| impaired responsiveness to gamma interferon of macrophages infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus clone 13: susceptibility to histoplasmosis. | lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus clone 13 (lcmv clone 13), a variant isolated from the spleens of neonatally infected mice, causes persistent infections in mice infected as adults. such persistently infected mice succumb to a normally sublethal dose of histoplasma capsulatum, and their macrophages contain overwhelming numbers of yeast cells of the fungus. both lcmv clone 13 and h. capsulatum yeast cells target and replicate in macrophages of the host. we sought to study the effects of lcmv clo ... | 1995 | 7890411 |
| cutaneous manifestations of fungal infection. | fungal infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue may result from either direct contact or inoculation injury (primary infection) or from hematogenous spread from a primary focus of disease (secondary infection). the parainfectious lesions of erythema nodosum and erythema multiforme are manifestations of the host's immune response to the invading fungus, particularly histoplasma capsulatum and coccidiodes immitis. in some patients, skin lesions may be the only sign of a systemic fungal infect ... | 1994 | 7890937 |
| disseminated histoplasmosis in a non-immunocompromised host. | histoplasma infections in europe are rare, and acute disseminated histoplasmosis has only been observed in immunocompromised persons. we describe a case of acute disseminated histoplasmosis in a young, nonimmunocompromised european woman. the probable source of infection was sri lanka or the maldives. at presentation she was severely ill with fever, lymphadenopathy, anemia, thrombocytopenia, hepatosplenomegaly, and polyserositis. histologically, myelofibrosis and osteosclerosis were observed wit ... | 1994 | 7894216 |
| comparative studies on the detection of delayed dermal hypersensitivity in experimental animals with lysate and filtrate antigens of blastomyces dermatitidis. | yeast cell and mycelial lysate and filtrate antigens prepared in our laboratory from two strains of blastomyces dermatitidis (canine isolate t-58 and human isolate le) were evaluated with respect to the detection of delayed dermal hypersensitivity in hairless guinea pigs previously immunized with killed whole yeast cells from two strains of blastomyces dermatitidis (t-58 and le) and histoplasma capsulatum (strain g-217a). the optimal potential reactivity (reactivity minus cross-reactivity) with ... | 1994 | 7898509 |
| the second case of peritonitis due to histoplasma capsulatum during continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis in brazil. | this paper reports a case of infection due to histoplasma capsulatum apparently restricted to the peritoneum in a woman submitted to continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (capd). diagnosis was established by direct examination and culture of dialysis effluent. although the state of rio grande do sul, the southernmost in brazil, is not considered a region of high endemicity for histoplasmosis, this is the second case of infection occurring in a patient during capd. | 1994 | 7898511 |
| resistance mechanisms in murine experimental histoplasmosis. | the study by use of immunocytochemical methods shows that the spleen of mouse infected intravenously by histoplasma capsulatum is heavily infiltrated by macrophages. the cd4+ and cd8+ t cells are diffused and sparsely distributed throughout the spleen. it appears that experimental histoplasmosis in animals presents as a disease of the mononuclear phagocyte systems. macrophages are important cells in controlling replication of intracellular h. capsulatum. factors that affect the infiltration and ... | 1993 | 7905306 |
| evidence for a phylogenetic connection between coccidioides immitis and uncinocarpus reesii (onygenaceae). | coccidioides immitis is an anomaly amongst the human systemic fungal pathogens. its unique parasitic cycle has contributed to confusion over its taxonomy. early investigators mistakenly suggested that the pathogen is a protist, while others agreed it to be a fungus but placed it in four different divisions of the eumycota. the taxonomy of c. immitis is still unresolved. ultrastructural examinations of its parasitic and saprobic phases have revealed features that are diagnostic of the ascomycetou ... | 1994 | 7915941 |
| cloning and sequence analysis of an h(+)-atpase-encoding gene from the human dimorphic pathogen histoplasma capsulatum. | a gene related to the pma1 gene from saccharomyces cerevisiae was isolated from the pathogenic human dimorphic fungus, histoplasma capsulatum, using fungal-specific oligodeoxyribonucleotide (oligo) probes. this gene has been given the name hc-pma1. the structural organization of hc-pma1 consists of three exons (375, 2329 and 44 bp) and two introns (115 and 116 bp). the nucleotide sequence predicts an h(+)-atpase-related protein of 916 amino acids (aa). comparison of the deduced aa sequence to th ... | 1993 | 7916725 |
| acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and its ocular complications. | human immunodeficiency virus infection is the first major pandemic of the 20th century. at present, almost 10 million people are known to be infected with this virus, and it is estimated that by the year 2000, approximately 40 million people will be infected. transmission of this deadly infection is predominantly by sexual contact. individuals infected with this virus pass through several predictable stages with progressive decrease in circulating cd4+ t cells. during the advanced stage, these p ... | 1994 | 7927632 |
| newer developments in therapy for endemic mycoses. | in the 1960s and 1970s, amphotericin b was the only effective therapy for serious systemic endemic fungal infections due to histoplasma capsulatum, blastomyces dermatitidis, and sporothrix schenckii. in the 1980s, ketoconazole was introduced as therapy for endemic mycoses; after this antifungal agent was introduced, some of these infections could be treated orally in an outpatient setting rather than intravenously in an inpatient setting. the 1990s have become the triazole era. it is now standar ... | 1994 | 7948568 |
| diagnosis of histoplasmosis by antigen detection during an outbreak in indianapolis, ind. | in this study we examine the sensitivity of histoplasma capsulatum var capsulatum antigen detection for the diagnosis of histoplasmosis. this was a retrospective review of the sensitivity of antigen detection in patients who were diagnosed as having self-limited, chronic pulmonary, or disseminated histoplasmosis during an outbreak in indianapolis, ind. all patients had clinical and laboratory evidence of histoplasmosis, and specimens of urine or serum that were obtained from the patients were te ... | 1994 | 7979915 |
| the continuing utility of bronchoalveolar lavage to diagnose opportunistic infection in aids patients. | to determine whether bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) remains a useful technique in assessing human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected patients with pulmonary symptoms. | 1994 | 7985710 |
