| hormone autotrophic growth and differentiation identifies mutant lines of arabidopsis with altered cytokinin and auxin content or signaling. | we describe mutant tissue lines of arabidopsis that are able to grow in vitro as callus on hormone-free medium. the 14 lines presented here show different hormone autotrophic differentiation behaviors that can be classified into three categories: (a) forming roots (rooty callus), (b) forming shoots or shoot-like structures (shooty callus), or (c) growing without organ formation (callus). three fast-growing lines showed altered steady-state mrna levels of the cdc2 and cycd3 cell cycle genes. thre ... | 2000 | 10712535 |
| purification of a jojoba embryo wax synthase, cloning of its cdna, and production of high levels of wax in seeds of transgenic arabidopsis. | wax synthase (ws, fatty acyl-coenzyme a [coa]: fatty alcohol acyltransferase) catalyzes the final step in the synthesis of linear esters (waxes) that accumulate in seeds of jojoba (simmondsia chinensis). we have characterized and partially purified this enzyme from developing jojoba embryos. a protein whose presence correlated with ws activity during chromatographic fractionation was identified and a cdna encoding that protein was cloned. seed-specific expression of the cdna in transgenic arabid ... | 2000 | 10712527 |
| transparent testa glabra2, a trichome and seed coat development gene of arabidopsis, encodes a wrky transcription factor. | mutants of a new gene, transparent testa glabra2 (ttg2), show disruptions to trichome development and to tannin and mucilage production in the seed coat. the gene was tagged by the endogenous transposon tag1 and shown to encode a wrky transcription factor. it is the first member of this large, plant-specific family known to control morphogenesis. the functions of all other wrky genes revealed to date involve responses to pathogen attack, mechanical stress, and senescence. ttg2 is strongly expres ... | 2002 | 12084832 |
| roses by other names: taxonomy of the rhizobiaceae. | | 2003 | 12730155 |
| auxin acts in xylem-associated or medullary cells to mediate apical dominance. | a role for auxin in the regulation of shoot branching was described originally in the thimann and skoog model, which proposes that apically derived auxin is transported basipetally directly into the axillary buds, where it inhibits their growth. subsequent observations in several species have shown that auxin does not enter axillary buds directly. we have found similar results in arabidopsis. grafting studies indicated that auxin acts in the aerial tissue; hence, the principal site of auxin acti ... | 2003 | 12566587 |
| engineering tropane biosynthetic pathway in hyoscyamus niger hairy root cultures. | scopolamine is a pharmaceutically important tropane alkaloid extensively used as an anticholinergic agent. here, we report the simultaneous introduction and overexpression of genes encoding the rate-limiting upstream enzyme putrescine n-methyltransferase (pmt) and the downstream enzyme hyoscyamine 6 beta-hydroxylase (h6h) of scopolamine biosynthesis in transgenic henbane (hyoscyamus niger) hairy root cultures. transgenic hairy root lines expressing both pmt and h6h produced significantly higher ... | 2004 | 15084741 |
| recruitment of novel calcium-binding proteins for root nodule symbiosis in medicago truncatula. | legume rhizobia symbiotic nitrogen (n2) fixation plays a critical role in sustainable nitrogen management in agriculture and in the earth's nitrogen cycle. signaling between rhizobia and legumes initiates development of a unique plant organ, the root nodule, where bacteria undergo endocytosis and become surrounded by a plant membrane to form a symbiosome. between this membrane and the encased bacteria exists a matrix-filled space (the symbiosome space) that is thought to contain a mixture of pla ... | 2006 | 16543412 |
| building blocks for plant gene assembly. | the multisite gateway cloning system, based on site-specific recombination, enables the assembly of multiple dna fragments in predefined order, orientation, and frame register. to streamline the construction of recombinant genes for functional analysis in plants, we have built a collection of 36 reference gateway entry clones carrying promoters, terminators, and reporter genes, as well as elements of the lhg4/lhgr two-component system. this collection obeys simple engineering rules. the genetic ... | 2007 | 17965171 |
| fungal symbiosis in rice requires an ortholog of a legume common symbiosis gene encoding a ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase. | in natural ecosystems, many plants are able to establish mutually beneficial symbioses with microorganisms. of critical importance to sustainable agriculture are the symbioses formed between more than 80% of terrestrial plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal (am) fungi and between legumes and nitrogen-fixing rhizobial bacteria. interestingly, the two symbioses share overlapping signaling pathways in legumes, suggesting that the evolutionarily recent root nodule symbiosis may have acquired functions f ... | 2007 | 17965173 |
| bioinformatic analysis of the cle signaling peptide family. | plants encode a large number of leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases. legumes encode several lrr-rlk linked to the process of root nodule formation, the ligands of which are unknown. to identify ligands for these receptors, we used a combination of profile hidden markov models and position-specific iterative blast, allowing us to detect new members of the clv3/esr (cle) protein family from publicly available sequence databases. | 2008 | 18171480 |
| a wd40 repeat protein from medicago truncatula is necessary for tissue-specific anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin biosynthesis but not for trichome development. | wd40 repeat proteins regulate biosynthesis of anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins (pas), and mucilage in the seed and the development of trichomes and root hairs. we have cloned and characterized a wd40 repeat protein gene from medicago truncatula (mtwd40-1) via a retrotransposon-tagging approach. deficiency of mtwd40-1 expression blocks accumulation of mucilage and a range of phenolic compounds, including pas, epicatechin, other flavonoids, and benzoic acids, in the seed, reduces epicatechin levels ... | 2009 | 19710231 |
| expression of the somatic embryogenesis receptor-like kinase1 (serk1) gene is associated with developmental change in the life cycle of the model legume medicago truncatula. | somatic embryogenesis receptor-like kinase (serk) genes have been demonstrated to play a role in somatic embryogenesis in several plant species. as more is learnt about these genes, the view of their role in plant development has broadened. the medicago truncatula mtserk1 gene has been associated with somatic embryogenesis and in vitro root formation. in order to study the role of mtserk1 in development further, the mtserk1 promoter sequence has been isolated and cloned into a promoter-gus analy ... | 2009 | 19305022 |
| ectopic expression of vvmybpa2 promotes proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in grapevine and suggests additional targets in the pathway. | grapevine (vitis vinifera) proanthocyanidins contribute to plant defense mechanisms against biotic stress and also play a critical role in organoleptic properties of wine. in grapevine berry, these compounds are mainly accumulated in exocarps and seeds in the very early stages of development. a previous study has already identified vvmybpa1 as the first transcription factor involved in the regulation of the proanthocyanidin pathway during seed development in grapevine. a novel myb factor, vvmybp ... | 2009 | 19098092 |
