| types of trypanosoma congolense. i. morphological differences. | | 1960 | 13706194 |
| types of trypanosoma congolense. ii. differences in the courses of infection. | | 1961 | 13706195 |
| prophylaxis against repeated artificial challenge with trypanosoma congolense. a comparative trial of antrycide pro-salt and prothidium bromide. | | 1960 | 13759899 |
| potentiation of amphotericin b activity aginst trypanosoma congolense in mice. | | 1962 | 13859221 |
| anti-trypanosomal activity of certain phenyldiazoamino- and phenylazoamino-phenanthridinium compounds. | red phenyldiazoaminophenanthridinium and purple phenylazoaminophenanthridinium compounds, most of which were obtained as isomeric pairs, were tested in mice for curative and prophylactic action against trypanosoma congolense. several of the individual compounds showed a high degree of activity, the red isomer of each pair usually being more active therapeutically and prophylactically than the purple one, although high prophylactic effect was not always associated with high therapeutic potency. t ... | 1961 | 13873683 |
| [influence of infection by staphylococcus pyogenes var. aureus on infection by trypanosoma congolense broden, 1904]. | | 1962 | 13878500 |
| [demonstration of a vaccinal antigen in the plasma of mice experimentally infected by trypanosoma gambiense and by trypanosoma congolense]. | | 1962 | 13886867 |
| measurements of strains of trypanosoma congolense. | | 1962 | 13891343 |
| virulence of trypanosoma congolense in mice treated with a prophylactic phenanthridinium drug (m & b 4596b). | | 1962 | 13954521 |
| a mensural study of division in trypanosoma simiae and trypanosoma congolense. | | 1962 | 13983885 |
| a strain of trypanosoma congolense directly resistant to berenil. | | 1963 | 14000384 |
| observations on a close association between glossina tachinoides and domestic pigs near nsukka, eastern nigeria. i.-trypanosoma congolense and t. brucei infections in the pigs. | | 1963 | 14042653 |
| action of drugs upon trypanosoma congolense, t. vivax and t. rhodesiense in tsetse flies and in culture. | | 1963 | 14077658 |
| drug-resistance of trypanosoma congolense and other trypanosomes to quinapyramine, phenanthridines, berenil and other compounds in mice. | | 1963 | 14077659 |
| studies on isometamidium. depots of isometamidium in mice and rats and their importance for prophylaxis against trypanosoma congolense. | | 1963 | 14081305 |
| studies on resistance to trypanosoma congolense developed by zebu cattle treated prophylactically with antrycide pro-salt in an enzootic area of east africa. | | 1955 | 14362414 |
| differential effects of osmotic pressure and of suramin upon cultures of trypanosoma congolense and t. rhodesiense. | | 1962 | 14463760 |
| performance of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for detection of antibodies against t. congolense and t. vivax in goats. | indirect elisas using denatured antigen preparations of trypanosoma (t.) congolense (tcagd) and t. vivax (tvagd) for detection of anti-trypanosome antibodies in bovine serum (i-tab elisas), were adapted for serodiagnosis in goats. the diagnostic proficiency, the cross-reactivity with sera from heterologous trypanosome infections and the operational performance of the assays were evaluated on experimentally trypanosome-infected goats. the i-tab elisa (tcagd) detected antibodies in all t. congolen ... | 2003 | 14519314 |
| comparative genomics to uncover the secrets of tsetse and livestock-infective trypanosomes. | | 2003 | 14519579 |
| cleavage of trypanosome surface glycoproteins by alkaline trypsin-like enzyme(s) in the midgut of glossina morsitans. | ep and gpeet procyclin, the major surface glycoproteins of procyclic forms of trypanosoma brucei, are truncated by proteases in the midgut of the tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans. we show that soluble extracts from the midguts of teneral flies contain trypsin-like enzymes that cleave the n-terminal domains from living culture-derived parasites. the same extract shows little activity against a variant surface glycoprotein on living bloodstream form t. brucei (mitat 1.2) and none against gl ... | 2003 | 14527515 |
| a nonradioactive 96-well plate assay for screening of trans-sialidase activity. | trans-sialidase (e.c. 3.2.1.18) catalyzes the transfer of preferably alpha2,3-linked sialic acid to another glycan or glycoconjugate, forming a new alpha2,3 linkage to galactose or n-acetylgalactosamine. here, we describe a nonradioactive 96-well plate fluorescence test for monitoring trans-sialidase activity with high sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility using sialyllactose and 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-d-galactoside as donor and acceptor substrates, respectively. the assay conditions ... | 2003 | 14596820 |
| a comparative study on the clinical, parasitological and molecular diagnosis of bovine trypanosomosis in uganda. | the clinical, parasitological and molecular diagnosis of bovine trypanosomosis were compared using samples from 250 zebu cattle exposed to natural trypanosome challenge in uganda. clinical examination, molecular and parasitological diagnoses detected 184 (73.6%), 96 (38.4%) and 36 (14.4%) as diseased, respectively. the sensitivity and specificity of clinical examination were 87.5% and 35%, and 78 % and 27 % based on molecular and parasitological diagnoses, as gold standards, respectively. of the ... | 2003 | 14621317 |
| pcr-rflp using ssu-rdna amplification: applicability for the diagnosis of mixed infections with different trypanosome species in cattle. | the use of a single restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp)-pcr assay which is able to characterise all important bovine trypanosome species was evaluated for the detection of mixed infections with trypanosoma brucei brucei, trypanosoma theileri, trypanosoma congolense and trypanosoma vivax. results showed that mixed infections are detectable at a minimum ratio of 2%/98% of standardised dna solutions with a concentration of 10 ng ml(-1). all mixed infections gave clear profiles that coul ... | 2003 | 14630427 |
| effects of trypanosoma vivax and trypanosoma congolense infections on the reaction time and semen characteristics of zebu (bunaji) x friesian crossbred bulls. | the effect of trypanosomosis on reaction time and semen characteristics of 12 zebu (bunaji) x friesian crossbred bulls aged between 3 and 5 years was studied for a duration of 12 weeks. four of the bulls were infected with trypanosoma vivax, another four with trypanosoma congolense and the remaining four bulls served as controls. rectal temperatures and haematological parameters were monitored twice weekly. the pre-infection mean value of the rectal temperature was 38.3 degrees c, and this rose ... | 2004 | 14643861 |