| geographical pathology profile of aids in puerto rico: the first decade. | postmortem histopathological changes in 100 adult patients with aids who died in puerto rico from 1982 to 1991 were studied and tabulated. modes of hiv transmission were reviewed. patient ages ranged from 21 to 60 yr. gender composition for the patient group was 83 men (average age, 35 yr) and 17 women (average age, 39 yr). sixty-eight of the patients were injecting-drug users, 20 were homosexual and bisexual men, seven were women who had had heterosexual contact with men at risk for hiv, and on ... | 1994 | 7991523 |
| [relationship of histoplasmin intradermal tests and antibodies levels detected by elisa and immunodiffusion]. | a prospective study was carried out in two groups of individuals: a group 1 (n = 40) included workers from a poultry farm, with potential occupational risk of exposure to histoplasma capsulatum, etiologic agent of histoplasmosis, and a group 2 (n = 16), persons without occupational risk of exposure to the agent. histoplasmin skin test was performed in both groups, and three sera were obtained from each individual: 1) before skin test was done, 2) 30 days after, and 3) 180 days after it. in both ... | 1994 | 7997779 |
| [addison crisis due to bilateral adrenal gland histoplasmosis]. | a 44-year-old man was admitted with symptoms compatible with addison crisis. abdominal computer tomography revealed extensive bilateral adrenal abscesses. histoplasma capsulatum was cultured from a needle aspirate. the patient was hiv-seronegative and had no underlying malignancy. he may have acquired the infection during several stays in endemic areas in the united states, south america and asia. the case was also remarkable for moderate brain atrophy, thrombosis of the portal and splenic veins ... | 1994 | 7997862 |
| molecular cloning and sequence analysis of yps-3, a yeast-phase-specific gene in the dimorphic fungal pathogen histoplasma capsulatum. | genes specifically expressed in the parasitic yeast phase of histoplasma capsulatum have been cloned to clarify the mechanisms underlying both pathogenesis and morphogenesis in this human dimorphic fungal pathogen. previous studies have determined that the yeast-phase-specific gene, yps-3, is expressed differentially in two non-isogenic strains which differ in their thermotolerance and virulence. we have cloned the yps-3 homologues from the high virulence (g217b) and low virulence (downs) strain ... | 1994 | 8012597 |
| morphological transition in the human fungal pathogen histoplasma capsulatum. | considerable information has accumulated recently about specific genes of histoplasma capsulatum that are expressed during the process of adaptation when the organism undergoes morphological transition at the onset of infection. the study of these genes is crucial to identify targets for the development of novel antifungal agents. | 1994 | 8012752 |
| prevention of relapse of histoplasmosis with fluconazole in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. | to assess the effectiveness of fluconazole for suppression of relapse of histoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). | 1994 | 8017447 |
| epidemiological study of sporotrichosis and histoplasmosis in captive latin american wild mammals, são paulo, brazil. | sporotrichosis and histoplasmosis are deep mycosis with a high incidence in human beings in brazil. in domestic animals histoplasmosis has been described only in dogs, but the occurrence of sporotrichosis among domestic animals in brazil has been described in dogs, cats, mules and asses. there is also a case of this disease reported in a chimpanzee (pan troglodites). the purpose of this research was to perform an epidomiological study of these mycoses using delayed hypersensitivity tests (histop ... | 1994 | 8028639 |
| disseminated histoplasma capsulatum in a patient with hyper igm immunodeficiency. | | 1994 | 8036080 |
| altered expression of surface alpha-1,3-glucan in genetically related strains of blastomyces dermatitidis that differ in virulence. | recent studies of the dimorphic fungal pathogens histoplasma capsulatum and paracoccidioides brasiliensis have suggested a role in virulence for the cell surface carbohydrate alpha-(1,3)-glucan. to investigate a possible basis for alpha-(1,3)-glucan in the pathogenicity and virulence of the dimorphic fungus blastomyces dermatitidis, we examined three genetically related strains of b. dermatitidis that differ in their virulence for mice: wild-type virulent strain atcc 26199; mutant strain atcc 60 ... | 1994 | 8039925 |
| opportunistic invasion of the heart in hispanic patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. | one hundred consecutive patients who died of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) were studied with an emphasis on the heart. thirty-two patients showed pathologic changes. the pathologic findings included infection by histoplasma capsulatum, toxoplasma gondii, mycobacterium tuberculosis, cytomegalovirus. cryptococcus neoformans, and atypical mycobacteria. noninfectious pathologic findings included nonspecific myocarditis, focal necrosis, focal fibrosis, and acute subendocardial infarct ... | 1994 | 8059916 |
| oral histoplasmosis in india: a case report and an overview of cases reported during 1968-92. | oral histoplasmosis in a 30-year-old male with no history of travel outside india is described. an ulcerating lesion was located on the hard palate. a chest x-ray was normal. based on physical examination, regional lymph nodes, liver and spleen were not involved. the diagnosis was established by demonstrating yeast-like budding cells in a biopsy of the lesion and by isolating histoplasma capsulatum in pure culture. the identity of the isolate was confirmed by a chemiluminescent dna-probe assay a ... | 1994 | 8064548 |
| disseminated histoplasmosis mimicking miliary tuberculosis: a case report. | a 35-year-old chinese man who was known to have insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus was admitted for fever and weight loss. during his hospital stay, he fell to his death from his ward at the twelfth floor. the clinical features, radiological findings and gross organ changes at autopsy closely simulated miliary tuberculosis. histology, however, revealed extensive necrosis of the adrenal glands, lungs, spleen, kidneys and thyroid associated with the presence of histoplasma capsulatum organisms. t ... | 1993 | 8065179 |
| [focal hemorrhagic chorioretinopathy. clinical differentiation and visual prognosis]. | macular choroidal neovascularization in young adults without any known underlying diseases is referred to under the general term of focal hemorrhagic chorioretinopathy. in endemic areas of the usa an infection with histoplasma capsulatum is thought to be the causative agent, but in europe the pathogenesis of this condition is unknown. with the aim of finding how european patients with this disease might be detected by clinical examination and to estimate the prognosis for sight in the affected e ... | 1994 | 8086745 |