| learning from evolution: thellungiella generates new knowledge on essential and critical components of abiotic stress tolerance in plants. | thellungiella salsuginea (halophila) is a close relative of arabidopsis thaliana but, unlike a. thaliana, it grows well in extreme conditions of cold, salt, and drought as well as nitrogen limitation. over the last decade, many laboratories have started to use thellungiella to investigate the physiological, metabolic, and molecular mechanisms of abiotic stress tolerance in plants, and new knowledge has been gained in particular with respect to ion transport and gene expression. the advantage of ... | 2009 | 19529830 |
| aucsia gene silencing causes parthenocarpic fruit development in tomato. | in angiosperms, auxin phytohormones play a crucial regulatory role in fruit initiation. the expression of auxin biosynthesis genes in ovules and placenta results in uncoupling of tomato (solanum lycopersicum) fruit development from fertilization with production of parthenocarpic fruits. we have identified two newly described genes, named aucsia genes, which are differentially expressed in auxin-synthesis (defh9-iaam) parthenocarpic tomato flower buds. the two tomato aucsia genes encode 53-amino- ... | 2009 | 18987210 |
| antiquity and function of castor and pollux, the twin ion channel-encoding genes key to the evolution of root symbioses in plants. | root symbioses with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobial bacteria share a common signaling pathway in legumes. among the common symbiosis genes are castor and pollux, the twin homologous genes in lotus japonicus that encode putative ion channel proteins. here, we show that the orthologs of castor and pollux are ubiquitously present and highly conserved in both legumes and nonlegumes. using rice (oryza sativa) as a study system, we employ reverse genetic tools (knockout mutants and rna inte ... | 2009 | 18978069 |
| release of epigenetic gene silencing by trans-acting mutations in arabidopsis. | gene silencing in plants inactivates trans-genes introduced into plants and/or endogenous homologous genes. this stable but potentially reversible loss of gene activity resembles epigenetic changes that occur in normal development. the stability of silencing implies the involvement of trans-acting components, although none of them have been identified so far. here we report the finding of second-site mutations interfering with maintenance of the silent state. we mutagenized arabidopsis thaliana ... | 1998 | 10939915 |
| mapping the functional roles of cap cells in the response of arabidopsis primary roots to gravity. | the cap is widely accepted to be the site of gravity sensing in roots because removal of the cap abolishes root curvature. circumstantial evidence favors the columella cells as the gravisensory cells because amyloplasts (and often other cellular components) are polarized with respect to the gravity vector. however, there has been no functional confirmation of their role. to address this problem, we used laser ablation to remove defined cells in the cap of arabidopsis primary roots and quantified ... | 1998 | 9449842 |
| kinetic analysis of phospholipase c from catharanthus roseus transformed roots using different assays | the properties of phospholipase c (plc) partially purified from catharanthus roseus transformed roots were analyzed using substrate lipids dispersed in phospholipid vesicles, phospholipid-detergent mixed micelles, and phospholipid monolayers spread at an air-water interface. using [(33)p]phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (pip(2)) of high specific radioactivity, plc activity was monitored directly by measuring the loss of radioactivity from monolayers as a result of the release of inositol ph ... | 1999 | 10444091 |
| trehalose induces the adp-glucose pyrophosphorylase gene, apl3, and starch synthesis in arabidopsis. | in arabidopsis, genes encoding functional enzymes for the synthesis and degradation of trehalose have been detected recently. in this study we analyzed how trehalose affects the metabolism and development of arabidopsis seedlings. exogenously applied trehalose (25 mm) strongly reduced the elongation of the roots and, concomitantly, induced a strong accumulation of starch in the shoots, whereas the contents of soluble sugars were not increased. when arabidopsis seedlings were grown on trehalose p ... | 2000 | 10982426 |
| glucose and disaccharide-sensing mechanisms modulate the expression of alpha-amylase in barley embryos. | the aim of this study was to investigate the sugar-sensing processes modulating the expression of alpha-amylase in barley (hordeum vulgaris l. var himalaya) embryos. the results highlight the existence of independent glucose (glc) and disaccharides sensing. glc treatment destabilizes the alpha-amylase mrna. non-metabolizable disaccharides repress alpha-amylase induction, but have no effects on transcript stability. structure-function analysis indicates that a fructose (fru) moiety is needed for ... | 2000 | 10889242 |
| apo2001: a sexy apomixer in como. | | 2001 | 11449045 |
| a novel dark-inducible protein, ledi-2, and its involvement in root-specific secondary metabolism in lithospermum erythrorhizon. | lithospermum erythrorhizon produces red naphthoquinone pigments that are shikonin derivatives. they are accumulated exclusively in the roots of this plant. the biosynthesis of shikonin is strongly inhibited by light, even though other environmental conditions are optimized. thus, l. erythrorhizon dark-inducible genes (ledis) were isolated to investigate the regulatory mechanism of shikonin biosynthesis. ledi-2, showing the strict dark-specific expression, was further characterized by use of cell ... | 2001 | 11299363 |
| genomics and forest biology: populus emerges as the perennial favorite. | | 2002 | 12417692 |
| phosphorus effects on metabolic processes in monoxenic arbuscular mycorrhiza cultures. | the influence of external phosphorus (p) on carbon (c) allocation and metabolism as well as processes related to p metabolism was studied in monoxenic arbuscular mycorrhiza cultures of carrot (daucus carota). fungal hyphae of glomus intraradices proliferated from the solid minimal medium containing the colonized roots into c-free liquid minimal medium with different p treatments. the fungus formed around three times higher biomass in p-free liquid medium than in medium with 2.5 mm inorganic p (h ... | 2002 | 12427983 |
| endoplasmic microtubules configure the subapical cytoplasm and are required for fast growth of medicago truncatula root hairs. | to investigate the configuration and function of microtubules (mts) in tip-growing medicago truncatula root hairs, we used immunocytochemistry or in vivo decoration by a gfp linked to a mt-binding domain. the two approaches gave similar results and allowed the study of mts during hair development. cortical mts (cmts) are present in all developmental stages. during the transition from bulge to a tip-growing root hair, endoplasmic mts (emts) appear at the tip of the young hair and remain there unt ... | 2002 | 12376661 |
