| diminished capacity for p53 in mediating a radiation-induced g1 arrest in established human tumor cell lines. | it has been reported that the p53 gene mediates an ionizing radiation-induced g1 arrest in mammalian cells. to further characterize this important phenomenon, a panel of seven human diploid fibroblast cell strains and 14 human tumor cell lines from a variety of sources with both wild-type and mutant p53 status were assayed for their susceptibility to g1 arrest after gamma-ray irradiation by a continuous labeling [3h]thymidine incorporation technique. an irreversible g1-block involving 20-70% of ... | 1995 | 7478618 |
| spectrum of genital human papillomavirus infection in a female adolescent population. | human papillomavirus infection is a sexually transmitted disease associated with cervical dysplasia and carcinoma. | 1995 | 7482107 |
| analysis of p53 tumor suppressor gene mutations and human papillomavirus infection in human bladder cancers. | to determine whether the dysfunction of p53 caused either by mutation of the p53 gene itself or by binding to e6 protein of oncogenic hpvs is involved in the transitional cell carcinomas (tccs) of the bladder, we analyzed 23 tccs of the bladder. dna was extracted from each paraffin embedded tissue of tccs of bladder and polymerase chain reaction (pcr)/single strand conformation polymorphism (sscp) analysis were performed to screen mutations in p53 tumor suppressor gene, then pcr/dot blot hybridi ... | 1995 | 7483675 |
| alterations in physical state and expression of human papillomavirus type 18 dna following crisis and establishment of immortalized ectocervical cells. | integration of episomal human papillomavirus (hpv) dna in infected cervical lesions during malignant progression is frequently observed, but the importance of integration is poorly understood. we have studied immortalization by hpv-18 of human cervical cells as an in vitro model system. here, the status and expression of hpv-18 dna in precrisis ectocervical keratinocytes was compared with that in the same cells after crisis and establishment of immortalization. southern blots revealed, and two-d ... | 1995 | 7483827 |
| [dna papillomavirus detection in head and neck benign proliferative lesions]. | in a retrospective study, human papillomavirus (hpv) (6/11, 16 and 18 types) were tested using polymerase chain reaction (pcr), in stored formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections, from 36 head and neck adult papillomata. the results, only 20 percent of positive cases, are non consistent with the role of the hpv infection in the etiology of head and neck papillomata in adult patients. however we detect hpv-18 positivity in papillomata with dysplasia. | 1995 | 7485857 |
| detection of human papillomavirus dna in nongenital seborrhoeic keratoses. | the histological similarities of seborrhoeic keratoses and common warts led to the investigation of the possible occurrence of human papillomavirus dna (hpv-dna) in a large number of nongenital seborrhoeic keratoses using the in situ hybridization technique. all specimens derived from normal skin (n = 173) were negative for the applied hpv-dna probe, whereas the hpv genome was detected in 34 of 173 seborrhoeic keratosis specimens (19.65%). of 34 hpv-positive specimens, 15 contained types 6/11 an ... | 1995 | 7487151 |
| excessive numbers of skin cancers and pre-malignant skin lesions in an australian heart transplant recipient. | one and a half years after heart transplantation an australian man developed his first skin cancer. in the period until his death, 7 years after the transplantation, 34 histologically confirmed squamous cell carcinomas developed, 17 intra-epidermal carcinomas, and 9 basal cell carcinomas. most skin cancers were confined to chronically sun exposed sites. exposure to sunlight and human papillomavirus are important factors in the development of skin cancer in renal transplant recipients, and furthe ... | 1995 | 7488467 |
| marker genes for cytotoxic exposure: p53. | the growth suppressor p53 plays an important role in the regulation of cell proliferation, dna repair and apoptosis. in wild-type p53 expressing cells, gamma-irradiation induces an increase in the level of p53 protein and these cells exhibit a g1 growth arrest. the p53-induced g1 growth arrest is abrogated in cells expressing mutant p53, or in cells where p53 is inactivated by complex formation with cellular or viral proteins such as mdm2 or the e6 proteins of human papillomavirus (hpv) 16 or hp ... | 1995 | 7488939 |
| building up a computerized follow-up register and information system for cervical cytology. | it is well known that cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (cin) and human papilloma virus (hpv) infection are closely related to cervical cancer. the cervical cytology examination (pap-test), followed by a colposcopic examination and a biopsy are the common tools for the early detection and the establishment of diagnosis of the cervical precancerous lesions. the monitoring and surveillance of those precancerous lesions is essential for the prevention of cervical cancer and for effective patient m ... | 1995 | 7490162 |
| management of low-grade cin: follow-up or treatment? | to examine whether low-grade cervical dysplasia carries a higher risk of progression when associated with the cancer-related human papillomavirus types 16, 18, 31 or 33. | 1995 | 7493708 |
| oncogenicity of human papillomavirus- or adenovirus-transformed cells correlates with resistance to lysis by natural killer cells. | the reasons for the dissimilar oncogenicities of human adenoviruses and human papillomaviruses (hpv) in humans are unknown but may relate to differences in the capacities of the e1a and e7 proteins to target cells for rejection by the host natural killer (nk) cell response. as one test of this hypothesis, we compared the abilities of e1a- and e7-expressing human fibroblastic or keratinocyte-derived human cells to be selectively killed by either unstimulated or interferon (ifn)-activated nk cells ... | 1995 | 7494272 |
