| a comparison of serologic tests for the detection of serum antibodies to whole-cell and recombinant borrelia burgdorferi antigens in cattle. | serum samples from healthy dairy and beef cattle, living in tick-infested areas of connecticut, usa, were analyzed by polyvalent enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisa), indirect fluorescent antibody (ifa) staining methods, or western blot procedures to detect antibodies to tick-borne agents. of the 80 sera tested by elisa with whole-cell or 10 separate recombinant antigens (fusion proteins) of borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, 57 (71%) were positive to 1 or more antigens, while 36 (45%) re ... | 2004 | 15368740 |
| the cd4+ t cell immunodominant anaplasma marginale major surface protein 2 stimulates gammadelta t cell clones that express unique t cell receptors. | major surface protein 2 (msp2) of the bovine rickettsial pathogen anaplasma marginale is an abundant, serologically immunodominant outer membrane protein. immunodominance partially results from numerous cd4+ t cell epitopes in highly conserved amino and carboxy regions and the central hypervariable region of msp2. however, in long-term cultures of lymphocytes stimulated with a. marginale, workshop cluster 1 (wc1)+ gammadelta t cells and cd4+ alphabeta t cells proliferated, leading to a predomina ... | 2005 | 15522917 |
| stochastic transmission of multiple genotypically distinct anaplasma marginale strains in a herd with high prevalence of anaplasma infection. | multiple genotypically unique strains of the tick-borne pathogen anaplasma marginale occur and are transmitted within regions where the organism is endemic. in this study, we tested the hypothesis that specific a. marginale strains are preferentially transmitted. the study herd of cattle (n = 261) had an infection prevalence of 29% as determined by competitive inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and pcr, with complete concordance between results of the two assays. genotyping revealed th ... | 2004 | 15528749 |
| identification of a novel anaplasma marginale appendage-associated protein that localizes with actin filaments during intraerythrocytic infection. | the rickettsial pathogen anaplasma marginale assembles an actin filament bundle during intracellular infection. unlike other bacterial pathogens that generate actin filament tails, a. marginale infects mature erythrocytes, and the f-actin appendages are assembled on the cytoplasmic surface of a vacuole containing several organisms. to identify a. marginale molecules associated with these filaments, two complementary approaches were used: matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight ... | 2004 | 15557651 |
| anaplasma marginale major surface protein 2 cd4+-t-cell epitopes are evenly distributed in conserved and hypervariable regions (hvr), whereas linear b-cell epitopes are predominantly located in the hvr. | organisms in the genus anaplasma express an immunodominant major surface protein 2 (msp2), composed of a central hypervariable region (hvr) flanked by highly conserved regions. throughout anaplasma marginale infection, recombination results in the sequential appearance of novel msp2 variants and subsequent control of rickettsemia by the immune response, leading to persistent infection. to determine whether immune evasion and selection for variant organisms is associated with a predominant respon ... | 2004 | 15557669 |
| identification of igg2-specific antigens in mexican anaplasma marginale strains. | to identify novel antigens with immunoglobulin g2 (igg2) specificity and immunostimulant properties for bovine th1 cells, humoral and cellular responses were studied in cattle inoculated with initial bodies from a mexican isolate of anaplasma marginale and challenged with a heterologous strain. analysis of post-immunization sera by elisa and assaying of in vitro cellular responses in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) cultured in the presence of protein extracts from three anaplasma marg ... | 2004 | 15604474 |
| detection of anaplasma marginale dna in larvae of boophilus microplus ticks by polymerase chain reaction. | boophilus microplus larvae from two different sources were used for the detection of anaplasma marginale dna: larvae a, which were collected from a pasture of an endemic farm, and larvae b, which originated from engorged female ticks fed on calves with no clinical signs of disease and with low rickettsemia (approximately 0.01 to 1.0%). larvae a were collected monthly, from january to may in 2001. two hundred engorged female ticks fed on calves that provided larvae b were divided into groups of 1 ... | 2004 | 15604475 |
| recent studies on the characterization of anaplasma marginale isolated from north american bison. | anaplasma marginale (rickettsiales: anaplasmataceae), a tick-borne pathogen of cattle, is endemic in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. many geographic isolates of a. marginale occur worldwide that have been identified by major surface protein (msp) 1a, which varies in sequence and molecular weight owing to different numbers of tandem 28-29 amino acid repeats. although serologic tests have identified american bison, bison bison, as being infected with a. marginale, the present studie ... | 2004 | 15604478 |
| immunization of bovines using a dna vaccine (pcdna3.1/msp1b) prepared from the jaboticabal strain of anaplasma marginale. | anaplasma is a tick-borne ehrlichial pathogen of cattle that causes the disease, anaplasmosis. in the present study, a total of 11 anaplasma marginale seronegative calves were assigned into two groups: one immunized (g1, n = 6) and one nonimmunized-control (g2, n = 5). six calves were immunized by using a dna vaccine containing the gene of a major surface protein, msp1b, encoded by the plasmid identified as pcdna3.1/msp1b. calves received three intramuscular inoculations of 100 microg of pcdna3. ... | 2004 | 15604503 |
| complete genome sequencing of anaplasma marginale reveals that the surface is skewed to two superfamilies of outer membrane proteins. | the rickettsia anaplasma marginale is the most prevalent tick-borne livestock pathogen worldwide and is a severe constraint to animal health. a. marginale establishes lifelong persistence in infected ruminants and these animals serve as a reservoir for ticks to acquire and transmit the pathogen. within the mammalian host, a. marginale generates antigenic variants by changing a surface coat composed of numerous proteins. by sequencing and annotating the complete 1,197,687-bp genome of the st. mar ... | 2004 | 15618402 |
| comparison of three oxytetracycline regimes for the treatment of persistent anaplasma marginale infections in beef cattle. | anaplasmosis, caused by the tick-borne rickettsia, anaplasma marginale, is an economically important disease of cattle in the united states and worldwide. cattle that recover from acute infection become carriers in which low or microscopically undetectable a. marginale rickettsemia persists. tetracycline antimicrobials are currently the only drug used in the us for treatment of acute anaplasmosis. there are currently no drugs specifically licensed for elimination of persistent infections. this s ... | 2005 | 15675047 |
| lack of infectivity of a brazilian anaplasma marginale isolate for boophilus microplus ticks. | previous studies have shown that one brazilian anaplasma marginale isolate presents an inclusion appendage (tail), while other isolates do not present such inclusion. studies on tick transmission have been carried out with tailless isolates but little is known about transmission of tailed isolates by boophilus microplus. two splenectomized calves were experimentally inoculated with the tailed a. marginale isolate. during ascending rickettsemia, b. microplus larvae, free from hemoparasites, were ... | 2004 | 15740870 |