| a comparison of oligogalacturonide- and auxin-induced extracellular alkalinization and growth responses in roots of intact cucumber seedlings. | oligogalacturonic acid (oga) affects plant growth and development in an antagonistic manner to that of the auxin indole-3-acetic acid (iaa), the mechanism by which remains to be determined. this study describes the relationship between iaa and oga activity in intact cucumber (cucumis sativus) seedlings. both oga and iaa induced rapid and transient extracellular alkalinization; however, the characteristics of the oga and iaa responses differed in their kinetics, magnitude, calcium dependence, and ... | 2002 | 12376654 |
| expression profile analysis of the low-oxygen response in arabidopsis root cultures. | we used dna microarray technology to identify genes involved in the low-oxygen response of arabidopsis root cultures. a microarray containing 3500 cdna clones was screened with cdna samples taken at various times (0.5, 2, 4, and 20 h) after transfer to low-oxygen conditions. a package of statistical tools identified 210 differentially expressed genes over the four time points. principal component analysis showed the 0.5-h response to contain a substantially different set of genes from those regu ... | 2002 | 12368499 |
| mutations in the dof zinc finger genes dag2 and dag1 influence with opposite effects the germination of arabidopsis seeds. | we describe the arabidopsis gene dag2 encoding a dof zinc finger protein and show that it is involved in the control of seed germination. an arabidopsis mutant line with a t-dna insertion in dag2 isolated by reverse genetics produces seeds that are substantially more dependent than the wild type on the physical stimuli-light and cold treatment-that promote germination. mutant dag2 seeds also are less sensitive to the germination-promotive effect of gibberellins, because a 10-fold higher amount o ... | 2002 | 12084825 |
| engineered rhizosphere: the trophic bias generated by opine-producing plants is independent of the opine type, the soil origin, and the plant species. | in a previous study, we demonstrated that transgenic lotus plants producing opines (which are small amino acid and sugar conjugates) specifically favor growth of opine-degrading rhizobacteria. the opine-induced bias was repeated and demonstrated with another soil type and another plant species (solanum nigrum). this phenomenon is therefore independent of both soil type and plant species. | 2002 | 11976135 |
| regulation by polyamines of ornithine decarboxylase activity and cell division in the unicellular green alga chlamydomonas reinhardtii. | polyamines are required for cell growth and cell division in eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. in the unicellular green alga chlamydomonas reinhardtii, biosynthesis of the commonly occurring polyamines (putrescine, spermidine, and spermine) is dependent on the activity of ornithine decarboxylase (odc, ec 4.1.1.17) catalyzing the formation of putrescine, which is the precursor of the other two polyamines. in synchronized c. reinhardtii cultures, transition to the cell division phase was prece ... | 2002 | 11950995 |
| heterotrimeric and unconventional gtp binding proteins in plant cell signaling. | | 2002 | 12045288 |
| root factors induce mitochondrial-related gene expression and fungal respiration during the developmental switch from asymbiosis to presymbiosis in the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus gigaspora rosea. | during spore germination, arbuscular mycorrhizal (am) fungi show limited hyphal development in the absence of a host plant (asymbiotic). in the presence of root exudates, they switch to a new developmental stage (presymbiotic) characterized by extensive hyphal branching. presymbiotic branching of the am fungus gigaspora rosea was induced in liquid medium by a semipurified exudate fraction from carrot (daucus carota) root organ cultures. changes in rna accumulation patterns were monitored by diff ... | 2003 | 12644696 |
| use of the fluorescent timer dsred-e5 as reporter to monitor dynamics of gene activity in plants. | fluorescent proteins, such as green fluorescent protein and red fluorescent protein (dsred), have become frequently used reporters in plant biology. however, their potential to monitor dynamic gene regulation is limited by their high stability. the recently made dsred-e5 variant overcame this problem. dsred-e5 changes its emission spectrum over time from green to red in a concentration independent manner. therefore, the green to red fluorescence ratio indicates the age of the protein and can be ... | 2004 | 15326279 |
| dynamic interactions between 14-3-3 proteins and phosphoproteins regulate diverse cellular processes. | 14-3-3 proteins exert an extraordinarily widespread influence on cellular processes in all eukaryotes. they operate by binding to specific phosphorylated sites on diverse target proteins, thereby forcing conformational changes or influencing interactions between their targets and other molecules. in these ways, 14-3-3s 'finish the job' when phosphorylation alone lacks the power to drive changes in the activities of intracellular proteins. by interacting dynamically with phosphorylated proteins, ... | 2004 | 15167810 |
| evolutionary conservation of a phosphate transporter in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. | arbuscular mycorrhizae are ancient symbioses that are thought to have originated >400 million years ago in the roots of plants, pioneering the colonization of terrestrial habitats. in these associations, a key process is the transfer of phosphorus as inorganic phosphate to the host plant across the fungus-plant interface. mycorrhiza-specific phosphate transporter genes and their regulation are conserved in phylogenetically distant plant species, and they are activated selectively by fungal speci ... | 2004 | 15075387 |
| rna interference identifies a calcium-dependent protein kinase involved in medicago truncatula root development. | changes in cellular or subcellular ca2+ concentrations play essential roles in plant development and in the responses of plants to their environment. however, the mechanisms through which ca2+ acts, the downstream signaling components, as well as the relationships among the various ca2+-dependent processes remain largely unknown. using an rna interference-based screen for gene function in medicago truncatula, we identified a gene that is involved in root development. silencing ca2+-dependent pro ... | 2005 | 16199614 |
| 13c incorporation into signature fatty acids as an assay for carbon allocation in arbuscular mycorrhiza. | the ubiquitous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi consume significant amounts of plant assimilated c, but this c flow has been difficult to quantify. the neutral lipid fatty acid 16:1omega5 is a quantitative signature for most arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in roots and soil. we measured carbon transfer from four plant species to the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus glomus intraradices by estimating (13)c enrichment of 16:1omega5 and compared it with (13)c enrichment of total root and mycelial c. carbon al ... | 2005 | 15870350 |
| overlaps in the transcriptional profiles of medicago truncatula roots inoculated with two different glomus fungi provide insights into the genetic program activated during arbuscular mycorrhiza. | arbuscular mycorrhiza (am) is a widespread symbiotic association between plants and fungal microsymbionts that supports plant development under nutrient-limiting and various stress conditions. in this study, we focused on the overlapping genetic program activated by two commonly studied microsymbionts in addition to identifying am-related genes. we thus applied 16,086 probe microarrays to profile the transcriptome of the model legume medicago truncatula during interactions with glomus mosseae an ... | 2005 | 15778460 |