| nodular subcutaneous histoplasmosis. a case report with diagnosis by fine needle aspiration biopsy. | fine needle aspiration biopsy (fnab) of a solitary subcutaneous nodule in the upper arm of a patient being treated with corticosteroids for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease contained numerous spherical, unstained, refractile particles mixed with necrotic cellular material and rare intact histiocytes with yeastlike inclusions. the morphology of the extracytoplasmic spheroids and cytoplasmic inclusions, as demonstrated with gomori methenamine silver stain, was characteristic of histoplasma ca ... | 1994 | 8091917 |
| transfer of protective immunity in murine histoplasmosis by a cd4+ t-cell clone. | we have reported that a murine histoplasma capsulatum-reactive cd4+ t-cell line and clones thereof did not adoptively transfer protection against h. capsulatum infection in normal or cyclophosphamide-treated c57bl/6 mice. one explanation for the results was that the t cells failed to traffic to lymphoid organs in these animals. in this study, we have sought to determine whether one of these clones, 2.3h3, could mediate protection in nude (c57bl/10) or irradiated (5 gy) heterozygous nude (nu/+) c ... | 1993 | 8093695 |
| [disseminated histoplasmosis in children]. | disseminated histoplasmosis is a rare and severe form of the infection due to the fungus histoplasma capsulatum. this form of disease is seen mainly in patients with some sort of immune deficiency either primary or secondary, in children under two years and in elderly people. an autopsy review at the hospital infantil de méxico federico gómez disclosed eight cases of lethal disseminated histoplasmosis in an eight year period. all patients were malnourished, one of them also had a primary immunod ... | 1993 | 8110405 |
| aberrant histoplasma capsulatum. confirmation of identity by a chemiluminescence-labeled dna probe. | a cottony, light tan, filamentous fungus with pear-shaped microconidia and lacking tuberculated macroconidia was isolated from a bronchial lavage specimen. subculture on several media at 37 degrees c failed to convert the fungus to a yeast form after several weeks; attempts at in vivo conversion in mice were also unsuccessful. sera obtained several months apart showed m bands with histoplasma capsulatum (hc) antigen by immunodiffusion and an increase in complement fixation titers with mycelial a ... | 1993 | 8112034 |
| deep mycoses and palatal perforation with granulomatous pansinusitis in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: case reports. | palatal perforation with granulomatous pansinusitis caused by deep mycotic infection is a rare complication of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. two cases of palatal ulceration with osseous destruction, one caused by histoplasma capsulatum the other by cryptococcus neoformans, are discussed. treatment with a palatal obturator restored function and speech in both patients during the remainder of their lives. | 1993 | 8121990 |
| the histoplasma capsulatum cdc2 gene is transcriptionally regulated during the morphologic transition. | to understand the molecular mechanisms that control the reversible morphologic transition from mycelia to yeast in dimorphic fungi, we have isolated and characterized a cdc2 gene from histoplasma capsulatum. this organism is a dimorphic pathogenic fungus that grows as a filamentous saprobic mold in soil and as a unicellular pathogenic yeast in human tissue. the cloned gene, whose protein product has a high degree of homology with other members of the cdc2 family, is split into four exons and thr ... | 1994 | 8125338 |
| role of cd8+ t cells in host resistance to systemic infection with histoplasma capsulatum in mice. | histoplasma capsulatum is a facultative intracellular fungus that spreads lymphohematogenously to involve organ systems rich in mononuclear phagocytes. we explored herein the in vivo effect of anti-cd8 rat mab on the course of murine disseminated histoplasmosis. treatment with anti-cd8 mab caused a selective depletion of cd8+ t cells in naive mice infected with h. capsulatum. the loss of cd8+ t cells was associated with an increased number of h. capsulatum cfu in spleens and livers of mice durin ... | 1994 | 8144930 |
| disseminated histoplasmosis presenting as urinary tract obstruction in a renal transplant recipient. | disseminated histoplasmosis occasionally involves the kidney, but the infection usually does not cause either urinary symptoms or a decrease in renal function. we present a case of disseminated histoplasmosis in a renal transplant recipient who presented with urinary obstruction in the allograft from a sloughed renal papilla infected with the fungus. at the same time the patient had chronic meningitis from histoplasma capsulatum. the literature on renal involvement with histoplasmosis is reviewe ... | 1994 | 8154500 |
| case report: fluconazole therapy in histoplasma mediastinal granuloma. | a 41-year-old man presented with night sweats, fever, and substernal chest pain approximately 5 months after being treated for community-acquired pneumonia. chest radiograph revealed a mediastinal mass that was confirmed by computed tomography (ct) of the thorax. during surgery, enlarged paratracheal lymph nodes and a mass surrounding the right lower lobe bronchus and bronchus intermedius were found. multiple biopsies from the mass showed that it consisted mainly of acellular fibrous tissue, but ... | 1994 | 8160721 |
| chloroquine induces human macrophage killing of histoplasma capsulatum by limiting the availability of intracellular iron and is therapeutic in a murine model of histoplasmosis. | we investigated the role of intracellular iron on the capacity of histoplasma capsulatum (hc) yeasts to multiply within human macrophages (mphi). coculture of hc-infected mphi with the iron chelator deferoxamine suppressed the growth of yeasts in a concentration-dependent manner. the effect of deferoxamine was reversed by iron-saturated transferrin (holotransferrin) but not by iron-free transferrin (apotransferrin). chloroquine, which prevents release of iron from transferrin by raising endocyti ... | 1994 | 8163646 |
| clearance of histoplasma capsulatum variety capsulatum antigen is useful for monitoring treatment of experimental histoplasmosis. | we sought to determine whether measurement of histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum antigen concentration in tissues and blood provided a marker for antifungal effect of itraconazole in a nonlethal murine model of histoplasmosis. treatment with itraconazole (sporanox), in cyclodextrin, was evaluated in a pulmonary model of histoplasmosis. mice infected with 4.0 x 10(7) yeast-phase organisms by endotracheal inoculation were treated with itraconazole, 1.5 mg twice daily by gavage, for 10 consecut ... | 1994 | 8164105 |