| local skin reaction (chancre) induced following inoculation of metacyclic trypanosomes in cattle by tsetse flies is dependent on cd4 t lymphocytes. | the first visible response in livestock to the bite of a trypanosome-infected tsetse fly is the formation of a localized skin reaction, also known as a chancre. this is an inflammatory response in the skin associated with swelling and an influx of cells. it is thought to be associated with an acquired immune response to the injected metacyclic trypanosomes. in this study, we examined the role of t lymphocytes in the development of the inflammatory response, by depleting cattle of t cell subpopul ... | 2003 | 14651588 |
| trypanocidal drug resistance in eastern province of zambia. | a survey to investigate resistance to drugs used in the treatment of bovine trypanosomosis was conducted in the eastern province of zambia between 1996 and 1998. a cross-sectional study was conducted in three districts (petauke, katete, lundazi) at 34 village sampling sites selected at random from villages that had shown greater than 6% prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis during an earlier survey. a longitudinal study was conducted in same three districts over a 1-year period. the study sites we ... | 2004 | 14746972 |
| the transmission of mixed trypanosoma brucei brucei/t. congolense infections by tsetse (glossina morsitans morsitans). | laboratory experiments and field observations clearly show that tsetse flies can be carriers of mixed trypanosome infections. question remains how easy it is for the tsetse fly to acquire such a mixed infection during the first bloodmeal. this is of particular importance in the epidemiology of trypanosoma brucei s.l., often a cryptic infection and difficult to transmit to non-teneral tsetse flies. to determine the transmission rate of t. brucei as part of a mixed infection, teneral glossina mors ... | 2004 | 14746974 |
| a cinnoline compound ("528") for the treatment of trypanosoma congolense infections. | | 1951 | 14904889 |
| [contribution to the study of the therapeutic and prophylactic action of antrycide in trypanosomiasis from trypanosoma congolense and trypanosoma vivax in cattle]. | | 1952 | 14924386 |
| [the possibility of preserving trypanosoma congolense and plasmodium berghei at -70 degrees c]. | | 1952 | 14945110 |
| a large-scale trial to evaluate the efficacy of a 1% pour-on formulation of cyfluthrin (cylence, bayer) in controlling bovine trypanosomosis in eastern zambia. | a trial to evaluate the efficacy of a 1% cyfluthrin pour-on formulation (cylence, bayer) in reducing the incidence of bovine trypanosomosis was conducted in an area of ca. 2000 km2 of the eastern province of zambia. the trial area was cultivated and carried a cattle population of approximately 11 animals/km2. cattle were the main host of tsetse. following the free of charge treatment of the adult cattle at intervals of 7 weeks and at a dosage of 15 ml/100 kg body weight, there was an increase in ... | 2004 | 14979556 |
| the effects of trypanosomosis on sperm morphology in zebu x friesian crossbred bulls. | detailed studies of sperm morphological abnormalities were carried out on 12 zebu x friesian crossbred bulls used in a study of the effects of trypanosomosis. four bulls were infected with t. vivax, another four with t. congolense, while four served as controls. the infected bulls developed chronic trypanosomosis. all the bulls initially had very low sperm morphological abnormalities that were within acceptable limits for fertile animals. after infection there was a rapid and progressive increas ... | 2004 | 14979559 |
| mechanical transmission of trypanosoma congolense in cattle by the african tabanid atylotus agrestis. | the trypanosomes pathogenic to livestock in africa (trypanosoma congolense, trypanosoma vivax, and trypanosoma brucei) are mainly cyclically transmitted by tsetse (glossina). however, t. vivax, can also be mechanically transmitted by haematophagous insects. laboratory studies have demonstrated the mechanical transmission of t. congolense, but confirmation of this under natural conditions was necessary. an experiment was therefore carried out in lahirasso, burkina faso, in a corral completely cov ... | 2003 | 14990316 |
| bovine trypanosomiasis in south-western uganda: packed-cell volumes and prevalences of infection in the cattle. | following confirmed cases of trypanosomiasis ('nagana') and reports of trypanosome-attributable deaths among local cattle, a cross-sectional study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of bovine infection with trypanosomes in south-western uganda. cattle from 10 different localities were checked by the microscopical examination of wet bloodsmears and thin, stained bloodsmears, and by blood centrifugation followed by the examination of the resultant buffy coats. of the 1309 cattle investigat ... | 2004 | 15000727 |
| monitoring the susceptibility of glossina palpalis gambiensis and g. morsitans morsitans to experimental infection with savannah-type trypanosoma congolense, using the polymerase chain reaction. | teneral glossina palpalis gambiensis and g. morsitans morsitans (diptera: glossinidae) were fed on mice infected with savannah-type trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense. the infection was monitored by checking the post-feeding diuresis fluid (midgut infection) and saliva (mature infection) of individual flies for parasites, at different times post-infection, using microscopical examination and a pcr-based assay. the results indicated that both tsetse species supported established midgut infection ... | 2004 | 15000728 |
| comparison of the infection rate of tsetse, glossina morsitans morsitans, fed in vitro or in vivo. | studies were made of infection rates of trypanosomes in the tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans westwood (diptera: glossinidae) when maintained in vivo (rabbits) or in vitro on high quality, gamma-irradiated, sterile defibrinated bovine blood, obtained from the entomology unit of the international atomic energy agency (iaea). for both trypanosoma congolense broden and t. b. brucei plimmer & bradford, in vitro maintenance significantly reduced the proportion of flies that developed mature met ... | 2004 | 15009448 |
