| chromosomal rearrangements differentiating the ryegrass genome from the triticeae, oat, and rice genomes using common heterologous rflp probes. | an restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp)-based genetic map of ryegrass (lolium) was constructed for comparative mapping with other poaceae species using heterologous anchor probes. the genetic map contained 120 rflp markers from cdna clones of barley (hordeum vulgare l.), oat (avena sativa l.), and rice (oryza sativa l.), covering 664 cm on seven linkage groups (lgs). the genome comparisons of ryegrass relative to the triticeae, oat, and rice extended the syntenic relationships among t ... | 2005 | 15742203 |
| possible evidence for transport of an iron cyanide complex by plants. | barley (hordeum vulgare l.), oat (avena sativa l.), and wild cane (sorghum bicolor l.), were exposed to 15n-labeled ferrocyanide to determine whether these plant species can transport this iron cyanide complex. plants were treated with ferrocyanide in a nutrient solution that simulated iron cyanide contaminated groundwater and soil solutions. this nutrient solution has been shown to maintain ferrocyanide speciation with minimal dissociation to free cyanide. following treatment, all three plants ... | 2004 | 14568716 |
| damage potential of grasshoppers (orthoptera: acrididae) on early growth stages of small-grains and canola under subarctic conditions. | we characterized the type and extent of grasshopper injury to above- and below-ground plant parts for four crops [barley (hordeum vulgare l.), oats (avena sativa l.), wheat (triticum aestivum l.), and canola (brassica campestris l.)] commonly grown, or with potential to grow, in central alaska. cages were placed on 48 pots containing plants in second to third leaf stages and stocked with 0, 2, 4, and 6 first-instar melanoplus sanguinipes f. pot(-1). plants were harvested 22 d after planting. ste ... | 2003 | 14503591 |
| development of a monoclonal antibody-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to quantify soluble beta-glucans in oats and barley. | a set of 31 murine monoclonal antibodies was produced against (1-->3,1-->4)beta-d-glucan from oats (avena sativa l.) chemically cross-linked to keyhole limpet hemocyanin. monoclonal antibodies were tested for their cross-reactivity to related and unrelated polysaccharides. the antibodies reacted strongly to unmodified beta-glucan from oats and barley (hordeum vulgare l.) and to lichenan from icelandic moss, a polysaccharide with a structure similar to that of beta-glucan but which is not encount ... | 2003 | 13129289 |
| characterization of two phases of chlorophyll formation during greening of etiolated barley leaves. | the esterification kinetics of chlorophyllide, obtained by a single flash of light, were investigated in etiolated barley ( hordeum vulgare l.) and oat ( avena sativa l.) leaves. a rapid phase, leading to esterification of 15% of total chlorophyllide within 15-30 s, was followed by a lag-phase of nearly 2 min and a subsequent main phase, leading to esterification of 85% of total chlorophyllide within 30-60 min. the presence of additional protochlorophyllide, produced in the leaves by incubation ... | 2003 | 12520340 |
| gramene, a tool for grass genomics. | gramene (http://www.gramene.org) is a comparative genome mapping database for grasses and a community resource for rice (oryza sativa). it combines a semi-automatically generated database of cereal genomic and expressed sequence tag sequences, genetic maps, map relations, and publications, with a curated database of rice mutants (genes and alleles), molecular markers, and proteins. gramene curators read and extract detailed information from published sources, summarize that information in a stru ... | 2002 | 12481044 |
| oxidative responses of resistant and susceptible cereal leaves to symptomatic and nonsymptomatic cereal aphid (hemiptera: aphididae) feeding. | the impact of the leaf-chlorosis-eliciting russian wheat aphid, diuraphis noxia (mordvilko), and the nonchlorosis-eliciting bird cherry-oat aphid, rhopalosiphum padi (l.), feeding on d. noxia-susceptible and -resistant cereals was examined during the period (i.e., 3, 6, and 9 d after aphid infestation) that leaf chlorosis developed. after aphid number, leaf rolling and chlorosis ratings, and fresh leaf weight were recorded on each sampling date, total protein content, peroxidase, catalase, and p ... | 2001 | 11425032 |
| active retrotransposons are a common feature of grass genomes. | a large fraction of the genomes of grasses, members of the family graminae, is composed of retrotransposons. these elements resemble animal retroviruses in their structure and possess a life cycle similar to theirs that includes transcription, translation, and integration of daughter copies. we have investigated if retrotransposons are generally transcribed in the grasses and other plants, and whether the various families of elements are translationally and integrationally active in multiple gra ... | 2001 | 11244109 |
| antioxidant activity and total phenolics in selected cereal grains and their different morphological fractions. | the purpose of this study was to examine the antioxidant properties of water and 80% methanolic extracts of cereal grains and their different morphological fractions. wheat (triticum aestivum l.) cv. almari and cv. henika, barley (hordeum vulgare l.) cv. gregor and cv. mobek, rye (secale cereale l.) cv. dańkowskie zlote, oat (avena sativa l.) cv. slawko and buckwheat (fagopyrum esculentum moench) cv. kora were used. pc (l-alpha-phosphatidylcholine) liposome system and spectrophotometric assay of ... | 2000 | 10888490 |
| a photoperiod-insensitive barley line contains a light-labile phytochrome b | barley (hordeum vulgare l.) is a long-day plant whose flowering is enhanced when the photoperiod is supplemented with far-red light, and this promotion is mediated by phytochrome. a chemically mutagenized dwarf cultivar of barley was selected for early flowering time (barley maturity daylength response [bmdr]-1) and was made isogenic with the cultivar shabet (bmdr-8) by backcrossing. bmdr-1 was found to contain higher levels of both phytochrome a and phytochrome b in the dark on immunoblots with ... | 1999 | 10069841 |
| identification of a novel isoform of the chloroplast-coupling factor alpha-subunit. | studies were conducted to identify a 64-kd thylakoid membrane protein of unknown function. the protein was extracted from chloroplast thylakoids under low ionic strength conditions and purified to homogeneity by preparative sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. four peptides generated from the proteolytic cleavage of the wheat 64-kd protein were sequenced and found to be identical to internal sequences of the chloroplast-coupling factor (cf1) alpha-subunit. antibodies for th ... | 1998 | 9489017 |
| cloning and characterization of a highly repeated dna sequence in hordeum vulgare l. | a novel repetitive dna sequence, r10hvcop, has been identified in the barley (hordeum vulgare l.) genome. this 830 base pair (bp) dna sequence has a 606-bp open reading frame and is present as approximately 1.96 x 10(5) copies per haploid barley genome. southern blot analysis revealed that repetitive dna elements containing r10hvcop and related sequences were dispersed within the barley chromosomes. sequences similar to r10hvcop were also found in wheat (triticum aestivum l.), rye (secale cereal ... | 1996 | 8983185 |