| serological survey of babesia bovis and anaplasma marginale in cattle in tete province, mozambique. | a serological survey of bovine babesiosis and anaplasmosis in communal cattle was conducted in the northwestern province of tete, mozambique. blood was collected from cattle ranging from 4 to 15 months old from randomly selected farms from six districts. thirty-nine per cent of all 478 calves tested in tete province were seropositive to the elisa for babesia bovis antibodies and 63% of all calves were seropositive in the card agglutination test for anaplasma marginale. seroprevalence of b. bovis ... | 2005 | 15742867 |
| sequence analysis of the msp4 gene of anaplasma phagocytophilum strains. | the causative agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis was recently reclassified as anaplasma phagocytophilum, unifying previously described bacteria that cause disease in humans, horses, dogs, and ruminants. for the characterization of genetic heterogeneity in this species, the homologue of anaplasma marginale major surface protein 4 gene (msp4) was identified, and the coding region was pcr amplified and sequenced from a variety of sources, including 50 samples from the united states, germany, ... | 2005 | 15750101 |
| genome update: base skews in 200+ bacterial chromosomes. | | 2005 | 15758208 |
| detection of antibodies against anaplasma marginale in milk using a recombinant msp5 indirect elisa. | an indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ielisa) for diagnosis of anaplasmosis using undiluted individual milk samples from dairy cows was developed. the recombinant 19 kda major surface protein 5 (rmsp5) of anaplasma marginale was used as antigen. a monoclonal antibody against bovine igg1 conjugated with peroxidase and the chromogen 3,5,3',5'-tetramethylbenzidine were used in the test. strong and weak, positive and negative milk samples were set up as reference controls. results were expr ... | 2005 | 15778035 |
| seroprevalence of anaplasmosis among cattle in switzerland in 1998 and 2003: no evidence of an emerging disease. | anaplasma marginale infection in europe has been limited to the mediterranean and eastern countries, to austria and to very sporadic cases in switzerland. there are no reports of its occurrence in the countries north of switzerland. a severe outbreak of anaplasmosis in august 2002 in a cattle farm in the canton grisons, switzerland, north of the alps, with more than 300 cattle that had to be culled, came unexpected and gave reason to hypothesize presence of an increased yet undetected prevalence ... | 2005 | 15795079 |
| amplification of 16s rrna genes of anaplasma species in china for phylogenetic analysis. | in this study, a phylogenetic tree was inferred through comparing five 16s rrna gene sequences of four isolates of anaplasma ovis and one of anaplasma marginale in china with all nineteen 16s rrna gene sequences deposited in genbank (12 a. marginale, 3 a. ovis and 4 anaplasma centrale derived from america, uruguay, south africa, zimbabwe, australia, isreal and japan). the analysis showed that all a. ovis isolated in china were separated into an a. ovis cluster, while the a. marginale in china wa ... | 2005 | 15795086 |
| variation among geographically separated populations of dermacentor andersoni (acari: ixodidae) in midgut susceptibility to anaplasma marginale (rickettsiales: anaplasmataceae). | anaplasma marginale is a tick-borne rickettsial pathogen of cattle that is endemic throughout large areas of the united states. cattle that survive acute infection become life-long persistently infected carriers. in the intermountain west the rocky mountain wood tick, dermacentor andersoni stiles, is the most common vector of a. marginale. male d. andersoni acquire a. marginale when feeding on persistently infected cattle and biologically transmit it when they transfer from infected to susceptib ... | 2005 | 15799524 |
| livelihood hazards. | | 2005 | 15818892 |
| enhancement of antigen acquisition by dendritic cells and mhc class ii-restricted epitope presentation to cd4+ t cells using vp22 dna vaccine vectors that promote intercellular spreading following initial transfection. | induction of immune responses against microbial antigens using dna is an attractive strategy to mimic the immunity induced by live vaccines. although dna vaccines are efficacious in murine models, the requirement for multiple immunizations using high doses in outbred animals and humans has hindered deployment. this requirement is, in part, a result of poor vaccine spreading and suboptimal dc transfection efficiency. incorporation of a signal that directs intercellular spreading of a dna-encoded ... | 2005 | 15857936 |
| the prevalence of serum antibodies to tick-borne infections in mbale district, uganda: the effect of agro-ecological zone, grazing management and age of cattle. | between august and october 2000, a cross-sectional study was conducted in smallholder dairy farms in mbale district, uganda to assess the prevalence of ticks and tick-borne diseases under different grazing systems and agro-ecological zones and understand the circumstances under which farmers operated. a questionnaire was administered to obtain information on dairy farm circumstances and practices. a total of 102 farms were visited and sera and ticks were collected from 478 animals. sero-prevalen ... | 2004 | 15861224 |
| rapid and long-term disappearance of cd4+ t lymphocyte responses specific for anaplasma marginale major surface protein-2 (msp2) in msp2 vaccinates following challenge with live a. marginale. | in humans and ruminants infected with anaplasma, the major surface protein 2 (msp2) is immunodominant. numerous cd4(+) t cell epitopes in the hypervariable and conserved regions of msp2 contribute to this immunodominance. antigenic variation in msp2 occurs throughout acute and persistent infection, and sequentially emerging variants are thought to be controlled by variant-specific ab. this study tested the hypothesis that challenge of cattle with anaplasma marginale expressing msp2 variants to w ... | 2005 | 15905510 |
| identification of functional promoters in the msp2 expression loci of anaplasma marginale and anaplasma phagocytophilum. | organisms in the family anaplasmataceae are important tick-borne pathogens of livestock worldwide and cause recently emergent infections in humans. despite their medical importance, very little is known about how these organisms regulate gene expression in the mammalian host, the tick vector, or during transition between the host and vector. however, it is clear that gene regulation, in addition to recombinatorial mechanisms, is essential for these small genome pathogens to adapt to distinctly d ... | 2005 | 15935572 |
| ticks and tick-borne disease in guatemalan cattle and horses. | blood samples and ticks were collected from 48 cattle and 74 horses from seven sites in the peten region of guatemala. data on body condition, mucous membrane capillary refill time and tick infestation levels were recorded for each animal in the study. horses had significantly higher levels of tick infestation than cattle, as well as poorer body condition scores. seroprevalence of babesia spp. was 95.8% for b. bovis in cattle, 89.6% for b. bigemina in cattle, and 92.7% for b. equi in horses. ser ... | 2005 | 15936147 |
| a longitudinal study of sero-conversion to tick-borne pathogens in smallholder dairy youngstock in tanzania. | a longitudinal study of sero-conversion of youngstock to the tick-borne pathogens theileria parva, t. mutans, anaplasma marginale, babesia bigemina and b. bovis was conducted over two years on smallholder dairy farms in tanga region, tanzania. there was evidence of maternal antibodies to all tick-borne pathogens in animals less than 18 weeks of age. seroprevalence increased as expected with age in animals older than this but seroprevalence profiles underestimated the force of infection due to wa ... | 2005 | 15936149 |