| root-knot nematodes and bacterial nod factors elicit common signal transduction events in lotus japonicus. | the symbiosis responsible for nitrogen fixation in legume root nodules is initiated by rhizobial signaling molecules [nod factors (nf)]. using transgenically tagged microtubules and actin, we dynamically profiled the spatiotemporal changes in the cytoskeleton of living lotus japonicus root hairs, which precede root-hair deformation and reflect one of the earliest host responses to nf. remarkably, plant-parasitic root-knot nematodes (rkn) invoke a cytoskeletal response identical to that seen in r ... | 2005 | 15710894 |
| mthap2-1 is a key transcriptional regulator of symbiotic nodule development regulated by microrna169 in medicago truncatula. | in the model legume medicago truncatula, we identified a new transcription factor of the ccaat-binding family, mthap2-1, for which rna interference (rnai) and in situ hybridization experiments indicate a key role during nodule development, possibly by controlling nodule meristem function. we could also show that mthap2-1 is regulated by microrna169, whose overexpression leads to the same nodule developmental block as mthap2-1 rnai constructs. the complementary expression pattern of mir169 and mt ... | 2006 | 17114582 |
| combinatorially selected defense peptides protect plant roots from pathogen infection. | agricultural productivity and sustainability are continually challenged by emerging and indigenous pathogens. currently, many pathogens can be combatted only with biocides or environmentally dangerous fumigants. here, we report a rapid and pathogen-specific strategy to reduce infection by organisms that target plant roots. combinatorially selected defense peptides, previously shown to effect premature encystment of phytophthora capsici zoospores, were fused to maize cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogena ... | 2006 | 17030803 |
| complete plastid genome sequence of daucus carota: implications for biotechnology and phylogeny of angiosperms. | carrot (daucus carota) is a major food crop in the us and worldwide. its capacity for storage and its lifecycle as a biennial make it an attractive species for the introduction of foreign genes, especially for oral delivery of vaccines and other therapeutic proteins. until recently efforts to express recombinant proteins in carrot have had limited success in terms of protein accumulation in the edible tap roots. plastid genetic engineering offers the potential to overcome this limitation, as dem ... | 2006 | 16945140 |
| strigolactones stimulate arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi by activating mitochondria. | the association of arbuscular mycorrhizal (am) fungi with plant roots is the oldest and ecologically most important symbiotic relationship between higher plants and microorganisms, yet the mechanism by which these fungi detect the presence of a plant host is poorly understood. previous studies have shown that roots secrete a branching factor (bf) that strongly stimulates branching of hyphae during germination of the spores of am fungi. in the bf of lotus, a strigolactone was found to be the acti ... | 2006 | 16787107 |
| rnai phenotypes and the localization of a protein::gus fusion imply a role for medicago truncatula pin genes in nodulation. | the symbiosis between legumes and rhizobia results in the development of a new plant organ, the nodule. a role for polar auxin transport in nodule development in medicago truncatula has been demonstrated using molecular genetic tools. the expression of a dr5::gus auxin-responsive promoter in uninoculated m. truncatula roots mirrored that reported in arabidopsis, and expression of the construct in nodulating roots confirmed results reported in white clover. the localization of a root-specific pin ... | 2006 | 19444321 |
| effect of p availability on temporal dynamics of carbon allocation and glomus intraradices high-affinity p transporter gene induction in arbuscular mycorrhiza. | arbuscular mycorrhizal (am) fungi depend on a c supply from the plant host and simultaneously provide phosphorus to the colonized plant. we therefore evaluated the influence of external p on c allocation in monoxenic daucus carota-glomus intraradices cultures in an am symbiosis. fungal hyphae proliferated from a solid minimal medium containing colonized roots into a c-free liquid minimal medium with high or low p availability. roots and hyphae were harvested periodically, and the flow of c from ... | 2006 | 16751522 |
| systematic analysis of arabidopsis organelles and a protein localization database for facilitating fluorescent tagging of full-length arabidopsis proteins. | cells are organized into a complex network of subcellular compartments that are specialized for various biological functions. subcellular location is an important attribute of protein function. to facilitate systematic elucidation of protein subcellular location, we analyzed experimentally verified protein localization data of 1,300 arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) proteins. the 1,300 experimentally verified proteins are distributed among 40 different compartments, with most of the proteins lo ... | 2006 | 16617091 |
| development of a kinetic metabolic model: application to catharanthus roseus hairy root. | a kinetic metabolic model describing catharanthus roseus hairy root growth and nutrition was developed. the metabolic network includes glycolysis, pentose-phosphate pathway, tca cycle and the catabolic reactions leading to cell building blocks such as amino acids, organic acids, organic phosphates, lipids and structural hexoses. the central primary metabolic network was taken at pseudo-steady state and metabolic flux analysis technique allowed reducing from 31 metabolic fluxes to 20 independent ... | 2006 | 16453114 |
| transcriptome analysis of arbuscular mycorrhizal roots during development of the prepenetration apparatus. | information on changes in the plant transcriptome during early interaction with arbuscular mycorrhizal (am) fungi is still limited since infections are usually not synchronized and plant markers for early stages of colonization are not yet available. a prepenetration apparatus (ppa), organized in epidermal cells during appressorium development, has been reported to be responsible for assembling a trans-cellular tunnel to accommodate the invading fungus. here, we used ppas as markers for cell res ... | 2007 | 17468219 |
| translocation in legumes: assimilates, nutrients, and signaling molecules. | | 2007 | 17556518 |
| enzymatic evidence for the key role of arginine in nitrogen translocation by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. | key enzymes of the urea cycle and (15)n-labeling patterns of arginine (arg) were measured to elucidate the involvement of arg in nitrogen translocation by arbuscular mycorrhizal (am) fungi. mycorrhiza was established between transformed carrot (daucus carota) roots and glomus intraradices in two-compartment petri dishes and three ammonium levels were supplied to the compartment containing the extraradical mycelium (erm), but no roots. time courses of specific enzyme activity were obtained for gl ... | 2007 | 17142485 |