| peroxygenase-catalyzed fatty acid epoxidation in cereal seeds (sequential oxidation of linoleic acid into 9(s),12(s),13(s)-trihydroxy-10(e)-octadecenoic acid). | peroxygenase-catalyzed epoxidation of oleic acid in preparations of cereal seeds was investigated. the 105,000g particle fraction of oat (avena sativa) seed homogenate showed high peroxygenase activity, i.e. 3034 [plus or minus] 288 and 2441 [plus or minus] 168 nmol (10 min)-1 mg-1 protein in two cultivars, whereas the corresponding fraction obtained from barley (hordeum vulgare and hordeum distichum), rye (secale cereale), and wheat (triticum aestivum) showed only weak activity, i.e. 13 to 138 ... | 1996 | 12226220 |
| levels of a terpenoid glycoside (blumenin) and cell wall-bound phenolics in some cereal mycorrhizas. | four cereals, hordeum vulgare (barley), triticum aestivum (wheat), secale cereal (rye), and avena sativa (oat), were grown in a defined nutritional medium with and without the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus glomus intraradices. levels of soluble and cell wall-bound secondary metabolites in the roots of mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal plants were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography during the first 6 to 8 weeks of plant development. whereas there was no difference in the levels of ... | 1995 | 7480342 |
| two related biosynthetic pathways of mugineic acids in gramineous plants. | the biosynthesis of mugineic acids was studied by feeding 2h- or 13c-labeled compounds to water-cultured roots in several gramineous plants. the fate of labeled compounds was monitored by using 2h- and 13c-nuclear magnetic resonance. on investigating the proton changes during biosynthesis by feeding d,l-[3,3,4,4-d4]-methionine (98.6% 2h), 2h-labeled 2[prime]-deoxymugineic, mugineic, and 3-epihydroxymugineic acids were isolated from root washings of wheat (triticum aestivum l. cv minori), barley ... | 1993 | 12231828 |
| novel light-regulated chloroplast thylakoid membrane protein. | a 64 kilodalton chloroplast membrane polypeptide was dependent on growth irradiance with 10-fold greater quantities of the protein present in barley (hordeum vulgare) grown under 500 micromoles of photons per square meter per second compared with growth at 50 micromoles per square meter per second. the concentration of the protein was sensitive to changes in irradiance, with a slow time course for the response (days) similar to other reported light acclimation processes. the polypeptide also was ... | 1992 | 16668749 |
| functional xylem anatomy in root-shoot junctions of six cereal species. | in cereals, the formation of safety zones in the root-shoot junction could protect the vessels of roots from embolism originating in the shoot. the root-shoot junction was examined both anatomically, with a light microscope, and experimentally, using a pressurized-air method, in the base of seminal and adventitious roots of maize (zea mays l. cv. seneca 60-ii), a corngrass mutation of maize (cg mutant), sorghum (sorghum bicolor l. cv. ho-pak), winter oats (avena sativa l. cv. ogle), spring wheat ... | 1991 | 24193938 |
| effects of diclofop and diclofop-methyl on membrane potentials in roots of intact oat, maize, and pea seedlings. | growth and electrophysiological studies in roots of intact diclofop-methyl susceptible and resistant seedlings were conducted to test the hypothesis that the herbicide acts primarily as a proton ionophore. the ester formulation of diclofop, at 0.2 micromolar, completely inhibited root growth in herbicide-susceptible oat (avena sativa l.) after a 96 hour treatment, but induced only a delayed transient depolarization of the membrane potential in oat root cortical cells. root growth in susceptible ... | 1991 | 16668091 |
| aluminum ions induce oat protoplasts to produce an extracellular (1-->3)beta-d-glucan. | aluminum chloride induced mesophyll protoplasts of oat (avena sativa) to produce an extracellular polysaccharide (eps). eps induced by alcl(3) appeared identical to that produced in response to the phytotoxin victorin (jd walton, ed earle [1985] planta 165: 407-415). al ions at 1 millimolar were toxic to protoplasts, but maximum eps production occurred at a sublethal concentration of 200 micromolar, assayed at ph 6.0. as measured by incorporation of [(14)c]glucose, alcl(3) stimulated eps product ... | 1990 | 16667679 |
| photoregulation of beta-tubulin mrna abundance in etiolated oat and barley seedlings. | the effect of light on the abundance of beta-tubulin mrna was measured in etiolated avena sativa l. and hordeum vulgare l. seedlings. slot blot analysis employing an oat beta-tubulin cdna clone was used to measure beta-tubulin mrna levels. white light induced a 45% decrease in oat beta-tubulin mrna abundance by 2 hours after transfer. a saturating red light pulse induced 40 and 55% decreases in beta-tubulin mrna levels in oats and barley, respectively. recovery of beta-tubulin mrna levels was ob ... | 1990 | 16667578 |
| fructan precipitation from a water/ethanol extract of oats and barley. | fructan was precipitated from a water and ethanol extract of oat (avena sativa l.) and barley (hordeum vulgare l.). the degree of polymerization and response on a differential refractometer, based on peak area and height, was compared to fructan collected from a lead-based hplc column and to commercially available inulin. statistically significant differences are discussed. | 1990 | 16667347 |
| senescence and stomatal aperture as affected by antibiotics in darkness and light. | in leaves of barley (hordeum vulgare), as previously found with oats (avena sativa), a group of six antibiotics that interfere in different ways with the sequence dna --> mrna --> protein all delay senescence in the dark, acting to conserve chlorophyll (chl) and protein and also to open the stomata. among the active compounds is chloramphenicol, which had previously been reported to act only on procaryotes. it is now shown that all these compounds with senescence-delaying action in darkness have ... | 1990 | 16667337 |
| free amino acid composition of leaf exudates and phloem sap : a comparative study in oats and barley. | comparisons were made between the free amino acid composition in leaf exudates and that in pure phloem sap, using twin samples taken from a single leaf of two oat (avena sativa l.) and three barley (hordeum vulgare l.) varieties. leaf exudate was collected in a 5 mm edta-solution (ph 7.0) from cut leaf blades and phloem sap was obtained through excised aphid (rhopalosiphum padi l.) stylets. fluorescent derivatives of amino acids were obtained using 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate and were separa ... | 1990 | 16667250 |
| gas-exchange of ears of cereals in response to carbon dioxide and light : ii. occurrence of a c3-c 4 intermediate type of photosynthesis. | data for the maximum carboxylation velocity of ribulose-1,5-biosphosphate carboxylase, vm, and the maximum rate of whole-chain electron transport, jm, were calculated according to a photosynthesis model from the co2 response and the light response of co2 uptake measured on ears of wheat (triticum aestivum l. cv. arkas), oat (avena sativa l. cv. lorenz), and barley (hordeum vulgare l. cv. aramir). the ratio jm/vm is lower in glumes of oat and awns of barley than it is in the bracts of wheat and i ... | 1989 | 24212745 |
| gas exchange of ears of cereals in response to carbon dioxide and light : i. relative contributions of parts of the ears of wheat, oat, and barley to the gas exchange of the whole organ. | one cultivar each of spring wheat (triticum aestivum l. cv. arkas), oat (avena sativa l. cv. lorenz), and barley (hordeum vulgare l. cv. aramir) was chosen in order to study the relative contributions of individual bracts to the gas exchange of whole ears. the distribution and frequency of the stomata on the bracts were examined. gas exchange was measured at normal atmospheric co2 (330 μbar) and at high co2 (2000 μbar) on intact ears and on ears from which glumes or lemmas and pleae (wheat and o ... | 1989 | 24212553 |
