| highly conserved epitope domain in major core protein p24 is structurally similar among human, simian and feline immunodeficiency viruses. | linear b cell epitopes were mapped on the major core protein p24 of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), simian immunodeficiency virus (sivagm) and feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) using a fusion protein-based method and murine monoclonal antibodies reactive against the p24 antigens expressed on the surface of hiv-1- and fiv-infected cells. the results suggest that the sites identified here are encoded at similar positions in the three virus genomes and consist of highly conserved epi ... | 1992 | 1383411 |
| inhibition of viral replication by monoclonal antibodies directed against human immunodeficiency virus gp120. | monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were raised against the glycoprotein gp120 of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (strain htlv-iiib). the reactivity of five selected mabs was characterized in several tests: elisa, immunostaining of western blots, immunofluorescence, immunoprecipitation, immunoelectron microscopy, alkaline phosphatase-anti-alkaline phosphatase assay and neutralization. the binding region was delimited by sequential overlapping escherichia coli fusion proteins of the gp120 sequence b ... | 1992 | 1383412 |
| a microtitre format point mutation assay: application to the detection of drug resistance in human immunodeficiency virus type-1 infected patients treated with zidovudine. | an assay for the analysis of point mutations in dna fragments amplified by the polymerase chain reaction is described. the method was applied to the analysis of mutations leading to single amino acid changes in the reverse transcriptase gene of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 that are associated with decreased sensitivity of the virus to the effects of the nucleoside analogue zidovudine. the assay uses a microtitre format allowing large numbers of clinical samples to be analysed, and is a qu ... | 1992 | 1383414 |
| [current acquisitions in antiviral drugs (anti-hiv)]. | these last years, numerous molecules have been developed to face hiv-1 infection. all viral replication steps are potential targets for new molecules. the most potent inhibitors of virus-cell adsorption are represented by the different sulfated, sulfonated and carboxylated polymers among which aurintricarboxylic acid (ata). the soluble cd4 are also potent inhibitors of viral adsorption in vitro. many compounds are active at the level of the reverse transcriptase (rt), particularly the 2',3'-dide ... | 1992 | 1383488 |
| transient stimulation of granulopoiesis and drastic inhibition of erythropoiesis in hiv-2-infected long-term liquid bone marrow cultures. | impaired hematopoiesis is commonly associated with human immunodeficiency virus hiv-1 and hiv-2-related aids. hiv-1 infection of hematopoietic progenitors has been studied, whereas hiv-2 infection of these cells is less well documented. in this work, we studied myeloid and erythroid progenitor production and differentiation in long-term bone marrow (ltbm) cultures after hiv-2 infection. a nonadherent fraction from these cultures containing the hematopoietic progenitors is nonproductively infecte ... | 1992 | 1383491 |
| shared antigenic epitopes of the major core proteins of human and simian immunodeficiency virus isolates. | antigenic epitopes on the major core (gag) protein of isolates of simian and human immunodeficiency virus (siv and hiv) were compared using a panel of eleven mouse monoclonal antibodies (mabs) that recognized nine distinct gag epitopes. viral isolates used for comparison were hiv-1iiib, hiv-2rod, and siv isolates from macaque (sivmac), sooty mangabey (sivsm-ucd), african green monkey (sivagm), and stump-tailed macaque (sivstm-ucd). the relatedness of the various hiv and siv isolates, as determin ... | 1992 | 1383547 |
| the nonmyristylated pr160gag-pol polyprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 interacts with pr55gag and is incorporated into viruslike particles. | the expression of the pol gene of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 occurs via a ribosomal frameshift between the gag and pol genes. the resulting protein, a gag-pol polyprotein, is produced at a level 5 to 10% of that of the gag protein. the gag-pol polyprotein is incorporated into virions and provides viral protease, reverse transcriptase, and integrase, which are essential for infectivity. it is generally believed that the gag-pol polyprotein is incorporated into virions via interaction wit ... | 1992 | 1383561 |
| requirements for strand transfer between internal regions of heteropolymer templates by human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase. | we have examined the ability of the reverse transcriptase (rt) from human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) to carry out strand transfer synthesis (i.e., switching of the primer to a new template) from internal regions of natural-sequence rna. a 142-nucleotide rna template (donor) primed with a specific 20-nucleotide dna oligonucleotide was used to initiate synthesis. dna oligonucleotides with homology to internal regions of the donor were used as acceptors. in this system, hiv rt produced strand tra ... | 1992 | 1383563 |
| in vitro enzymatic activity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase mutants in the highly conserved ymdd amino acid motif correlates with the infectious potential of the proviral genome. | reverse transcriptases contain a highly conserved yxdd amino acid motif believed to be important in enzyme function. the second amino acid is not strictly conserved, with a methionine, valine or alanine occupying the second position in reverse transcriptases from various retroviruses and retroelements. recently, a 3.5-a (0.35-nm) resolution electron density map of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) reverse transcriptase positioned the ymdd motif within an antiparallel beta-hairpin struc ... | 1992 | 1383571 |
| [differences in detectability of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in tears and blood lymphocytes]. | reported data on the isolation of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) from tears are controversial. the purpose of the study was to try to isolate hiv-1 from tears in a large sample of hiv-1-positive patients at different stages of infection. 53 tear samples were obtained from 50 patients. additionally isolation of hiv-1 from peripheral blood lymphocytes (pbl) was attempted. hiv-1 was isolated from none (= 0%) of the 53 tear samples. isolation from pbl was successful depending on abs ... | 1992 | 1383601 |
| determination of b-cell epitopes of nef hiv-i protein: immunogenicity related to their structure. | determination of the b-cell epitopes of the nef molecule encoded by the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) was undertaken using a set of six synthetic peptides. sequences that were both antigenic and immunogenic and stimulated the production of antibodies recognizing the full length molecule, were considered as b-cell epitopes. two peptidic sequences were antigenic both in rodents (mice and rats) and in non-human primates (chimpanzee). they were located in the regions 45-69 and 176-206 ... | 1992 | 1383694 |
| molecular mimicry and the autoimmune response to the peripheral nerve myelin p0 glycoprotein. | in the lewis rat immunisation with the myelin p0 glycoprotein can induce an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the peripheral nervous system, experimental allergic neuritis (ean), which has many clinical and histopathological parallels with the human disease the guillain-barre syndrome. in view of the reported association of gbs with a number of infectious agents we have investigated whether "molecular mimicry" may occur between microbial antigens and the p0 protein that could possibly trigge ... | 1992 | 1383842 |
