictability are suboptimal. we hypothesized that passive immunization against cryptosporidiosis could be improved by using neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mabs) targeting funct ... | 2000 | 10768951 |
| eradication of cryptosporidium parvum infection by mice with ovalbumin-specific t cells. | cd154 is necessary for mice to clear a cryptosporidium parvum infection, but whether this ligand has to be expressed on t cells with specificity for c. parvum has not been determined. we infected do11.10 (ovalbumin specific) t-cell receptor transgenic mice that had been bred to a rag(-/-) background with c. parvum and found that the infection was cleared within 6 weeks, while rag(-/-) controls were unable to clear c. parvum infection. recovery was accompanied by an increase in the number of sple ... | 2000 | 10768958 |
| cryptosporidium parvum prevalence in a group of turkish children. | stool samples from two hundred children with diarrhea and from 50 healthy children were examined, by modified kinyoun's acid-fast staining (maf), giemsa staining and direct (dfa) and indirect immunofluorescence antibody (ifa) methods, in order to determine cryptosporidiosis prevalence under the age of 12 and to detect the most efficient identifying method for use in our country. cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in seven (3.5%) of the cases. none of the samples from the control subjects was ... | 1999 | 10770657 |
| comparative detection of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts from apple juice. | drinking unpasteurized apple juice (or cider) has been associated with cryptosporidiosis, the diarrheal disease caused by the small protozoan parasite, cryptosporidium parvum. this report compares detection of c. parvum oocysts from apple juice by acid-fast staining (afs), direct immunofluorescence assay (difa), and polymerase chain reaction (pcr), following sample concentration by formalin-ethyl acetate sedimentation or sucrose flotation. flotation was more efficient than sedimentation in recov ... | 2000 | 10777065 |
| presence of double-stranded rnas in human and calf isolates of cryptosporidium parvum. | we examined the occurrence of 2 virus-like double-stranded (ds)rnas in human and calf isolates of cryptosporidium parvum senso latu and other microorganisms, including 7 other members of the genus. a total of 32 isolates of c. parium, 16 from humans (5 from acquired immune deficiency syndrome patients) and 16 from calves, were analyzed. ethidium bromide staining, or northern blot analysis, or reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction, or all 3 methods, revealed that both genotype 1 and gen ... | 2000 | 10780545 |
| cytokine expression and specific lymphocyte proliferation in two strains of cryptosporidium parvum-infected gamma-interferon knockout mice. | differences in the immune response between 2 strains of interferon-gamma knockout mice (balb/c-gko and c57bl/6-gko) infected with cryptosporidium parvum were examined because the course of infection among these 2 strains is markedly different. infection of the balb/c-gko with c. parvum (2 x 10(6) oocysts/mouse) resulted in slight weight loss, oocyst shedding, and recovery from infection by 2 wk postinfection (pi). infection with 100 oocysts in the c57bl/6-gko mice resulted in significant weight ... | 2000 | 10780549 |
| evaluation of a combined acid-fast-trichrome stain for detection of microsporidia and cryptosporidium parvum. | | 2000 | 10782169 |
| intestinal spore-forming protozoa among patients suffering from chronic renal failure. | cryptosporidium parvum, isospora belli, cyclospora cayetanensis and microsporidia are four intestinal spore-forming protozoa that cause diarrhoea in immuno-competent individuals and immuno-suppressed patients. fresh stool samples were obtained from 120 patients suffering from crf and attending the dialysis unit of zagazig university hospital. also, stool samples were obtained from 40 immuno-competent individuals complaining of diarrhoea (control group). the stool samples were examined by direct ... | 2000 | 10786022 |
| detection of infectious cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in mussels (mytilus galloprovincialis) and cockles (cerastoderma edule). | infective cryptosporidium parvum oocysts were detected in mussels (mytilus galloprovincialis) and cockles (cerastoderma edule) from a shellfish-producing region (gallaecia, northwest spain, bounded by the atlantic ocean) that accounts for the majority of european shellfish production. shellfish were collected from bay sites with different degrees of organic pollution. shellfish harboring c. parvum oocysts were recovered only from areas located near the mouths of rivers with a high density of gra ... | 2000 | 10788352 |
| gammadelta+ t cells and 65-kda heat shock protein expression following cryptosporidium parvum challenge in athymic c57bl/6j nude mice. | | 2000 | 10789679 |