| antihistoplasma effect of activated mouse splenic macrophages involves production of reactive nitrogen intermediates. | the mechanism by which recombinant murine gamma interferon (rmuifn-gamma) and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (lps) activate mouse resident splenic macrophages to inhibit the intracellular growth of the fungus histoplasma capsulatum was examined. growth inhibition depended on l-arginine metabolism. the growth inhibitory state normally induced by rmuifn-gamma and lps in resident splenic macrophages did not occur when the macrophages were cultured in the presence of ng-monomethyl-l-arginine, a compet ... | 1994 | 8168960 |
| effect of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (m-csf) on macrophage morphology, phagocytosis, and intracellular multiplication of histoplasma capsulatum. | m-csf induced dramatic morphological changes in resident peritoneal macrophages (r-pm) in a time and dose dependent manner. macrophages increased 2-3-fold in size and developed a dendritic morphology. compared to macrophages cultured in medium alone m-csf-treated macrophages were less phagocytic (67 versus 82%) for serum opsonized yeast cells of histoplasma capsulatum. however, in m-csf macrophages the intracellular multiplication of ingested yeast cells were significantly inhibited compared to ... | 1994 | 8181905 |
| case records of the department of medicine university of mississippi medical center. histoplasma capsulatum osteomyelitis humerus, metastatim pulmonary histoplas-mosis. | | 1994 | 8182736 |
| [disseminated histoplasmosis in aids]. | a 41-year-old man infected with hiv-1 developed fever up to 39.8 degrees c together with nonproductive cough and dyspnoea. lactate dehydrogenase concentration rose from a level of 998 u/l to 6307 u/l. as pneumocystis carinii pneumonia was at first suspected he was treated with co-trimoxazole (1600 mg sulfamethoxazole and 320 mg trimethoprim, four times daily). but the symptoms did not abate. bone-marrow puncture revealed numerous macrophages containing ovoid inclusions typical of histoplasma cap ... | 1994 | 8187612 |
| inhibition of intracellular histoplasma capsulatum replication by murine macrophages that produce human defensin. | although purified defensins are effective microbicides in vitro, their operation within intact phagocytes has not been established. to address this question, we inserted cdna encoding human defensin hnp-1 into a pbabe/neo retroviral vector and transduced it into raw 264.7 cells, a murine macrophage line that lacks endogenous defensins. we isolated five independent clones of hnp-1-transduced cells, all of which secreted prodefensin and contained small amounts of fully processed hnp-1. the two clo ... | 1994 | 8188361 |
| immunochemical studies of heat-shock protein 80 of histoplasma capsulatum. | a monoclonal antibody (mab) of the igg1 subclass, with greater activity to the yeast than the mycelial phase of histoplasma capsulatum was raised and was found to predominantly recognize a molecule of 80 kda by immunoblot. enzymatic deglycosylation and chemical degradation, followed by reaction with mab 69f on western blots showed the molecule to be o-glycosylated, and immunofluorescence studies showed it to be heat-inducible and its distribution to be cytoplasmic and possibly cell membraneous. ... | 1994 | 8207622 |
| [histoplasmosis of the central nervous system: study of cerebrospinal fluid in 8 patients]. | one hundred and thirteen samples of csf from eight patients with chronic meningitis were studied in a 12 years period (september, 1980-august, 1992). none of them had aids. in all, cns histoplasmosis diagnosis was made by csf examination. all cases tested positive for antibodies to histoplasma capsulatum in csf; in one case the yeast grew in sabouraud culture in three different occasions. the main findings in csf by the time of the diagnosis were: moderate hypercytosis marked by lymphocytes and ... | 1993 | 8215936 |
| biological properties of aureobasidin a, a cyclic depsipeptide antifungal antibiotic. | aureobasidin a (aba) is a novel cyclic depsipeptide antifungal antibiotic. the antifungal activity of aba was studied in vitro and in vivo in comparison with clinically effective antifungal agents, amphotericin b and fluconazole. aba was highly active in vitro against many pathogenic fungi, including candida albicans, cryptococcus neoformans, blastomyces dermatitidis and histoplasma capsulatum. the activity was superior to amphotericin b in most cases. aba exhibited fungicidal action toward grow ... | 1993 | 8226319 |
| [disseminated histoplasmosis in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome]. | a twenty nine year old male homosexual presented with malaise, weight loss, fever and profuse sweating. an ill defined abdominal mass was found during physical examination in the right lower quadrant and chest x rays disclosed a pleural effusion. hiv antibodies and hepatitis b surface antigen were positive and immunological parameters were altered. light and electron microscopic examination of operative biopsies of the abdominal mass revealed the presence of histoplasma capsulatum. treatment wit ... | 1993 | 8235168 |
| interaction of histoplasma capsulatum yeasts and conidia with human and animal macrophages. | | 1994 | 8251591 |
| [histoplasmosis of the central nervous system. clinical aspects in 8 patients]. | clinical approach has been made in eight patients with histoplasmosis of the central nervous system. all patients had no evidence of immunodepression. time disease at diagnosis ranged from 6 to 108 months (median 36 months). main signs and symptoms were: intracranial hypertension in 6 patients; impairment of memory in 4; confusion in 4; seizures in 2; urinary incontinence in 2; sexual impotency in 1. meningo-encephalitic form was present in 6 patients, while the granulomatous form was found in 2 ... | 1993 | 8274082 |
| pulmonary fungal infections in hiv-infected persons. | fungal infections account for a large number of aids-index diagnoses and complicate the course of most patients with hiv disease. infection with cryptococcus neoformans is the most commonly encountered deep-seated fungal infection in aids and represents a major threat to hiv-infected people worldwide. although most patients with cryptococcosis present with meningitis, pulmonary disease may occasionally dominate the clinical picture. treatment of symptomatic pulmonary cryptococcosis remains ampho ... | 1993 | 8278679 |
| interactions between human phagocytic cells and histoplasma capsulatum. | | 1993 | 8298270 |
| changes in membrane fluidity modulate heat shock gene expression and produced attenuated strains in the dimorphic fungus histoplasma capsulatum. | in the dimorphic fungus histoplasma capsulatum the expression of heat shock genes is modulated by addition of fatty acids. addition at 25 degrees c of saturated fatty acid (palmitic acid) to mycelia of h. capsulatum induced a significant increase in heat shock mrnas transcription when cells were heat shocked. conversely, treatments with unsaturated fatty acid (oleic acid) drastically reduced the level of heat shock gene transcription at 37 degrees c, and no detectable levels were measurable with ... | 1993 | 8298273 |