| an erf transcription factor in medicago truncatula that is essential for nod factor signal transduction. | rhizobial bacteria activate the formation of nodules on the appropriate host legume plant, and this requires the bacterial signaling molecule nod factor. perception of nod factor in the plant leads to the activation of a number of rhizobial-induced genes. putative transcriptional regulators in the gras family are known to function in nod factor signaling, but these proteins have not been shown to be capable of direct dna binding. here, we identify an erf transcription factor, erf required for no ... | 2007 | 17449807 |
| a plastid-localized glycogen synthase kinase 3 modulates stress tolerance and carbohydrate metabolism. | glycogen synthase kinase 3 (gsk-3) was originally identified as a regulator of glycogen synthesis in mammals. like starch in plants, glycogen is a polymer of glucose, and serves as an energy and carbon store. starch is the main carbohydrate store in plants. regulation of starch metabolism, in particular in response to environmental cues, is of primary importance for carbon and energy flow in plants but is still obscure. here, we provide evidence that msk4, a novel medicago sativa gsk-3-like kina ... | 2007 | 17319843 |
| rna interference-mediated repression of mtccd1 in mycorrhizal roots of medicago truncatula causes accumulation of c27 apocarotenoids, shedding light on the functional role of ccd1. | tailoring carotenoids by plant carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases (ccds) generates various bioactive apocarotenoids. recombinant ccd1 has been shown to catalyze symmetrical cleavage of c(40) carotenoid substrates at 9,10 and 9',10' positions. the actual substrate(s) of the enzyme in planta, however, is still unknown. in this study, we have carried out rna interference (rnai)-mediated repression of a medicago truncatula ccd1 gene in hairy roots colonized by the arbuscular mycorrhizal (am) fungus gl ... | 2008 | 18790999 |
| a transcript profiling approach reveals an epicatechin-specific glucosyltransferase expressed in the seed coat of medicago truncatula. | expression of the arabidopsis transparent testa 2 (tt2) myb family transcription factor leads to massive accumulation of proanthocyanidins (pas) in hairy roots of medicago truncatula. microarray analysis showed that tt2 induces genes for flavonoid/pa biosynthesis, transcription factors, and a large number of genes of unknown function. a second microarray dataset identified genes that were preferentially expressed in the m. truncatula seed coat. comparison of the two datasets defines target genes ... | 2008 | 18772380 |
| differential and chaotic calcium signatures in the symbiosis signaling pathway of legumes. | understanding how the cell uses a limited set of proteins to transduce very different signals into specific cellular responses is a central goal of cell biology and signal transduction disciplines. although multifunctionality in signal transduction is widespread, the mechanisms that allow differential modes of signaling in multifunctional signaling pathways are not well defined. in legume plants, a common symbiosis signaling pathway composed of at least seven proteins mediates infection by both ... | 2008 | 18606999 |
| phosphorus availability influences elemental uptake in the mycorrhizal fungus glomus intraradices, as revealed by particle-induced x-ray emission analysis. | we investigated element accumulation in the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus glomus intraradices. fungal spores and mycelia growing in monoxenic cultures were analyzed. the elemental composition was quantified using particle-induced x-ray emission (pixe) in combination with scanning transmission ion microscopy. in the spores, ca and fe were associated mainly with the spore wall, while p and k showed patchy distributions and their concentrations were correlated. excess of p in the hyphal growth medi ... | 2008 | 18469133 |
| prepenetration apparatus assembly precedes and predicts the colonization patterns of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi within the root cortex of both medicago truncatula and daucus carota. | arbuscular mycorrhizas (am) are widespread, ancient endosymbiotic associations that contribute significantly to soil nutrient uptake in plants. we have previously shown that initial fungal penetration of the host root is mediated via a specialized cytoplasmic assembly called the prepenetration apparatus (ppa), which directs am hyphae through the epidermis (genre et al., 2005). in vivo confocal microscopy studies performed on medicago truncatula and daucus carota, host plants with different patte ... | 2008 | 18515499 |
| inducible expression of pisum sativum xyloglucan fucosyltransferase in the pea root cap meristem, and effects of antisense mrna expression on root cap cell wall structural integrity. | mitosis and cell wall synthesis in the legume root cap meristem can be induced and synchronized by the nondestructive removal of border cells from the cap periphery. newly synthesized cells can be examined microscopically as they differentiate progressively during cap development, and ultimately detach as a new population of border cells. this system was used to demonstrate that pisum sativum l. fucosyl transferase (psfut1) mrna expression is strongly expressed in root meristematic tissues, and ... | 2008 | 18347802 |
| proline accumulation in plants: not only stress. | in addition to its role in protein synthesis and the plant cells' response to environmental stresses, circumstantial evidence suggest that proline may also play a role in flowering and development both as a metabolite and as a signal molecule. although there is a growing consensus that proline is of special importance throughout the reproductive phase (from flower transition to seed development) a general agreement on the molecular and genetic mechanisms proline is involved in, is yet to be esta ... | 2009 | 20009553 |
| conservation of lotus and arabidopsis basic helix-loop-helix proteins reveals new players in root hair development. | basic helix-loop-helix (bhlh) proteins constitute a large family of transcriptional regulators in plants. although they have been shown to play important roles in a wide variety of developmental processes, relatively few have been functionally characterized. here, we describe the map-based cloning of the lotus japonicus roothairless1 (ljrhl1) locus. deleterious mutations in this locus prevent root hair development, which also aborts root hair-dependent colonization of the host root by nitrogen-f ... | 2009 | 19675148 |
| knockdown of cell division cycle16 reveals an inverse relationship between lateral root and nodule numbers and a link to auxin in medicago truncatula. | the postembryonic development of lateral roots and nodules is a highly regulated process. recent studies suggest the existence of cross talk and interdependency in the growth of these two organs. although plant hormones, including auxin and cytokinin, appear to be key players in coordinating this cross talk, very few genes that cross-regulate root and nodule development have been uncovered so far. this study reports that a homolog of cell division cycle16 (cdc16), a core component of the anaphas ... | 2009 | 19789288 |