| an evaluation of a laser scanning device for the detection of cryptosporidium parvum in treated water samples. | a laser scanning device, the chemscan rdi (chemunex, paris, france), was compared with manual fluorescence microscopy for the detection of oocysts of cryptosporidium. pairs of filters were spiked with approximately 100 oocysts. over 24 h at least 1000 l of treated water was passed through the filters, then concentrated deposits were subjected to an immunomagnetic separation (ims) protocol described by the manufacturer (dynal, oslo, norway) and examination by fluorescence microscopy, or an ims pr ... | 2000 | 10792651 |
| case of cryptosporidiosis in an iraqi woman with ulcerative colitis. | | 1999 | 10793796 |
| effect of antiretroviral therapy on cryptosporidiosis and microsporidiosis in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. | to better understand whether potent antiretroviral therapies can modify the natural history of hiv-1-associated microsporidiosis and cryptosporidiosis, the response to antimicrobial treatment of these opportunistic infections was evaluated in patients with or without antiretroviral treatment. fifty patients with diarrhoea, all positive for cryptosporidium parvum or enterocytozoon bieneusi, were included in the study. retrospective data were collected concerning demographics, clinical and microbi ... | 2000 | 10795595 |
| in vitro anti-cryptosporidial activity of cationic peptides alone and in combination with inhibitors of ion transport systems. | the anti-cryptosporidial activity of four cationic peptides alone and in combination with five ion transport system (its) inhibitors was investigated for six clinical isolates of cryptosporidium parvum recovered from stools of aids patients. the susceptibility tests were performed by inoculating the protozoa on to cell monolayers and determining the parasite count after 48 h incubation at 37 degrees c. the culture medium was supplemented with serial dilutions of cecropin p1, magainin ii, indolic ... | 2000 | 10797088 |
| quantitative polymerase chain (qpcr) reaction using the mimic approach to estimate cryptosporidium parvum oocysts, an intestinal pathogen, in municipal water treatment sludge samples. | an accurate estimation of the number of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in water treatment plant sludge was determined using the quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qpcr) method. approximately 8x10(6)purified viable oocysts were spiked into raw water and treated by conventional water treatment methods. the settled sludge was collected and the dna extracted. the qpcr mimic produced two competing products that were 300 and 435 base pairs in size. the log ratio of the products were used in the s ... | 2000 | 10799274 |
| study of the combined influence of environmental factors on viability of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in water evaluated by fluorogenic vital dyes and excystation techniques. | using a factorial experimental design, the combined effect of salinity, temperature and storage time on the viability of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in water was evaluated by fluorogenic vital dyes (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole and propidium iodide) and an excystation technique. salinity, storage time and their interaction seemed to be the most influential factors, whereas temperature was not a significant factor. under unfavourable conditions (salinity 35 per thousand, storage time 40 days) ... | 2000 | 10799838 |
| viability and infectivity of two cryptosporidium parvum bovine isolates from different geographical location. | the viability of two cryptosporidium parvum bovine isolates from spain and colombia was evaluated by in vitro excystation, inclusion/exclusion of two fluorogenic vital dyes (dapi and pi) and infectivity assay in a suckling murine model. excystation percentages were similar for both spain and colombia isolates (83% and 87%, respectively). the total viability of the spain isolate, measured by inclusion/exclusion of two fluorogenic vital dyes, was 71% in comparison with that detected for oocysts of ... | 2000 | 10799839 |
| activity of decoquinate against cryptosporidium parvum in cell cultures and neonatal mice. | cryptosporidium parvum is an apicomplexan parasite that is an important cause of diarrhea in neonatal calves and humans. no treatment is currently available for neonatal calves. we have recently learned from colleagues in the pharmaceutical industry that dairy practitioners are sometimes using decoquinate for the treatment of neonatal bovine cryptosporidiosis. therefore, the present study was undertaken to determine whether the clinical observations in calves can be substantiated by laboratory i ... | 2000 | 10799844 |
| [cryptosporidium parvum: an emerging threat to the man]. | the current opinions on the biology, epidemiology and potential role of cryptosporidium parvum as an emerging, highly infectious threat are presented. available polish data concerning the frequency of cryptosporidiosis were gathered and the diagnostic procedures, pathogenesis and treatment of cryptosporidiosis are described. | 1999 | 10800573 |