| anaplasma marginale (rickettsiales: anaplasmataceae): recent advances in defining host-pathogen adaptations of a tick-borne rickettsia. | the tick-borne intracellular pathogen anaplasma marginale (rickettsiales: anaplasmataceae) develops persistent infections in cattle and tick hosts. while erythrocytes appear to be the only site of infection in cattle, a. marginale undergoes a complex developmental cycle in ticks and transmission occurs via salivary glands during feeding. many geographic isolates occur that vary in genotype, antigenic composition, morphology and infectivity for ticks. in this chapter we review recent research on ... | 2004 | 15938516 |
| structural basis for segmental gene conversion in generation of anaplasma marginale outer membrane protein variants. | bacterial pathogens in the genus anaplasma generate surface coat variants by gene conversion of chromosomal pseudogenes into single-expression sites. these pseudogenes encode unique surface-exposed hypervariable regions flanked by conserved domains, which are identical to the expression site flanking domains. in addition, anaplasma marginale generates variants by recombination of oligonucleotide segments derived from the pseudogenes into the existing expression site copy, resulting in a combinat ... | 2005 | 15948961 |
| spatial and management factors associated with exposure of smallholder dairy cattle in tanzania to tick-borne pathogens. | a cross-sectional study of serum antibody responses of cattle to tick-borne pathogens (theileria parva, theileria mutans,anaplasma marginale, babesia bigemina and babesia bovis) was conducted on smallholder dairy farms in tanga and iringa regions of tanzania. seroprevalence was highest for t. parva (48% in iringa and 23% in tanga) and b. bigemina (43% in iringa and 27% in tanga) and lowest for b. bovis (12% in iringa and 6% in tanga). we use spatial and non-spatial models, fitted using classical ... | 2005 | 16023121 |
| serologic and molecular characterization of anaplasma species infection in farm animals and ticks from sicily. | although anaplasma marginale was known to be endemic in italy, the diversity of anaplasma spp. from this area have not been characterized. in this study, the prevalence of anaplasma spp. antibodies in randomly selected farm animals collected on the island of sicily was determined by use of a msp5 celisa for anaplasma spp. and an immunofluorescence test specific for anaplasma phagocytophilum. genetic variation among strains of anaplasma spp. from animals and ticks was characterized using the a. m ... | 2005 | 16043300 |
| genetic diversity of anaplasma marginale strains from cattle farms in the province of palermo, sicily. | bovine anaplasmosis, caused by the tick-borne rickettsia anaplasma marginale, is endemic in sicily and results in economic loss to the cattle industry. this study was designed to characterize strains of a. marginale at the molecular level from cattle in the province of palermo, sicily. seropositivity of cattle >or=1 year old for a. marginale in the study area ranged from 62% to 100%. the observed prevalence of a. marginale infections in cattle herds ranged from 25% to 100%. two predominant a. ma ... | 2005 | 16115096 |
| relative efficiency of biological transmission of anaplasma marginale (rickettsiales: anaplasmataceae) by dermacentor andersoni (acari: ixodidae) compared with mechanical transmission by stomoxys calcitrans (diptera: muscidae). | anaplasma marginale theiler is a tick-borne intraerythrocytic rickettsial pathogen of cattle that also can be mechanically transmitted by biting flies. rickettsemia during the acute phase of infection may reach as high as 10(9) infected erythrocytes (ies) per milliliter of blood. animals that survive acute infection develop a life-long persistent infection that cycles between 10(2.5) and 10(7) ie/ ml of blood. we compared stable fly stomoxys calcitrans (l.) -borne mechanical transmission during ... | 2005 | 16119558 |
| genetic diversity of anaplasma species major surface proteins and implications for anaplasmosis serodiagnosis and vaccine development. | the genus anaplasma (rickettsiales: anaplasmataceae) includes several pathogens of veterinary and human medical importance. an understanding of the diversity of anaplasma major surface proteins (msps), including those msps that modulate infection, development of persistent infections, and transmission of pathogens by ticks, is derived in part, by characterization and phylogenetic analyses of geographic strains. information concerning the genetic diversity of anaplasma spp. msps will likely influ ... | 2005 | 16164010 |
| distinctly different msp2 pseudogene repertoires in anaplasma marginale strains that are capable of superinfection. | lifelong persistent infection of cattle is a hallmark of the tick transmitted pathogen anaplasma marginale. antigenic variation of major surface protein 2 (msp2) plays an important role in evasion of the host immune response to allow persistence. antigenic variation of msp2 is achieved by gene conversion of pseudogenes into the single operon linked expression site and the diversity of variants is defined by the pseudogene repertoire. once an animal is persistently infected with one strain of a. ... | 2005 | 16202540 |
| [evaluation of diagnostic tests in the absence of a gold standard using an anaplasma marginale field data set]. | the evaluation of newly developed diagnostic tests (tests) commonly involves the comparison of the test outcomes (pos/neg.) of a sample of animals to those of a reference test (gold standard) in order to derive sensitivity and specificity estimates. often, however, new tests have to be evaluated against an imperfect reference test since a true gold standard test is either too expensive or too costly to apply. this results in bias in the test characteristic estimates. to solve this problem, laten ... | 2005 | 16206931 |
| serologic cross-reactivity between anaplasma marginale and anaplasma phagocytophilum. | in the context of a serosurvey conducted on the anaplasma marginale prevalence in swiss cattle, we suspected that a serological cross-reactivity between a. marginale and a. phagocytophilum might exist. in the present study we demonstrate that cattle, sheep and horses experimentally infected with a. phagocytophilum not only develop antibodies to a. phagocytophilum (detected by immunofluorescent-antibody assay) but also to a. marginale (detected by a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). ... | 2005 | 16210480 |
| intrahaplotype and interhaplotype pairing of bovine leukocyte antigen dqa and dqb molecules generate functional dq molecules important for priming cd4(+) t-lymphocyte responses. | antigen-specific cd4(+) t-lymphocyte responses are restricted by major histocompatibility complex class ii molecules, which influence t-cell priming during infection. human leukocyte antigen (hla) and bovine leukocyte antigen (bola) drb3 and dq genes are polymorphic, but unlike hla, many bola haplotypes have duplicated dq genes, and antibody-blocking studies indicated that bola-dq molecules present various pathogen epitopes. limited experimentation also suggested that bola-dq molecules formed by ... | 2005 | 16220347 |
| comparative study of anaplasma parasites in tick carrying buffaloes and cattle. | a comparative study on the prevalence of anaplasma parasite was conducted on ticks carrying buffaloes and cattle. five hundred blood samples of both animals (250 of each) were collected during february, march and april. thin blood smears on glass slides were made, fixed in 100% methyl alcohol and examined. microscopic examination revealed that 205 (41%) animals had anaplasma parasites, out of which 89, 44 and 72 animals had anaplasma marginale, anaplasma centrale and mixed infection respectively ... | 2005 | 16252338 |