| preneoplastic transformation of human mammary epithelial cells. | recent in-vitro models of mammary epithelial cell (mec) immortalization have provided a practical approach to begin to dissect the molecular mechanisms of breast tumorigenesis. introduction of a single oncogene, the human papilloma virus (hpv)-16 e6, induces efficient and reproducible preneoplastic transformation of normal mecs, by inducing degradation of the tumor suppressor protein p53. the role of p53 has also been demonstrated by analyses of a model of gamma-radiation-induced mec transformat ... | 1995 | 7495987 |
| expression of immune associated surface antigens of keratinocytes in human papillomavirus-derived lesions. | the expression of immune associated surface antigens of keratinocytes was studied in human papillomavirus (hpv) derived lesions in order to determine whether hpv types have a regulatory role in the pathogenesis of papillomas. a series of cutaneous and mucosal lesions were immunolabeled with monoclonal antibodies to the major histocompatibility complex class 1 (beta 2-microglobulin) and 2 (hla-dr antigens), intercellular adhesion molecule (icam-1) and glycoprotein cd36 (okm5) as well as cd1a (lan ... | 1993 | 7503944 |
| depletion of langerhans cells in cervical hpv infection is associated with replication of the virus. | we studied the quantity of langerhans cells in 36 patients with cervical human papillomavirus (hpv) infection. significantly fewer langerhans cells (p < 0.05) were found in patients with compared to those without dna tetraploidy. similarly, patients positive for hpv 16/18 dna by in situ hybridization or antipeptide iga antibodies to hpv 18 tended to have fewer langerhans cells than those negative for hpv 16/18 dna or iga antibodies. our results suggest that depletion of langerhans cells is assoc ... | 1993 | 7506915 |
| integration site of human papillomavirus type-18 dna in chromosome band 8q22.1 of c4-i cervical carcinoma: dnase i hypersensitivity and methylation of cellular flanking sequences. | the c4-i cell line derived from a non-keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix contains integrated human papillomavirus-18 dna. fluorescence in situ hybridization of c4-i cells demonstrated a single viral integration site at 8q22.1 on a derivative chromosome originating from an 8q;12q translocation. 8q22 is a site of chromosome fragility and is also recombinogenic in several human malignancies. dnase i hypersensitivity of the integration site was studied with a cellular flankin ... | 1994 | 7507697 |
| role of hla-a motifs in identification of potential ctl epitopes in human papillomavirus type 16 e6 and e7 proteins. | we have measured the binding affinity for five hla-a alleles: hla-a1 (a*0101), a2.1 (a*0201), a3 (a*0301), a11 (a*1101), and a24 (a*2401); of a set of all possible nonamer peptides (n = 240) of human papillomavirus type 16 e6 and e7 proteins. high affinity binding peptides were identified for each of the alleles, thus allowing us to select several candidates for ctl-based vaccines. moreover, this unbiased set of peptides allowed an evaluation of the predictive value of hla motifs derived either ... | 1994 | 7511661 |
| prevalence of hpv in premalignant and malignant cervical lesions in greenland and denmark: pcr and in situ hybridization analysis on archival material. | archival formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded cervical specimens from 125 women in greenland and 139 women in denmark who had cin i-iii or cervical cancer diagnosed between 1983 and 1987 were analysed for human papillomavirus type 16 (hpv-16) by in situ hybridization and for hpv-16, 18, 31, 33, 35 and 45 by pcr. in situ hybridization analysis showed an hpv-16 prevalence of 17% (16/95) and 23% (24/105) in the premalignant lesions from greenland and denmark, respectively. the hpv-16 prevalence rate in ... | 1994 | 7520189 |
| transgenic mice expressing targeted hpv-18 e6 and e7 oncogenes in the epidermis develop verrucous lesions and spontaneous, rasha-activated papillomas. | in order to create a transgenic model for human papilloma virus (hpv)-associated carcinogenesis, we have used the regulatory elements of a human keratin k1 (hk1) gene to target the expression of the e6 and e7 oncogenes of hpv-18 exclusively to the epidermis. all murine expressors were viable and lived normal lifetimes; older mice (> 1 year) possessed numerous small lesions with a verrucous (wart-like) histotype. analysis of newborn epidermis and lesions revealed that the hpv-18 e6/e7 genes were ... | 1994 | 7522035 |
| cell-free replication of the human papillomavirus dna with homologous viral e1 and e2 proteins and human cell extracts. | we have established the first homologous cell-free dna replication system for a papillomavirus. the replication of the human papillomavirus type 11 (hpv-11) origin was achieved by using human 293 cell extracts supplemented with the hpv-11 e1 and e2 proteins purified from insect cells infected with recombinant baculoviruses. efficient replication depends on the hpv-11 origin, the hpv-11 e1 and e2 proteins, as well as human dna polymerase alpha, delta, replication protein a, topoisomerase i, and t ... | 1994 | 7523366 |
| development of transgenic mouse models of skin carcinogenesis: potential applications. | | 1994 | 7526406 |
| t cell epitopes in human papilloma virus proteins. | infection by hpv is associated with several human diseases such as warts of the skin, condylomata of the genital track and carcinoma of the cervix. although there is strong evidence for immune control of hpv types causing warts and condylomata, it is currently unclear whether patients infected with transforming hpv types can mount efficient t cell responses. despite the apparent low immunogenicity of transforming hpv types, several th and ctl epitopes have been identified in proteins derived fro ... | 1994 | 7528003 |
| transforming growth factor-beta 1 (tgf beta 1) enhances apoptosis in human papillomavirus type 16-immortalized human ectocervical epithelial cells. | transforming growth factor beta (tgf beta) is a potent inhibitor of epithelial cell growth. in the present study tgf beta 1 modulation of human ectocervical epithelial cell growth and differentiation is evaluated using an hpv16-immortalized human ectocervical cell line, ece16-1. these cells were found to contain a high-affinity receptor for tgf beta 1 (kd = 75 pm). tgf beta (10-500 pg/ml) suppressed ece16-1 growth and [3h]thymidine incorporation in a dose-dependent manner. growth inhibition was ... | 1995 | 7529191 |