| recombinant human fab fragments neutralize human type 1 immunodeficiency virus in vitro. | a panel of 20 recombinant fab fragments reactive with the surface glycoprotein gp120 of human type 1 immunodeficiency virus (hiv-1) were examined for their ability to neutralize mn and iiib strains of the virus. neutralization was determined as the ability of the fab fragments to inhibit infection as measured in both a p24 elisa and a syncytium-formation assay. one group of closely sequence-related fab fragments was found to neutralize virus in both assays with a 50% neutralization titer at appr ... | 1992 | 1384050 |
| reverse transcriptase of human immunodeficiency virus can use either human trna(3lys) or escherichia coli trna(2gln) as a primer in an in vitro primer-utilization assay. | although the reverse transcriptase (rt) of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) uses human trna(3lys) as a primer of viral genome dna synthesis in vivo, hiv rt binds escherichia coli glutamine trna and in vitro-made human lysine trna with nearly equivalent affinities. we show that hiv rt can use either trna(3lys) or trna(2gln) as a primer for dna synthesis in vitro without the addition of any other host or viral proteins. e. coli trna(2gln) can serve as a primer for hiv rt if a primer-binding site ... | 1992 | 1384059 |
| regulation of the reverse transcriptase of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by dntps. | reverse transcriptase (rna-directed dna polymerase, ec 2.7.7.49) of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 has been examined with respect to the steady-state kinetics of polymerization of dntps into product dna. with dntps as variable substrate, the kinetics of polymerization deviated from standard michaelis-menten kinetics. substrate inhibition was observed at high substrate concentrations and negative cooperativity was seen at lower substrate concentrations. examination of incorporation of substr ... | 1992 | 1384060 |
| replication of human immunodeficiency virus in hl-60 cells. | hl-60 cells carrying the cd4 marker could be productively infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) but did not form syncytia, though 11-14 days p.i., there was a transient decrease in cell multiplication and viability. after prolonged passage, a subpopulation of hl-60 cells was selected. the virus produced differed from the initial input virus grown on cem cells: the virions lacked knobs, were either empty or had abnormal cores, had a higher ratio p24/gp41,gp110 and were less infectious. ... | 1992 | 1384093 |
| seroepidemiologic study of hepatitis c virus in sexually transmitted disease risk groups. | to identify the importance of heterosexual activity as a possible route for the transmission of the hepatitis c virus (hcv), a screening of antibodies against hcv (anti-hcv) was performed in 200 sexually transmitted disease patients with different risks for incurring genital infections as well as in 100 registered prostitutes. out of all 300 persons tested, 14 cases of hcv infection were detected. anti-hcv was present in 3 of the prostitutes and in 11 of the std patients. evaluating known risk f ... | 1992 | 1384151 |
| [the characteristics of human immunodeficiency virus strains isolated from hiv-infected persons on the territory of the ussr]. | fifty-seven hiv-1 strains were isolated from peripheral blood lymphocytes of 102 hiv-infected persons involved in epidemic outbreaks in different cities of the ussr. the effectiveness of isolation was 29.1% in asymptomatic infection, 51.7% in cases with generalized lymphadenopathy, and 82.6% in persons with severe clinical manifestations. identification of the isolates by indirect immunofluorescence, elisa, reverse transcriptase activity, western blot, electron microscopy, and polymerase chain r ... | 1992 | 1384238 |
| immunologic markers of progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome are time-dependent and illness-specific. | since prevalent cohorts may be biased by the duration of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection (onset bias), it is useful to assess the potential predictive value of markers in incident cohorts of hiv-positive subjects for whom the date of seroconversion is known or can reliably be estimated. of 131 homosexual men with hiv-1 seroconversion from new york city and washington, dc, who were evaluated annually beginning in 1982, 60 developed acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) by the end ... | 1992 | 1384311 |
| anti-human immunodeficiency virus activity of a novel synthetic peptide, t22 ([tyr-5,12, lys-7]polyphemusin ii): a possible inhibitor of virus-cell fusion. | more than 40 peptides associated with tachyplesin and polyphemusin, which are highly abundant in hemocyte debris of the horseshoe crabs tachypleus tridentatus and limulus polyphemus, were synthesized. among these peptides, we found that a novel compound, which was called t22 ([tyr-5,12, lys-7]polyphemusin ii), strongly inhibited the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1)-induced cytopathic effect and viral antigen expression. its 50% effective concentration was 0.008 micrograms/ml, while it ... | 1992 | 1384424 |
| effects of (-)-2'-deoxy-3'-thiacytidine (3tc) 5'-triphosphate on human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase and mammalian dna polymerases alpha, beta, and gamma. | (-)-2'-deoxy-3'-thiacytidine (3tc) is a selective inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus replication in vitro (j. a. v. coates, n. cammack, h. j. jenkinson, a. j. jowett, m. i. jowett, b. a. pearson, c. r. penn, p. l. rouse, k. c. viner, and j. m. cameron, antimicrob. agents chemother. 36:733-739, 1992). the effect of 3tc 5'-triphosphate on both the rna-dependent and dna-dependent activities of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase and dna polymerases alpha, beta, and gamm ... | 1992 | 1384425 |
| in vitro selection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 resistant to 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine. | 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (azt)-resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) was obtained by growing htlv-iiib in c8166 cell cultures in the presence of inhibitory concentrations of azt. the azt-resistant hiv-1 was capable of replicating, as measured by infectious virus yield, and inducing cytopathic effect in the presence of azt concentrations able to completely suppress the replication of parental htlv-iiib. cloning of the azt-resistant hiv-1 revealed that a number of different varia ... | 1992 | 1384427 |
| sulfonic acid polymers as a new class of human immunodeficiency virus inhibitors. | four sulfonic acid polymers [poly(4-styrenesulfonic acid)(pss), poly(anetholesulfonic acid)(pas), poly(vinylsulfonic acid)(pvs), poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid)(pamps)] have been found to inhibit the cytopathicity of hiv-1 and hiv-2 in mt-4 cells at concentrations that are not toxic to the host cells. the sulfonic acid polymers also inhibited syncytium formation in co-cultures of molt-4 cells with hiv-1- or hiv-2-infected hut-78 cells. they also inhibited binding of anti-gp120 ... | 1992 | 1384428 |