| soluble and bound apoplastic activity for peroxidase, beta-d-glucosidase, malate dehydrogenase, and nonspecific arylesterase, in barley (hordeum vulgare l.) and oat (avena sativa l.) primary leaves. | an intercellular washing solution containing about 1% of the soluble protein, 0.3% or less of the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity, but up to 20% of the peroxidase and beta-d-glucosidase activity of barley (hordeum vulgare l.) or oat (avena sativa l.) primary leaves was obtained by vacuum infiltrating peeled leaves with ph 6.9 buffered 200 millimolar nacl. after this wash, segments were homogenized in buffer, centrifuged, and the supernatant was assayed for soluble cytoplasmic enzymes. ... | 1989 | 16666733 |
| elimination of the adverse effects of urea fertilizer on seed germination, seedling growth, and early plant growth in soil. | the rapidly increasing importance of urea fertilizer in world agriculture has stimulated research to find methods of reducing the problems associated with the use of this fertilizer. one of these problems is that urea has adverse effects on seed germination, seedling growth, and early plant growth in soil. because there is evidence that these adverse effects are caused largely, if not entirely, by ammonia produced through hydrolysis of urea fertilizer by soil urease, we explored the possibility ... | 1988 | 16593951 |
| biomass production and nitrogen content of c3- and c4- grasses in pure and mixed culture with different nitrogen supply. | two c3 grasses (hordeum vulgare l., avena sativa l.) and two c4 grasses (panicum miliaceum l., panicum crus-galli l.) were cultivated in standard soil in the open air in pure cultures and in various mixed cultures at low and high nitrogen fertilization levels. after three months the dry weight, length and nitrogen content of the aboveground and below-ground parts of the plants and the shoot/root ratios were determined. hordeum vulgare was the most successful species irrespective of the nitrogen ... | 1987 | 28312237 |
| activities of arginine and ornithine decarboxylases in various plant species. | in extracts from the youngest leaves of avena sativa, hordeum vulgare, zea mays, pisum sativum, phaseolus vulgaris, lactuca sativa, and four pyrrolizidine alkaloid-bearing species of heliotropium, the activities of ornithine decarboxylase, close to v(max), ranged between traces and 1.5 nanomoles per hour per gram fresh weight when based on putrescine formed during incubation with labeled ornithine. the arginine decarboxylase activities in the same extracts ranged between 8 and 8000 nanomoles per ... | 1985 | 16664442 |
| chloroplast biogenesis 49 : differences among angiosperms in the biosynthesis and accumulation of monovinyl and divinyl protochlorophyllide during photoperiodic greening. | various angiosperms differed in their monovinyl and divinyl protochlorophyllide biosynthetic capabilities during the dark and light phases of photoperiodic growth. some plant species such as cucumis sativus l., brassica juncea (l.) coss., brassica kaber (dc.) wheeler, and portulaca oleracea l. accumulated mainly divinyl protochlorophyllide at night. monocotyledonous species such as avena sativa l., hordeum vulgare l., triticum secale l., zea mays l., and some dicotyledonous species such as phase ... | 1985 | 16664351 |
| characterization by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of monoclonal antibodies to pisum and avena phytochrome. | nine monoclonal antibodies to pea (pisum sativum l.) and 16 to oat (avena sativa l.) phytochrome are characterized by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay against phytochrome from six different sources: pea, zucchini (cucurbita pepo l.), lettuce (lactuca sativa l.), oat, rye (secale cereale l.), and barley (hordeum vulgare l.). all antibodies were raised against phytochrome with a monomer size near 120,000 daltons. nevertheless, none of them discriminated qualitatively between 118/114-kilodalton oa ... | 1984 | 16663365 |
| differential uptake of mercury vapor by gramineous c(3) and c(4) plants. | the uptake of mercury vapor by six gramineous plant species was compared under uniform conditions using a whole-plant chamber and (203)hg-labeled mercury at a low atmospheric concentration. mean hg uptake by leaves of the c(3) species oats (avena sativa), barley (hordeum vulgare), and wheat (triticum aestivum) was 5 times greater than that by leaves of the c(4) species corn (zea mays), sorghum (sorghum bicolor), and crabgrass (digitaria sanguinalis). although there was a difference in resistance ... | 1983 | 16663117 |
| use of lilium longiflorum, cv. ace pollen germination and tube elongation as a bioassay for the hepatocarcinogens, aflatoxins. | although various animal tissues are used for bioassay of aflatoxins (b1, b2, g1, g2), a rapid bioassay dependent upon a plant part's response does not exist. both pollen germination (g) and tube elongation (te) were enhanced in a 3.0 mm kh2po4 (k)-containing but afb1-lacking, modified dickinson's medium. the b1 did not affect g when k was withheld but k supplementation impaired g above 15 micrograms/ml b1. without k, 5-20 stimulated but 25 and 30 micrograms/ml b1 inhibited te which was suppresse ... | 1981 | 7274186 |
| covalent labelling of the nadph: protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase from etioplast membranes with [3h]n-phenylmaleimide. | [3h]n-phenylmaleimide has been used to covalently label in a specific manner the substrate-protected thiol groups of the enzyme protochlorophyllide reductase. in membrane preparations from oat (avena sativa) and runner-bean (phaseolus vulgaris) seedlings, two related peptides of mol.wts. 35000/37000 and 34000/35000 respectively and showing properties expected of the reductase have been identified, whereas the same technique with barley (hordeum vulgare) extracts resulted in labelling a single pe ... | 1981 | 7306063 |
| occurrence of a high temperature sensitivity of chloroplast ribosome formation in several higher plants. | a specific high temperature-induced deficiency of chloroplast ribosome formation, as indicated by the absence of chloroplast rrna, has been observed in the leaves of light- or dark-grown seedlings of avena sativa l., hordeum vulgare l., and triticum aestivum l. at certain temperatures between 28 and 34 c. while the growth of the leaves (size, morphology, total amino nitrogen content) was little affected by the elevated temperature, chlorophyll accumulation was strongly inhibited, amounting to on ... | 1977 | 16659957 |
| distribution of chloroplast coupling factor (cf1) particles on plastid membranes during development. | samples of internal membrane systems separated from lysates of intact plastids from dark grown avena sativa l. (vars, cooba and mostyn) and hordeum vulgare l. (vars, himalaya and deba abed) given different periods of illumination before isolation were assayed for trypsin-activated ca(2+)-dependent atpase activities and also examined in the electron microscope after treatment in the manner described by oleszko and moudinanakis (1974) which assists the visualization of the chloroplast coupling fac ... | 1977 | 24420023 |
| examination of ribosome-like particles in isolated prolamellar bodies. | potential methods for the preparation of fractions enriched in prolamellar bodies (plbs) were examined in detail. sucrose density gradient centrifugation methods gave fractions consisting almost exclusively of plbs whilst those methods employing differential centrifugation were quite successful but contained greater quantities of lamellar membranes. greater difficulty was experienced in obtaining detached plbs which retained their "ribosome-like" lattice particles. no modification to density gra ... | 1977 | 24419578 |