| association of serum immunoglobulin g antibodies against human papillomavirus type 16 capsids with anal epidermoid carcinoma. | anal epidermoid carcinoma is a relatively rare tumor, but its incidence has been increasing rapidly during the past few years. genetic material from the major oncogenic types of human papillomavirus (hpv), types 16 and 18, has regularly been demonstrated in a substantial proportion of anal cancers, suggesting an etiologic role of hpv infection. recently, serum antibodies against hpv type 16 capsids were shown to be a serologic measure of hpv16 infection. | 1995 | 7532227 |
| [detection of human herpesvirus type 6, human herpesvirus type 7, cytomegalovirus and human papillomavirus in cutaneous aids-associated kaposi's sarcoma]. | in order to evaluate a possible role of viral infections in the pathogenesis of aids-associated kaposi's sarcoma (ks), we investigated 26 cutaneous aids-associated ks by polymerase chain reaction (pcr), in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemistry. by pcr we detected human papilloma viruses (hpv), cytomegalovirus (cmv), human herpesvirus 6 (hhv-6), and for the first time human herpesvirus 7 (hhv-7) in the ks. the prevalence of hpv, hhv-6, and hhv-7 was similar to or lower in ks than in normal ... | 1994 | 7533997 |
| strategies for studying mouse and human immune responses to human papillomavirus type 16. | cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctl) are an important protective mechanism in viral infection and can be effective against tumours. we have investigated the tumour-associated e6 and e7 genes of human papillomavirus type 16 as ctl targets. in h-2b mice we have defined epitopes in e6 and e7 which can readily generate ctl in vivo and we have shown that hla-a2.1 transgenic mice can generate an hla-a2.1-restricted response. we have been unable to reveal a primed ctl response in humans. these paradoxical fin ... | 1994 | 7540971 |
| t-helper epitopes of the e7 transforming protein of cervical cancer associated human papillomavirus type 18 (hpv18). | the presence of t-helper epitopes within the e7 transforming protein of human papillomavirus type 18 (hpv18) was sought using a series of overlapping synthetic 15-20 mer peptides spanning the entire 105 amino acid sequence of this protein. two h-2k restricted t-helper epitopes were defined, comprising 44vnhqhlparra55 and 81ddlrafqqlf90 as the minimal t proliferative epitopes. peptides containing these epitopes were able to provide cognate help to b epitopes from hpv18e7 protein for production of ... | 1995 | 7542826 |
| detection of antibodies to l1, l2, and e4 proteins of human papillomavirus types 6, 11, and 16 by elisa using synthetic peptides. | antibodies against eight synthetic peptides spanning different epitopes located on l1, l2, and e4 proteins of human papillomavirus (hpv) types 16, 6, and 11 were examined in sera from 73 women infected by hpv and from 139 healthy controls. only three of these peptides were reactive. two located on proteins l2 and e4 of hpv 16 seem type specific since antibodies to these peptides were detected, respectively, in 21% and 15% of the hpv 16 infected patients and in 2.5% and none of women infected by ... | 1995 | 7545211 |
| the chronically symptomatic vulva: aetiology and management. | to determine the causes and management of chronic vulval symptoms and to compare the findings in patients first presenting to a gynaecologist with those in patients first presenting to a dermatologist. | 1995 | 7547732 |
| search for evidence of three viral agents in radicular (periapical) cysts with immunohistochemistry. | sections from 20 paraffin-embedded radicular cysts and positive-control subjects were subjected to immunostaining procedures after treatment of the sections with polyclonal antibodies was performed to search for evidence of human papilloma virus and herpes viruses 1 and 2 in the lining epithelium. all 20 specimens examined were negative for the presence of all three viruses. | 1995 | 7552869 |
| [cytologic-colposcopic-histopathologic correlations in preinvasive cervical lesions and cervical human papillomavirus infections]. | cervico-uterine cancer is the most frequent gynecological neoplasia in mexico and cervico-vaginal cytology is the most practical and dependable resource in lesions detection. during the last years precursory lesions detection (nic and hpv infection) has increased. so, every patient presenting with an abnormal cytology should be included in an evaluation program, that includes a colposcopic study with biopsy of suspicious lesions, in order to know cellular abnormality degree, as these studies com ... | 1995 | 7557531 |
| cervical dysplasia in hiv-seropositive women: role of human papillomavirus infection and immune status. | in the present study we investigated the cytologic and colposcopic characteristics of a cohort of hiv-infected women, with the aim to determine a relationship between immunologic status and frequency and/or severity of cervical abnormalities. | 1995 | 7557645 |
| detection of human papillomavirus dna in cervical lavage specimens by a nonisotopic consensus pcr assay. | a gene amplification method that combines pcr with an enzyme immunoassay (pcr-eia) for quantitation of amplified dna was developed for the detection of human papillomavirus (hpv). samples were amplified with consensus primers my09 and my11. amplified dna products were reacted in solution with type-specific nested rna probes labelled with digoxigenin-11-utp. hybrids were captured on a microtiter plate coated with an antidigoxigenin antibody. bound dna-rna hybrids were quantitated by the addition ... | 1995 | 7559932 |