| anti-human immunodeficiency virus effects of cationic metalloporphyrin-ellipticine complexes. | a series of cationic metalloporphyrin-ellipticine complexes were found to inhibit the cytopathicity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and simian immunodeficiency virus in mt-4 cells at concentrations ranging from 1.4 to 17 micrograms/ml, i.e. at a concentration that was 2.5-30-fold below the cytotoxicity threshold. these compounds were also found to inhibit syncytium formation between persistently hiv-1-infected hut-78 and uninfected molt/4 cells, to interfere with hiv-1 binding to ... | 1992 | 1384504 |
| [study of the antigenic structure of human immunodeficiency virus using synthetic peptides]. | in a search for synthetic peptide antigens fit to detect anti-hiv antibodies, a set of algorithms were used to predict the probable antigenic determinants of gag, pol, env and nef proteins of hiv-1 and hiv-2. over forty peptides were synthesized by the solid-phase method. the reactivity of the peptide antigens was evaluated in elisa on panels of hiv-1/2-positive sera. application of the synthetic peptides for the early hiv diagnostics was examined. | 1992 | 1384509 |
| rna binding assays for tat-derived peptides: implications for specificity. | rna recognition by the hiv tat protein is mediated in part by an arginine- and lysine-rich basic subdomain implicated as a signature element in proteins that bind rna. relative rna binding affinities for a 14-residue peptide derived from tat that spans the basic region are determined using a competition protocol. binding specificity is compared with complexation by a 38-residue model for the rna binding domain of tat using the same approach. binding strength for the minimal (14 residue) peptide ... | 1992 | 1384694 |
| circular dichroism studies suggest that tar rna changes conformation upon specific binding of arginine or guanidine. | short basic peptides from the hiv tat protein bind specifically to a bulge region in tar rna, with a single arginine residue providing the only sequence-specific contact. the free amino acid arginine also binds specifically to tar. previous circular dichroism (cd) experiments suggested that peptide binding induces a conformational change in tar. here we confirm this observation using single arginine-containing peptides and show that arginine or guanidine binding also induces a conformational cha ... | 1992 | 1384695 |
| comparative analysis of native and cysteine-deficient hiv-1 reverse transcriptase. | to study the subunit structure and the active site of human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase (rt), the enzyme was expressed in e. coli and purified to homogeneity in large quantities. the recombinant enzyme consists of two major polypeptides of 66,000 and 53,000 da in equimolar amounts and a minor species of 51,000 da. amino acid sequence analysis of the recombinant proteins revealed that the amino termini of the two major subunits are identical to that of the virion-derived enzyme. ... | 1992 | 1384860 |
| human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase. affinity labeling of the primer binding site. | affinity modification of the primer site of hiv1-rt was performed with an oligonucleotide derivative containing a photoreactive azido group at the 5' end of d(pt)10. the affinity of hiv1-rt for d(pt)10 and for its derivative was first estimated by measuring the michaelis constants of these two oligonucleotides acting as primers in the retrotranscription of poly(ra). the enzyme was then inactivated under uv-irradiation at 303-365 nm in the presence of arn3-d(u*t9); the dependence of the rate of i ... | 1992 | 1385217 |
| the antigen-specific induction of normal human lymphocytes in vitro is down-regulated by a conserved hiv p24 epitope. | synthetic peptides containing amino acid sequence 218-238 of the core protein p24 of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and progressively shorter sequences at its c-terminus, were tested for their effect on antigen dependent in vitro responses of peripheral blood lymphocytes (pbl) from normal human donors. a peptide as short as 7 amino acids, corresponding to a highly conserved sequence, was able to inhibit in a dose-dependent manner the induction of a specific primary antibody response ... | 1992 | 1385321 |
| infrequent detection of hiv-1 components in tears compared to blood of hiv-1-infected persons. | beside the risk of infection via hiv-1-contaminated blood, ophthalmologists are especially interested in the possibility of hiv-1 infection via tears. therefore we tried to isolate hiv-1 from tears of 50 hiv-1-infected persons in different stages of disease by reverse transcriptase (rt) and by p24-antigen (p24-ag) in the cultures. simultaneously we tried to isolate hiv-1 in the supernatant from peripheral blood lymphocytes (pbl), which was successful in 32 of the 50 examined specimens. hiv-1 cou ... | 1992 | 1385331 |
| epitopes at the proteolytic cleavage sites of hiv-1-gp120 and rsv-f protein share a sequence homology: comparative studies with virus-induced and antipeptide antibodies. | the proteolytic cleavage sites of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) envelope glycoprotein precursor gp160 and the fusion protein of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) show a sequence homology. to study this homology two synthetic peptides corresponding to hiv-1-env-gp160-aa 507-518 (kakrrvvqrekr) and rsv-f2-aa 130-136 (skkrkrr) were synthesized. human serum samples from hiv-positive or rsv-positive collections recognized the appropriate peptide in 90.6 or 37.2% respectively. no cros ... | 1992 | 1385356 |
| inhibitory effects of triphosphate derivatives of oxetanocin g and related compounds on eukaryotic and viral dna polymerases and human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase. | in order to clarify the biological activities of (-)-oxetanocin g, and (-)-oxetanocin a and its carbocyclic analogue, (-)-carboxetanocin g, the inhibitory effects of triphosphate derivatives of these compounds (oxt-gtp, oxt-atp, and c-oxt-gtp) on eukaryotic and viral dna polymerases were examined. dna polymerase alpha purified from calf thymus was weakly inhibited by oxt-gtp and oxt-atp but strongly by c-oxt-gtp, the ki value being 0.22 microm. on the other hand, rat dna polymerase beta was not ... | 1992 | 1385392 |
| immunization of mice with lipopeptides bypasses the prerequisite for adjuvant. immune response of balb/c mice to human immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoprotein. | in vivo priming of ctl requires the association with mhc class i molecules of peptides derived from the processing of endogenously produced proteins. immunization with exogenous proteins or peptides rarely induces mhc class i-restricted ctl unless they are associated with lipidic compounds. the capacity to induce ctl was compared in synthetic peptides and simple lipopeptides containing the immunodominant mhc class i h-2dd-restricted t-cell epitope of hiv-1 gp160. in contrast with free peptides i ... | 1992 | 1385524 |
| rehabilitation in adults with human immunodeficiency virus-related diseases. | the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is a fatal disorder of cell-mediated immunity caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). as many as one million americans infected with hiv can expect improved survival with more advanced treatment approaches. complications of hiv infection occur in the brain, spinal cord, muscle, nerve, joints and other organ systems, which lead to extensive impairments. as survival increases, rehabilitation professionals can anticipate a greater number of referrals ... | 1992 | 1385713 |
| evidence for a viral superantigen in humans. | superantigens bind class ii major histocompatibility proteins and stimulate powerful proliferative responses of t lymphocytes bearing particular v beta sequences as part of their alpha beta antigen receptor. exogenous bacterial superantigens are responsible for food poisoning and toxic shock syndrome. murine virus-encoded self-superantigens induce clonal deletion of t lymphocytes. although superantigen-like properties have been suggested for human immunodeficiency virus-1, no viral superantigen ... | 1992 | 1386410 |