| cell elongation in the grass pulvinus in response to geotropic stimulation and auxin application. | horizontally-placed segments of avena sativa l. shoots show a negative geotropic response after a period of 30 min. this response is based on cell elongation on the lower side of the leaf-sheath base (pulvinus). triticum aestivum l., hordeum vulgare l. and secale cereale l. also show geotropic responses that are similar to those in avena shoots. the pulvinus is a highly specialized organ with radial symmetry and is made up of epidermal, vascular, parenchymatous and collenchymatous tissues. stato ... | 1976 | 24424826 |
| [light dependence of phytol accumulation. a contribution to the question of chlorophyll biosynthesis]. | phytol is identified by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry and its concentration determined (range 0.005-3 μg) in darkgrown and irradiated plants. seeds of oats (avena sativa l.), wheat (triticum aestivum l.) and barley (hordeum vulgare l.) contain bound phytol (2-5 μg/g). the phytol content decreases during germination in the dark. phytol synthesis in dark-grown seedlings starts in the light and stops in the dark again. the degradation of phytol in the dark is much slower than that of chl ... | 1976 | 24424592 |
| evidence against the occurrence of adenosine-3':5'-cyclic monophosphate in higher plants. | previous reports on the incorporation of [(14)c]adenine into adenosine-3':5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic amp) in oat (avena sativa l.) and maize (zea mays l.) coleoptile sections, chick-pea (cicer arietinum l.) embryos and barley (hordeum vulgare l.) aleurone layers were reexamined. separation of labelled nucleotides on deae-sephadex a 25 showed that a peak of (14)c activity, previously considered to be cyclic amp, is not identical with this compound. attempts to detect the cyclic nucleotide by ... | 1974 | 24442328 |
| subcellular localization of the red-absorbing form of phytochrome by immunocytochemistry. | an immunocytochemical technique was used to localize the red-absorbing form of phytochrome at the light- or electron-microscope level in etiolated barley (hordeum vulgare l.) coleoptile tip, rice (oryza sativa l.) coleoptilar node, maize (zea mays l.) coleoptile tip, rye (secale cereale l.) coleoptile tip and coleoptilar node, and oat (avena sativa l.) root cap. staining for phytochrome in the cells was found to be generally distributed throughout the cytoplasm. in addition, barley also showed s ... | 1974 | 24442776 |
| comparative immunochemistry of phytochrome. | partially purified high molecular weight preparations of phytochrome, estimated to be close to 440,000 molecular weight based upon chromatography through a calibrated bio-gel p-300 column, were obtained from garry and newton oats (avena sativa l., cv. garry and cv. newton), rye (secale cereale l., cv. balbo), barley (horedum vulgare l., cv. harrison), and pea (pisum sativum l., cv. alaska) by a sequence of three chromatographic steps: brushite, diethylaminoethyl cellulose, and bio-gel p-300. no ... | 1973 | 16658285 |
| isolation of protoplasts from cereal leaves. | mature leaves of secale cereale cut into narrow strips and incubated for 18 h in a mixture of cellulase (meicelase) and pectinase (pectinol r10) produced quantities of protoplasts. under the same conditions leaves of triticum aestivum, hordeum vulgare and avena sativa also produce protoplasts but in lower yields. the wheat and rye protoplasts in culture appear to regenerate a cell wall but only a very small proportion undergo cell division. | 1972 | 24481701 |
| the wide distribution of endornaviruses, large double-stranded rna replicons with plasmid-like properties. | the international committee on taxonomy of viruses (ictv) recently accepted endornavirus as a new genus of plant dsrna virus. we have determined the partial nucleotide sequences of the rna-dependent rna polymerase regions from the large dsrnas (about 14 kbp) isolated from barley (hordeum vulgare), kidney bean (phaseolus vulgaris), melon (cucumis melo), bottle gourd (lagenaria siceraria), malabar spinach (basella alba), seagrass (zostera marina), and the fungus helicobasidium mompa. phylogenetic ... | 2006 | 16341944 |
| interaction of a potential vacuolar targeting receptor with amino- and carboxyl-terminal targeting determinants. | a protein of 80 kd from developing pea (pisum sativum) cotyledons has previously been shown to exhibit characteristics of a vacuolar targeting receptor by means of its affinity for the amino-terminal vacuolar targeting sequence of proaleurain from barley (hordeum vulgare). in this report we show that the same protein also binds to the amino-terminal targeting peptide of prosporamin from sweet potato (ipomoea batatas) and to the carboxyl-terminal targeting determinant of pro-2s albumin from brazi ... | 1996 | 8787025 |
| effect of adding and removing n-glycosylation recognition sites on the thermostability of barley alpha-glucosidase. | the thermostability of alpha-glucosidase is important because the conversion of starch to fermentable sugars during the industrial production of beer and fuel ethanol typically occurs at relatively high temperatures (60-75 degrees c). barley (hordeum vulgare) alpha-glucosidase is unstable at these elevated temperatures; however, the alpha-glucosidase from sugar beet (beta vulgaris) is stable at these temperatures. an alignment of the deduced amino acid sequences of barley and sugar beet alpha-gl ... | 2004 | 15051866 |
| fingerprinting plant genomes with oligonucleotide probes specific for simple repetitive dna sequences. | oligonucleotides hybridizing to simple repetitive dna patterns are highly informative as probes for dna fingerprinting in all investigated animal species, including man. here we demonstrate the applicability of this technique in higher plants. the oligonucleotide probes (gtg)5 and (gata)4 were used to investigate the differences in dna fingerprint patterns of the following angiosperm species: triticum aestivum, secale cereale, hordeum vulgare, beta vulgaris, petunia hybrida, brassica oleracea, a ... | 1992 | 24202742 |
| localization of glyoxylate-cycle marker enzymes in peroxisomes of senescent leaves and green cotyledons. | crude particulate homogenates from leaves of barley (hordeum vulgare l.), rice (oryza sativa l.), leaf-beet (beta vulgaris var. cicla l.) and pumpkin (cucurbita pepo l.) cotyledons were separated on sucrose density gradients. the peroxisomal fractions appeared at a buoyant density of 1.25 g·cm(-3) and contained most of the activities of catalase (ec 1.11.1.6), and hydroxypyruvate reductase (ec 1.1.1.81) on the gradients. in peroxisomal fractions from detached leaves and green cotyledons incubate ... | 1990 | 24202025 |
| purification and preliminary characterization of sucrose-phosphate synthase using monoclonal antibodies. | monoclonal antibodies specific for sucrose phosphate synthase (sps; ec 2.4.1.14) have been obtained for the first time. three independent clones have been isolated which inhibited spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) leaf sps activity and facilitated the enzyme purification by immunoprecipitation. all three clones were specific for the spinach enzyme but neither inhibited nor precipitated the sps present in tissue extracts of maize (zea mays l.), barley (hordeum vulgare l.), soybean (glycine max l.), ... | 1989 | 16666575 |
| the use of a chloride-sensitive fluorescent probe to measure chloride transport in isolated tonoplast vesicles. | a fluorescence method for the direct measurement of cl(-) transport in isolated tonoplast vesicles is described. this technique utilises the cl(-)-sensitive fluorescent compound, 6-methoxy-1-(3-sulfonatopropyl)quinolinium (spq). this is a water-soluble compound with excitation and emission wavelengths of 350 and 440 nm, respectively. its fluorescence is quenched by cl(-), br(-), i(-), scn(-), no 2 (-) and tetraphenylborate but not by no 3 (-) , so 4 (2-) , iminodiacetate or malate. these effects ... | 1988 | 24220941 |