| human papillomavirus (hpv) type distribution and serological response to hpv type 6 virus-like particles in patients with genital warts. | thirty-nine patients with condylomas (12 women and 27 men) attending a dermatology clinic were tested for genital human papillomavirus (hpv) dna and for seroprevalence to hpv type 6 (hpv6) l1 virus-like particles. the l1 consensus pcr system (with primers my09 and my11) was used to determine the presence and types of hpv in sample specimens. all 37 (100%) patients with sufficient dna specimens were positive for hpv dna, and 35 (94%) had hpv6 dna detected at the wart site. three patients (8%) had ... | 1995 | 7559948 |
| physical state of human papillomavirus using non-isotopic in situ hybridisation. | | 1995 | 7560216 |
| sequelae of premature sexual life. | premature sexual activity among adolescents leads to such complications as unwanted pregnancy, abortion, and sexually transmitted diseases (stds). the increasing adolescent sexual intercourse worldwide will likely result in increasing rates of adolescent pregnancy, although a recent study has shown that these rates will vary from country to country. rates of pregnancy for girls younger than 14 are very low worldwide, and the cesarean rate is also lower than that found among older women. the m ... | 1995 | 7562803 |
| xeroderma pigmentosum variant cells are resistant to immortalization. | xeroderma pigmentosum (xp) is a human repair-deficient disorder that is caused by mutations in any of eight genes (a-g, v). the genes for complementation groups a-g have been cloned fully or in part, but the gene for the xp variant (xpv) has yet to be cloned. the lack of progress with xpv is in large part due to the rarity of stably transformed cell lines. we have attempted to immortalize fibroblasts from several xpv patients to obtain cell lines with which to characterize this disease and clone ... | 1995 | 7565859 |
| postmenopausal squamous atypia: a spectrum including "pseudo-koilocytosis". | in addition to typical atrophy, the postmenopausal cervix may exhibit a spectrum of epithelial and cellular alterations, including prominent perinuclear halos, nuclear hyperchromasia, variation in nuclear size, and multinucleation. it has not been determined whether such changes, termed postmenopausal squamous atypia (psa), represent age-related epithelial disturbances or human papillomavirus (hpv)-related low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (condyloma). we surveyed 30 cervical biopsies f ... | 1995 | 7567940 |
| human papillomavirus type 11 transcripts are present at low abundance in latently infected respiratory tissues. | respiratory tract tissues containing latent human papillomavirus (hpv) 11 were analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction for the presence of viral-specific rna from the early region of the genome and compared to a similar analysis of laryngeal papillomas. latently infected tissue contained low-abundance transcripts that could code for e1 and e2 proteins, but lacked evidence of spliced transcripts for the e6 and e7 proteins. both latently infected tissue and papilloma tissue con ... | 1995 | 7571398 |
| high grade anal dysplasia in visually normal mucosa in homosexual men: seven cases. | anal cancer and anal human papillomavirus (hpv) infection are increased in homosexual men. | 1995 | 7572893 |
| a seroepidemiologic study of hpv infection and incident cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions. | the seroepidemiology of genital human papillomavirus (hpv) and incident cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions (sil) was studied in subjects selected from a large cohort monitored for the development of sil. serum igg and iga responses to 10 epitopes derived from hpv were measured in 21 incident cases of sil and 56 matched controls. cases showed elevated antibody (i.e., igg and/or iga) seroprevalence to 245:16, a peptide antigen derived from the e2 open reading frame of hpv 16 (or = 5.76; 95% ... | 1994 | 7576031 |
| high incidence of human papillomavirus in 146 cervical carcinomas. a study using three different pairs of consensus primers, and detecting viral genomes with putative deletions. | polymerase chain reaction (pcr) primer sets and probe-cocktails were used for human papillomavirus (hpv) detection and typing of 146 fresh frozen biopsies of cervical carcinoma. we obtained a high detection rate (96%) by using three sets of consensus primer pairs directed at the l1 and e1 regions of hpv and by probing with a cocktail of random-labelled consensus and type-specific pcr products derived from hpv plasmids. in addition, we performed type-specific pcr amplification with e6-e7 primers. ... | 1995 | 7577081 |
| p53 mutations in human papillomavirus-associated oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma. | | 1995 | 7577493 |
| a transcribed human sequence related to the mouse hc1 and the human papillomavirus type 18 e5 genes is located at chromosome 7p13-14. | the papillomavirus e5 genes play an important role in the induction of proliferation of infected cells, and these hpv genomic regions are affected by the events leading to integration of genital hpvs. two hpv18 e5-related, transcribed mouse sequences, hc1 and q300, have recently been described. we searched for human equivalents to these sequences, and isolated a clone with a 9.6 kb insert (633b) from a laryngeal carcinoma dna library, that strongly cross-hybridised with both the hpv18 e5 and hc1 ... | 1995 | 7581372 |
| detection of human papillomavirus types 16, 18 dna related sequences in bronchogenic carcinoma by polymerase chain reaction. | in studying the relationship between human papillomavirus (hpv) and bronchogenic carcinoma, "high-risk" hpv 16, 18 dna sequences were detected in samples from 50 lung cancer patients, 18 patients with benign pulmonary diseases and 4 fetal lung tissues by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and dot-blot hybridization with biotin-labelled probes. the results showed that hpv 16, 18 dna related sequences were found in 32% of lung cancer specimens, with 10 cases of hpv 16, 5 cases of hpv 18 and 1 case of ... | 1995 | 7587494 |
| cdkn2 in hpv-positive and hpv-negative cervical-carcinoma cell lines. | human cervical cancers frequently contain retinoblastoma protein (rb) that is inactivated by binding with human papilloma virus (hpv) e7 protein or through mutation. the cdkn2 gene encodes p16ink4 which inhibits cdk4-cyclin d phosphorylation of rb, preventing the g1-s transition. to determine whether abnormalities of cdkn2 occur in cervical-cancer cells, ii cervical cell lines, including 8 hpv-positive cell lines, 2 hpv-negative cell lines containing mutant rb, and one tumorigenic cell line deri ... | 1995 | 7591209 |