| expression of fc gamma receptors on astroglial cell lines and their role in the central nervous system. | astrocytes have been regarded as the matrix of the central nervous system and as nutritional, metabolic support to neurons. recently, immunological roles of astrocytes have been reported, especially in multiple sclerosis and experimental allergic encephalitis. one observation shows that human glioma cells, which lack cd4 molecules, can be infected with human immunodeficiency virus in vitro. another report described that human macrophages can be infected with human immunodeficiency virus through ... | 1992 | 1386416 |
| factors underlying spontaneous inactivation and susceptibility to neutralization of human immunodeficiency virus. | to determine the factors governing inactivation and neutralization, physical, chemical, and biological assays were performed on a molecular clone of human immunodeficiency type 1 (hiv-1hxb3). this included quantitative electron microscopy, gp120 and p24 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, reverse, transcriptase assays, and quantitative infectivity assays. for freshly harvested stocks, the ratio of infectious to noninfectious viral particles ranged from 10(-4) to 10(-7) in viral stocks containing ... | 1992 | 1386485 |
| comparison of the intracellular activities of clarithromycin and erythromycin against mycobacterium avium complex strains in j774 cells and in alveolar macrophages from human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected individuals. | the intracellular activities of clarithromycin and erythromycin, alone and in combination with other antimicrobial agents, were tested against mycobacterium avium complex (mac) strains inside mouse j774 cells and inside alveolar macrophages obtained from human immunodeficiency type 1-infected individuals. clarithromycin alone had greater intracellular activity than erythromycin alone, and drug combinations that included clarithromycin were usually more active than combinations that included eryt ... | 1992 | 1387302 |
| modulation of cell-surface transferrin receptor by the imino sugar n-butyldeoxynojirimycin. | the imino sugar, n-butyldeoxynojirimycin, is an inhibitor of the glycoprotein-processing enzyme glucosidase i and exhibits anti-(human immunodeficiency virus) activity in vitro. we have investigated the effect(s) of this compound on cell-surface glycoproteins by flow cytometry. we observed selective modulation of the transferrin receptor in response to treatment with 0.5 mm n-butyldeoxynojirimycin resulting in reduced cell-surface transferrin-receptor expression. the receptor modulation was dose ... | 1992 | 1387360 |
| inter-relationships between quinolinic acid, neuroactive kynurenines, neopterin and beta 2-microglobulin in cerebrospinal fluid and serum of hiv-1-infected patients. | quinolinic acid (quin) is an neurotoxic n-methyl-d-aspartate receptor agonist and an l-tryptophan metabolite of the kynurenine pathway. increased concentrations of quin occur in both cerebrospinal fluid (csf) and blood of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-1, particularly those with neurologic disturbances. in the present study of hiv-1 infected patients in walter reed stages 4, 5 and 6, reductions in l-tryptophan accompanied proportional increases in l-kynurenine and quin ... | 1992 | 1387655 |
| lymphocyte subset changes in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus. | the severe complications of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome represent the final phase of a prolonged course of immune system destruction during the infection by human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). many of these complications can be predicted by measuring the depletion of cd4 positive lymphocytes. the cd4 positive lymphocyte counts are now widely accepted as a surrogate marker to assess the stage of disease and to determine immune response in major clinical trials. other lymphocyte subsets ... | 1992 | 1388008 |
| reconstitution of long-term t helper cell function after zidovudine therapy in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. | peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 12 asymptomatic patients infected with immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and 4 patients with aids were analyzed before and during therapy with zidovudine for t helper cell (th) function. th function improved by more than fourfold to one or more of three stimuli tested in 9 (75%) of 12 asymptomatic patients on zidovudine therapy and in 3 of 4 patients with aids. only 6 (7.4%) of 80 untreated hiv-infected control patients showed spontaneous improvement in th func ... | 1992 | 1388195 |
| a factor from cd8 cells of human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients suppresses hla self-restricted t helper cell responses. | defective in vitro t helper cell (th) function can occur in asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-seropositive (hiv+) individuals. a characteristic, early finding is the loss of an in vitro response to recall antigens, such as influenza a virus (flu), despite an intact th response to alloantigen (allo). to determine whether suppressor cells and/or inhibitory factors could contribute to this hiv-associated th immunodeficiency, coculture studies were performed using peripheral blood leuk ... | 1992 | 1388269 |
| prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus risk factors in patients attending an accident and emergency department. | the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) risk factors was evaluated by questionnaire survey in 1565 consecutive patients who attended an adult a&e department in brisbane over a 2-month period. the survey revealed that a total of 144 (9.2%) patients could be considered at risk of hiv infection (high-risk group) because of known seropositivity, admission to hiv high-risk factors or engaging in high-risk activities. the remaining 1421 patients who did not acknowledge any high-risk behav ... | 1992 | 1388496 |
| morphogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. | human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) has been implicated as the etiologic agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and is a member of the sub-family lentivirinae within the family retroviridae. hiv type 1 (hiv-1) contains three major genes, gag, pol and env, which code for (1) core proteins, (2) a protease, reverse transcriptase and integrase, and (3) envelope glycoproteins, respectively. the core proteins p17, p24 and p15 are derived from gag precursor, p55, by endoproteolytic cleavage. the tw ... | 1992 | 1388714 |
| regulated expression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in human glial cells: induction of dormant virus. | human neural cells are susceptible to infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) in vitro; however, virus replication in these cells is strongly restricted. to understand the mechanism of this restriction, we examined the regulation of hiv-1 expression in glial cell cultures expressing high levels of hiv-1 after transfection of infectious viral dna and selection. in all cases, high hiv-1 expression declined to low basal levels within 4-8 weeks of cultivation. the decrease in hiv- ... | 1992 | 1388716 |