| levels of short-chain fatty acids and of abscisic acid in water-stressed and non-stressed leaves and their effects on stomata in epidermal strips and excised leaves. | straight-chain saturated fatty acids (c6-c11) and abscisic acid (aba) accumulate in the leaves of phaseolus vulgaris l. and hordeum vulgare l. under water stress. aba and certain of the fatty acids, particularly decanoic and undecanoic acid, can inhibit stomatal opening and cause stomatal closure in epidermal strips of commelina communis l. depending on the incubating medium used. 10(-4) m (±)-aba inhibits opening in media containing either high or relatively low concentrations of kcl but causes ... | 1978 | 24414272 |
| microwave irradiation induced changes in protein molecular structures of barley grains: relationship to changes in protein chemical profile, protein subfractions, and digestion in dairy cows. | the objectives of this study were to evaluate microwave irradiation (mir) induced changes in crude protein (cp) subfraction profiles, ruminal cp degradation characteristics and intestinal digestibility of rumen undegraded protein (rup), and protein molecular structures in barley (hordeum vulgare) grains. samples from hulled (n = 1) and hulless cultivars (n = 2) of barley, harvested from four replicate plots in two consecutive years, were evaluated. the samples were either kept as raw or irradiat ... | 2014 | 24941451 |
| effect of silage botanical composition on ruminal biohydrogenation and transfer of fatty acids to milk in dairy cows. | ruminal biohydrogenation and transfer of fatty acids (fa) to milk were determined for 4 silages with different botanical compositions using 4 multiparous norwegian red dairy cows [(mean ± sd) 118 ± 40.9 d in milk, 22.5 ± 2.72 kg of milk/d, 631 ± 3.3 kg of body weight, 3.3 ± 0.40 points on body condition score at the start of the experiment] fitted with rumen cannulas. treatments consisted of 4 experimental silages: a mix of the first and third cut of organically managed short-term grassland with ... | 2013 | 23200474 |
| barley grain for ruminants: a global treasure or tragedy. | barley grain (hordeum vulgare l.) is characterized by a thick fibrous coat, a high level of ß-glucans and simply-arranged starch granules. world production of barley is about 30 % of that of corn. in comparison with corn, barley has more protein, methionine, lysine, cysteine and tryptophan. for ruminants, barley is the third most readily degradable cereal behind oats and wheat. due to its more rapid starch fermentation rate compared with corn, barley also provides a more synchronous release of e ... | 2012 | 22958810 |
| citrate transport into barley mesophyll vacuoles - comparison with malate-uptake activity. | citrate uptake into barley (hordeum vulgare l.) mesophyll vacuoles was found to be saturable with a k m of about 200 μm. uptake appears to occur via the citrate(3-) form, as indicated by concentration-dependent uptake studies at different phs. free citrate and not the mg-citrate complex was taken up by the vacuoles, even though slow transport of the mg complex could not be excluded. citrate transport into vacuoles was competitively inhibited by malate (k i=0.68 mm). various organic acids and pro ... | 1991 | 24194244 |
| primer dependent and independent forms of soluble starch synthetase from developing barley endosperms. | the activity of soluble starch synthetase (adp-glucose: α-1,4-glucan α-4-glucosyltransferase) in the non-purified extract from 16 day-old bomi barley endosperms (hordeum vulgare l.) was low and the reaction was non-linear when plotted against protein concentration. starch synthetase was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation and deae-cellulose chromatography and separated into four fractions. in the absence of an added carbohydrate primer two of the four fractions catalized the synthesis of ... | 1980 | 24310146 |
| a mathematical model on the effect of m. denticulata weed on different winter crops. | many weeds interfere with the productivity of wheat and other winter annual crops; however, one common weed medicago denticulata, appears to have a beneficial effect. an experiment was conducted at agricultural experimental farm of the indian statistical institute, giridih, jharkhand to observe the effect of m. denticulata (a legume) on different crops yield of barley (hordeum vulgare sensu lato), linseed (linum usitatissimum l.), indian mustard [brassica juncea (l.) czernj. & cosson] and wheat ... | 2007 | 17602829 |
| interactions of lipoidal materials and a pyridazinone inhibitor of chloroplast development. | formation of chloroplast pigments was inhibited, and free fatty acids accumulated in mustard (brassica juncea [l.] coss.) cotyledons and in barley (hordeum vulgare l.) first leaves developed after treatment with 4-chloro-5- (dimethylamino)-2- (alpha, alpha, alpha-trifluoro-m-tolyl) -3 (2h) -pyridazinone. the inhibitor reduced the amount of fatty acids found in polar lipids (galactolipids) of barley chloroplasts and increased the amount in nonpolar lipids while having little effect on total conte ... | 1971 | 16657757 |
| herbivore-triggered electrophysiological reactions: candidates for systemic signals in higher plants and the challenge of their identification. | in stressed plants, electrophysiological reactions (elrs) are presumed to contribute to long-distance intercellular communication between distant plant parts. because of the focus on abiotic stress-induced elrs in recent decades, biotic stress-triggered elrs have been widely ignored. it is likely that the challenge to identify the particular elr types (action potential [ap], variation potential, and system potential [sp]) was responsible for this course of action. thus, this survey focused on in ... | 2016 | 26872949 |
| yield and production gaps in rainfed wheat, barley, and canola in alberta. | improving crop yields are essential to meet the increasing pressure of global food demands. the loss of high quality land, the slowing in annual yield increases of major cereals, increasing fertilizer use, and the effect of this on the environment all indicate that we need to develop new strategies to increase grain yields with less impact on the environment. one strategy that could help address this concern is by narrowing the yield gaps of major crops using improved genetics and management. th ... | 2015 | 26635824 |
| biological networks underlying abiotic stress tolerance in temperate crops--a proteomic perspective. | abiotic stress factors, especially low temperatures, drought, and salinity, represent the major constraints limiting agricultural production in temperate climate. under the conditions of global climate change, the risk of damaging effects of abiotic stresses on crop production increases. plant stress response represents an active process aimed at an establishment of novel homeostasis under altered environmental conditions. proteins play a crucial role in plant stress response since they are dire ... | 2015 | 26340626 |
| 5-azacytidine promotes microspore embryogenesis initiation by decreasing global dna methylation, but prevents subsequent embryo development in rapeseed and barley. | microspores are reprogrammed by stress in vitro toward embryogenesis. this process is an important tool in breeding to obtain double-haploid plants. dna methylation is a major epigenetic modification that changes in differentiation and proliferation. we have shown changes in global dna methylation during microspore reprogramming. 5-azacytidine (azac) cannot be methylated and leads to dna hypomethylation. azac is a useful demethylating agent to study dna dynamics, with a potential application in ... | 2015 | 26161085 |