| identification of novel antigenic proteins in a complex anaplasma marginale outer membrane immunogen by mass spectrometry and genomic mapping. | immunization with purified anaplasma marginale outer membranes induces complete protection against infection that is associated with cd4+ t-lymphocyte-mediated gamma interferon secretion and immunoglobulin g2 (igg2) antibody titers. however, knowledge of the composition of the outer membrane immunogen is limited. recent sequencing and annotation of the a. marginale genome predicts at least 62 outer membrane proteins (omp), enabling a proteomic and genomic approach for identification of novel omp ... | 2005 | 16299305 |
| molecular and serological detection of a. centrale- and a. marginale-infected cattle grazing within an endemic area. | a reverse line blot hybridization (rlb) one-stage nested pcr (npcr) for anaplasma centrale and a nested pcr for anaplasma marginale were used to detect infected cattle grazing within an endemic region in israel. a novel set of pcr primers and oligonucleotide probes based on a 16s ribosomal rna gene was designed for rlb detection of both anaplasma species, and the performance of the molecular assays compared. the immunofluorescent antibody test (ifa) was used to detect antibodies to both anaplasm ... | 2006 | 16300909 |
| serological survey of babesia bovis, babesia bigemina, and anaplasma marginale antibodies in cattle from the semi-arid region of the state of bahia, brazil, by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. | the objectives of this work were to determine the prevalence of babesia bovis, babesia bigemina, and anaplasma marginale detecting antibodies in cattle raised in the semi-arid region of the state of bahia, brazil, through indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (elisa) and to compare the performances of indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays with crude (i-elisa-cranaag) and recombinant major surface protein-5 (i-elisa-msp-5ag), as antigens to detect antibodies against a. marginale. an s ... | 2005 | 16302060 |
| capillary tube feeding system for studying tick-pathogen interactions of dermacentor variabilis (acari: ixodidae) and anaplasma marginale (rickettsiales: anaplasmataceae). | a capillary tube feeding (ctf) system was adapted for studying the interaction between dermacentor variabilis (say) and the rickettsial cattle pathogen anaplasma marginale theiler. a. marginale undergoes a complex developmental cycle in ticks that begins in midguts and ends by transmission from salivary glands. in this ctf system, male d. variabilis were fed a. marginale-infected blood or cultured tick cells. ticks that fed on highly rickettsemic calves developed midgut and salivary gland infect ... | 2005 | 16366000 |
| anaplasma marginale: lack of cross-protection between strains that share msp1a variable region and msp4. | in mexico, there are no commercial alternatives for the immunoprophylaxis of bovine anaplasmosis, a disease responsible for great economic losses. blood derived anaplasma marginale used for immunizing susceptible cattle has shown promising results for homologous protection and controversial results against unrelated strains. the present study examined, under controlled conditions, the cross-protective potential of an immunogen composed of blood derived a. marginale of three strains against chall ... | 2006 | 16386388 |
| development of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays based on recombinant msp1a and msp2 of anaplasma marginale. | indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas) based on recombinant msp1a and msp2 from a brazilian isolate of anaplasma marginale were developed to detect antibodies against this rickettsia in cattle. the high sensitivities (99% for both tests) and specificities (100% for both tests) were confirmed with sera from cattle positive or negative for a. marginale antibodies, respectively, by immunofluorescent antibody test. by the analysis of 583 sera from cattle of three regions of the state o ... | 2006 | 16410967 |
| anaplasma marginale in lepus nigricollis (blanford) treated with oxytetracycline. | the objective of this study was to test the efficiency and acceptability of oxytetracycline hydrochloride (otc) in anaplasmosis. five mg otc was the only drug given subcutaneous twice by a week to anaplasmotized lepus nigricollis. the therapeutic results were judged in relation to the parasitized erythrocytes (pe) present, assessment of the clinical acceptability of otc was perfect in anaplasmosis (anaplasma marginale). | 1991 | 16414686 |
| potential vertebrate reservoir hosts and invertebrate vectors of anaplasma marginale and a. phagocytophilum in central spain. | organisms in the genus anaplasma are obligate intracellular pathogens that multiply in both vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. the type species, a. marginale, causes bovine anaplasmosis and only infects ticks and ruminants. a. phagocytophilum causes human and animal granulocytic anaplasmosis, and genetically closely related strains show a wide host range, including ticks, ruminants, rodents, equids, canids, birds, and humans. recent reports demonstrated that a. marginale and a. phagocytophilum c ... | 2005 | 16417435 |
| genomic and proteomic approaches to vaccine candidate identification for anaplasma marginale. | outer membrane protein preparations have been demonstrated to elicit protective immunity for anaplasma marginale. attempts to recreate this protective immunity using known surface proteins have been unsuccessful; therefore, novel outer membrane proteins have been searched for using a proteomic/genomic approach. annotation of the whole genome sequence identified 62 outer membrane protein candidates based on sequence similarity to known surface proteins. in a proteomics approach for the identifica ... | 2006 | 16451111 |
| the modified card agglutination test: an accurate tool for detecting anaplasmosis in columbian black-tailed deer. | inoculation of susceptible calves confirmed that the modified card agglutination test accurately detected the anaplasmosis infection status of each of 35 columbian black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus columbianus). anaplasma marginale, and specific antibodies, were demonstrated only in calves which received blood from deer that were positive by the card test. the modified card agglutination testing of deer serum was performed in the manner recommended for testing cattle serum with bovine-origi ... | 1976 | 16498890 |
| sequencing a new target genome: the boophilus microplus (acari: ixodidae) genome project. | the southern cattle tick, boophilus microplus (canestrini), causes annual economic losses in the hundreds of millions of dollars to cattle producers throughout the world, and ranks as the most economically important tick from a global perspective. control failures attributable to the development of pesticide resistance have become commonplace, and novel control technologies are needed. the availability of the genome sequence will facilitate the development of these new technologies, and we are p ... | 2006 | 16506442 |
| distribution, seasonality, and hosts of the rocky mountain wood tick in the united states. | anaplasma marginale theiler is a tick-borne pathogen that causes anaplasmosis in cattle. there are approximately 20 tick species worldwide that are implicated as vectors of this pathogen. in the united states, dermacentor andersoni stiles and dermacentor variabilis (say) are the principal vectors. the risk of transmission of anaplasmosis to cattle has been largely based on the distribution of d. andersoni in the united states. we developed a centralized geographic database that incorporates coll ... | 2006 | 16506443 |