| recombinant murine gamma interferon stimulates macrophages of the raw cell line to inhibit intracellular growth of histoplasma capsulatum. | macrophages of the raw 264.7 cell line, activated by pretreatment with recombinant murine gamma interferon, inhibit the intracellular growth of histoplasma capsulatum. growth inhibition occurred by a mechanism that was operative only when l-arg metabolism was allowed to occur. when activated macrophages were cultured in the absence of l-arg or in the presence of ng-monomethyl-l-arg, a competitive inhibitor of l-arg metabolism, activation to the antihistoplasma growth-inhibitory state did not occ ... | 1994 | 8300224 |
| comparison of myristoyl-coa:protein n-myristoyltransferases from three pathogenic fungi: cryptococcus neoformans, histoplasma capsulatum, and candida albicans. | myristoyl-coa:protein n-myristoyltransferase (nmt) transfers myristate from coa to the n-terminal gly residue of cellular proteins in an ordered reaction mechanism that first involves binding of myristoyl-coa to the apoenzyme. the gene encoding saccharomyces cerevisiae nmt1p (nmt1) is essential for vegetative growth. candida albicans, cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans, and histoplasma capsulatum are the principal causes of systemic fungal infections in immunocompromised humans. metabolic l ... | 1994 | 8300631 |
| the immune response to histoplasma capsulatum: unearthing its secrets. | | 1994 | 8301195 |
| pharmacotherapy of disseminated histoplasmosis in patients with aids. | to review the pharmacotherapy of disseminated histoplasmosis (dh) in patients with aids. the article provides an overview of the pathophysiology, epidemiology, clinical presentation and diagnosis of this disease. clinical trials reporting intervention with antifungal therapy are reviewed, with an emphasis on efficacy and toxicity of these agents. | 1993 | 8305787 |
| histoplasmosis. | histoplasmosis is an infection caused by the dimorphic fungus, histoplasma capsulatum. the initial site of entry is usually the lung, but dissemination to skin occurs in some patients, particularly those with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection in whom it is part of a widespread infection. the organisms have to be distinguished from other yeasts in skin such as cryptococcus neoformans and small forms of blastomyces dermatitidis. | 1993 | 8312147 |
| retrospective serological study of histoplasmosis in mexico. | mycotic immunodiagnosis was performed in 325 patients with clinical evidence of systemic mycoses, over a 5-year period, from different hospitals of mexico city. results showed 168 individuals that presented one positive serological test to histoplasma capsulatum antigens. from these, only 27 patients were serologically positive to two or more tests, such as tube precipitin, immunodiffusion, complement fixation, and elisa, and developed signs and symptoms of a histoplasmosis clinically classified ... | 1993 | 8316258 |
| infectious multifocal choroiditis in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. | the purposes of this study are to determine the incidence of infectious opportunistic choroiditis in patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids), to study the association of these choroidal infections with systemic dissemination, and to investigate the life expectancy and cause of death in patients with infectious opportunistic choroiditis. | 1993 | 8321524 |
| two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis of histoplasmin and a purified polysaccharide-protein antigen of histoplasma capsulatum. | crude histoplasmin and a polysaccharide-protein complex (ppc-histo) antigens obtained from culture filtrates of histoplasma capsulatum were analyzed by single and tandem two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis (td-iep) using a rabbit hyperimmune anti-histoplasmin polyvalent serum. single td-iep showed 14 arc precipitates for histoplasmin. continuity of arcs 2, 6, and 7, and 9 and 10 was observed, suggesting a different polymeric configuration of the same antigen. this was also confirmed in tandem ... | 1993 | 8326996 |
| histoplasma capsulatum peritonitis associated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. | this paper reports a case of infection by histoplasma capsulatum apparently restricted to the peritoneum in a woman submitted to continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. diagnosis was established by culture of dialysis fluid and peritoneal nodule and by histopathologic examination. | 1993 | 8326997 |
| pharmacokinetics of 18f-labeled fluconazole in healthy human subjects by positron emission tomography. | the distribution of fluconazole in tissue of human volunteers was determined by positron emission tomographic scanning over a 2-h period following the infusion of a tracer dose of 18f-fluconazole (5 to 7 mci) plus 400 mg of unlabeled drug (the standard daily dose of fluconazole). previous studies have validated this approach for animals. from serial positron emission tomographic imaging and blood sampling, pharmacokinetics of fluconazole in tissue were determined. there was significant distribut ... | 1993 | 8328777 |
| molecular epidemiology of recurrent oral candidiasis in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients: evidence for two patterns of recurrence. | the causative strains in 22 patients with recurrent oral candidiasis were examined using two dna probes (a histoplasma capsulatum dna probe that cross-hybridizes with candida albicans and a c. albicans strain-specific probe derived from repetitive sequence dna). c. albicans was the causative organism in all 22 initial episodes of infection and was also obtained from 17 patients with recurrent oral disease. molecular analysis showed that in 11 cases, the same isolate was identified in each episod ... | 1993 | 8335986 |
| concomitant psoriasis, seborrheic dermatitis, and disseminated cutaneous histoplasmosis in a patient infected with human immunodeficiency virus. | cutaneous involvement with disseminated histoplasmosis occasionally occurs in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. we describe a profoundly immunocompromised patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome who had concomitant psoriasis, seborrheic dermatitis, and disseminated histoplasmosis, each with similar features. findings of a skin biopsy specimen from a lesion on the forehead showed an infiltrate of histiocytes filled with histoplasma capsulatum. in disseminated histop ... | 1993 | 8340505 |
| [febrile status and micronodular changes of the lung parenchyma in hiv infection]. | this 49-year-old man with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) was admitted to the hospital because of fever, weight loss and respiratory symptoms. the radiograph of the chest showed diffuse fine nodular opacities. histology of lung and lymph node revealed a necrotising granulomatosis and yeasts suggesting histoplasmosis. it's identity was confirmed by positive cultures for histoplasma capsulatum in blood, urine, lung specimen and lymph node. there was a successful induction treatment a ... | 1993 | 8346384 |