| extraction-free, filter-based template preparation for rapid and sensitive pcr detection of pathogenic parasitic protozoa. | within the last several years, the protozoan parasites cyclospora cayetanensis, cryptosporidium parvum, and microsporidia have become recognized as important, rapidly emerging human pathogens in immunocompromised and immunocompetent individuals. since the early 1990s, many of the reported outbreaks of enteric illness caused by these microorganisms have been attributed to food- and water-borne contamination. many inherent obstacles affect the success of current surveillance and detection methods ... | 2000 | 10834988 |
| cross-sectional study of faecal shedding of giardia duodenalis and cryptosporidium parvum among packstock in the sierra nevada range. | faecal specimens from 305 horses and mules used as packstock at one of 17 commercial or governmental (national park service, us forest service) operations were examined for giardia duodenalis and cryptosporidium parvum using immunofluorescent microscopy. fourteen packstock (4.6%) were shedding g. duodenalis cysts, with herd-level prevalences ranging 0-22%. number of packstock in the corral, size of corral and density of packstock in the corral were associated with the odds of shedding g. duodena ... | 2000 | 10836481 |
| animal propagation and genomic survey of a genotype 1 isolate of cryptosporidium parvum. | human cryptosporidiosis is attributed to two major cryptosporidium parvum genotypes of which type 1 appears to be the predominant. most laboratory investigations however are performed using genotype 2 isolates, the only type which readily infects laboratory animals. so far type 1 has only been identified in humans and primates. a type 1 isolate, obtained from an individual with hiv and cryptosporidiosis, was successfully adapted to propagate in gnotobiotic piglets. genotypic characterization of ... | 2000 | 10838221 |
| field trial on the therapeutic efficacy of paromomycin on natural cryptosporidium parvum infections in lambs. | the objective of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of paromomycin against cryptosporidiosis in naturally infected lambs under field conditions. the 36 cross-bred neonatal lambs, 3-10 days old, were used. on the first day that lambs showed diarrhea (day 1) they were randomly divided into three groups. the infected control group (14 lambs) remained unmedicated whereas the two other groups were orally medicated with paromomycin solution (humatin((r)), parke davis, france): 12 lamb ... | 2000 | 10841996 |
| association of rna polymerase complexes of the parasitic protozoan cryptosporidium parvum with virus-like particles: heterogeneous system. | rna polymerase complexes were purified from cryptosporidium parvum, a parasitic protozoan known to infect many species of mammals including humans. western blot analysis revealed the association of the complexes with two different proteins, encoded by large and small segments of viral double-stranded rnas. each complex was found to contain only double-stranded rna, both double- and single-stranded rna, or only single-stranded rna. maximum rna-dependent rna polymerase activity was observed within ... | 2000 | 10846057 |
| inter-laboratory comparison of the cd-1 neonatal mouse logistic dose-response model for cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. | cryptosporidium parvum oocyst viability can be determined by vital dyes, in vitro excystation, and cell culture; however, neonatal mouse infectivity assays are the reference method. unfortunately, there have been few efforts to standardize methods for infectivity assays thus casting a veil of uncertainty over the significance and comparability of results. in order to address this issue, two laboratories proficient in measuring oocyst infectivity conducted independent dose titration studies with ... | 2000 | 10847347 |
| infectivity to experimental rodents of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts from siberian chipmunks (tamias sibiricus) originated in the people's republic of china. | we isolated cryptosporidium parvum-type oocysts from naturally infected siberian chipmunks which originated in the people's republic of china and examined the infectivity to rodents as experimental animals. the naturally infected chipmunks did not show any clinical symptoms. the oocysts were 4.8 x 4.2 microm on average in size. they were ovoid and morphologically similar to the c. parvum oocysts isolated from human and cattle. experimental rodents were inoculated with 1.6 x 10(6) original oocyst ... | 2000 | 10852396 |
| epidemiology, microbiology, and risk assessment of waterborne pathogens including cryptosporidium. | cryptosporidium is one of a suite of relatively recently emerging pathogens of concern in drinking water. based on human dose-response tests, guidelines for exposure yielding defined levels of endemic risk have been developed. this risk assessment procedure is grounded in the process used for chemical risk assessment. from outbreak data, critical concentrations in water that may lead to epidemic levels have been postulated. development of these levels will be discussed. validation of the informa ... | 2000 | 10852581 |