| seroprevalence estimation and risk factors for a. marginale on smallholder dairy farms in tanzania. | a cross-sectional serological survey of a. marginale was conducted on 200 randomly selected smallholder farms in each of the tanga and iringa regions of tanzania between january and april 1999. sera, from dairy cattle of all ages, sexes and breeds were tested for antibodies against a. marginale using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. antibodies to a. marginale were present in cattle throughout the study areas and the overall prevalence was 20% for tanga and 37% for iringa. the force ... | 2005 | 16619876 |
| detection of ehrlichia chaffeensis in brazilian marsh deer (blastocerus dichotomus). | ehrlichia chaffeensis was detected for the first time in blood samples from brazilian marsh deers (blastocerus dichotomus) captured in the marshes of parana river in southeast brazil in 1998. seven edta-blood samples from deers were analyzed by pcr and nested pcr for presence of ehrlichia chaffeensis, ehrlichia ewingii, ehrlichia canis, neoriickettsia risticii, anaplasma phagocytophilum and anaplasma marginale. three samples showed positive reactions for e. chaffeensis and anaplasma marginale. n ... | 2006 | 16621285 |
| the impact of 2 dipping systems on endemic stability to bovine babesiosis and anaplasmosis in cattle in 4 communally grazed areas in limpopo province, south africa. | a 12-month study was conducted in 4 communal grazing areas in the bushbuckridge region, limpopo province, south africa. the main objective was to investigate the impact of reduced acaricide application on endemic stability to bovine babesiosis (babesia bigemina and babesia bovis) and anaplasmosis (anaplasma marginale) in the local cattle population. to this end 60 cattle in each communal grazing area were bled at the beginning and the conclusion of the experimental period and their sera were ass ... | 2005 | 16642719 |
| flow cytometric evaluation of selected antimicrobial efficacy for clearance of anaplasma marginale in short-term erythrocyte cultures. | the tick-borne rickettsia, anaplasma marginale, causes the economically important cattle disease anaplasmosis. once infected, cattle remain lifelong carriers. herein, we used flow cytometry to test the efficacy of three antimicrobials; oxytetracycline, imidocarb and enrofloxacin against virginia (vgn) or oklahoma (ok) a. marginale isolates in short-term erythrocyte cultures. parasite viability was assessed using the vital dye hydroethidine (he), which is detectable when living organisms convert ... | 2006 | 16669861 |
| differential expression and sequence conservation of the anaplasma marginale msp2 gene superfamily outer membrane proteins. | bacterial pathogens in the genera anaplasma and ehrlichia encode a protein superfamily, pfam01617, which includes the predominant outer membrane proteins (omps) of each species, major surface protein 2 (msp2) and msp3 of anaplasma marginale and anaplasma ovis, anaplasma phagocytophilum msp2 (p44), ehrlichia chaffeensis p28-omp, ehrlichia canis p30, and ehrlichia ruminantium map1, and has been shown to be involved in both antigenic variation within the mammalian host and differential expression b ... | 2006 | 16714578 |
| testicular degeneration and libido loss in beef bulls experimentally inoculated with anaplasma marginale. | four sexually mature virgin beef bulls were inoculated with whole blood from a known anaplasma marginale carrier. all four bulls became infected and experienced some degree of anemia and testicular degeneration, while uninoculated controls remained normal. testicular degeneration was confirmed by electron microscopy, histopathology, and semen evaluation. further observations established that the inoculated bulls exhibited a loss of libido, while controls reacted in a normal manner to a cow in es ... | 1979 | 16725412 |
| louse-borne bacterial pathogens in lice (phthiraptera) of rodents and cattle from egypt. | we collected 1,023 lice, representing 5 species, from rats and domestic cattle throughout 13 governorates in egypt and tested these lice for anaplasma marginale, bartonella spp., brucella spp., borrelia recurrentis, coxiella burnetii, francisella tularensis, and rickettsia spp. by pcr amplification and sequencing. five different louse-borne bacterial agents were detected in lice from rodents or cattle, including "bartonella rattimassiliensis", "b. phoceensis", and bartonella sp. near bartonella ... | 2006 | 16729688 |
| immunogenicity of mycobacterium bovis bcg expressing anaplasma marginale msp1a antigen. | humoral and cellular immune responses of mice inoculated with recombinant mycobacterium bovis bcg expressing the msp1a antigen of anaplasma marginale were evaluated. the msp1a gene was amplified by pcr and cloned into the mycobacterial expression vectors pus2000 and pmip12. immunization of isogenic balb/c mice with the rbcg/pus2000-msp1a construct induced significant seroconversion to msp1a (p<0.001), which was 26 times above pre-immunization levels at day 63 post-initial immunization and which ... | 2006 | 16781025 |
| analysis of the anaplasma marginale major surface protein 1 complex protein composition by tandem mass spectrometry. | the protective major surface protein 1 (msp1) complex of anaplasma marginale is a heteromer of msp1a and msp1b, encoded by a multigene family. the msp1beta sequences were highly conserved throughout infection. however, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis identified only a single msp1b protein, msp1b1, within the msp1 complex. | 2006 | 16788207 |
| co-infection of white-tailed deer with multiple strains of ehrlichia chaffeensis. | we investigated the effect of exposing deer to multiple strains of ehrlichia chaffeensis that differed in number of tandem repeats in either the variable-length pcr target (vlpt) gene or 120 kda antigen gene. we hypothesized that infection with one strain would provide immunity to infection with other strains of e. chaffeensis. all deer initially exposed to strain a (604-2) became pcr and culture positive by 10 days post-infection (dpi). three deer infected with strain a and subsequently inocula ... | 2006 | 16796511 |
| effect of agro-ecological zone and grazing system on incidence of east coast fever in calves in mbale and sironko districts of eastern uganda. | between may 2002 and february 2003 a longitudinal survey was carried out in mbale and sironko districts of eastern uganda to determine the influence of agro-ecological zones (aez) and grazing systems on tick infestation patterns and incidence of east coast fever (ecf) in bovine calves. the study area was stratified into aez (lowland, midland and upland) and grazing systems {zero grazing (zg), restricted-outdoor grazing (rog) and communal grazing (cg)}, whose strata had previously been shown to i ... | 2006 | 16797092 |
| bmcystatin, a cysteine proteinase inhibitor characterized from the tick boophilus microplus. | the bovine tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus is a blood-sucking animal, which is responsible for babesia spp and anaplasma marginale transmission for cattle. from a b. microplus fat body cdna library, 465 selected clones were sequenced randomly and resulted in 60 contigs. an open reading frame (orf) contains 98 amino acids named bmcystatin, due to 70% amino acid identity to a classical type 1 cystatin from ixodes scapularis tick (genbank accession no. ). the bmcystatin amino acid sequence ... | 2006 | 16806070 |