| epidemiological factors that influence time-to-treatment of trypanosomosis in orma boran cattle raised at galana ranch, kenya. | four thousand nine hundred and seventy-one trypanosomosis-surveillance records from an open population of orma boran cattle raised under natural trypanosomosis challenge in galana ranch, kenya between the years 1990 and 2000 were analysed. the objective of the analysis was to identify epidemiological factors that influenced time-to-treatment of trypanosomosis cases. under the surveillance programme, blood was being examined fortnightly for trypanosomosis using buffy coat technique. infected anim ... | 2004 | 15019142 |
| identification of trypanosomes in glossina pallidipes and g. longipennis in kenya. | the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was used to identify trypanosomes in glossina pallidipes and g. longipennis caught in kenya. of 3826 flies dissected, 188 (4.9%) were parasitologically positive overall. the infection rate in g. pallidipes was 5.7% (187 of 3301 flies), but only one of 525 g. longipennis was infected (infection rate 0.2%). there was a higher infection rate in female g. pallidipes flies than male flies (chi(2) = 18.5, p < 0.001) and odds ratio = 2.5 (95% 1.6, 3.7). the infected ... | 2004 | 15019587 |
| inhibition of the dna amplification of trypanosomes present in tsetse flies midguts: implications for the identification of trypanosome species in wild tsetse flies. | the present study was carried out in order to investigate if there was really a failure of pcr in identifying parasitologically positive tsetse flies in the field. tsetse flies (glossina palpalis gambiensis and glossina morsitans morsitans) were therefore experimentally infected with two different species of trypanosoma (trypanosoma brucei gambiense or trypanosoma congolense). a total of 152 tsetse flies were dissected, and organs of each fly (midgut, proboscis or salivary glands) were examined. ... | 2004 | 15071836 |
| recirculation of trypanosoma brucei brucei in cattle after t. congolense challenge by tsetse flies. | the effect of challenging cattle, chronically infected with trypanosoma brucei brucei, with t. congolense on the development of the t. b. brucei infection was investigated. for this purpose, nine experimental animals were first infected with t. b. brucei through the bites of infected tsetse flies. once the t. b. brucei had developed into a chronic infection, that was difficult to detect using routine parasitological diagnostic tools, seven of the experimental animals were challenged by tsetse fl ... | 2004 | 15110405 |
| trypanosoma congolense infections: antibody-mediated phagocytosis by kupffer cells. | immunohistochemical double-label technique was used to detect trypanosomal antigen in macrophages. immunoglobulin (ig)m as well as igg2a monoclonal antibodies (mab) specific for the variant surface glycoprotein (vsg) mediated phagocytosis of trypanosoma congolense variant antigenic type (vat) tc13 by macrophages [bone marrow-derived macrophage cell line from balb/c (balb.bm)] in vitro. administration of these igm or igg2a antibodies to balb/c mice 30 min after injection of 3 x 10(8) t. congolens ... | 2004 | 15136584 |
| continuing tsetse and trypanosoma genome sequencing projects. | | 2004 | 15193559 |
| trypanosomiasis and trypanotolerance in cattle: a role for congopain? | a trypanosoma congolense cysteine protease (congopain) elicits a high igg response in trypanotolerant but not in trypanosusceptible cattle during primary infections. as discussed here by edith authié, this observation suggests that congopain, like other parasite cysteine proteases, may play a role in pathogenicity and that more efficient immune responses to congopain may contribute to trypanotolerance. | 1994 | 15275419 |
| the secretion of acute phase proteins and inflammatory cytokines during trypanosoma congolense infection is not affected by the absence of the tnf-alpha gene. | tumor necrosis factor-alpha (tnf-alpha) plays a role in the host's defence against infections with african trypanosomes. it helps to control the blood stream form of the parasite and in trypanosoma congolense infections, it also prolongs survival. the mechanisms by which this cytokine can influence parasitemia and survival are unknown. therefore, the levels of acute phase proteins and other inflammatory cytokines were monitored in trypano-tolerant wild-type and tnf-alpha-deficient mice during a ... | 2004 | 15301973 |
| the chemotherapeutic action of phenanthridine compounds. i. trypanosoma congolense and trypanosoma rhodesiense. | | 1950 | 15426728 |
| effects of an experimental trypanosoma congolense infection on the reproductive performance of west african dwarf goats. | thirty-six west african dwarf (wad) goats were used to assess the effects of an experimental trypanosoma congolense infection on their reproductive system. estrous cycles were synchronised and when confirmed pregnant (n = 31), the does were randomly allocated into control and trypanosome-infected groups. after infection, the animals were carefully observed till parturition. trypanosome infection caused an increase of rectal temperature, a significant drop in pcv (infected: 23.3 +/- 0.3%; control ... | 2004 | 15451252 |
| tsetse immunity and the transmission of trypanosomiasis. | cyclical transmission of african trypanosomes - trypanosoma congolense and subspecies of t. brucei - depends on their uptake by and development within their tsetse fly vectors. tsetse susceptibility to such trypanosome infection seems to be controlled by maternally inherited rickettsia-like organisms (rlos) (fig. 1) and it now seems that the rlos may exert this effect by controlling midgut lectins in the fly. ian maudlin and susan welburn explain the latest findings. | 1988 | 15463060 |
| susceptibility of tnf-alpha-deficient mice to trypanosoma congolense is not due to a defective antibody response. | c57bl/6 mice deficient in one or two copies of the gene for tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-alpha) were more susceptible to trypanosoma congolense infection than their resistant, wild-type counterparts. the number of tnf-alpha genes was correlated with the capacity to control parasitaemia and with survival time. absence of tnf-alpha resulted in a diminished capacity to form germinal centres in lymph nodes and spleen. since germinal centres are involved in antibody production and affinity matura ... | 2004 | 15533287 |