| human immunodeficiency virus type 1 tropism for human macrophages. | human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infects cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage in addition to lymphocytes, and infection of these cells may be responsible for viral persistence and dissemination, encephalopathy of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and other sequelae of hiv infection. we have developed an in vitro model utilizing peripheral-blood monocyte-derived macrophages to study hiv-1 infection of macrophages. hiv-1 isolates vary greatly in their ability to infect and replicate in ... | 1992 | 1388718 |
| viral determinants of cellular tropism. | cells of mononuclear phagocyte lineage are the predominant cell type producing human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) in extravascular tissues; hiv-1 infection of mononuclear phagocytes may be directly related to primary disease manifestations and also appears to contribute to the immune deficiency of aids. whereas peripheral blood lymphocytes are permissive for nearly all strains of hiv-1, only some hiv-1 strains replicate efficiently in mononuclear phagocytes. recombinant virus strains ha ... | 1992 | 1388720 |
| analysis of the viral determinants underlying replication kinetics and cellular tropism of human immunodeficiency virus. | human immunodeficiency viruses (hivs) isolated from infected individuals show genetic and biological diversity. to delineate the genetic determinants underlying specific biological characteristics such as rate of replication and cellular tropism, generation of hybrid hiv using viruses which exhibit distinct biological feature is essential. we have used three different infectious hiv proviral dnas, designated pz6, phxb2 and parv, derived from hivzr6, hivhtlv-iiib and hivsf-2 strains, respectively ... | 1992 | 1388721 |
| the role of monocyte/macrophages and cytokines in the pathogenesis of hiv infection. | the monocyte/macrophage system, which is characterized by a high degree of heterogeneity, is a target of the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) in vitro as well as in vivo. both bone-marrow-derived precursor elements and circulating monocytes are infectable in vitro and have also been found infected in seropositive individuals. however, terminally differentiated macrophages are the most commonly infected cells found in vivo in addition to the cd4+ t lymphocytes. several immunoregulatory cytokine ... | 1992 | 1388722 |
| [perinatal transmission of aids. experience at the national institute of perinatology]. | from january 1989 to february 1992, 19 pregnant women infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) were attended at the instituto nacional de perinatologia in mexico city, all of them at the end of pregnancy as well as 15 of their offspring. sexual transmission was found in 15 patients; the initial classification of 16 was cdc ii, only one case with aids, and during pregnancy 2 cases changed their clinical status. absolute cd4 count in 2 cases was lower 20%, none of 10 had positive vdrl and ... | 1992 | 1388781 |
| cellular latency of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. | the infection of humans by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 is characterized by a prolonged stage of clinical quiescence. this clinically asymptomatic period may be based, in part, on the development of cell populations within the body that maintain human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in a state of latency. recent advances in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in various forms of cellular latency of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 have begun to shed light on the variab ... | 1992 | 1388848 |
| subcellular localization of recombinant truncated gag precursor proteins of hiv expressed in saccharomyces cerevisiae. | to determine signals contained in the hiv-1 gag precursor implicated in protein transport. | 1992 | 1388874 |
| mammalian bites: risk and management. | human and animal bites can result in bacterial infection of the wound, and may be associated with the transmission of viral pathogens, including blood borne pathogens. the management of bite injuries requires local wound care, antibiotics if appropriate and prophylaxis against transmission of tetanus and viral pathogens including hepatitis b virus. a review of bite injuries and management is presented. | 1992 | 1388957 |
| hemiparesis in hiv infection. rehabilitation approach. | persons with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) and human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection demonstrate a wide array of central nervous system impairments and may be at a significantly increased risk for cerebrovascular disease. cerebrovascular disease can be the first manifestation of hiv infection and may be associated with a treatable etiology. anticipating more referrals for hiv-related physical disability, we detail the rehabilitation management of three persons with hiv infecti ... | 1992 | 1388977 |
| aids epidemiology and pathology. implications for intensive care units. | the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) evolves from infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). the hiv attacks the hosts' immune and neuroendocrine systems, rendering the host susceptible to a myriad of chronic and acute conditions requiring intensive care. this article reviews epidemiologic and pathologic trends associated with hiv infections that have the potential to increase demands for admission to intensive care units. research describing potential predictors of survival ... | 1992 | 1388983 |
| the impact of hiv antibody status on gay men's partner preferences: a community perspective. | as more gay men are tested for antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), serostatus may influence the formation of primary partner bonds in this community. we compared seropositive (n = 157), seronegative men (n = 205), and those who had not been tested (n = 158) from our ongoing aids behavioral research project (total response in 1988 = 540). subjects responded to mailed surveys regarding sexual behavior, relationship status, hiv antibody testing and serostatus preference when forming r ... | 1992 | 1389879 |
| joining the front line against hiv: an education program for adult probationers. | this article describes the implementation and evaluation of a human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) education program for adult offenders. samples of cook county (chicago) probationers were educated about either hiv or heart disease in small group and in one-on-one sessions. the evaluation employed a 2 x 2 factorial design. data were collected at 3 points in time: during a pretest, posttest, and follow-up. results showed that offenders' knowledge of hiv was increased significantly at posttest and f ... | 1992 | 1389880 |
| hiv/aids education and prevention among african-americans: a focus on culture. | african-americans have emerged as the "second wave" of the aids epidemic. epidemiologic evidence indicates that african-americans adults as well as adolescents have a disproportionately higher risk of aids and human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection. while programs designed to increase self-protective behaviors are urgently needed to avert a further increase in hiv infection among this population, there is little understanding of african-american sociocultural factors that may influence the ... | 1992 | 1389885 |
| human parvovirus b19 in clotting factor concentrates: b19 dna detection by the nested polymerase chain reaction. | the presence of b19 parvovirus in plasma from blood donors is seldom demonstrable, but clotting factor concentrates, prepared from large plasma pools, may be able to transmit b19 virus infection, and the effectiveness of different chemical and physical treatment to inactivate this virus is not yet known. in this study we report on the detection of b19 dna in 25 clotting factor concentrates, prepared by a variety of procedures of purification and inactivation; dot blot hybridization and southern ... | 1992 | 1390215 |