| reduction of tick infections with anaplasma marginale and a. phagocytophilum by targeting the tick protective antigen subolesin. | subolesin was recently shown by both gene silencing and immunization with the recombinant protein to protect against tick infestations, and to cause reduced tick survival and degeneration of gut and salivary gland tissues. in this research, we extended these studies by testing whether targeting subolesin by rnai or vaccination interfered with the ability of ticks to become infected with two tick-borne pathogens, anaplasma marginale which causes bovine anaplasmosis and anaplasma phagocytophilum, ... | 2006 | 16816958 |
| identification of a haemomycoplasma species in anemic reindeer (rangifer tarandus). | during an 18-mo period (may 2002-november 2003), 10 animals in a herd of 19 reindeer (rangifer tarandus) at the national animal disease center (nadc) experienced episodes of anemia. affected animals had histories of weight loss, unthriftiness, occasionally edema of dependent parts and moderate anemia characterized by microcytosis or macrocytosis, hypochromasia, schistocytosis, keratocytosis, acanthocytosis, and dacryocytosis. numerous basophilic punctate to ring-shaped bodies, measuring less tha ... | 2006 | 16870847 |
| genetic characterization of anaplasma ovis strains from bighorn sheep in montana. | wildlife reservoir species and genetic diversity of anaplasma ovis (rickettsiales: anaplasmataceae) have been poorly characterized. bighorn sheep (ovis canadensis), captured in montana from december 2004 to january 2005, were tested for antibodies to anaplasma spp.; the presence of a. ovis was determined by the characterization of major surface protein msp4 sequences. anaplasma antibodies were detected in 25/180 (14%) sampled bighorn sheep and a. ovis msp4 sequences were amplified by polymerase ... | 2006 | 16870861 |
| prevalence of antibodies to serotypes of bluetongue virus and anaplasma marginale in montana feeder cattle: 2002-2003. | in a serologic survey of montana-source weaned calves and yearling cattle, the apparent prevalence of antibodies to bluetongue virus was 0.68% and 1.26% in 2002 and 2003, respectively, and to anaplasma marginale at a positive cutoff at 30% inhibition it was 1.82% and 1.35% in 2002 and 2003, and at a positive cutoff at 42% inhibition it was 0.76% and 0.55% in 2002 and 2003, respectively, suggesting that the risk of importing infected animals was very low. | 2006 | 16898114 |
| quantitation of anaplasma marginale major surface protein (msp)1a and msp2 epitope-specific cd4+ t lymphocytes using bovine drb3*1101 and drb3*1201 tetramers. | antigen-specific cd4+ t cells play a critical role in protective immunity to many infectious pathogens. although the antigen-specific cd4+ t cells can be measured by functional assays such as proliferation or cytokine enzyme-linked immunospot, such assays are limited to a specific function and cannot quantify anergic or suppressed t cells. in contrast, major histocompatiblity complex (mhc) class ii tetramers can enumerate epitope-specific cd4+ t cells independent of function. in this paper, we r ... | 2006 | 16924490 |
| prevalence of blood parasites in cattle from wilayates of annaba and el tarf east algeria. | between june and september 2002, a preliminary study was conducted to assess the prevalence of blood parasites of cattle in eastern algeria. fifty-four bovines of different genotypes were submitted to clinical examination. from each animal, blood smears were made and stained by giemsa. four species of parasites, namely theileria annulata, t. orientalis, babesia bovis and anaplasma marginale were encountered. fifty animals carried single or multiple infections with blood parasites and four were f ... | 2004 | 16929762 |
| rickettsial agents in egyptian ticks collected from domestic animals. | to assess the presence of rickettsial pathogens in ticks from egypt, we collected ticks from domestic and peridomestic animals between june 2002 and july 2003. dna extracts from 1019 ticks were tested, using pcr and sequencing, for anaplasma spp., bartonella spp., coxiella burnetii, ehrlichia spp., and rickettsia spp. ticks included: 29 argas persicus, 10 hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum, 55 hyalomma anatolicum excavatum, 174 hyalomma dromedarii, 2 hyalomma impeltatum, 3 hyalomma marginatum rufipe ... | 2006 | 17004028 |
| comparative gene expression by wc1+ gammadelta and cd4+ alphabeta t lymphocytes, which respond to anaplasma marginale, demonstrates higher expression of chemokines and other myeloid cell-associated genes by wc1+ gammadelta t cells. | the functions of gammadelta t cells are enigmatic, and these cells are often considered as evolutionary remnants of well-characterized alphabeta t cells. however, their conservation throughout evolution suggests that gammadelta t cells are biologically unique. in ruminants, gammadelta t cells expressing the workshop cluster 1 (wc1) scavenger receptor comprise a large proportion of circulating lymphocytes, suggesting these cells are biologically relevant and functionally different from alphabeta ... | 2006 | 17005908 |
| a canadian bison isolate of anaplasma marginale (rickettsiales: anaplasmataceae) is not transmissible by dermacentor andersoni (acari: ixodidae), whereas ticks from two canadian d. andersoni populations are competent vectors of a u.s. strain. | anaplasma marginale theiler is a tick-borne rickettsial pathogen of cattle with a global distribution in both temperate and tropical regions. the pathogen is endemic in regions within the united states, whereas the canadian cattle population is considered to be free ofa. marginale. farmed bison, bison bison l., in central saskatchewan have been found to be infected with a. marginale; however, there is no evidence of transmission from bison to cattle. we tested a saskatchewan bison isolate of a. ... | 2006 | 17017236 |
| efficacy of enrofloxacin against severe experimental anaplasma marginale infections in splenectomized calves. | four anaplasma marginale-infected splenectomized calves with greater than 25% parasitized erythrocytes received enrofloxacin at 12.5 mg/kg sc twice, 48 hours apart. two infected splenectomized calves were designated as untreated controls. a precipitous decline in percent parasitized erythrocytes from 39.13% to less than 1% was observed over 12 days following treatment. however, a self-limiting recrudescence of a. marginale parasites was observed within 30 days after treatment. untreated control ... | 2006 | 17039454 |
| anaplasma marginale field challenge: protection by an inactivated immunogen that shares partial sequence of msp1alpha variable region with the challenge strain. | twenty four hereford heifers free of anaplasmosis were allotted into three groups of eight animals each and inoculated three times with adjuvant in puck saline as control or 50 microg and 100 microg of total protein of anaplasma marginale initial bodies from three mexican strains which share the same variable region of msp1alpha and msp4. inoculation with the adjuvant or the immunogen at either of the two protein doses did not induce any undesirable changes attributable to inoculation in vaccina ... | 2007 | 17049686 |
| sequence analysis of the msp4 gene of anaplasma ovis strains. | anaplasma ovis (rickettsiales: anaplasmataceae) is a tick-borne pathogen of sheep, goats and wild ruminants. the genetic diversity of a. ovis strains has not been well characterized due to the lack of sequence information. in this study, we evaluated bighorn sheep (ovis canadensis) and mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) from montana for infection with a. ovis by serology and sequence analysis of the msp4 gene. antibodies to anaplasma spp. were detected in 37% and 39% of bighorn sheep and mule deer ... | 2007 | 17052866 |