| protective efficacy of isometamidium chloride and diminazene aceturate against natural trypanosoma brucei, trypanosoma congolense and trypanosoma vivax infections in cattle under a suppressed tsetse population in uganda. | the protective efficacy of isometamidium chloride (ismm) and diminazene aceturate (dim) against trypanosoma brucei, trypanosoma congolense and trypanosoma vivax infections in cattle under a suppressed tsetse population was assessed in southeast uganda. a total of 66 and 57 trypanosome-infected cattle were treated with ismm and dim, respectively together with 177 trypanosome-free animals not treated were followed for 12 months, checked every 4 weeks. there was no statistical difference in the mea ... | 2004 | 15580773 |
| use of the serial analysis of gene expression (sage) method in veterinary research: a concrete application in the study of the bovine trypanotolerance genetic control. | new postgenomic biotechnologies, such as transcriptome analyses, are now able to characterize the full complement of genes involved in the expression of specific biological functions. one of these is the serial analysis of gene expression (sage) technique, which consists of the construction of transcripts libraries for a quantitative analysis of the entire gene(s) expressed or inactivated at a particular step of cellular activation. bioinformatic comparisons in the bovine genomic databases allow ... | 2004 | 15604489 |
| identification of a genetic marker for isometamidium chloride resistance in trypanosoma congolense. | isometamidium chloride has remained a very important prophylactic and therapeutic drug against trypanosomosis in cattle since its introduction into the market in the 1950s with, unfortunately, a concomitant development of resistance in trypanosomosis endemic areas. amplified fragment length polymorphism (aflp) was used to compare two isogenic clones of trypanosoma congolense. the parent clone, sensitive to isometamidium, has a cd50 (the curative dose that gives complete cure in 50% of the animal ... | 2004 | 15710444 |
| influence of an experimental trypanosoma congolense infection and plane of nutrition on milk production and some biochemical parameters in west african dwarf goats. | the interactions of trypanosomosis and plane of nutrition on health and productivity of multiparous and primiparous west african dwarf (wad) does were studied in a multi-factorial experiment including diet (supplementation or basal diet) and infection (infected or control). experimental does were infected with trypanosoma congolense at the beginning of the second week post-kidding and monitored for 16 weeks after infection. trypanosome infection significantly reduced packed cell volume (pcv) (co ... | 2005 | 15715994 |
| implications of the re-invasion of southeast uganda by glossina pallidipes on the epidemiology of bovine trypanosomosis. | a study to assess the influence of re-invasion of glossina pallidipes on the epidemiology of bovine trypanosomosis was conducted in southeast uganda. a total of 1,992 cattle were screened in villages, with (949) and without g. pallidipes (1043) for trypanosomosis using a combination of the bct and hct methods. the prevalence of trypanosomosis (15.5%), trypanosoma brucei infection (1.4%), t. congolense infection (7.2%), t. vivax infection (5.3%) and mixed infection (1.6%) in cattle in villages wi ... | 2004 | 15725527 |
| tnf-alpha mediates the development of anaemia in a murine trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense infection, but not the anaemia associated with a murine trypanosoma congolense infection. | development of anaemia in inflammatory diseases is cytokine-mediated. specifically, the levels of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (tnf-alpha), produced by activated macrophages, are correlated with severity of disease and anaemia in infections and chronic disease. in african trypanosomiasis, anaemia develops very early in infection around the time when parasites become detectable in the blood. since the anaemia persists after the first waves of parasitaemia when low numbers of trypanosomes are circ ... | 2005 | 15730385 |
| seasonal prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis in a tsetse-infested zone and a tsetse-free zone of the amhara region, north-west ethiopia. | during a period of four consecutive years, trypanosomosis surveys were conducted in a tsetse-infested and tsetse-free area of the amhara region of north-west ethiopia. in each study area randomly selected communal cattle were sampled and their blood was investigated using parasitological diagnostic methods. at the same time the population of biting flies was sampled. the monthly average prevalence of trypanosome infections in cattle did not differ significantly between study areas. in both study ... | 2004 | 15732457 |
| expression of a gene encoding trypanosoma congolense putative abc1 family protein is developmentally regulated. | during the attempt to seek t. congolense species-specific diagnostic antigens, we discovered one cdna clone (p74) encoding 74 kda putative abc1 protein (p74) from t. congolense pcf cdna library. it has been suggested that members of the abc1 family are novel chaperonins and essential for both the mitochondrial electron transfer in the bc 1 complex and the coenzyme q biosynthesis. although abc1 protein in yeast has a nuclear or mitochondrial subcellular location, neither nuclear localization sign ... | 2005 | 15750311 |
| the detection of non-rotat 1.2 trypanosoma evansi. | the majority of trypanosoma evansi can be detected using diagnostic tests based on the variant surface glycoprotein (vsg) of trypanosoma evansi rode trypanozoon antigen type (rotat) 1.2. exceptions are a number of t. evansi isolated in kenya. to characterize t. evansi that are undetected by rotat 1.2, we cloned and sequenced the vsg cdna from t. evansi jn 2118hu, an isolate devoid of the rotat 1.2 vsg gene. a 273 bp dna segment of the vsg gene was targeted in pcr amplification for the detection ... | 2005 | 15804376 |
| understanding bovine trypanosomiasis and trypanotolerance: the promise of functional genomics. | african bovine trypanosomiasis, caused by the protozoan parasite trypanosoma congolense, is endemic throughout sub-saharan africa and is a major constraint on livestock production. a promising approach to disease control is to understand and exploit naturally evolved trypanotolerance. we describe the first attempt to investigate the transcriptional response of susceptible boran (bos indicus) cattle to trypanosome infection via a functional genomics approach using a bovine total leukocyte (botl) ... | 2005 | 15808304 |