| large-scale analysis of putative soybean regulatory gene expression identifies a myb gene involved in soybean nodule development. | nodulation is the result of a symbiosis between legumes and rhizobial bacteria in soil. this symbiosis is mutually beneficial, with the bacteria providing a source of nitrogen to the host while the plant supplies carbon to the symbiont. nodule development is a complex process that is tightly regulated in the host plant cell through networks of gene expression. in order to examine this regulation in detail, a library of quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction primer sets was ... | 2009 | 19755542 |
| lin, a novel type of u-box/wd40 protein, controls early infection by rhizobia in legumes. | the formation of a nitrogen-fixing nodule requires the coordinated development of rhizobial colonization and nodule organogenesis. based on its mutant phenotype, lumpy infections (lin), lin functions at an early stage of the rhizobial symbiotic process, required for both infection thread growth in root hair cells and the further development of nodule primordia. we show that spontaneous nodulation activated by the calcium- and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase is independent of lin; thus, lin i ... | 2009 | 19776163 |
| live-cell imaging reveals periarbuscular membrane domains and organelle location in medicago truncatula roots during arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. | in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis, the fungal symbiont colonizes root cortical cells, where it establishes differentiated hyphae called arbuscules. as each arbuscule develops, the cortical cell undergoes a transient reorganization and envelops the arbuscule in a novel symbiosis-specific membrane, called the periarbuscular membrane. the periarbuscular membrane, which is continuous with the plant plasma membrane of the cortical cell, is a key interface in the symbiosis; however, relatively l ... | 2009 | 19692536 |
| a tripartite snare-k+ channel complex mediates in channel-dependent k+ nutrition in arabidopsis. | a few membrane vesicle trafficking (snare) proteins in plants are associated with signaling and transmembrane ion transport, including control of plasma membrane ion channels. vesicle traffic contributes to the population of ion channels at the plasma membrane. nonetheless, it is unclear whether these snares also interact directly to affect channel gating and, if so, what functional impact this might have on the plant. here, we report that the arabidopsis thaliana snare syp121 binds to kc1, a re ... | 2009 | 19794113 |
| overexpressing atpap15 enhances phosphorus efficiency in soybean. | low phosphorus (p) availability is a major constraint to crop growth and production, including soybean (glycine max), on a global scale. however, 50% to 80% of the total p in agricultural soils exists as organic phosphate, which is unavailable to plants unless hydrolyzed to release inorganic phosphate. one strategy for improving crop p nutrition is the enhanced activity of acid phosphatases (apases) to obtain or remobilize inorganic phosphate from organic p sources. in this study, we overexpress ... | 2009 | 19587103 |
| silencing of tryptamine biosynthesis for production of nonnatural alkaloids in plant culture. | natural products have long served as both a source and inspiration for pharmaceuticals. modifying the structure of a natural product often improves the biological activity of the compound. metabolic engineering strategies to ferment "unnatural" products have been enormously successful in microbial organisms. however, despite the importance of plant derived natural products, metabolic engineering strategies to yield unnatural products from complex, lengthy plant pathways have not been widely expl ... | 2009 | 19666570 |
| endogenous mechanisms for the origins of spliceosomal introns. | over 30 years since their discovery, the origin of spliceosomal introns remains uncertain. one nearly universally accepted hypothesis maintains that spliceosomal introns originated from self-splicing group-ii introns that invaded the uninterrupted genes of the last eukaryotic common ancestor (leca) and proliferated by "insertion" events. although this is a possible explanation for the original presence of introns and splicing machinery, the emphasis on a high number of insertion events in the ge ... | 2009 | 19635762 |
| plant lectins: the ties that bind in root symbiosis and plant defense. | lectins are a diverse group of carbohydrate-binding proteins that are found within and associated with organisms from all kingdoms of life. several different classes of plant lectins serve a diverse array of functions. the most prominent of these include participation in plant defense against predators and pathogens and involvement in symbiotic interactions between host plants and symbiotic microbes, including mycorrhizal fungi and nitrogen-fixing rhizobia. extensive biological, biochemical, and ... | 2009 | 19488786 |
| physiological roles of glutathione s-transferases in soybean root nodules. | glutathione s-transferases (gsts) are ubiquitous enzymes that catalyze the conjugation of toxic xenobiotics and oxidatively produced compounds to reduced glutathione, which facilitates their metabolism, sequestration, or removal. we report here that soybean (glycine max) root nodules contain at least 14 forms of gst, with gst9 being most prevalent, as measured by both real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and identification of peptides in glutathione-affinity purified extract ... | 2009 | 19279195 |
| sucrose-mediated translational control. | environmental factors greatly impact plant gene expression and concentrations of cellular metabolites such as sugars and amino acids. the changed metabolite concentrations affect the expression of many genes both transcriptionally and post-transcriptionally. | 2009 | 19376782 |
| a novel plant leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase regulates the response of medicago truncatula roots to salt stress. | in plants, a diverse group of cell surface receptor-like protein kinases (rlks) plays a fundamental role in sensing external signals to regulate gene expression. roots explore the soil environment to optimize their growth via complex signaling cascades, mainly analyzed in arabidopsis thaliana. however, legume roots have significant physiological differences, notably their capacity to establish symbiotic interactions. these major agricultural crops are affected by environmental stresses such as s ... | 2009 | 19244136 |
| metabolic reprogramming of periwinkle plant culture. | we transformed an alkaloid biosynthetic gene with reengineered substrate specificity into catharanthus roseus. the resulting transgenic plant cell culture produced a variety of unnatural alkaloid compounds when cocultured with simple, achiral, commercially available precursors that the reengineered enzyme was designed to accept. this work demonstrates the power of genetic engineering to retailor the structures of complex alkaloid natural products in plant culture. | 2009 | 19151732 |
| high level transgenic expression of soybean (glycine max) gmerf and gmubi gene promoters isolated by a novel promoter analysis pipeline. | although numerous factors can influence gene expression, promoters are perhaps the most important component of the regulatory control process. promoter regions are often defined as a region upstream of the transcriptional start. they contain regulatory elements that interact with regulatory proteins to modulate gene expression. most genes possess their own unique promoter and large numbers of promoters are therefore available for study. unfortunately, relatively few promoters have been isolated ... | 2010 | 21050446 |