| confirmation of transmission of the microsporidian parasite enterocytozoon bieneusi in south africa. | | 2000 | 10853401 |
| in vitro and in vivo efficacy of lasalocid for treatment of experimental cryptosporidiosis. | in vitro viability of purified cryptosporidium parvum oocysts, exposed for 30, 60, 90 and 120min to 0.27mg/ml lasalocid suspension was evaluated by inclusion or exclusion of two fluorogenic vital dyes and an excystation technique. continuously, preventive and curative efficacies at different doses (9, 6.75, 5.625 and 4.5mg/kg body weight) and regimens of lasalocid against cryptosporidial infection were evaluated on an experimental neonatal mice model. in vitro assays demonstrated a decrease in t ... | 2000 | 10856813 |
| molecular cloning and expression of a gene encoding cryptosporidium parvum glycoproteins gp40 and gp15. | cryptosporidium parvum is a significant cause of diarrheal disease worldwide. the specific molecules that mediate c. parvum-host cell interactions and the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of cryptosporidiosis are unknown. in this study we have shown that gp40, a mucin-like glycoprotein, is localized to the surface and apical region of invasive stages of the parasite and is shed from its surface. gp40-specific antibodies neutralize infection in vitro, and native gp40 binds specif ... | 2000 | 10858228 |
| cloning and sequence analysis of a highly polymorphic cryptosporidium parvum gene encoding a 60-kilodalton glycoprotein and characterization of its 15- and 45-kilodalton zoite surface antigen products. | the apicomplexan parasite cryptosporidium parvum is a major cause of serious diarrheal disease in both humans and animals. no efficacious chemo- or immunotherapies have been identified for cryptosporidiosis, but certain antibodies directed against zoite surface antigens and/or proteins shed by gliding zoites have been shown to neutralize infectivity in vitro and/or to passively protect against, or ameliorate, disease in vivo. we previously used monoclonal antibody 11a5 to identify a 15-kda surfa ... | 2000 | 10858229 |
| natural transmission of cryptosporidium parvum between dams and calves on a dairy farm. | the transmission of cryptosporidium parvum between dams and their respective calves was studied. for this purpose, fecal specimens taken from the rectum of preparturient, parturient, and postparturient dams were analyzed for c. parvum oocysts. fecal specimens were taken from the newborn calf 4 hr after birth. because the environment can be a source of contamination to the animals, specimens taken from inside and outside the barn were analyzed. the sucrose concentration method together with the z ... | 2000 | 10864245 |
| effect of dinitroaniline herbicides on the growth of entamoeba histolytica. | the effect of the dinitroaniline herbicides oryzalin and trifluralin on the growth of entamoeba histolytica was examined. oryzalin inhibited the growth of e. histolytica strain hm-1:imss. trifluralin was less effective than oryzalin for this parasite. entamoeba histolytica was more resistant to these dinitroanilines than other parasitic protozoa examined so far, including leishmania spp., trypanosoma brucei, plasmodium falciparum, toxoplasma gondii, and cryptosporidium parvum. colchicine, a pote ... | 2000 | 10864261 |
| successful hyperimmune bovine colostrum treatment of savanna monitors (varanus exanthematicus) infected with cryptosporidium sp. | therapy based on the protective passive immunity of hyperimmune bovine colostrum (hbc) (raised against cryptosporidium parvum in cows) was applied to 4 savanna monitors (varanus exanthematicus) with gastric cryptosporidium sp. infections. all lizards were moderately emaciated, and their fecal and gastric lavage samples contained moderate numbers of cryptosporidium sp. oocysts. the first 3 of 7 gastric hbc treatments at 1-wk interval each decreased the numbers of oocysts in the fecal and gastric ... | 2000 | 10864270 |
| development of a novel, rapid integrated cryptosporidium parvum detection assay. | the aim of this study was to develop a reverse transcription-pcr assay and lateral flow detection protocol for specific identification of cryptosporidium parvum. the method which we developed is sensitive and specific and has a low limit of detection. in our protocol a solid phase material, the xtra bind capture system, was used for extraction and purification of double-stranded rna (dsrna) specific for c. parvum. the xtra bind capture system interfaced with pellets concentrated from water sampl ... | 2000 | 10877759 |
| comparison of cryptosporidium parvum viability and infectivity assays following ozone treatment of oocysts. | several in vitro surrogates have been developed as convenient, user-friendly alternatives to mouse infectivity assays for determining the viability of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. such viability assays have been used increasingly to determine oocyst inactivation following treatment with chemical, physical, or environmental stresses. defining the relationship between in vitro viability assays and oocyst infectivity in susceptible hosts is critical for determining the significance of existing o ... | 2000 | 10877794 |