| [aids and its virus]. | an etiological agent of aids is a human retrovirus called hiv. the genomic structure of hiv features regulatory genes in which tat and rev genes control the viral replication and affect cellular functions. understanding their molecular mechanism may provide a clue to prevent the onset of aids from the viral carriers and to direct drug designing of aids. | 1992 | 1390418 |
| survival time after aids in pregnancy. | to examine the suggestion, based on theoretical considerations and case reports, that pregnancy decreases survival time after aids (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). | 1992 | 1390466 |
| use of protein unfolding studies to determine the conformational and dimeric stabilities of hiv-1 and siv proteases. | the free energies of dimer dissociation of the retroviral proteases (prs) of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) were determined by measuring the effects of denaturants on the protein fluorescence upon the unfolding of the enzymes. hiv-1 pr was more stable to denaturation by chaotropes and extremes of ph and temperature than siv pr, indicating that the former enzyme has greater conformational stability. the urea unfolding curves of both proteases w ... | 1992 | 1390732 |
| relationship of aids-related attitudes to sexual behavior changes in adolescents. | the impact of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) epidemic on a group of adolescents was investigated by surveying 197 sexually active, predominantly african-american, urban high school students. reported sexual behavior changes were evaluated in relation to aids-related knowledge and attitudes. over 50% of the students decreased their frequency of sexual activity, increased their condom use, and/or decreased their number of partners. these students had significantly higher scores on a ... | 1992 | 1390816 |
| aids/hiv knowledge level and perceived chance of having hiv among rural adolescents. | behaviors that increase the risk of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) and human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) among adolescents living in rural areas have been reported to be as frequent as those of lower socioeconomic minority youth living in large urban areas. little is known, however, about whether rural adolescents possess adequate knowledge upon which to make responsible decisions to avoid exposure to hiv. in order to address this deficit, we administered the centers for disease cont ... | 1992 | 1390817 |
| expression of chimeric neo-rev response element sequences interferes with rev-dependent hiv-1 gag expression. | recombinant plasmids containing reiterated human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) rev response element (rre) sequences were constructed to suppress rev-dependent hiv-1 gag expression. the mammalian expression vectors pmamneo containing one, three, or six repeats of the rre sequence were cotransfected with a hiv-1 htlv-iiib proviral dna into hela cells. all three rre expression plasmids reduced replication of hiv-1 with similar efficacy. furthermore, the chimeric expression vector pcmv neorr ... | 1992 | 1391035 |
| factors associated with sexually transmitted diseases among prostitutes in singapore. | from june to december 1990, 806 prostitutes registered with the std programme in singapore for regular screening for sexually transmitted diseases (std) were investigated for factors associated with std incidence in the preceding year. the majority were foreigners (92.7% malaysians and 3.1% thais). anal sex (0.4%) and intravenous drug use (0.9%) were rare. the overall std incidence rate was 47.7 per 100. none was human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) positive. the crude and age-adjusted risk of std ... | 1992 | 1391060 |
| missed human immunodeficiency virus seroconversion. | | 1992 | 1391066 |
| coffee shops and clinics: the give and take of doing hiv/aids research with injecting drug users. | we discuss recruiting and interviewing injecting drug users and using research as health promotion in the context of collecting information related to human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) or acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids) from a convenience sample of 200 injecting drug users, half in treatment and half not, in 1989 and 1990 in perth, western australia. a variety of recruiting methods were used including advertising, referral by agency staff, 'snowballing' and approaches to personal con ... | 1992 | 1391161 |
| the ever-evolving epidemiologic concepts of human immunodeficiency virus infections. | human immunodeficiency virus infection has now reached epidemic proportions in both industrialized and nonindustrialized countries. two preventive measures remain of questionable benefit: mandatory testing and partner notification. sexually transmitted diseases and cervical ectopy may be risk factors for heterosexual transmission, now the most frequent mode of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus worldwide. smokable freebase cocaine, the use of which is increasing in many cities in indus ... | 1992 | 1391638 |
| thrombotic microangiopathies in the 1980s: clinical features, response to treatment, and the impact of the human immunodeficiency virus epidemic. | we reviewed the medical records of 44 adults with 50 consecutive episodes of thrombotic thrombocytopenia purpura (ttp) or hemolytic uremic syndrome (hus) seen at the university of california, san francisco affiliated hospitals during the past decade. patients were treated according to a uniform plan in which initial therapy included daily large volume plasmapheresis using fresh frozen plasma. patients not responding completely to initial therapy were treated with a salvage regimen including sple ... | 1992 | 1391952 |
| allogeneic leukocytes but not therapeutic blood elements induce reactivation and dissemination of latent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection: implications for transfusion support of infected patients. | various immunologic stimuli and heterologous viral regulatory elements have been shown to increase susceptibility to, and replication of, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) in lymphocytes and monocytes in vitro. transfusion of allogeneic blood components from heterologous donors constitutes a profound immunologic stimulus to the recipient, in addition to being a potential route of transmission of lymphotropic viral infections. to investigate the hypothesis that transfusions, and particu ... | 1992 | 1391964 |
| cardiac surgery in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection: indications and results. | ten patients with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infections underwent cardiac surgery using cardiopulmonary bypass. all were in centers for disease control (cdc) group ii. the cardiac involvement was either urgent or severely symptomatic in all cases. one patient died due to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) unrelated cause. no complications were encountered in this series. eight of the nine survivors were available for follow-up. three of these eight patients progressed to aids (cdc ... | 1992 | 1392232 |
| treatment of diarrhoea in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with immunoglobulins from bovine colostrum. | diarrhoea and weight loss are found in more than 50% of patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). in some patients the symptoms can be very severe, leading to death even in the absence of opportunistic infections. in 30% of these patients, enteric pathogens cannot be identified, and approximately only half of the identifiable aetiologic agents of diarrhoea in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) were treatable with antibiotics. immunoglobulins from bov ... | 1992 | 1392428 |