| carbohydrate export from the leaf: a highly regulated process and target to enhance photosynthesis and productivity. | | 2010 | 20971857 |
| carbohydrate export from the leaf: a highly regulated process and target to enhance photosynthesis and productivity. | | 2010 | 20971857 |
| environmental regulation of lateral root emergence in medicago truncatula requires the hd-zip i transcription factor hb1. | the adaptation of root architecture to environmental constraints is a major agricultural trait, notably in legumes, the third main crop worldwide. this root developmental plasticity depends on the formation of lateral roots (lrs) emerging from primary roots. in the model legume medicago truncatula, the hd-zip i transcription factor hb1 is expressed in primary and lateral root meristems and induced by salt stress. constitutive expression of hb1 in m. truncatula roots alters their architecture, wh ... | 2010 | 20675575 |
| the compact root architecture1 gene regulates lignification, flavonoid production, and polar auxin transport in medicago truncatula. | the root system architecture is crucial to adapt plant growth to changing soil environmental conditions and consequently to maintain crop yield. in addition to root branching through lateral roots, legumes can develop another organ, the nitrogen-fixing nodule, upon a symbiotic bacterial interaction. a mutant, cra1, showing compact root architecture was identified in the model legume medicago truncatula. cra1 roots were short and thick due to defects in cell elongation, whereas densities of later ... | 2010 | 20522723 |
| alternative splicing of the maize ac transposase transcript in transgenic sugar beet (beta vulgaris l.). | the maize activator/dissociation (ac/ds) transposable element system was introduced into sugar beet. the autonomous ac and non-autonomous ds element excise from the t-dna vector and integrate at novel positions in the sugar beet genome. ac and ds excisions generate footprints in the donor t-dna that support the hairpin model for transposon excision. two complete integration events into genomic sugar beet dna were obtained by ipcr. integration of ac leads to an eight bp duplication, while integra ... | 2010 | 20512402 |
| a dominant function of ccamk in intracellular accommodation of bacterial and fungal endosymbionts. | in legumes, ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (ccamk) is a component of the common symbiosis genes that are required for both root nodule (rn) and arbuscular mycorrhiza (am) symbioses and is thought to be a decoder of ca(2+) spiking, one of the earliest cellular responses to microbial signals. a gain-of-function mutation of ccamk has been shown to induce spontaneous nodulation without rhizobia, but the significance of ccamk activation in bacterial and/or fungal infection processes is no ... | 2010 | 20409002 |
| two medicago truncatula half-abc transporters are essential for arbuscule development in arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. | in the symbiotic association of plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal (am) fungi, the fungal symbiont resides in the root cortical cells where it delivers mineral nutrients to its plant host through branched hyphae called arbuscules. here, we report a medicago truncatula mutant, stunted arbuscule (str), in which arbuscule development is impaired and am symbiosis fails. in contrast with legume symbiosis mutants reported previously, str shows a wild-type nodulation phenotype. str was identified by pos ... | 2010 | 20453115 |
| a single-electron reducing quinone oxidoreductase is necessary to induce haustorium development in the root parasitic plant triphysaria. | parasitic plants in the orobanchaceae develop haustoria in response to contact with host roots or chemical haustoria-inducing factors. experiments in this manuscript test the hypothesis that quinolic-inducing factors activate haustorium development via a signal mechanism initiated by redox cycling between quinone and hydroquinone states. two cdnas were previously isolated from roots of the parasitic plant triphysaria versicolor that encode distinct quinone oxidoreductases. qr1 encodes a single-e ... | 2010 | 20424175 |
| the molecular network governing nodule organogenesis and infection in the model legume lotus japonicus. | bacterial infection of interior tissues of legume root nodules is controlled at the epidermal cell layer and is closely coordinated with progressing organ development. using spontaneous nodulating lotus japonicus plant mutants to uncouple nodule organogenesis from infection, we have determined the role of 16 genes in these two developmental processes. we show that host-encoded mechanisms control three alternative entry processes operating in the epidermis, the root cortex and at the single cell ... | 2010 | 20975672 |
| arabidopsis rap2.2: an ethylene response transcription factor that is important for hypoxia survival. | arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) rap2.2 (at3g14230) is an apetala2/ethylene response factor-type transcription factor that belongs to the same subfamily as the rice (oryza sativa) submergence tolerance gene sub1a. rap2.2 is expressed at constitutively high levels in the roots and at lower levels in the shoots, where it is induced by darkness. effector studies and analysis of ethylene signal transduction mutants indicate that rap2.2 is induced in shoots by ethylene and functions in an ethylene- ... | 2010 | 20357136 |
| cle peptides control medicago truncatula nodulation locally and systemically. | the clavata3/embryo-surrounding region (cle) peptides control the fine balance between proliferation and differentiation in plant development. we studied the role of cle peptides during indeterminate nodule development and identified 25 mtcle peptide genes in the medicago truncatula genome, of which two genes, mtcle12 and mtcle13, had nodulation-related expression patterns that were linked to proliferation and differentiation. mtcle13 expression was up-regulated early in nodule development. a hi ... | 2010 | 20348212 |
| biochemical and molecular characterization of pvpap3, a novel purple acid phosphatase isolated from common bean enhancing extracellular atp utilization. | purple acid phosphatases (paps) play diverse physiological roles in plants. in this study, we purified a novel pap, pvpap3, from the roots of common bean (phaseolus vulgaris) grown under phosphate (pi) starvation. pvpap3 was identified as a 34-kd monomer acting on the specific substrate, atp, with a broad ph range and a high heat stability. the activity of pvpap3 was insensitive to tartrate, indicating that pvpap3 is a pap-like protein. amino acid sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis sug ... | 2010 | 19955264 |
| comparison of developmental and stress-induced nodule senescence in medicago truncatula. | mature indeterminate medicago truncatula nodules are zonated with an apical meristem, an infection zone, a fixation zone with nitrogen-fixing bacteroids, and a "developmental" senescence zone that follows nodule growth with a conical front originating in the center of the fixation zone. in nitrogen-fixing cells, senescence is initiated coincidently with the expression of a family of conserved cysteine proteases that might be involved in the degradation of symbiotic structures. environmental stre ... | 2010 | 20081044 |