| marker-assisted introgression of trypanotolerance qtl in mice. | a marker-assisted introgression (mai) experiment was conducted to use genetic markers to transfer each of the three trypanotolerance qtl from a donor mouse strain, c57bl/6, into a recipient mouse strain, a/j. we used a backcross strategy that consisted of selecting two lines, each carrying two of the donor qtl alleles through the backcross (bc) phase. at the fourth bc generation, single-carrier animals were selected for the production of homozygous animal in the intercross phase. the qtl regions ... | 2005 | 15859356 |
| susceptibility of west african dwarf goats and wad x saanen crosses to experimental infection with trypanosoma congolense. | west african dwarf goats (wads) and their saanen crosses were experimentally infected with trypanosoma congolense. no significant differences were found between trypanosome parasitaemia and antibody response of the crossbred and wad goats. neither the wad goats nor the saanen crosses were able to control the drop in pcv following trypanosome infection. the level of anaemia caused by the trypanosome infection was similar in the two breeds during the trial. based on these findings, no difference i ... | 2005 | 15893063 |
| sodalis glossinidius (enterobacteriaceae) and vectorial competence of glossina palpalis gambiensis and glossina morsitans morsitans for trypanosoma congolense savannah type. | sodalis glossinidius is an endosymbiont of glossina palpalis gambiensis and glossina morsitans morsitans, the vectors of trypanosoma congolense. the presence of the symbiont was investigated by pcr in trypanosoma congolense savannah type-infected and noninfected midguts of both fly species, and into the probosces of flies displaying either mature or immature infection, to investigate possible correlation with the vectorial competence of tsetse flies. sodalis glossinidius was detected in all midg ... | 2005 | 15942697 |
| alternative oxidase (aox) genes of african trypanosomes: phylogeny and evolution of aox and plastid terminal oxidase families. | to clarify evolution and phylogenetic relationships of trypanosome alternative oxidase (aox) molecules, aox genes (cdnas) of the african trypanosomes, trypanosoma congolense and trypanosoma evansi, were cloned by pcr. both aoxs possess conserved consensus motifs (-e-, -exxh-). the putative amino acid sequence of the aox of t. evansi was exactly the same as that of t. brucei. a protein phylogeny of trypanosome aoxs revealed that three genetically and pathogenically distinct strains of t. congolen ... | 2005 | 16014016 |
| inhibition of a cathepsin l-like cysteine protease by a chimeric propeptide-derived inhibitor. | like other papain-related cathepsins, congopain from trypanosoma congolense is synthesized as a zymogen. we have previously identified a proregion-derived peptide (pcp27), acting as a weak and reversible inhibitor of congopain. pcp27 contains a 5-mer yhnga motif, which is essential for selectivity in the inhibition of its mature form [lalmanach, g., lecaille, f., chagas, j. r., authié, e., scharfstein, j., juliano, m. a., and gauthier, f. (1998) j. biol. chem. 273, 25112-25116]. in the work pres ... | 2005 | 16060657 |
| transmissibility of trypanosoma brucei during its development in cattle. | recent outbreaks of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense sleeping sickness in soroti district of eastern uganda have demonstrated the important role cattle can play as reservoirs of this parasite. to clarify the epidemiological importance of the cattle reservoir, experiments were conducted to determine the ease with which t. brucei is transmitted during the course of its development in friesian cattle. the development of t. brucei in cattle is characterized by an acute phase with high levels of parasi ... | 2005 | 16135189 |
| efficiency and limits of the serial analysis of gene expression (sage) method: discussions based on first results in bovine trypanotolerance. | post genomic biotechnologies, such as transcriptome analysis, are now efficient enough to characterize the full complement of genes involved in the expression of specific biological functions. one of them is the serial analysis of gene expression (sage) technique. sage involves the construction of transcript libraries for a quantitative analysis of the entire set of genes expressed or inactivated at particular stages of cellular activation. bioinformatic comparisons in hosts and pathogens genomi ... | 2005 | 16144719 |
| isometamidium sensitivity of trypanosoma congolense stocks from cattle in west africa tested in mice and the drug incubation infectivity test. | four trypanosoma (t.) congolense reference clones with known isometamidium sensitivity and 16 t. congolense stocks from cattle in kénédougou in south-western burkina faso, an area with known history of drug resistance, were characterised with the standard mouse test (smt) and the drug incubation infectivity test (diit). all field stocks from kénédougou were resistant to 1.0 mg/kg bw isometamidium in the smt. fourteen stocks (87.5%) also proved to be refractory to 10 mg/kg bw. testing with the di ... | 2006 | 16256933 |
| impaired kupffer cells in highly susceptible mice infected with trypanosoma congolense. | in highly susceptible balb/c mice infected with trypanosoma congolense, the total number of kupffer cells in the liver remains constant; however, their mean size increases fivefold towards the terminal stage. about 25% of kupffer cells undergo apoptosis. we suggest that development of an impairment of the macrophage system might be a major mechanism for inefficient elimination of trypanosomes. | 2005 | 16299337 |
| animal trypanosomiasis in zambia: incidence in cattle in southern province. | | 1976 | 16300132 |
| the transmissibility of trypanosoma congolense seems to be associated with its level of resistance to isometamidium chloride. | in large parts of africa the control of livestock trypanosomiasis relies on the use of trypanocidal drugs. resistance against the available compounds is developing rapidly in the trypanosome population. the effect of the development of drug resistance on the fitness of the trypanosome is not well known. to determine the effect of the development of resistance to isometamidium chloride on the trypanosome's transmissibility, transmission experiments were conducted. use was made of three isogenic c ... | 2006 | 16303254 |
| experimental african trypanosomiasis: a subset of pathogenic, ifn-gamma-producing, mhc class ii-restricted cd4+ t cells mediates early mortality in highly susceptible mice. | infections of highly susceptible balb/c mice with virulent strains of trypanosoma congolense or trypanosoma brucei result in rapid death (8 days). we have previously shown that this mortality is ifn-gamma dependent. in this study we show that ifn-gamma is produced predominantly by cd3+thy1.2+tcrbeta+cd4+ t cells shortly before the death of infected mice. mortality may therefore be dependent on ifn-gamma-producing cd4+ t cells. surprisingly, infected cd4+/+ and cd4-/- balb/c mice have similar par ... | 2006 | 16424202 |