| phylogenetic analysis of anaplasma marginale strains from paraná state, brazil, using the msp1alpha and msp4 genes. | anaplasma marginale is an obligate intraerythrocytic rickettsial pathogen (order, rickettsiales: family, anaplasmataceae) that causes bovine anaplasmosis. this disease is widely distributed in tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world and causes important economic losses to cattle production. major surface protein (msp)1a (msp1alpha gene) is one of the six msps identified on a. marginale from cattle, whose sequence and size vary according to the number of tandem 28- to 29-amino acid repeats ... | 2006 | 17062116 |
| comparison between indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for anaplasma marginale antibodies with recombinant major surface protein 5 and initial body antigens. | indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas) based on recombinant major surface protein 5 (rmsp5) and initial body (ib) antigens from a brazilian isolate of anaplasma marginale were developed to detect antibodies against this rickettsia in cattle. both tests showed the same sensitivity (98.2%) and specificities (100% for rmsp5 and 93.8% for ib elisa) which did not differ statistically. no cross-reactions were detected with babesia bigemina antibodies, but 5 (rmsp5 elisa) to 15% (ib elisa ... | 2006 | 17072454 |
| analysis of world strains of anaplasma marginale using major surface protein 1a repeat sequences. | anaplasma marginale is a tick-borne pathogen of cattle that causes the disease bovine anaplasmosis worldwide. major surface proteins (msps) are involved in host-pathogen and tick-pathogen interactions and have been used as markers for the genetic characterization of a. marginale strains and phylogenetic studies. msp1a is involved in the adhesion and transmission of a. marginale by ticks and varies among geographic strains in the number and sequence of amino-terminal tandem repeats. the aim of th ... | 2007 | 17084044 |
| insights into mechanisms of bacterial antigenic variation derived from the complete genome sequence of anaplasma marginale. | persistence of anaplasma spp. in the animal reservoir host is required for efficient tick-borne transmission of these pathogens to animals and humans. using a. marginale infection of its natural reservoir host as a model, persistent infection has been shown to reflect sequential cycles in which antigenic variants emerge, replicate, and are controlled by the immune system. variation in the immunodominant outer-membrane protein msp2 is generated by a process of gene conversion, in which unique hyp ... | 2006 | 17114676 |
| anaplasmosis: focusing on host-vector-pathogen interactions for vaccine development. | anaplasma marginale and a. phagocytophylum are intracellular rickettsiae that cause bovine anaplasmosis and human granulocytic anaplasmosis, respectively. the ultimate vaccine for the control of anaplasmosis would be one that reduces infection and transmission of the pathogen by ticks. effective vaccines for control of anaplasmosis are not available despite attempts using different approaches, such as attenuated strains, infected erythrocyte and tick cell-derived purified antigens, and recombina ... | 2006 | 17114750 |
| new findings on members of the family anaplasmataceae of veterinary importance. | members of the family anaplasmataceae are obligate intracellular gram-negative bacteria that naturally infect a variety of wild and domestic animal species, the spillover of which may lead to zoonosis. i discuss new findings on members of the family anaplasmataceae of veterinary importance and therefore, i will describe the recent findings on neorickettsia risticii in the trematode and related neorickettsia species. i also will review the recent progress on aegyptianella pullorum and other aegyp ... | 2006 | 17114752 |
| an epidemiological study on anaplasma infection in cattle, sheep, and goats in mashhad suburb, khorasan province, iran. | the prevalence of anaplasma infection was studied in cattle, sheep, and goats in the mashhad area from 1999 to 2002. a total of 160 cattle from 32 farms and 391 sheep and 385 goats from 77 flocks were clinically examined for the presence of anaplasma spp. in blood smears. the study revealed that 19.37% of cattle were infected with anaplasma marginale and 80.3% of sheep and 38.92% of goats were infected with anaplasma ovis. prevalence of anaplasma infection between male and female and between dif ... | 2006 | 17114758 |
| development of an immunosensor for the diagnosis of bovine anaplasmosis. | an optical immunosensor based in major surface protein 5 (msp5) of anaplasma marginale was developed towards detection of anti-anaplasma sp. antibodies in acute infection as well as in vaccinated cattle. this study was performed using recombinant msp5 covalently immobilised in controlled pore glass (cpg) beads to detect anti-msp5 antibodies in serum samples. the quantification is based on the measurement of the cy5 fluorescence of the detection antibody, anti bovine igg, after reaction with seru ... | 2006 | 17135541 |
| the development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for trypanosoma vivax antibodies and its use in epidemiological surveys. | there are data indicating that the distribution of trypanosoma vivax in the brazilian territory is expanding with potential to reach other areas, where the vectors are present. the detection of anti-trypanosomal antibodies in serum provides important information of the trypanosomal status in cattle herds. for this reason, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (tv-elisa-ab) with crude antigen from one brazilian isolate of t. vivax was developed and evaluated. the sensitivity and specificity were r ... | 2006 | 17160291 |
| transcriptome analysis of the salivary glands of dermacentor andersoni stiles (acari: ixodidae). | amongst blood-feeding arthropods, ticks of the family ixodidae (hard ticks) are vectors and reservoirs of a greater variety of infectious agents than any other ectoparasite. salivary glands of ixodid ticks secrete a large number of pharmacologically active molecules that not only facilitate feeding but also promote establishment of infectious agents. genomic, proteomic and immunologic characterization of bioactive salivary gland molecules are, therefore, important as they offer new insights into ... | 2007 | 17175446 |
| selection for simple major surface protein 2 variants during anaplasma marginale transmission to immunologically naïve animals. | anaplasma marginale, a rickettsial pathogen, evades clearance in the animal host by antigenic variation. under immune selection, a. marginale expresses complex major surface protein 2 mosaics, derived from multiple donor sequences. however, these mosaics have a selective advantage only in the presence of adaptive immunity and are rapidly replaced by simple variants following transmission. | 2007 | 17178787 |
| in vivo endothelial cell infection by anaplasma marginale. | anaplasma marginale has recently been shown to infect endothelial cells in vitro, but it remains unknown as to whether endothelial infection also occurs in vivo. in this report, we demonstrate through dual fluorescence microscopy that a marginale, detected by the monoclonal antibody anaf16c1, co-localizes with the endothelial cell marker, von willebrand factor, in tissue sections from an experimentally inoculated calf. the results indicate that a marginale infection includes endothelial cells an ... | 2007 | 17197636 |
| characterization of anaplasma phagocytophilum major surface protein 5 and the extent of its cross-reactivity with a. marginale. | major surface protein 5 (msp5) of anaplasma marginale is highly conserved in the genus anaplasma and the antigen used in a commercially available competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (celisa) for serologic identification of cattle with anaplasmosis. this study analyzes the degrees of conservation of msp5 among various isolates of anaplasma phagocytophilum and the extent of serologic cross-reactivity between recombinant msp5 (rmsp5) of anaplasma marginale and a. phagocytophilum. the msp5 ... | 2007 | 17215333 |