| legume pectate lyase required for root infection by rhizobia. | to allow rhizobial infection of legume roots, plant cell walls must be locally degraded for plant-made infection threads (its) to be formed. here we identify a lotus japonicus nodulation pectate lyase gene (ljnpl), which is induced in roots and root hairs by rhizobial nodulation (nod) factors via activation of the nodulation signaling pathway and the nin transcription factor. two ljnpl mutants produced uninfected nodules and most infections arrested as infection foci in root hairs or roots. the ... | 2011 | 22203959 |
| legume pectate lyase required for root infection by rhizobia. | to allow rhizobial infection of legume roots, plant cell walls must be locally degraded for plant-made infection threads (its) to be formed. here we identify a lotus japonicus nodulation pectate lyase gene (ljnpl), which is induced in roots and root hairs by rhizobial nodulation (nod) factors via activation of the nodulation signaling pathway and the nin transcription factor. two ljnpl mutants produced uninfected nodules and most infections arrested as infection foci in root hairs or roots. the ... | 2011 | 22203959 |
| phloem ultrastructure and pressure flow: sieve-element-occlusion-related agglomerations do not affect translocation. | since the first ultrastructural investigations of sieve tubes in the early 1960s, their structure has been a matter of debate. because sieve tube structure defines frictional interactions in the tube system, the presence of p protein obstructions shown in many transmission electron micrographs led to a discussion about the mode of phloem transport. at present, it is generally agreed that p protein agglomerations are preparation artifacts due to injury, the lumen of sieve tubes is free of obstruc ... | 2011 | 22198148 |
| the tvpirin gene is necessary for haustorium development in the parasitic plant triphysaria versicolor. | the rhizosphere is teemed with organisms that coordinate their symbioses using chemical signals traversing between the host root and symbionts. chemical signals also mediate interactions between roots of different plants, perhaps the most obvious being those between parasitic orobanchaceae and their plant hosts. parasitic plants use specific molecules provided by host roots to initiate the development of haustoria, invasive structures critical for plant parasitism. we took a transcriptomics appr ... | 2011 | 22128136 |
| the tvpirin gene is necessary for haustorium development in the parasitic plant triphysaria versicolor. | the rhizosphere is teemed with organisms that coordinate their symbioses using chemical signals traversing between the host root and symbionts. chemical signals also mediate interactions between roots of different plants, perhaps the most obvious being those between parasitic orobanchaceae and their plant hosts. parasitic plants use specific molecules provided by host roots to initiate the development of haustoria, invasive structures critical for plant parasitism. we took a transcriptomics appr ... | 2011 | 22128136 |
| biotechnological approaches for conservation and improvement of rare and endangered plants of saudi arabia. | genetic variation is believed to be a prerequisite for the short-and long-term survival of the plant species in their natural habitat. it depends on many environmental factors which determine the number of alleles on various loci in the genome. therefore, it is important to understand the genetic composition and structure of the rare and endangered plant species from their natural habitat to develop successful management strategies for their conservation. however, rare and endangered plant speci ... | 2011 | 23961155 |
| biotechnological approaches for conservation and improvement of rare and endangered plants of saudi arabia. | genetic variation is believed to be a prerequisite for the short-and long-term survival of the plant species in their natural habitat. it depends on many environmental factors which determine the number of alleles on various loci in the genome. therefore, it is important to understand the genetic composition and structure of the rare and endangered plant species from their natural habitat to develop successful management strategies for their conservation. however, rare and endangered plant speci ... | 2011 | 23961155 |
| recent advances towards development and commercialization of plant cell culture processes for the synthesis of biomolecules. | plant cell culture systems were initially explored for use in commercial synthesis of several high-value secondary metabolites, allowing for sustainable production that was not limited by the low yields associated with natural harvest or the high cost associated with complex chemical synthesis. although there have been some commercial successes, most notably paclitaxel production from taxus sp., process limitations exist with regards to low product yields and inherent production variability. a v ... | 2011 | 22059985 |
| recent advances towards development and commercialization of plant cell culture processes for the synthesis of biomolecules. | plant cell culture systems were initially explored for use in commercial synthesis of several high-value secondary metabolites, allowing for sustainable production that was not limited by the low yields associated with natural harvest or the high cost associated with complex chemical synthesis. although there have been some commercial successes, most notably paclitaxel production from taxus sp., process limitations exist with regards to low product yields and inherent production variability. a v ... | 2011 | 22059985 |
| laser microdissection unravels cell-type-specific transcription in arbuscular mycorrhizal roots, including caat-box transcription factor gene expression correlating with fungal contact and spread. | arbuscular mycorrhizae (am) are the most widespread symbioses on earth, promoting nutrient supply of most terrestrial plant species. to unravel gene expression in defined stages of medicago truncatula root colonization by am fungi, we here combined genome-wide transcriptome profiling based on whole mycorrhizal roots with real-time reverse transcription-pcr experiments that relied on characteristic cell types obtained via laser microdissection. our genome-wide approach delivered a core set of 512 ... | 2011 | 22034628 |
| a versatile monosaccharide transporter that operates in the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus glomus sp is crucial for the symbiotic relationship with plants. | for more than 400 million years, plants have maintained a mutualistic symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal (am) fungi. this evolutionary success can be traced to the role of these fungi in providing plants with mineral nutrients, particularly phosphate. in return, photosynthates are given to the fungus, which support its obligate biotrophic lifestyle. although the mechanisms involved in phosphate transfer have been extensively studied, less is known about the reciprocal transfer of carbon. here ... | 2011 | 21972259 |
| transgenic plants of petunia hybrida harboring the cyp2e1 gene efficiently remove benzene and toluene pollutants and improve resistance to formaldehyde. | the cyp2e1 protein belongs to the p450 enzymes family and plays an important role in the metabolism of small molecular and organic pollutants. in this study we generated cyp2e1 transgenic plants of petunia using agrobacterium rhizogenes k599. pcr analysis confirmed that the regenerated plants contained the cyp2e1 transgene and the rolb gene of the ri plasmid. southern blotting revealed the presence of multiple copies of cyp2e1 in the genome of transgenic plants. fluorescent quantitative pcr reve ... | 2011 | 22215968 |