| development of an adaptive tsetse population management scheme for the luke community, ethiopia. | since 1996, tsetse (glossina spp.) control operations, using odor-baited traps, have been carried out in the luke area of gurage zone, southwestern ethiopia. glossina morsitans submorsitans newstead was identified as the dominant species in the area, but the presence of glossina fuscipes newstead and glossina pallidipes austen also was recorded. here, we refer to the combined number of these three species and report the work undertaken from october 2002 to october 2004 to render the control syst ... | 2005 | 16465742 |
| ability of trypanosome-infected tsetse flies (diptera: glossinidae) to acquire an infection with a second trypanosome species. | the epidemiology of human and animal trypanosomiasis is determined to a large extent by the number of infected tsetse flies in a specific area. in the field, a substantial proportion of infected flies carry mixed trypanosome infections. the way in which these tsetse flies acquire a mixed infection is not fully understood. in particular, the susceptibility of tsetse flies to sequential infection with trypanosomes is not well understood. accordingly, laboratory studies were made of the effects of ... | 2005 | 16465745 |
| comparison of the virulence of trypanosoma congolense strains isolated from cattle in a trypanosomiasis endemic area of eastern zambia. | the virulence of 31 genetically different trypanosoma congolense strains belonging to the savannah subgroup and isolated from cattle at 11 sites in a trypanosomiasis endemic area of eastern zambia was compared. virulence testing, done in of1 mice, revealed three virulence categories. strains were considered extremely virulent when the median survival time ranged between 5 and 9 days. moderately virulent strains had a median survival time between 10 and 30 days and low virulence, more than 30 day ... | 2006 | 16516215 |
| a modified aflp for trypanosoma congolense isolate characterisation. | the amplified fragment length polymorphism (aflp) technique is a reliable and powerful dna fingerprint tool for genetic characterisation and analysis. in this paper, we described a modified aflp with high resolution for trypanosoma congolense using one enzyme and agarose or elchrom gel electrophoresis. eleven allopatric and fourteen sympatric isolates of t. congolense savannah were used to assess the resolution of the method and its ability to characterise t. congolense isolates. two enzymes (ec ... | 2006 | 16516323 |
| the susceptibility of trypanosoma congolense isolated in zambézia province, mozambique, to isometamidium chloride, diminazene aceturate and homidium chloride. | resistance to trypanocidal drugs has been detected in various african countries and is a serious impediment to the control of livestock trypanosomosis. to determine whether drug resistant trypanosome strains are present in the zambézia province of mozambique a study was initiated. to assess the effect of the farming system and the drug-use regimen on the development of drug resistance, trypanosome isolates were collected from cattle from subsistence and commercial livestock production systems. t ... | 2005 | 16562737 |
| trypanosomosis prevalence in cattle on mafia island (tanzania). | during two consecutive surveys (february and august/sept 2002), a total of 970 cattle from the cattle population of mafia island (united republic of tanzania) were blood-sampled. all blood samples were microscopically screened for the presence of trypanosomes and a portion of these were checked for antibodies with an ab-elisa and for the presence of trypanosomal dna with pcr. microscopic evidence of trypanosomes of the congolense group (sub-genus nannomonas) was found in 0.8% of the animals (8/9 ... | 2006 | 16574325 |
| cr3 (cd11b/cd18) is the major macrophage receptor for igm antibody-mediated phagocytosis of african trypanosomes: diverse effect on subsequent synthesis of tumor necrosis factor alpha and nitric oxide. | immunoglobulin m (igm) antibodies to the variant surface glycoproteins (vsg) of african trypanosomes are the first and predominant class of anti-trypanosomal antibodies in the infected host. they are a major factor in controlling waves of parasitemia, but not in long-term survival. the macrophage receptor(s) that enables phagocytosis of igm anti-vsg-coated african trypanosomes is unknown. we assessed whether complement receptor cr3 (cd11b/cd18) might be involved in mediating phagocytosis of tryp ... | 2006 | 16616573 |
| interferon-gamma and nitric oxide in combination with antibodies are key protective host immune factors during trypanosoma congolense tc13 infections. | the control of chronic trypanosoma congolense trypanosomiasis was analyzed using several gene-deficient mouse strains. first, interferon (ifn)-gamma receptor (ifn-gamma-r)-deficient mice were used to show that ifn- gamma -mediated immune activation is crucial for parasitemia control. second, infections in major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class ii-deficient mice indicate that this molecule is needed for initiation of ifn- gamma and subsequent tumor necrosis factor (tnf) production. downstre ... | 2006 | 16652287 |
| a comparative longitudinal study of bovine trypanosomiasis in tsetse-free and tsetse-infested zones of the amhara region, northwest ethiopia. | a study was conducted to determine the incidence of trypanosome infections in cattle in tsetse-free and tsetse-infested zones of the amhara region of northwest ethiopia. a total of six sentinel herds were established and the cattle observed during a period of 8 consecutive months. the prevalence of seropositive cattle was high in both the tsetse-free and tsetse-infested zones. the average monthly incidence of trypanosome infection, determined using molecular diagnostic tools, was 20.9% and 25.7% ... | 2006 | 16675127 |
| bovine trypanotolerance: a natural ability to prevent severe anaemia and haemophagocytic syndrome? | trypanotolerance is the capacity of certain west-african, taurine breeds of cattle to remain productive and gain weight after trypanosome infection. laboratory studies, comparing trypanosoma congolense infections in trypanotolerant n'dama cattle (bos taurus) and in more susceptible boran cattle (bos indicus), confirmed the field observations. experiments using haemopoietic chimeric twins, composed of a tolerant and a susceptible co-twin, and t cell depletion studies suggested that trypanotoleran ... | 2006 | 16678182 |