| toxicity of naturally-contaminated manganese soil to selected crops. | the impact of manganese excess using naturally contaminated soil (mn-soil, pseudototal mn 6494 vs 675 μg g(-1) dw in control soil) in the shoots of four crops was studied. mn content decreased in the order brassica napus > hordeum vulgare > zea mays > triticum aestivum. growth was strongly depressed just in brassica (containing 13696 μg mn g(-1) dw). some essential metals (zn, fe) increased in mn-cultured brassica and zea, while macronutrients (k, ca, mg) decreased in almost all species. toxic m ... | 2014 | 24965550 |
| do cover crops enhance n₂o, co₂ or ch₄ emissions from soil in mediterranean arable systems? | this study evaluates the effect of planting three cover crops (ccs) (barley, hordeum vulgare l.; vetch, vicia villosa l.; rape, brassica napus l.) on the direct emission of n₂o, co₂ and ch₄ in the intercrop period and the impact of incorporating these ccs on the emission of greenhouse gas (ghg) from the forthcoming irrigated maize (zea mays l.) crop. vetch and barley were the ccs with the highest n₂o and co₂ losses (75 and 47% increase compared with the control, respectively) in the fallow perio ... | 2014 | 23906854 |
| se(iv) phytotoxicity for monocotyledonae cereals (hordeum vulgare l., triticum aestivum l.) and dicotyledonae crops (sinapis alba l., brassica napus l.). | the phytotoxicity of se(iv) was determined through root and shoot growth inhibition, biomass (dry (dm), fresh (fm)) production, water content, photosynthetic pigment (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids) levels and se accumulation in the roots and shoots. the sensitivities of monocotyledonae (hordeum vulgare, triticum aestivum) and dicotyledonae plants (sinapis alba, brassica napus) were also compared. except for h. vulgare, se(iv) inhibited root growth more than shoot growth. as for bi ... | 2009 | 19709809 |
| phytotoxicity and bioavailability of cobalt to plants in a range of soils. | risk assessments of existing substances, including metals, in the environment are being carried in the european union, which require estimation of the predicted no-effect concentration (pnec) derived from biological toxicity assays. few toxicity data exist for co and higher plants, and the influence of soil properties on co toxicity also needs to be evaluated systematically. we investigated phytotoxicity and bioavailability of co to barley (hordeum vulgare l.), oilseed rape (osr; brassica napus ... | 2009 | 19217640 |
| sensitivity of aquatic plants to the herbicide metsulfuron-methyl. | the sensitivity of 12 aquatic plant species to the herbicide metsulfuron-methyl was tested in microcosm experiments under two growth conditions. as reference species, barley (hordeum vulgare) and oil-seed rape (brassica napus) were grown with their roots submerged in the microcosms. two response variables were chosen: relative growth rate and specific leaf area (sla). sla was the most sensitive response variable, with 11 of the 12 aquatic species responding to the herbicide. ec(50) values varied ... | 2004 | 14759661 |
| a new abscisic acid catabolic pathway. | we report the discovery of a new hydroxylated abscisic acid (aba) metabolite, found in the course of a mass spectrometric study of aba metabolism in brassica napus siliques. this metabolite reveals a previously unknown catabolic pathway for aba in which the 9'-methyl group of aba is oxidized. analogs of (+)-aba deuterated at the 8'-carbon atom and at both the 8'- and 9'-carbon atoms were fed to green siliques, and extracts containing the deuterated oxidized metabolites were analyzed to determine ... | 2004 | 14671016 |
| molecular and carbon isotopic composition of leaf wax in vegetation and aerosols in a northern prairie ecosystem. | we measured the molecular and carbon isotopic composition of major leaf wax compound classes in northern mixed mesic prairie species (agropyron smithii, stipa viridula, bouteloua gracilis, tragopogon dubius) and in selected crops (triticum aestivum, brassica napus, hordeum vulgare, medicago sativa) of southern alberta and also in aerosols collected 4 m above the prairie canopy. our aims were to better constrain the wax biosynthetic carbon isotopic fractionation relative to the plant's carbon iso ... | 2003 | 12647105 |
| chlorophyll breakdown in senescent chloroplasts (cleavage of pheophorbide a in two enzymic steps). | the cleavage of pheophorbide (pheide) a into primary fluoescent chlorophyll (chl) catabolites (pfccs) in senescent chloroplasts was investigated. chloroplast preparations isolated from senescent canola (brassica napus) cotyledons exhibited light-dependent production of pfcc when assay mixtures were supplemented with ferredoxin (fd). pfcc production in detergent-solubilized membranes was dependent on the presence of an fd-reducing system. pheide a cleavage required the action of two proteins, phe ... | 1997 | 12223835 |
| influence of plant growth on degradation of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate in sludge-amended soil. | widespread application of sewage sludge to agricultural soils in denmark has led to concern about the possible accumulation and effects of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (las) in the soil ecosystem. therefore, we have studied the uptake and degradation of las in greenhouse pot experiments. sewage sludge was incorporated into a sandy soil to give a range from very low to very high applications (0.4 to 90 mg dry wt. ha(-1)). in addition, las was added as water solutions. the soil was transferred to ... | 2006 | 11476504 |
| differential detergent stability of the major light-harvesting complex ii in thylakoids isolated from monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants. | a survey of isolated thylakoids from 11 different higher plant species (spinacia oleracea l., pisum sativum l., vicia faba l., brassica napus l., vigna sinensis l., vinca minor l., secale cereale l., triticum aestivum l., triticosecale wittn., hordeum vulgare l., zea mays l.) indicated that the ratio of the oligomeric:monomeric form of the light-harvesting complex ii was twofold higher for the dicots (3.16 +/- 0.35) than the monocots (1.64 +/- 0.25) examined under identical separation procedures ... | 1992 | 16669008 |
| yield responses of different crop species to long-term fumigation with sulphur dioxide in open-top chambers. | potted plants of commercial cultivars of rape (brassica napus l., cv. 'callypso'), summer barley (hordeum vulgare l., cvs. 'arena' and 'hockey') and bush beans (phaseolus vulgaris l., cvs. 'rintintin' and 'rosisty') were continuously exposed in open-top chambers to sulphur dioxide (so(2)) for the whole growing season in order to assess effects of this pollutant on growth and various yield parameters. treatments consisted of charcoal-filtered air (cf) and cf supplemented with four levels of so(2) ... | 1990 | 15092223 |
| fusion characteristics of plant protoplasts in electric fields. | the electrical parameters important in the fusion of plant protoplasts aligned dielectrophoretically in high-frequency alternating electric fields have been established. protoplasts were aligned in an alternating electric field between two relatively distant (1 mm) electrodes, by dielectrophoresis induced by field inhomogeneities caused by the protoplasts themselves. this arrangement allowed ease of manipulations, large throughput and low loss of protoplasts. in analytical experiments, sufficien ... | 1985 | 24241045 |
| induction of targeted, heritable mutations in barley and brassica oleracea using rna-guided cas9 nuclease. | the rna-guided cas9 system represents a flexible approach for genome editing in plants. this method can create specific mutations that knock-out or alter target gene function. it provides a valuable tool for plant research and offers opportunities for crop improvement. | 2015 | 26616834 |