| human neutrophil-mediated fungistasis against histoplasma capsulatum. localization of fungistatic activity to the azurophil granules. | human neutrophils (pmn) demonstrated potent fungistatic activity against histoplasma capsulatum (hc) yeasts in a sensitive microassay that quantifies the growth of yeasts by the incorporation of [3h]leucine. at a pmn:yeast ratio of 1:2, pmn inhibited the growth of yeasts by 37%. maximum inhibition of 85% to 95% was achieved at a pmn/yeast ratio of 10:1 to 50:1. opsonization of the yeasts in fresh or heat-inactivated serum was required for pmn-mediated fungistasis, but ingestion of the yeasts was ... | 1993 | 8349801 |
| [cutaneous manifestations of aids]. | hiv destroys the immune system, causing group of clinical signs which are referred to as aids. some of these signs are cutaneous in nature. an acute rash on the trunk is associated with hiv seroconversion. it usually disappears in 8 days but can last for several hours or 30 days. infectious manifestations of hiv infection are common. candidiasis represents 90% of mycoses. it usually manifests on the tongue but can also occur on oral or genital mucosa. antifungal medication usually treats it ... | 1993 | 8351723 |
| histoplasma capsulatum and v beta a mice: cellular immune responses and susceptibility patterns. | certain strains of mice, designated v beta a, have a deletion of the gene segments encoding the beta chain of the t-cell receptor variable region. these mice do not express 40 to 50% of the t-cell receptor v beta chains. in this study, we examined the influence of this deletion on susceptibility to histoplasma capsulatum. in addition, h. capsulatum-injected v beta a mice were tested for their capacity to generate t-cell dependent responses to h. capsulatum antigens. susceptibility profiles of v ... | 1993 | 8360809 |
| [opportunistic eye diseases within the scope of hiv infection]. | some ocular infections, only rarely seen in otherwise healthy individuals, are sometimes seen in patients with immunodeficiencies, i.e., with hiv infection. a typical example is the ophthalmic zoster or luetic uveitis in young individuals which should always imply the possibility of hiv infection. the so called opportunistic infections in contrast are only seen in hiv infection defining the aids syndrome. these infections are systemic in origin and only secondarily affecting the eye. consequentl ... | 1993 | 8377418 |
| prevention of relapse of histoplasmosis with itraconazole in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. | to assess the efficacy and safety of itraconazole in preventing relapse of histoplasmosis after induction therapy with amphotericin b in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) and disseminated histoplasmosis. | 1993 | 8383934 |
| immunopathology of reactivation of experimental ocular histoplasmosis. | we have established a non-human primate model of experimental ocular histoplasmosis. this model has been shown to result in chronic lesions that resemble typical 'histo spots' or choroidal scars but that contain infiltrates of lymphocytes for as long as 10 yr following intracarotid injection of live histoplasma capsulatum. using this model, we attempted to reactive these late choroidal lesions via intracarotid challenge with specific antigen (heat-killed h. capsulatum). no clinical changes sugge ... | 1993 | 8405183 |
| local immunity in lung-associated lymph nodes in a murine model of pulmonary histoplasmosis. | local immunity against acute pulmonary histoplasmosis was studied in the lung-associated lymph nodes of normal nonimmune mice infected intratracheally with live histoplasma capsulatum yeasts. the phenotypes and distribution of cells in lung-associated lymph nodes and spleens were determined by flow cytometry. in addition, the immune responsiveness of these cells was evaluated by in vitro blastogenesis. anti-h. capsulatum antibodies in serum and h. capsulatum antigen in tissue were measured by im ... | 1993 | 8406857 |
| histoplasmosis in horses. | histoplasmosis was diagnosed in nine horses during 1986-1990. the infection with histoplasma capsulatum caused granulomatous placentitis and abortion in one mare in the 7th month of gestation and three mares in the 10th month. four newborn foals died from severe granulomatous pneumonia within a few days of birth; and a weanling thoroughbred developed granulomatous pneumonia and lymphadenitis at 5 months of age. | 1993 | 8408780 |
| disseminated histoplasmosis caused by histoplasma capsulatum in an immunocompromised adolescent after exploration of a bat cave. | | 1993 | 8417414 |
| cutaneous manifestations of histoplasmosis in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. | the clinical and histologic features of cutaneous histoplasmosis in three patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) are described. the patients presented with multiple discrete papules on the extremities, trunk, and face, some of which were follicular. histologically, the skin biopsies were characterized by a sparse perivascular infiltrate with polymorphonuclear leukocytes, lymphocytes, and occasional histiocytes. prominent leukocytoclasia and associated dermal necrosis were seen a ... | 1993 | 8422108 |
| autonomous replication of foreign dna in histoplasma capsulatum: role of native telomeric sequences. | genetic transformation of the dimorphic pathogenic fungus histoplasma capsulatum can result in chromosomal integration of the transforming dna or the generation of multicopy linear plasmids carrying the transforming dna. we showed previously that escherichia coli plasmids do not replicate autonomously in h. capsulatum without significant modifications, one of which is the in vivo addition of histoplasma telomeres at the termini of linear dna. to address the requirements for autonomous replicatio ... | 1993 | 8423138 |
| evaluation of gen-probe's histoplasma capsulatum and cryptococcus neoformans accuprobes. | gen-probe's dna probes were evaluated for use in the identification of clinical isolates of histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum and cryptococcus neoformans. ninety-five mould-phase fungi were probed, including 41 isolates of h. capsulatum var. capsulatum. similarly, 98 yeasts, including 42 c. neoformans isolates, were examined by using the c. neoformans dna probe. in the study, both probes demonstrated 100% specificity and 100% sensitivity. their use in the clinical laboratory may significant ... | 1993 | 8432829 |
| fast dna isolation from histoplasma capsulatum: methodology for arbitrary primer polymerase chain reaction-based epidemiological and clinical studies. | the arbitrary primer polymerase chain reaction (also called random amplified polymorphic dna, or rapd) is a dna fingerprinting method that provides an efficient, sensitive way of discriminating between independent isolates of histoplasma capsulatum, but its widespread application has been hampered by the arduous 2-day procedure traditionally used to extract dna from h. capsulatum. we present here a quick (approximately 2-h) extraction method and show that the resultant dna is suitable for sensit ... | 1993 | 8432840 |