| dna vaccine construct incorporating intercellular trafficking and intracellular targeting motifs effectively primes and induces memory b- and t-cell responses in outbred animals. | we developed a vaccine construct in which a bvp22 domain and an invariant-chain major histocompatibility complex class ii-targeting motif capable of enhancing dendritic cell antigen uptake and presentation were fused to a sequence encoding a b- and t-cell antigen from the anaplasma marginale major surface protein 1a and tested whether this construct would prime and expand immune responses in outbred calves. a single inoculation with this construct effectively primed the immune responses, as demo ... | 2007 | 17215335 |
| comparison of the efficacy of enrofloxacin, imidocarb, and oxytetracycline for clearance of persistent anaplasma marginale infections in cattle. | this study compared enrofloxacin and imidocarb dipropionate treatments with an oxytetracycline regimen proposed by the world organization for animal health for elimination of persistent anaplasma marginale infections in cattle. the effect of therapy on competitive elisa and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) reactivity was also assessed. twelve a. marginale-infected carrier calves were randomly assigned to groups receiving either enrofloxacin (5 mg/kg iv q24h for 5 days), imidocarb (5 mg/kg im twic ... | 2006 | 17216590 |
| cloning, sequencing, expression, and antigenic characterization of rmsp4 from anaplasma marginale isolated from paraná state, brazil. | anaplasmosis is a bovine intraerythrocytic disease caused by the bacterium anaplasma marginale; it causes significant economic losses in tropical and subtropical regions, worldwide. the msp4 gene of an a. marginale strain isolated in paran , brazil, was amplified by pcr and sequenced; its cloning into the pet102/d-topo vector produced an msp4-6xhis-v5-hp thioredoxin fusion gene construct. this recombinant clone was over-expressed in escherichia coli bl21(de-3); the expressed fusion protein was f ... | 2007 | 17278086 |
| in vitro cultivation of a south african isolate of an anaplasma sp. in tick cell cultures. | this paper describes the first successful in vitro cultivation of a south african isolate of an anaplasma sp., initially thought to be anaplasma marginale, in the continuous tick cell line ide8. blood from a bovine naturally infected with a. marginale kept on the farm kaalplaas (28 degrees 08' e, 25 degrees 38' s) was collected, frozen, thawed and used as inoculum on confluent ide8 cell cultures. twenty days after culture initiation small intracellular colonies were detected in a cytospin smear ... | 2006 | 17283724 |
| first serological and molecular evidence on the endemicity of anaplasma ovis and a. marginale in hungary. | recurring and spontaneously curing spring haemoglobinuria was recently reported in a small sheep flock in a selenium deficient area of northern hungary. in blood smears of two animals showing clinical signs, anaplasma-like inclusion bodies were seen in erythrocytes. to extend the scope of the study, 156 sheep from 5 flocks and 26 cattle from 9 farms in the region were examined serologically with a competitive elisa to detect antibodies to anaplasma marginale, a. centrale and a. ovis. the seropos ... | 2007 | 17336001 |
| immunogenicity of anaplasma marginale type iv secretion system proteins in a protective outer membrane vaccine. | rickettsial pathogens in the genera anaplasma and ehrlichia cause acute infection in immunologically naive hosts and are major causes of tick-borne disease in animals and humans. immunization with purified outer membranes induces protection against acute anaplasma marginale infection and disease, and a proteomic and genomic approach recently identified 21 proteins within the outer membrane immunogen in addition to the well-characterized major surface proteins msp1 to msp5. among the newly descri ... | 2007 | 17339347 |
| prevalence and genetic diversity of anaplasma marginale strains in cattle in south africa. | bovine anaplasmosis, caused by the tick-borne rickettsia anaplasma marginale, is endemic in south africa and results in considerable economic loss to the cattle industry. this study was designed to characterize strains of a. marginale at the molecular level from cattle raised in communal and commercial farms in the north-eastern and south-western regions of the free state province, south africa, that varied in rainfall and vegetation. seroprevalence to a. marginale was determined in 755 cattle b ... | 2007 | 17359443 |
| immune response of balb/c mouse immunized with recombinant msps proteins of anaplasma marginale binding to immunostimulant complex (iscom). | anaplasmosis, caused by anaplasma marginale, results in significant economic losses of cattle in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. six major surface proteins (msps) were well characterized and designated as msp1, msp2, msp3, msp4, and msp5. the objective of this study was to evaluate the humoral immune response of balb/c mice against the recombinant msps, incorporated into immunostimulating complex (iscom). the recombinant proteins purified by ni-nta columns were incorporated into isco ... | 2007 | 17395222 |
| identification of midgut and salivary glands as specific and distinct barriers to efficient tick-borne transmission of anaplasma marginale. | understanding the determinants of efficient tick-borne microbial transmission is needed to better predict the emergence of highly transmissible pathogen strains and disease outbreaks. although the basic developmental cycle of anaplasma and ehrlichia spp. within the tick has been delineated, there are marked differences in the ability of specific strains to be efficiently tick transmitted. using the highly transmissible st. maries strain of anaplasma marginale in dermacentor andersoni as a positi ... | 2007 | 17420231 |
| acute anaplasmosis in imported cattle. | of 18 hereford cattle imported into quebec from the eastern u.s.a., five exhibited acute hemolytic anemia, icterus, depression, fever, anorexia and died; 11 were killed because they had positive or suspicious anaplasma titers and two were quarantined. anaplasma marginale organisms were found in the erythrocytes of the sick animals by light and electron microscopy. the partial absence of erythrocytic plasmalemma on several electron photomicrographs suggested exit of the anaplasma bodies. titers u ... | 1982 | 17422202 |
| epifaunistic arthropod parasites of the four-striped mouse, rhabdomys pumilio, in the western cape province, south africa. | flea, lice, mite, and tick species associated with 510 rhabdomys pumilio were collected at 9 localities in the western cape province, south africa. the aims of the study were first to quantify the species richness, prevalence, and relative mean intensity of infestation of epifaunistic arthropod species associated with r. pumilio, and second to determine temporal variations in the mean abundance of the parasitic arthropods. each mouse was examined under a stereoscopic microscope and its parasites ... | 2007 | 17436941 |
| unraveling the immune regulatory mechanisms imposed by anaplasma. | | 2008 | 17449299 |
| detection and quantification of anaplasma marginale dna in blood samples of cattle by real-time pcr. | a taqman-based real-time pcr assay was developed for the diagnosis of anaplasma marginale infection of cattle. the established assay was proven to be highly specific, since no cross-reactions were observed with other anaplasma species of ruminants, including the closely related anaplasma centrale, or other haemoparasites of ruminants (anaplasma bovis, anaplasma ovis, anaplasma phagocytophilum, babesia bovis, babesia bigemina, theileria annulata and theileria buffeli). the detection limit was equ ... | 2007 | 17466470 |