| differential uptake and translocation of β-hch and dieldrin by several plant species from hydroponic medium. | to compare the uptake and translocation of hydrophobic organic chemicals by plant species, the authors performed uptake experiments with β-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-hch) and 1,2,3,4,10,10-hexachloro-6,7-epoxy-1,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro-endo-1,4-exo-5,8-dimethanonaphthalene (dieldrin) using 5 species: hordeum vulgare, glycine max, solanum lycopersicum, brassica oleracea, and cucurbita pepo. the present study evaluated uptake ability using root concentration factor (rcf) and translocat ... | 2015 | 25470472 |
| seed storage at elevated partial pressure of oxygen, a fast method for analysing seed ageing under dry conditions. | despite differences in physiology between dry and relative moist seeds, seed ageing tests most often use a temperature and seed moisture level that are higher than during dry storage used in commercial practice and gene banks. this study aimed to test whether seed ageing under dry conditions can be accelerated by storing under high-pressure oxygen. methods: dry barley (hordeum vulgare), cabbage (brassica oleracea), lettuce (lactuca sativa) and soybean (glycine max) seeds were stored between 2 an ... | 2012 | 22967856 |
| changes in percentage organic carbon content during ontogeny. | changes in percentage organic carbon content were assessed during the first five weeks of growth of uniculm barley (hordeum vulgare) and brussels sprouts (brassica oleracea) plants grown in controlled-environment conditions at two constant temperatures, 16° and 22°c. foliage (leaf laminae), stem, and root material was assayed in both species, together with leaf sheaths of barley and cotyledon laminae of brussels sprouts. in barley, there was a decline in percentage organic carbon content with in ... | 1984 | 24258410 |
| the association of gibberellin-like activity with the chloroplast fraction of leaf homogenates. | significant gibberellin-like activity has been detected in the 1000xg fraction of leaves of brassica oleracea var. acephala (canson kale) and hordeum vulgare (cv. "himalaya"). in kale and barley the qualitative pattern of activity found in the chloroplast fraction differs from that normally seen in total-leaf extracts. when expressed on a total chlorophyll or sample fresh-weight basis, approximately 16% of the gibberellin-like activity found in the leaf can be accounted for in the 1000xg or chlo ... | 1968 | 24519602 |
| heavy metals in sludge during anaerobic sanitary landfill: speciation transformation and phytotoxicity. | sanitary landfill persists as a predominant sludge disposal method in particular in china. in this study, successive subsurface sludge samples (0.3 m deep) were collected from a bioreactor landfill unit where an anaerobic process took place during a 500 d period. the sludge samples were analyzed for total concentrations of cadmium (cd), chromium (cr), copper (cu), nickel (ni), lead (pb) and zinc (zn) and their species distributions, together with selected sludge chemical properties. in addition, ... | 2017 | 28011427 |
| on the origins of the tetraploid bromus species (section bromus, poaceae): insights from internal transcribed spacer sequences of nuclear ribosomal dna. | the internal transcribed spacer (its) region of nuclear ribosomal dna from 22 diploid and tetraploid annual bromus species of section bromus (poaceae) and three species belonging to other bromus sections, bromus catharticus (section ceratochloa), bromus anomalus (section pnigma), and bromus sterilis (section genea), were investigated by pcr amplification and direct sequencing. the length of the its-1 region varied from 215 to 218 bp, and that of the its-2 region from 215 to 216 bp, in the specie ... | 1997 | 9352648 |
| phylogenetic relationships of 10 grass species: an assessment of phylogenetic utility of the internal transcribed spacer region in nuclear ribosomal dna in monocots. | entire sequences of the internal transcribed spacers (itss) and 5.8s subunit of nuclear ribosomal dna (nrdna) were obtained from nine grass species by direct double-stranded sequencing of polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplified dna fragments. these sequences from subfamily pooideae (triticum aestivum, crithodium monococcum, sitopsis speltoides, hordeum vulgare, secale montanum, avena longiglumis, bromus inermis, brachypodium distachyon) and subfamily panicoideae (sorghum bicolor) together with ... | 1994 | 8181731 |
| a peroxiredoxin antioxidant is encoded by a dormancy-related gene, per1, expressed during late development in the aleurone and embryo of barley grains. | antioxidants can remove damaging reactive oxygen species produced as by-products of desiccation and respiration during late embryogenesis, imbibition of dormant seeds and germination. we have expressed a protein, per1, encoded by the balem (barley aleurone and embryo) transcript previously called b15c, and show it to reduce oxidative damage in vitro. per1 shares high similarity to a novel group of thiol-requiring antioxidants, named peroxiredoxins, and represents a subgroup with only one conserv ... | 1996 | 8914536 |
| transcripts encoding an oleosin and a dormancy-related protein are present in both the aleurone layer and the embryo of developing barley (hordeum vulgare l.) seeds. | in cereal seeds, the aleurone layer and the embryo share several characteristics, including synthesis and accumulation of lipid bodies, desiccation tolerance and dormancy. a number of balem transcripts present in both the barley aleurone layer and the embryo have been cloned by differential screening of a cdna library from aleurone layers of immature barley grains. the balem clones constitute two subgroups, one for which the transcripts are detectable in aleurone layers and embryos of developing ... | 1994 | 8180622 |
| accumulation of potassium and sodium by barley roots in a k-na replacement series. | excised roots of barley (hordeum vulgare, var. campana) were incubated for 24 hr in solutions containing constant total concentrations of kcl and nacl but in which the mole fractions of k and na were varied in replacement series. in solutions containing 1, 10, or 50 mm concentrations of k(+) plus na(+), total cation accumulation was dependent upon the total salt concentration but was relatively independent of the mole fractions of k(+) and na(+). these results imply that accumulation of k(+) and ... | 1969 | 16657235 |
| electrostatic association and donnan phenomena as mechanisms of ion accumulation. | excised roots of barley (hordeum vulgare, var. campana) were incubated for periods up to 24 hours in salt solutions of various concentrations and ion accumulation was determined at various time intervals. the data were consistent with the existence of 2 components of ion uptake, one accounting for ion uptake from solutions below 1 mm and both components contributing to uptake from solutions of concentrations higher than 1 mm.it is proposed that organic and amino acids play an important role in i ... | 1968 | 16656859 |
| loss of organic acids, amino acids, k, and cl from barley roots treated anaerobically and with metabolic inhibitors. | excised roots of barley (hordeum vulgare, var. campana) lost organic acids, amino acids, k(+), and cl(-) within 15 minutes after initiation of anaerobic treatment or treatment with nacn and 2,4-dinitrophenol. initial loss of organic acids when roots were placed under n(2) is attributed to a decarboxylation reaction, possibly catalyzed by phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. organic and amino acids began to leak from the roots to the bathing medium after 1 to 2 hours under n(2), indicating injury t ... | 1967 | 16656712 |