| identification of histoplasma capsulatum organisms in the pleural and peritoneal effusions of a dog. | histoplasma capsulatum organisms were identified by cytologic evaluation in the thoracic and abdominal effusions of a 5-year-old sexually intact male cocker spaniel that was referred because of anorexia and lethargy. treatment with amphotericin b and ketoconazole was instituted. the dog developed respiratory arrest, a complication of the disseminated disease, and died. necropsy findings included pleural effusion, hepatomegaly, and enlarged tracheobronchial, hilar, mediastinal, and mesenteric lym ... | 1993 | 8440637 |
| histoplasmosis of the oral cavity, oropharynx and larynx. | a patient with oropharyngolaryngeal histoplasmosis is presented. he has been treated for disseminated tuberculosis (tb) for 10 months, with no improvement. repeat biopsy of a tongue ulcer, together with a swab of the ulcer base, confirmed the presence of histoplasma capsulatum. treatment with amphotericin b resulted in a rapid recovery. | 1993 | 8445319 |
| gamma interferon cooperates with lipopolysaccharide to activate mouse splenic macrophages to an antihistoplasma state. | inhibition of the intracellular growth of histoplasma capsulatum by murine resident red pulp splenic macrophages was examined. splenic macrophages, unlike resident peritoneal macrophages, required a prolonged preincubation (18 h) with recombinant murine gamma interferon (rmuifn-gamma) for activation. to be fully activated, the splenic macrophages required incubation with rmuifn-gamma in combination with 0.1 microgram of lipopolysaccharide (lps) per ml. splenic macrophages stimulated with rmuifn- ... | 1993 | 8454351 |
| intestinal perforation from gastrointestinal histoplasmosis in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. case report and review of the literature. | gastrointestinal involvement with histoplasmosis in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is a rare but documented phenomenon. most patients present with diarrhea, fever, and abdominal pain. we present a case of a woman who tested positive for the human immunodeficiency virus antibody who developed an intestinal perforation due to histoplasma capsulatum of the ileum. the patient, whose only risk factor was a blood transfusion 8 years earlier, had been previously diagnosed as havin ... | 1993 | 8457161 |
| evaluation of commercially available acridinium ester-labeled chemiluminescent dna probes for culture identification of blastomyces dermatitidis, coccidioides immitis, cryptococcus neoformans, and histoplasma capsulatum. | four commercially available acridinium ester-labeled dna probes directed against rrna were evaluated for their ability to identify blastomyces dermatitidis, coccidioides immitis, histoplasma capsulatum, and cryptococcus neoformans in culture. rrna was extracted by sonication of 1- to 2-mm2 portions of cultures of fungi in two chaotropic reagents with glass beads. following a heat inactivation step, the extracts were hybridized in solution with probes specific for each pathogen. the acridinium es ... | 1993 | 8463395 |
| controlled comparison of the bactec high-blood-volume fungal medium, bactec plus 26 aerobic blood culture bottle, and 10-milliliter isolator blood culture system for detection of fungemia and bacteremia. | the bactec high-blood-volume fungal medium (hbv-fm) (becton dickinson diagnostic instrument systems, sparks, md.) was compared with the isolator (is) tube and the bactec plus 26 (bp26) blood culture bottle for the ability to recover fungi from the blood of adult patients suspected of having fungemia. a total of 6,836 blood culture sets that fulfilled criteria for inclusion in the study were received. three separate comparisons were performed: 4,907 hbv-fm versus is, 4,886 bp26 versus hbv-fm, and ... | 1993 | 8463399 |
| [hemophagocytic syndrome associated with histoplasmosis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: description of 3 cases and review of the literature]. | three cases of haemophagocytic syndrome (hps) due to histoplasmosis in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) are described. at admission all had pancytopenia and the bone marrow aspirate showed typical haemophagocytosis and the presence of intracellular inclusions compatible with histoplasma capsulatum. one patient had also cerebral toxoplasmosis. one patient died shortly after admission from multiple organ failure. two patients survived, one treated with fluconazole and an ... | 1993 | 8470036 |
| [disseminated histoplasmosis in pediatrics. report of a case]. | we report a case of a female infant, from acapulco guerrero, mexico. she had been sick for 45 days, with diarrhea and general malaise, fever during the last 20 days; at physical examination she was pale, with abdominal distention and hepatosplenomegaly. she had leukopenia, thrombocytopenia and anemia. the microscopic findings in the bone marrow sample were intracytoplasmic and extracellular bodies. both bone marrow and blood cultures were positive for histoplasma capsulatum. seventy three pediat ... | 1993 | 8471174 |
| [histoplasma capsulatum in the peripheral blood of patients with aids. report of 4 cases with an increase of lactate dehydrogenase]. | this paper describes the clinical course of four patients with aids who were found to have h capsulatum in peripheral blood. the evolution of the infection was fulminant and all died within the first 96 hours following hospitalization. in every case the presence of the characteristic mycelium and "tuberculate" macroconidia of histoplasma was established in cultures. all cases showed the hematological abnormalities common in other aids associated diseases. in addition, there was an increase in se ... | 1993 | 8484068 |
| unpredictability of commercially available exoantigen culture confirmation tests in confirming the identity of five blastomyces dermatitidis isolates. | colonial and microscopic features of five fungal isolates from three patients suggested blastomyces dermatitidis. extracts from the mold forms of all isolates were tested on several occasions with commercially available exoantigen immunodiffusion culture-confirmation test reagents and nolan reagents. all three isolates from patient 1 were negative on four separate attempts with exoantigen reagents using conventional ("slant") and "broth" extraction methods, and were also negative on one attempt ... | 1993 | 8493947 |
| histoplasma capsulatum modulates the acidification of phagolysosomes. | the phagolysosome is perhaps the most effective antimicrobial site within macrophages due both to its acidity and to its variety of hydrolytic enzymes. few species of pathogens survive and multiply in these vesicles. however, one strategy for microbial survival would be to induce a higher ph within these organelles, thus interfering with the activity of many lysosomal enzymes. altering the intravesicular milieu might also profoundly influence antigen processing, antimicrobial drug delivery, and ... | 1993 | 8496679 |