| trypanosoma congolense: paraoxonase 1 prolongs survival of infected mice. | in vitro studies have suggested that a fraction of human high density lipoprotein (hdl), termed trypanosome lysis factor (tlf), can protect against trypanosome infection. we examined the involvement of two proteins located in the tlf fraction, apolipoprotein a-ii (apoa-ii) and paraoxonase 1 (pon1), against trypanosome infection. to test whether pon1 is involved in trypanosome resistance, we infected human pon1 transgenic mice, pon1 knockout mice, and wild-type mice with trypanosoma congolense. w ... | 2006 | 16682028 |
| an update of the bovine trypanosomosis situation at the edge of hluhiuwe-imfolozi park, kwazulu-natal province, south africa. | to obtain updated data on and assess the contribution of trypanosomosis to the disease burden of cattle kept at the edge of the hluhluwe-imfolozi park, a survey was conducted at mvutshini dip. use was made of a purposeful sampling strategy by restricting sampling to animals that the livestock owner considered to be in poor condition. of a total of 76 blood samples collected, 26 were parasitologically positive and 46 were positive on pcr/rflp. almost all infections were due to trypanosoma congole ... | 2006 | 16715881 |
| comparison of the transmissibility of trypanosoma congolense strains, isolated in a trypanosomiasis endemic area of eastern zambia, by glossina morsitans morsitans. | transmission experiments were conducted to compare the transmissibility of genetically different trypanosoma congolense (savannah subgroup) strains isolated from cattle in a trypanosomiasis endemic area of eastern zambia. a total of 17 strains were compared. three strains were extremely virulent with a short pre-patent period, high parasitaemia and a short median survival time (between 5 and 9 days) in mice. the remainder of the strains belonged to the moderate (6 strains) or low (8 strains) vir ... | 2006 | 16719960 |
| trypanosome-induced increase in prostaglandin f(2alpha) and its relationship with corpus luteum function in the goat. | plasma progesterone and 13,14-dihydro-15-keto prostaglandin f(2alpha) (pgfm) were measured in normal (uninfected) and trypanosoma congolense -infected adult goats for a period of 121 d, from may to august, during the breeding season in kenya. chronic trypanosomiasis rapidly increased the baseline plasma pgfm levels and the occurrence of irregular pgfm peaks in several infected goats. progesterone luteal levels declined rapidly from the second and subsequent cycles post patency. estrous cycles al ... | 1989 | 16726702 |
| elevation of morphological abnormalities of spermatozoa in the semen of zebu bulls consequent to trypanosoma vivax and trypanosoma congolense infections. | twenty-four zebu bulls were used in a 12-wk long study. eight bulls were infected with t. vivax , eight others with t. congolense and eight bulls served as controls. all the infected bulls developed chronic trypanosomiasis. mean percentage base-line values prior to infection for acrosomal, sperm-head, detached heads, proximal cytoplasmic droplets, distal cytoplasmic droplets, sperm-tail, midpiece and total sperm morphological abnormalities ranged between 0.1+/-0.1 for acrosomal and 8.7+/-3.4 for ... | 1990 | 16726788 |
| effect of experimental infection with trypanosoma congolense and scrotal insulation on leydig cell steroidogenesis in the ram. | testicular steroid content and leydig cell steroidogenesis in vitro were investigated in rams on days 28 and 58 after trypanosoma congolense infection and were compared with those of rams in which testicular temperature had been raised artificially by insulation of the scrotum for 58 d. testicular testosterone content increased significantly on day 28 after infection but was lower than that of controls on day 58 while it increased in scrotal-insulated rams compared with that of controls by day 5 ... | 1997 | 16728138 |
| efficacy of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine liposome against african trypanosomes. | we demonstrate here that dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (dppc) liposome has an antitrypanosomal effect, especially against the bloodstream forms (bsfs) of african trypanosomes (trypanosoma congolense, t. brucei rhodesiense, and t. brucei brucei). the dppc liposome significantly decreased the in vitro percentage of viable and motile bsf african trypanosomes but only marginally reduced the percentage of viable and motile procyclic form (pcf) of trypanosomes. the dppc liposome absorption was much m ... | 2006 | 16729700 |
| effect of isometamidium chloride treatment on susceptibility of tsetse flies (diptera: glossinidae) to trypanosome infections. | experiments were conducted to determine the effect of a single isometamidium chloride treatment of teneral tsetse flies, glossina morsitans morsitans westwood (diptera: glossinidae), on the subsequent susceptibility to an infection with trypanosoma congolense or trypanosoma brucei brucei. flies were offered a first bloodmeal on sterile gamma-irradiated defibrinated bovine blood that contained either 10 or 100 microg ofisometamidium chloride/ml. treated flies were subsequently infected with t. co ... | 2006 | 16739416 |
| beneficial effect of erythropoietin administration on murine infection with trypanosoma congolense. | the effect of erythropoietin treatment on trypanosoma congolense infection in mice was studied. survival rates of mice were dramatically improved by treatment with recombinant human erythropoietin (r-hu-epo; 5,000 u/kg) when infected with 1,000 cells of t. congolense il3000 (p < 0.05). all the untreated mice infected with t. congolense il3000 died by day 9 of infection; however, 100%, 50%, and 25% of the mice treated with r-hu-epo for 8 days survived to day 20, day 40, and day 60 of the parasiti ... | 2006 | 16760514 |
| response of trypanosoma vivax and trypanosoma congolense in zebu cattle in north cameroon to prophylactic treatment with two formulations of isometamidium. | we tested the efficacy of two formulations of isometamidium in a tsetse-infested farm in north cameroon from 20 august 2000 to 5 january 2001. a total of 90 adult cattle were used in three groups of 30 each corresponding to two treated and one untreated control. drug efficacies were evaluated in terms of reduction of parasite incidence in the host's blood, maintenance of packed-cell volume (pcv) and weight gains. both drugs reduced the incidence of parasites even though re-infections 2 weeks aft ... | 2006 | 16777250 |