| efficacy of nitazoxanide, tizoxanide and tizoxanide glucuronide against cryptosporidium parvum development in sporozoite-infected hct-8 enterocytic cells. | the effects of nitazoxanide and its metabolites, tizoxanide and tizoxanide glucuronide, on the development of the asexual and sexual stages of cryptosporidium parvum in differentiated human enterocytic hct-8 cells were evaluated in a quantitative alkaline phosphatase immunoassay. nitazoxanide, tizoxanide and tizoxanide glucuronide were inhibitory for up to 46 h when added after sporozoite invasion (mic50 1.2, 22.6 and 2.2 mg/l, respectively). tizoxanide had only limited activity, but nitazoxanid ... | 2000 | 10882689 |
| differential intra-epithelial lymphocyte phenotypes following cryptosporidium parvum challenge in susceptible and resistant athymic strains of mice. | the lack of immunocompetent laboratory animal models has limited our understanding of functional immune responses to cryptosporidium parvum infection, but such responses have been studied in susceptible laboratory rodents with genetic, acquired, or induced immunodeficiencies. we previously observed that athymic c57bl/6j nude mice inoculated with c. parvum oocysts had lower or absent fecal oocyst excretion when compared to inoculated athymic balb/cj nude mice. this discrepancy prompted us to expl ... | 2000 | 10882901 |
| pcr-rflp analysis of cryptosporidium parvum isolates from hiv-infected patients in lisbon, portugal. | | 2000 | 10884874 |
| protection from cryptosporidium parvum infection by gammadelta t cells in mice that lack alphabeta t cells. | cryptosporidium parvum establishes a parasitic relationship with epithelial cells of the intestine. infection with this protozoan is resolved in the immunocompetent host, but persistent life-threatening infection develops in the immunocompromised host. we propose that gammdelta t cells in the intestinal mucosa play a role in immunity to c. parvum. | 2000 | 10894490 |
| lactulose-mannitol intestinal permeability test in children with diarrhea caused by rotavirus and cryptosporidium. diarrhea working group, peru. | the relationship between intestinal permeability and acute secretory diarrheal syndromes caused by rotavirus and cryptosporidium parvum in infants less than 36 months of age was studied using the lactulose-mannitol excretion assay. | 2000 | 10896065 |
| recombinant polyclonal antibody libraries. | we describe a technology for generating recombinant polyclonal antibody libraries (pcals) that enables the creation and perpetuation of standardized mixtures of polyclonal whole antibodies specific for a multiantigen (or polyantigen). therefore, this technology combines the advantages of targeting multiple antigenic determinants -- high avidity, low likelihood of antigen 'escape variants', and efficient mediation of effector functions, with the advantages of using monoclonal antibodies -- unlimi ... | 2000 | 10903378 |
| in vitro infection of cryptosporidium parvum to four different cell lines. | to determine a suitable condition for in vitro infection model of cryptosporidium parvum, four different cell lines, ags, mdck, hct-8 and caco-2, were used as host cell lines which were cultured at various concentrations of added supplements. these supplement include fetal bovine serum (fbs), sodium choleate, ascorbic acid, folic acid, calcium pantothenate, para-aminobenzoic acid and pyruvate and their effects on the cell lines which were infected with c. parvum were evaluated. the results of th ... | 2000 | 10905066 |
| infectious diseases of gastrointestinal tract in adolescents. | this article reviews the following gastrointestinal infections: esophagitis, gastritis, duodenitis including duodenal ulcers, and enteritis (gastroenteritis). the epidemiology, risk factors, microbiology and pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, morbidity/mortality, and prevention are discussed in relation to the most important pathogens. the symptoms and pathogenesis of esophagitis caused by candida albicans and herpes simplex are contrasted with the symptoms of esophagitis caused by helicobacter ... | 2000 | 10916124 |
| outbreak of cryptosporidiosis after contamination of the public water supply in saitama prefecture, japan, in 1996. | an outbreak of cryptosporidiosis occurred in ogose town, saitama prefecture. japan, in june 1996. of 12,345 respondents to a questionnaire sent to households in the town (population; 13,809), 8,812 (71.4%) reported an acute gastrointestinal illness some time between may and july. in addition, 274 traceable visitors at local inns, golf courses, and the like during this period and 54 employees from out of town were infected. cases of cryptosporidiosis were estimated to 9,140. of these, 2,856 subje ... | 2000 | 10916342 |