| probe technology for the clinical microbiology laboratory. | molecular-based techniques, such as use of genetic probes, can greatly reduce turnaround time of the identification of some isolates in the clinical microbiology laboratory. for example, culture confirmation of an acid-fast bacillus such as mycobacterium tuberculosis or mycobacterium avium-intracellulare by a gene probe can be performed within hours of the isolation of the organism. conventional methods might require more than 2 to 4 weeks for this identification. identification of a mold, such ... | 1993 | 8503725 |
| disseminated histoplasmosis in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids): a case report. | a 27 year old female with aids and disseminated histoplasmosis is presented. the clinical features include fever, weight loss, productive cough, splenomegaly and moderate pallor. the initial working diagnosis was pulmonary tuberculosis. the diagnosis of disseminated histoplasmosis was made terminally from bone marrow aspirate examination. disseminated histoplasmosis with its varied clinical picture is likely to be missed in a patient with aids, and therefore a high index of suspicion is necessar ... | 1993 | 8513733 |
| [adrenal histoplasmosis in a non-insulin-dependent diabetic patient]. | adrenal histoplasmosis is a rare infection that can be misdiagnosed as tuberculosis. we present here a case of adrenal histoplasmosis in a 65 year-old male diabetic with marked weight loss. laboratory investigations noticed an inflammatory syndrome and the abdominal computed tomography scanner reported an heterogenous left adrenal mass of 6 cm in diameter. hormonal as well as bacteriological studies were negative. the patient was operated and the histopathological examination proved that the mas ... | 1995 | 8525158 |
| detection of antibodies and delayed hypersensitivity with rotofor preparative ief fractions of blastomyces dermatitidis yeast phase lysate antigen. | blastomyces dermatitidis (dog isolate t-58) yeast phase lysate antigen was concentrated and separated by rotofor preparative isoelectric focusing cell (bio-rad). the ph values of the fractions were determined and equilibrated to ph 7.2 and then analysed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using horseradish peroxidase enzyme system against serum specimens from dogs with blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, aspergillosis, and coccidioidomycosis. the results showed a peak absorbance at ph 3.89-4.31 (fra ... | 1995 | 8531017 |
| a temperature-sensitive strain of histoplasma capsulatum has an altered delta 9-fatty acid desaturase gene. | we have isolated and characterized the delta 9-desaturase gene (ole1), which codes for a key enzyme involved in regulating membrane fluidity in animal cells and microorganisms, from two strains of histoplasma capsulatum, one that is temperature-tolerant (g217b) and the other temperature-susceptible (downs). these pathogenic fungi are dimorphic in that they undergo a morphologic transition from the mycelial to yeast-like form when the temperature of incubation is switched from 25 to 37 degrees c ... | 1995 | 8538376 |
| disseminated histoplasmosis in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus. | disseminated histoplasmosis is an aids-defining illness that occurs in about 5% of aids patients residing in histoplasmosis-endemic areas of the united states (the mississippi and ohio river valleys). this disease develops as a result of acute infection and perhaps also as the result of reactivation of latent infection: cases reported from areas such as new york city, where histoplasmosis is not endemic, are most likely due to reactivation of an infection acquired earlier in a histoplasmosis-end ... | 1995 | 8547497 |
| [laryngeal histoplasmosis]. | a case of laryngeal histoplasmosis is reported. this laryngeal mycosis was diagnosed by histological identification of intracellular hyphae of histoplasma capsulatum. laryngoscopy revealed edema, erythema and leukoplakia of the righ vocal cord. itrakonazole treatment was successful. the relevant literature is reviewed. | 1995 | 8554828 |
| molecular genetic technology transfer to pathogenic fungi. | histoplasma capsulatum, the best fungal model for studying intracellular parasitism, is now becoming a model system for evaluating the molecular basis of virulence. this brief review summarizes the available tools and emerging techniques for molecular genetic studies of h. capsulatum and related fungal pathogens. | 1995 | 8555741 |
| effects of histoplasmin m antigen chemical and enzymatic deglycosylation on cross-reactivity in the enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot method. | the enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot (eitb) method was evaluated as a suitable method for detecting antibodies against m antigen of histoplasma capsulatum by use of both glycosylated and deglycosylated m protein of histoplasmin (hmin). sera from patients with histoplasmosis, paracoccidioidomycosis, blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, and aspergillosis were tested by the eitb with glycosylated m protein of hmin. this assay demonstrated 100% sensitivity with histoplasmosis serum samples, al ... | 1994 | 8556474 |
| immunochemical analysis of the h and m glycoproteins from histoplasma capsulatum. | the h and m antigens of histoplasma capsulatum are glycoproteins, and both possess epitopes found on the c antigen, a cross-reactive galactomannan shared by the major genera of systemic dimorphic fungi. we modified the h and m glycoproteins by chemical and enzymatic digestion to determine the relative contributions of the carbohydrate and protein moieties to the immunological reactivities and the apparent molecular weights of these antigens. endoglycosidases with known action patterns were used ... | 1994 | 8556502 |
| unraveling the secrets of histoplasma capsulatum: a model to study morphogenic adaptation during parasite/host interaction. | | 1994 | 8563680 |
| comparison of six different pcr methods for detection of pneumocystis carinii. | we have recently developed a nested pcr method which amplifies internal transcribed spacers (its) of the ribosomal rna genes of pneumocystis carinii. to determine whether this pcr method can be used to diagnose p. carinii infections, we examined 30 bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) specimens that were shown microscopically to contain p. carinii organisms by the p. carinii its pcr (pc-its-pcr) and five other pcr methods that have been described for detecting p. carinii in clinical specimens. the targe ... | 1995 | 8567928 |
| molecular probes for diagnosis of fungal infections. | we have developed 21 specific nucleic acid probes which target the large subunit rrna genes from aspergillus flavus, aspergillus fumigatus, aspergillus glaucus, aspergillus niger, aspergillus terreus, blastomyces dermatitidis, candida albicans, candida (torulopsis) glabrata, candida guilliermondii, candida kefyr, candida krusei, candida lusitaniae, candida parapsilosis, candida tropicalis, coccidioides immitis, cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii, cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans, filobas ... | 1995 | 8576345 |