| are human papillomavirus infections not necessary or sufficient causal factors for invasive cancer of the cervix? | | 1995 | 7591223 |
| anguinomycins c and d, new antitumor antibiotics with selective cytotoxicity against transformed cells. | the retinoblastoma protein (prb) is inactivated during the development of a wide variety of human cancers. in the course of our screening for antitumor antibiotics by using prb-inactivated cells, an actinomycete strain was found to produce two active substances, which were elucidated to be new members of the leptomycin-anguinomycin family by nmr spectral analysis and were designated anguinomycins c and d. the anguinomycins induced growth arrest against normal cells and induced cell death against ... | 1995 | 7592062 |
| deletion in human chromosome region 12q13-15 by integration of human papillomavirus dna in a cervical carcinoma cell line. | in human cervical carcinomas papillomavirus dna is frequently integrated in the cell genome. we have cloned the integration site of human papillomavirus-18 dna in human chromosome region 12q13-15 present in the sw756 cervical carcinoma cell line. viral dna is broken from nucleotides 2643 to 3418 in the e1 and e2 open reading frames, resulting in a deletion of 775 bases of viral dna. cloning and sequence analysis of the rearranged and germline alleles shows that there is no homology between the t ... | 1995 | 7592643 |
| evaluation of seroreactivity to human papillomavirus type 16 virus-like particles in an incident case-control study of cervical neoplasia. | an elisa to detect serum igg antibody response to human papillomavirus (hpv) type 16 virus-like particles (vlps) was evaluated in a case-control study of cervical neoplasia, nested within a prospective cohort study. subjects included 688 controls with continued normal cytology and 152 cases with confirmed incident squamous intraepithelial lesions who were tested for dna for a broad spectrum of hpv types at cohort and follow-up of controls, 16.6% were seropositive compared with 30.8% and 52.4% of ... | 1995 | 7594698 |
| divergent human papillomavirus type 16 variants are serologically cross-reactive. | it is not known whether dna sequence variants of human papillomavirus type 16 (hpv-16) are distinct serotypes. to examine this question, the reactivities of women's sera from zaire (n = 97) and denmark (n = 123) were compared in igg-specific elisas based on virus-like particles (vlps) composed of the l1 major capsid protein derived from an hpv-16 variant common in central africa (z-1194) or one common in northern europe (114k). these l1s differ in seven amino acids. there was a strong correlatio ... | 1995 | 7594721 |
| cervical intraepithelial neoplasia is not associated with elevated serum neopterin levels. | neopterin, a marker of cellular immune activation, was elevated in patients who had cervical cancer in previous studies. to examine neopterin in the presence of precursors to cervical cancer (i.e., cervical intraepithelial neoplasia) we measured serum levels in 185 colposcopy patients in jamaica, a country with high cervical cancer incidence, and in 72 age-matched jamaican women selected from a large population-based sample. we also measured serum levels of beta-2-microglobulin, another commonly ... | 1995 | 7606206 |
| expression of human papillomavirus type 16 e6-e7 open reading frame varies quantitatively in biopsy tissue from different grades of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. | the proteins encoded by the human papillomavirus type 16 e6-e7 open reading frame are essential for transformation of the host cell. two mrna species, e6*i and e6*ii, generated by alternative splicing of a polycistronic pre-mrna, encode truncated e6 proteins and the e7 protein. our investigation assessed whether or not the level of expression of e6*i and e6*ii varies quantitatively in relation to the grade of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (cin). we used a quantitative reverse transcription ... | 1995 | 7615724 |
| detection of antibodies against human papillomavirus (hpv) type 16 virions by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using recombinant hpv 16 l1 capsids produced by recombinant baculovirus. | the l1 major capsid protein of human papillomavirus type 16 (hpv-16) was expressed in sf-21 insect cells with a recombinant baculovirus. virus-like particles obtained were purified and used to develop an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of anti-hpv-16 antibodies in sera from 76 women with evidence of genital hpv infection and 79 controls. hpv-16-infected individuals developed antibodies directed at hpv-16 virions since reactivity against recombinant hpv-16l1 capsids was observed i ... | 1995 | 7615761 |
| p53 in human papillomavirus associated anogenital cancers. | | 1995 | 7615867 |
| skin-associated lymphoid tissue in human immunodeficiency virus-1, human papillomavirus, and herpes simplex virus infections. | the skin-associated lymphoid tissue is composed of keratinocytes, langerhans cells, skin trophic t cells, and lymphatic endothelial cells of the skin. the epidermis, which is involved in many viral infections, contains all of the components needed for an effective immune response: antigen-presenting langerhans cells, t cells, and cytokines from leukocytes and keratinocytes. there have been some recent advances in the study of the cutaneous immunology involved in infections with the human immunod ... | 1995 | 7616007 |
| transcriptional repression of smooth-muscle alpha-actin gene associated with human papillomavirus type 16 e7 expression. | to explore the role of the e7 viral oncogene from human papillomavirus type 16 (hpv 16) in the regulation of cytoskeletal organization, we investigated alterations in particular cytoskeletal components in rat embryonal fibroblasts and three transformants of rat embryonal fibroblast cells produced by transfections with hpv16 e7 alone (tf1), hpv16 e7 plus adenovirus type 5 e1b (tf3), and hpv16 e7 plus activated ha-ras (tf4). marked reductions in smooth-muscle (sm) alpha-actin content and disrupted ... | 1995 | 7619218 |