| equine trypanosomosis in the central river division of the gambia: a study of veterinary gate-clinic consultation records. | the objective of this study was to provide epidemiological information of equine trypanosomosis in the central river division (crd) of the gambia. therefore, 2285 consultations records of equines, admitted in a gate-clinic at sololo in crd, were studied retrospectively. the data were recorded in the period between september 1995 and july 2002 and comprised consultations of 2113 horses and 172 donkeys. 'trypanosome infection' was the most frequently diagnosed condition and accounted for 61% of th ... | 2006 | 16814418 |
| trypanosoma congolense procyclins: unmasking cryptic major surface glycoproteins in procyclic forms. | in the tsetse fly, the protozoan parasite trypanosoma congolense is covered by a dense layer of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (gpi)-anchored molecules. these include a protease-resistant surface molecule (prs), which is expressed by procyclic forms early in infection, and a glutamic acid- and alanine-rich protein (garp), which appears at later stages. since neither of these surface antigens is expressed at intermediate stages, we investigated whether a gpi-anchored protein of 50 to 58 kda, previo ... | 2006 | 16896226 |
| in vitro growth inhibition of bloodstream forms of trypanosoma brucei and trypanosoma congolense by iron chelators. | african trypanosomes exert significant morbidity and mortality in man and livestock. only a few drugs are available for the treatment of trypanosome infections and therefore, the development of new anti-trypanosomal agents is required. previously it has been shown that bloodstream-form trypanosomes are sensitive to the iron chelator deferoxamine. in this study the effect of 13 iron chelators on the growth of trypanosoma brucei, t. congolense and human hl-60 cells was tested in vitro. with the ex ... | 2006 | 16914038 |
| the pathogenesis of anaemia in goats experimentally infected with trypanosoma congolense or trypanosoma brucei: use of the myeloid:erythroid ratio. | the present study examined the development of anaemia in small east african goats experimentally infected with trypanosoma congolense or trypanosoma brucei. experimental goats received a primary trypanosome challenge on day 0, treated with diminazene aceturate on day 49 and received a secondary trypanosome challenge on day 77 of the 136-day experiment. both primary and secondary challenges were characterised by reduced peripheral erythrocyte counts, fall in packed cell volume (pcv), hypohaemoglo ... | 2007 | 16982150 |
| cytokine mrna profiling of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from trypanotolerant and trypanosusceptible cattle infected with trypanosoma congolense. | to examine differences in cytokine profiles that may confer tolerance/susceptibility to bovine african trypanosomiasis, n'dama (trypanotolerant, n = 8) and boran (trypanosusceptible, n = 8) cattle were experimentally challenged with trypanosoma congolense. blood samples were collected over a 34-day period, and rna was extracted from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. the expression levels of a panel of 14 cytokines were profiled over the time course of infection and between breeds. messenger rn ... | 2006 | 16985010 |
| the application of pcr-elisa to the detection of trypanosoma congolense type savannah (tcs) in bovine blood samples. | pcr-elisa was set up to detect strains of trypanosoma congolense type savannah (tcs) in field samples of buffy coats. results of pcr-elisa and pcr were compared and the effectiveness of both techniques was also compared with the murray's method for the detection of tcs in 257 bovine buffy coats. the pcr products were labelled with digoxigenin (dig-dutp) during amplification cycles of the repetitive satellite dna. a biotinylated dna capture probe was used to detect the pcr products by elisa in st ... | 2006 | 17041561 |
| gene expression profiling in a mouse model for african trypanosomiasis. | this study aimed to provide the foundation for an integrative approach to the identification of the mechanisms underlying the response to infection with trypanosoma congolense, and to identify pathways that have previously been overlooked. we undertook a large-scale gene expression analysis study comparing susceptible a/j and more tolerant c57bl/6 mice. in an initial time course experiment, we monitored the development of parasitaemia and anaemia in every individual. based on the kinetics of dis ... | 2006 | 17066074 |
| nonradioactive trans-sialidase screening assay. | trans-sialidase (ts; e.c. 3.2.1.18) catalyzes the transfer of preferably alpha2,3-linked sialic acid to another glycan or glycoconjugate, forming a new alpha2,3-linkage to galactose or n-acetylgalactosamine. in the absence of an appropriate acceptor, ts acts as a sialidase, hydrolytically releasing glycosidically linked sialic acid. interest in ts has increased rapidly in recent years owing to its great relevance to the pathogenicity of trypanosomes and its possible application in the regiospeci ... | 2006 | 17072006 |
| sscp analysis of the p2 purine transporter tcoat1 gene of trypanosoma congolense leads to a simple pcr-rflp test allowing the rapid identification of diminazene resistant stocks. | analyses were made on a trypanosoma congolense contig coding a putative p2-like nucleoside transporter (the contig was named in this study tcoat1). the sequence includes a start and stop codon and presents a high similarity with the gene tbat1 of t. brucei (smallest sum probability 2.8e-136). to investigate a possible link between point mutations and diminazene aceturate (da) resistance in mice, the tcoat1 putative genes of 26 t. congolense strains, characterised for da sensitivity in the single ... | 2006 | 17083909 |
| experimental african trypanosomiasis: lack of effective cd1d-restricted antigen presentation. | balb/c mice are highly susceptible to african trypanosomiasis, whereas c57bl/6 mice are relatively resistant. other investigators have reported that the synthesis of igg antibodies to purified membrane form of variant surface glycoprotein (mfvsg) of trypanosoma brucei is cd1 restricted. in this study, we examine the role of the cd1d/nkt cell pathway in susceptibility and resistance of mice to infection by african trypanosomes. administration of anti-cd1d antibodies to trypanosoma congolense-infe ... | 2006 | 17096643 |