| relationship of cell sap ph to organic acid change during ion uptake. | excised roots of barley (hordeum vulgare, var. campana) were incubated in kcl, k(2)so(4), cacl(2), and nacl solutions at concentrations of 10(-5) to 10(-2)n. changes in substrate solution ph, cell sap ph, and organic acid content of the roots were related to differences in cation and anion absorption. the ph of expressed sap of roots increased when cations were absorbed in excess of anions and decreased when anions were absorbed in excess of cations. the ph of the cell sap shifted in response to ... | 1967 | 16656506 |
| efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus utilization in progenies of factorial crosses between european and exotic cultivars of spring barley (hordeum vulgare l.). | previous observations suggested that some landraces, primitive cultivars and other barleys originating from the harsh conditions of the middle east, north africa and tibet might serve as interesting sources of adaptation to low-input agriculture. this opportunity was verified in field experiments performed under reduced rates of nitrogen (n) and phosphorus (p) fertilization. genetic variation in major components of the efficiency of n and p utilization was examined among f2 and f3 generations of ... | 2008 | 19029682 |
| archaeobotanical study of ancient food and cereal remains at the astana cemeteries, xinjiang, china. | starch grain, phytolith and cereal bran fragments were analyzed in order to identify the food remains including cakes, dumplings, as well as porridge unearthed at the astana cemeteries in turpan of xinjiang, china. the results suggest that the cakes were made from triticum aestivum while the dumplings were made from triticum aestivum, along with setaria italica. the ingredients of the porridge remains emanated from panicum miliaceum. moreover, direct macrobotantical evidence of the utilization o ... | 2012 | 23028807 |
| optimization of weaning mix based on malted and extruded pearl millet and barley. | weaning mix was developed using extrudates of plain and malted pearl millet (pennisetum typhoides) and barley (hordeum vulgare) flour. central composite rotatable design (ccrd) with four independent variables pme (pearl millet extrudates), pmme (pearl millet malt extrudates), be (barley extrudates), bme (barley malt extrudates) at five level and five dependent variables, i.e. lightness, peak viscosity (pv), water solubility index (wsi), water absorption index (wai) and overall acceptability (oaa ... | 2014 | 24741161 |
| photoinhibition at low temperature in chilling-sensitive and -resistant plants. | photoinhibition resulting from exposure at 7 degrees c to a moderate photon flux density (300 micromoles per square meter per second, 400-700 nanometers) for 20 hours was measured in leaves of annual crops differing widely in chilling tolerance. the incidence of photoinhibition, determined as the decrease in the ratio of induced to total chlorophyll fluorescence emission at 693 nanometers (f(v)/f(max)) measured at 77 kelvin, was not confined to chilling-sensitive species. the extent of photoinhi ... | 1989 | 16666971 |
| chlorophyll breakdown in spinach: on the structure of five nonfluorescent chlorophyll catabolites. | in extracts of senescent leaves of spinach (spinacia oleracea), five colourless compounds with uv/vis-characteristics of nonfluorescent chlorophyll catabolites (nccs) were detected and tentatively named so-nccs. the most abundant polar ncc in the leaves of this vegetable, so-ncc-2, had been isolated earlier and its constitution was determined by spectroscopic means. the catabolite so-ncc-2 was found to be an epimer of a polar ncc from barley (hordeum vulgare), the first non-green chlorophyll cat ... | 2002 | 16228549 |
| comparison of sorption and diffusion by pyridate and its polar metabolite in isolated cuticular wax of chenopodium album and hordeum vulgare. | sorption and diffusion of the herbicide pyridate and its metabolite cl9673 were measured in reconstituted cuticular waxes isolated from chenopodium album l. and hordeum vulgare l. (cultivar igri) leaves. the compounds have the same basic chemical structure, except that pyridate is characterized by a c8-alkyl chain bound via a thioester to the ionizable hydroxyl group of cl9673. sorption of the weak acid cl9673 from aqueous solutions into cuticular waxes was ph-dependent, and the apparent wax/wat ... | 2005 | 16131123 |
| physicochemical characterization of sewage sludge and green waste for agricultural utilization. | in order to valorize the organic wastes, a mixture composed of 60 kg of thick sewage sludge from a wastewater treatment plant, 30 kg of green wastes (made of 10 kg straw of wheat, 10 kg manure farm wastes, and 10 kg of dead leaves), and 10 kg of wood chips was prepared. the organic wastes were mixed and put into a wooden cubic composter having a volume of 1.5 m3. physicochemical analyses were made every 30 days for five months. the results of the analyses showed that the obtained compost had goo ... | 2015 | 25517858 |
| characterization of the genes encoding the cytosolic and plastidial forms of adp-glucose pyrophosphorylase in wheat endosperm. | in most species, the synthesis of adp-glucose (glc) by the enzyme adp-glc pyrophosphorylase (agpase) occurs entirely within the plastids in all tissues so far examined. however, in the endosperm of many, if not all grasses, a second form of agpase synthesizes adp-glc outside the plastid, presumably in the cytosol. in this paper, we show that in the endosperm of wheat (triticum aestivum), the cytosolic form accounts for most of the agpase activity. using a combination of molecular and biochemical ... | 2002 | 12428011 |
| [study of the influence of a new saponin of albizzia lebbek benth. on the germination and growth of chick-pea seeds (cicer arietinum linn.) and of barley seeds (hordeum vulgare linn.)]. | | 1953 | 13126755 |
| herbicidal potential of catechol as an allelochemical. | catechol is an allelochemical which belongs to phenolic compounds synthesized in plants. its herbicidal effects on weed species; field poppy (papaver rhoeas), creeping thistle (cirsium arvense), henbit (lamium amplexicaule) and wild mustard (sinapis arvensis) were investigated using wheat (triticum vulgare) and barley (hordeum vulgare) species as control plants. in comparison to 2,4-d (a common synthetic herbicide), 13.64 mm of catechol have been found to have a strong herbicidal effect, as effe ... | 2013 | 16610220 |
| effect of γ-irradiation on structure and nutraceutical potential of β-d-glucan from barley (hordeum vulgare). | this paper reports the characterization and potential antioxidant activity of β-d-glucan isolated from barley treated with γ-rays. the β-d-glucan was irradiated with 0, 2, 4 and 8 kgy by gamma ray. the samples were characterized by fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography (gpc) and quantitative estimation by megazyme β-d-glucan assay kit. the average molecular weight of non-irradiated β-d-glucan was 177 kda that decreased to 79 kda at 8 kgy. antioxidant activity was ... | 2015 | 25239191 |
| comparative analysis of plant finds from early roman graves in ilok (cuccium) and sćitarjevo (andautonia), croatia--a contribution to understanding burial rites in southern pannonia. | a comparative archaeobotanical analysis of the plant remains from the early roman incineration graves in ilok and sćitarjevo shows the existence of a complex burial ritual, but at the same time enables a better understanding of the agriculture and trade of the 1st/early 2nd century ad in southern pannonia. most of the cereals found (hordeum vulgare, panicum miliaceum, triticum monococcum, t. dicoccon, t. aestivum i t. cf. spelta), the legumes (lens culinaris, vicia ervilia) and the fruit contrib ... | 2006 | 16848163 |