| nucleic acid dot blot hybridization with fragmented digoxygenin labelled probes in human papillomavirus dna screening. | twenty human genital tissue samples from patients with different premalignant and malignant lesions were investigated by nucleic acid hybridization, using the dot blot technique. molecular probes of various length--whole or fragmented papillomavirus genome--were digoxygenin-labelled. human papillomavirus 16 dna was identified in fifteen cases, well correlated with the clinical diagnosis. fragments of papillomavirus genome proved to be efficient probes in nucleic acid hybridization as compared wi ... | 1994 | 7619734 |
| simultaneous detection by consensus multiplex pcr of high- and low-risk and other types of human papilloma virus in clinical samples. | a consensus multiplex pcr (cm-pcr) technique was developed to detect high-risk (hpv 16/18), low-risk (hpv 6/11), and over 40 other types of human papillomavirus (hpv), separately but simultaneously, by mixing three pairs of consensus primers in the same pcr mixture, for gene amplification. simultaneous detection of three groups of hpv dna provides valuable information for clinical practice and this procedure is simple and convenient for routine laboratory examinations. we detected hpv dna sequen ... | 1995 | 7622102 |
| can a test for e6/e7 transcripts of human papillomavirus type 16 serve as a diagnostic tool for the detection of micrometastasis in cervical cancer? | tissue from 11 cases of cervical cancer positive for human papillomavirus (hpv) type 16 dna and 69 pelvic lymph nodes from the same patients were examined for hpv 16 dna and mrna from the e6/e7 genes. five of the tumors were squamous, 3 adeno- and 3 adenosquamous carcinoma. from the primary tumors and the extirpated lymph nodes dna and rna or mrna was subjected to pcr and rt-pcr. three transcription profiles (only e6*i, e6*i and e6*ii or full-length e6-e7 plus both of the spliced transcripts) we ... | 1995 | 7622311 |
| interaction of papillomavirus e6 oncoproteins with a putative calcium-binding protein. | human papillomaviruses (hpvs) are associated with the majority of cervical cancers and encode a transforming protein, e6, that interacts with the tumor suppressor protein p53. because e6 has p53-independent transforming activity, the yeast two-hybrid system was used to search for other e6-binding proteins. one such protein, e6bp, interacted with cancer-associated hpv e6 and with bovine papillomavirus type 1 (bpv-1) e6. the transforming activity of bpv-1 e6 mutants correlated with their e6bp-bind ... | 1995 | 7624774 |
| prevalence of human papillomavirus among std clinic attenders in jamaica: association of younger age and increased sexual activity. | human papillomavirus is the major etiologic agent of cervical cancer. although the incidence of cancer of the cervix is high in jamaica, the prevalence of human papillomavirus among jamaican women has not been defined. | 1995 | 7624812 |
| ribozyme-mediated in vitro cleavage of transcripts arising from the major transforming genes of human papillomavirus type 16. | human papillomaviruses (hpv) have been strongly implicated as important cofactors in the development of several human malignancies, particularly anogenital carcinomas. products arising from the e6 and e7 open reading frames (orfs) from hpv-16, a type commonly associated with human cervical carcinoma, are essential for viral transformation. unfortunately, a highly effective treatment for this infection is not available. to develop a novel treatment for this disease, ribozymes were designed to cle ... | 1994 | 7627817 |
| antibodies to human papillomavirus type 16 e7 related to clinicopathological data in patients with cervical carcinoma. | to investigate the correlation between antibodies to the transforming protein e7 of human papillomavirus (hpv) type 16 and clinicopathological indices in women with cervical squamous carcinoma. | 1995 | 7629285 |
| comparative analysis of human papillomavirus detection by pcr and non-isotopic in situ hybridisation. | aims--to assess the relative diagnostic performance of the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and non-isotopic in situ hybridisation (nish) and to correlate these data with cytopathological assessment. methods--paired analysis of human papillomavirus (hpv) detection was performed by pcr and nish on exfoliated cervical cells from 122 women attending a routine gynaecological examination. pcr amplification followed by generic and hpv type specific hybridisation was compared with nish on a parallel cer ... | 1995 | 7629286 |
| differential effects by mad and max on transformation by cellular and viral oncoproteins. | c-myc is an essential component of the regulatory mechanisms controlling cell growth. max is the obligatory partner of c-myc for all its biological functions analysed to date. recently two max interacting proteins, mad and mxi1, have been identified. it has been suggested that these two proteins modulate c-myc function, in the simplest model by competing with c-myc for the interaction with max. we have analysed different aspects of mad function in comparison to max. native mad/max heterodimers b ... | 1995 | 7630643 |
| polymerase chain reaction. a sensitive indicator of the prevalence of human papillomavirus dna in a population with sexually transmitted disease. | a total of 311 cervical samples from first attenders at a sexually transmitted disease clinic assayed for human papillomavirus (hpv) dna with viratype (vt) were analyzed with the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for hpv using hpv l1 consensus primers and typed using l1 type-specific probes for 6/11, 16, 18 and 33. the prevalence of hpv by pcr was almost double that by vt (23.5% as compared to 12.6%, respectively). the increase was due largely to hpv types other than 6/11, 16, 18 and 33 (61.8%), w ... | 1995 | 7631538 |