| association between serum-soluble cd8 levels and parameters of immune activation in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. | we compared the serum concentrations of soluble cd8 with the immune activation markers neopterin, interferon-gamma, tumour necrosis factor-alpha, soluble cd4, and with cd4+ and cd8+ t-cell counts in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection. the majority of patients had increased concentrations of soluble cd8, interferon-gamma and neopterin, and various significant correlations existed between them. our results support the view that enhanced soluble cd8 levels indicate activated ... | 1992 | 1392441 |
| expansion of neopterin and beta 2-microglobulin in cerebrospinal fluid reaches maximum levels early and late in the course of human immunodeficiency virus infection. | elevated cerebrospinal fluid (csf) levels of neopterin and beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2mg) reflect activation of the cellular immune response in the central nervous system (cns). in 118 consecutive subjects [15 controls and 103 patients with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection classified according to the walter reed staging system (wr)], neopterin and beta 2mg were determined in paired samples of csf and serum. the permeability of the blood-csf barrier and local release of neopterin and ... | 1992 | 1392442 |
| an aids-related knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and practices survey among schoolchildren in barbados. | a knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and practices (kabp) survey was performed among barbadian secondary schoolchildren 11-16 years old in january 1990. the survey sought to assess the children's knowledge of aids and human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) transmission; their attitudes toward people with hiv/aids; their sexual practices; and changes needed in education programs seeking to reduce childhood hiv transmission. a pretested self-administered questionnaire was used. the survey sample was deriv ... | 1992 | 1393193 |
| heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus. | heterosexual human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) transmission accounts for most cases of hiv infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome worldwide. moreover, in the developed world the proportion of individuals infected heterosexually is rising faster than the proportion infected by other routes, with an increase in the number of women infected. defining the factors associated with heterosexual transmission may help control new infections. | 1992 | 1393236 |
| parotid disease and human immunodeficiency virus infection in zambia. | among the salivary glands the parotid is unusual in that it contains lymphoid tissue within its capsule. the focus of infection with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) is the lymphatic system and this results in a specific hiv-related pathology in the parotid. this 2-year surgical audit of parotid disease in hiv-infected patients in lusaka shows patients presenting with parotid lymphadenopathy, bilateral diffuse parotid enlargement and parotid lymphoepithelial cysts. clinical presentation and ma ... | 1992 | 1393467 |
| economic impact of hiv infection and coronary heart disease in immigrants to canada. | to compare the direct health care costs of illnesses associated with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and of coronary heart disease (chd) in immigrants to canada. | 1992 | 1393930 |
| development of a model of transitional care for the hiv-positive child and family. | the provision of high-quality, cost-effective care to human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected adults and children is a national priority. during 1991 the number of infected children is expected to increase to over 3,000, with at least 2,000 additional cases manifesting some symptoms of hiv infection. serious questions exist about the ability of these children's families to acquire the health care services that both they and their children require. this paper will present preliminary findings ... | 1992 | 1393966 |
| systemic complications of human immunodeficiency virus infection. | hiv infection causes a wide spectrum of complications affecting all organ systems. these complications may be primary to the direct infection of a specific organ system by hiv or secondary to the immunodeficiency associated with hiv infection. these complications may be specific to certain stages of hiv infection. selected common complications of hiv infection include pulmonary, neurologic, gi, dermatologic, oral, ocular, endocrine, and hematologic complications. | 1992 | 1393996 |
| nutrition for the patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. | patients with arc and aids develop a variety of symptoms that significantly affect their nutritional status. podiatrists, although not directly involved with the intricacies of the nutritional management of people with aids, should be aware of the effect of the virus on the human body. investigators are predicting that almost 100% of the estimated 12 million hiv-positive persons in the world will develop aids. by giving people with aids nutritional education, not only may there be a beneficial r ... | 1992 | 1394000 |
| laboratory testing for human immunodeficiency virus. | laboratory testing for hiv infection presents a unique set of challenges for the podiatric physician. with increasing numbers of hiv-infected patients, the physician has the challenge of selecting, evaluating, and identifying the optimal testing methods for patients as well as for physicians. because seroconversion can take weeks to occur, the need for specific tests such as antigen and culture becomes very important to both patients and physicians. | 1992 | 1394002 |
| preventing human immunodeficiency virus transmission in the podiatric practice. the role of the podiatric medical assistant. | rationales for the design and implementation of infectious disease control programs include protecting the health of patients and staff, reducing the risk of vulnerability in litigation, and complying with the regulatory environment that mandates such programs. the development and implementation of a comprehensive infectious disease control program is not a difficult project. the universal precautions policy created by the cdc outlines basic recommendations for preventing the transmission of hiv ... | 1992 | 1394003 |
| human immunodeficiency virus transmission in health care settings. risks to health care workers. | taken together, studies of seroconversion, exposure incidents, and compliance with universal precautions policy help researchers understand the risks to health care workers of occupationally acquired hiv infection. the seroconversion studies show that the risk of infection is low (1 in 250) even when the incident is a percutaneous exposure to blood from a known hiv-positive patient. when the exposure is to blood from a patient whose hiv-status is unknown, or if the exposure is not through the sk ... | 1992 | 1394006 |
| public health considerations of human immunodeficiency virus. | the full spectrum of hiv infection will touch the lives of millions of americans. all people need to be aware of this health crisis and its implications on their own lives and society. health care providers need to recognize the risks and take appropriate precautions. millions need assessment of their personal behavior that may have permitted them to become infected or that may now be exposing them to significant risk of infection. education and counseling are significant factors in prevention. ... | 1992 | 1394007 |