| cytologic observations preceding high grade squamous intraepithelial lesions. | there is some evidence that a significant proportion (12%) of women, prospectively followed after negative cervical cytologic findings, develop tissue-proven high grade squamous intraepithelial neoplasia (hsil) within a short period (up to 24 months). the present study was undertaken to address the validity of this statement since such a high prevalence of spontaneous hsil, if true, may challenge the value of an annual cervicovaginal cytologic smear examination. cytologic smears collected from 8 ... | 1995 | 7631539 |
| expression of the major capsid protein of human papillomavirus type 16 in escherichia coli. | major capsid proteins (mcps) of various papillomaviruses have recently been expressed in heterologous cells as soluble and functional polypeptides. the host cells for producing these proteins have so far been of eukaryotic origin; however, e. coli has potential utility a host, with advantages over eukaryotic cells such as relatively simple culture requirements and greater ease of mutation of expressed sequences. we studied the expression by e. coli of the mcp of human papillomavirus type 16 (hpv ... | 1995 | 7635928 |
| hpv prevalence in cytomorphologically normal cervical scrapes of pregnant women as determined by pcr: the age-related pattern. | diverging data exist on human papillomavirus (hpv) prevalence in cytomorphologically normal scrapes during pregnancy. the prevalence of hpv was therefore investigated by polymerase chain reaction method (pcr) in cytomorphologically normal scrapes of 709 pregnant women and 3,948 non-pregnant women visiting the same hospital during the same time period. the prevalence of all types of hpv among pregnant women was 9.6% (68/709) and the high risk hpv types of 16 and 18 were found in 3.1% (22/709). in ... | 1995 | 7636509 |
| mutational analysis of adeno-associated virus rep protein-mediated inhibition of heterologous and homologous promoters. | the four rep proteins encoded by adeno-associated virus type 2 (aav-2) inhibit transcription of their own promoters and of several heterologous promoters. to gain insight into the molecular mechanism of rep-mediated transcription repression, we studied the effects of the four rep proteins on the accumulation of mrna transcribed from the human papillomavirus type 18 upstream regulatory region hpv18 urr, the human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat, and the aav-2 p5 and p19 promoters by t ... | 1995 | 7636994 |
| efficient expression of the human papillomavirus type 16 l1 protein in epithelial cells by using rev and the rev-responsive element of human immunodeficiency virus or the cis-acting transactivation element of simian retrovirus type 1. | production of the human papillomavirus (hpv) late gene products l1 and l2 is limited to terminally differentiated keratinocytes. here, we demonstrate that mrna encoding the hpv-16 l1 capsid protein contains cis-acting rna elements that inhibit expression at the posttranscriptional level. while cytoplasmic l1 mrna is detectable in transfected hela cells, l1 protein is not produced. we have identified at least one major inhibitory element that is located within the l1 open reading frame, whereas a ... | 1995 | 7637007 |
| non-isotopic labeling of dna by newly developed hapten-containing platinum compounds. | a newly developed reagent was tested for its applicability in in situ hybridization and in reversed hybridization of dna fragments generated by pcr amplification. this platinum-complex, designated universal linkage system (uls), equipped, for instance, with biotin or fluorescein as hapten, enables versatile nonenzymatic "one step" labeling of genomic, cloned or amplified dna. here we demonstrate direct in situ detection of integrated human papilloma virus (hpv) dna in cervical carcinoma cells us ... | 1994 | 7639838 |
| a study comparing letz and co2 laser treatment for cervical intra epithelial neoplasia with and without associated human papilloma virus. | to evaluate the recurrence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (cin) following treatment with co2 laser ablation and loop excision of the transformation zone (letz) and its correlation with the presence of hpv. | 1995 | 7641744 |
| the hpv16 e5 protein: expression, detection, and stable complex formation with transmembrane proteins in cos cells. | the human papillomavirus-16 (hpv16) e5 gene is able to induce stable growth transformation and transient mitogenic stimulation in a variety of cultured cell systems. to characterize the biochemical properties of the hydrophobic hpv16 e5 transforming protein, we have constructed vectors expressing the wild-type hpv16 e5 gene and have generated antipeptide antisera. the 10-kda e5 protein was readily detectable in transfected cos monkey cells by using these antisera either for immunoprecipitation o ... | 1995 | 7645215 |
| human papillomavirus vulvitis: a new disease or an unfortunate mistake? | | 1995 | 7647068 |
| regulation of the cell cycle by viral oncoproteins. | human papillomavirus (hpvs) adenovirus and simian virus 40 (sv40) are small dna viruses which can show oncogenic activity. although not otherwise related, all three have adopted very similar strategies to deregulate cell growth; each virus encoding oncoproteins which interact with the same cellular targets. of particular interest are the interactions with the cell encoded prb and p53 proteins, products of tumour suppressor genes. somatic mutation results in the loss of the prb and p53 function i ... | 1995 | 7647307 |
| a recurrent human papillomavirus integration site at chromosome region 12q14-q15 in sw756 and sk-v cell lines derived from genital tumors. | the sw756 cell line, derived from an invasive cancer of the uterine cervix, harbours integrated human papillomavirus (hpv) 18 dna sequences which have been located in chromosome band 12q13. by in situ hybridization experiments with tritiated and digoxigenin-labelled hpv18 probes on r-banded chromosomes, we now localize the integrated viral sequences in 12q14-q15. interestingly, we have previously localized integrated hpv16 sequences in the same chromosomal region in sk-v cells, derived from a pr ... | 1995 | 7648359 |