| the legal aspects of treating and being treated by an individual infected with human immunodeficiency virus. | since the first aids case was reported in 1981, the aids epidemic is spreading dramatically in the united states. in dealing with the prevention of hiv transmission, we need to carefully balance the protection of civil rights that may be devastated by the disclosure of hiv-infection and the protection of public health against hiv infection in the health care setting. recognizing the need of guidances in this regard, the cdc has issued recommendations regarding the prevention of hiv transmission ... | 1992 | 1394009 |
| viruses other than hiv and non-hodgkin's lymphoma. | there are several viral infections which are known to cause lymphoma among animals; all establish latency in lymphoid cells. the human t-lymphotropic virus type i is a human virus which causes lymphomas among a subset of carriers. however, this virus is very restricted in its distribution and as such, is unlikely to play a role in the increase of non-hodgkin's lymphoma (nhl). a highly prevalent infection, the epstein-barr virus (ebv) is known to play a role in the etiology of nhl among persons w ... | 1992 | 1394158 |
| suppression of interleukin-2 and interleukin-2 receptor expression in jurkat cells stably expressing the human immunodeficiency virus tat protein. | the jurkat t cell line was stably transfected with an epstein-barr virus-based episomal replicon designed to express high levels of the hiv-1 tat protein. after selection in hygromycin b, high-level tat activity was detected in 3 of 18 transfected cell lines. after stimulation with phytohemagglutinin (pha) and phorbol myristate acetate (pma), tat transfectants with high tat expression showed diminished expression of interleukin-2 (il-2) and the interleukin-2 receptor alpha chain (il-2r) when com ... | 1992 | 1394441 |
| perioperative haemotherapy: i. indications for blood component transfusion. | the practice of transfusion medicine has undergone substantial change over the last decade. much of the impetus for the change has come from the isolation of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and the linkage of hiv transmission to blood transfusion. the purpose of this paper is to collate and review the literature relating to the indications for blood transfusion and provide recommendations for the appropriate utilization of blood products. peer-reviewed and published studies and reviews relati ... | 1992 | 1394759 |
| pain syndromes in hiv infection. | pain causes considerable disability and discomfort in hiv (human immunodeficiency virus) infected individuals. a large number of patients infected with hiv suffer from one or more pain-related syndromes. pain is under-reported and suboptimally managed in these patients. an outline of the different pain syndromes, including headache, oral cavity pain, chest pain, abdominal pain, anorectal pain, musculoskeletal pain and peripheral neuropathic pain, and their aetiologies are discussed. current pain ... | 1992 | 1394763 |
| indications for the presence of antibodies cross-reactive with htlv-i/ii, but not hiv, in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome. | serological evidence is presented for the fact that patients with the myelodysplastic syndrome exhibit a statistically significant reactivity in confirmatory assays for antibodies to human t-lymphotropic viruses types i and ii (htlv-i/ii). this antibody reactivity, evident by indirect immunofluorescence and western blot, was not confined to htlv core antigens but extended to native and recombinant envelope glycoproteins. the effect was also observed in cases of acute myeloic leukemia, albeit to ... | 1992 | 1395126 |
| changes in hospital admissions pattern in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection in the era of pneumocystis carinii prophylaxis. | pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) was the leading cause of hospital admissions in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection before the widespread use of pcp prophylaxis. we studied retrospectively the changes in annual hospital admission patterns after the start of a population-based pcp prophylaxis program in toronto. the purpose of the study was to identify the cogent diseases requiring hospitalization of hiv patients in the current era of pcp prophylaxis. this information ... | 1992 | 1395739 |
| yield of bronchoscopy for the diagnosis of tuberculosis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. | the efficacy of bronchoscopy for the diagnosis of tuberculosis in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) has not been systematically evaluated. we therefore compared the diagnostic yield of bronchoscopy in 67 hiv-infected and 45 non-hiv-infected patients with culture-proven pulmonary tuberculosis. in all cases, acid-fast smears of sputum were negative or not obtained prior to bronchoscopy. prebronchoscopic sputum culture yielded mycobacterium tuberculosis in 34 (89 percent) of ... | 1992 | 1395740 |
| aids: part ii. | great strides have been made in the therapy of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection. currently approved drugs include zidovudine and didanosine. a third drug, dideoxycytidine (zalcitibine), has recently been filed for approval with the food and drug administration. all these drugs work through inhibition of the reverse transcriptase enzyme. zidovudine is the only drug that has shown clinical efficacy against hiv. treatment of patients with advanced hiv disease (i.e., acquired immune defi ... | 1992 | 1396036 |
| aids: part i. | acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) is caused by infection with a pathogenic human retrovirus known as human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). approximately 1 million people are currently infected with hiv in the united states, with 8 to 10 million infected individuals worldwide. the virus is transmitted predominantly through genital sexual contact, although orogenital spread has been rarely reported. heterosexual transmission has been most common in the third world, whereas male homosexual tr ... | 1992 | 1396037 |
| prevalence of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and condom use among outpatients at a sexually transmitted disease clinic in rome. | to assess the prevalence of hiv-1 infection and study selected risk factors among patients attending a clinic for sexually transmitted diseases in rome, 1442 outpatients seen consecutively between 20 february and 12 december 1989 were anonymously tested for anti-hiv-1. an evaluation of the trend of the hiv-1 infection was attempted by comparing the results of the present study with those obtained from a similar sample studied in 1986 in the same clinic. the overall estimated prevalence of anti-h ... | 1992 | 1396752 |
| inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus infection in human colon epithelial cells by recombinant interferon-gamma. | pretreatment of human colon epithelial cells ht29 by recombinant gamma interferon (ifn)-gamma was found to protect the cells from infection with various isolates of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-1 and hiv-2, as assessed by co-cultivation with human t lymphoblastoid cells and gene amplification by polymerase chain reaction technique. additionally, ifn-gamma induced a dose-dependent inhibition of hiv-1 and hiv-2 production in chronically infected ht29 cells. in situ hybridization studies demo ... | 1992 | 1396956 |