| genital human papillomavirus infection: common but not trivial. | one of the most prevalent sexually transmitted diseases is genital human papillomavirus (hpv) infection. because of its potentially serious consequences for women, hpv infection is receiving a significant amount of attention from researchers and clinicians. we summarize the research and clinical literature on hpv infection. the nature of the virus, the prevalence of hpv infection, and modes of transmission are discussed. both the physiological and psychological consequences of the infection are ... | 1995 | 7649892 |
| human papillomavirus testing in primary cervical screening. | | 1995 | 7651020 |
| conditional immortalization of primary cells by human papillomavirus type 18 e6 and ej-ras defines an e6 activity in g0/g1 phase which can be substituted for mutations in p53. | the human papillomavirus (hpv) type 18 e6 gene cooperates with activated ha-ras to immortalize primary mouse cells in culture. using a plasmid where hpv18 e6 expression is regulated by the glucocorticoid inducible mmtv ltr, we have generated immortalized cell lines in which the continued expression of e6 was necessary for maintenance of the transformed phenotype. in the absence of exogenously added hormone these cells were found to arrest in g0/g1. furthermore, we demonstrate that the effects of ... | 1995 | 7651728 |
| seric and local antibodies against a synthetic peptide of hpv16. | an elisa method was used to detect igg and iga directed against a synthetic peptide derived from the e2 orf of the human papillomavirus (hpv) 16 in sera and in cervico-vaginal secretions from 20 women without evidence of hpv infection and from 41 women with histological diagnosis of hpv infection. the proportion of iga positive sera (63.4% in the case-group vs. 20.0% in the control-group) and secretions (48.8% in the case-group vs. 15.0% in the control-group) was significantly higher in women wi ... | 1995 | 7657014 |
| transmission of cervical human papillomavirus infection by sexual activity: differences between low and high oncogenic risk types. | not all studies have proven that cervical human papillomavirus (hpv) infection is a sexually acquired condition. determinants of hpv infection were analyzed in a survey of 718 asymptomatic women in northeastern brazil. hpv dna was detected and typed by polymerase chain reaction. hpv types were classified into low- and high-risk groups on the basis of their association with cervical carcinomas. overall hpv prevalence (18.3%) was moderately associated with age at first intercourse (p = .111, trend ... | 1995 | 7658069 |
| human papillomavirus testing in cervical screening. | | 1995 | 7658887 |
| analysis and clinical implications of k-ras gene mutations and infection with human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 in primary adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix. | experimental models indicate that activated ras genes and hpv oncogenic sequences may cooperate in inducing a completely transformed phenotype in epithelial cells. we searched for k-ras gene mutations and hpv type-16 and -18 sequences in 67 primary adenocarcinomas of the uterine cervix by analyzing dnas from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue samples. target sequences were amplified by pcr and analyzed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (dgge) and sequencing for the detection of k- ... | 1995 | 7665253 |
| titration of hpv-11 infectivity and antibody neutralization can be measured in vitro. | human papillomavirus type 11 (hpv-11), produced from the athymic mouse xenograft system, was shown to infect cultured neonatal human foreskin keratinocytes and the hacat keratinocyte cell line in vitro. infection was documented by the appearance of hpv-11-specific spliced mrna, detected by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. purified hpv-11 virions at concentrations of approximately 10(7) particles/ml could successfully evoke infection in this system. infection was completely abroga ... | 1995 | 7665926 |
| sequential activation of cyclin e and cyclin a gene expression by human papillomavirus type 16 e7 through sequences necessary for transformation. | to investigate e7-dependent biochemical changes which are involved in cellular transformation, we analyzed the influence of human papillomavirus type 16 (hpv-16) e7 on the expression of cell cycle regulatory proteins. expression of e7 in established rodent fibroblasts (nih 3t3), which was shown to be sufficient for transformation of these cells, leads to constitutive expression of the cyclin e and cyclin a genes in the absence of external growth factors. surprisingly, expression of the cyclin d1 ... | 1995 | 7666540 |
| histogenesis of papillomas of the nose and paranasal sinuses. | to determine by review of their histogenesis whether papillomas of the nose and paranasal sinuses are three distinct entities or, as has been favored in the literature, three variations of a single entity. | 1995 | 7668940 |
| prevalence and histologic significance of cervical human papillomavirus dna detected in women at low and high risk for cervical neoplasia. | to determine and compare the prevalence and histologic significance of human papillomavirus (hpv) nucleic acids in cervical specimens from women at low (routine hysterectomy) and high (suspicion of cervical neoplasia) risk for cervical neoplasia. | 1995 | 7675368 |
| differential sensitivities of e6 type-specific and l1 consensus primers in the detection of human papillomavirus in anal carcinoma. | anogenital malignancy has been increasing in incidence in recent decades. there is strong evidence in the literature suggesting that human papillomavirus (hpv) plays a role in the genesis of anogenital neoplasia. in addition, identification of oncogenic hpv types in anogenital carcinomas may have prognostic significance. the method used to detect hpv infection, however, affects the frequency with which viral dna is identified. we examined tissues from 56 patients with anal squamous cell carcinom ... | 1995 | 7675769 |
| characterization of human aortic smooth muscle cells expressing hpv16 e6 and e7 open reading frames. | a comparative study of human papillomavirus type 16 e6e7-transfected and normal human aortic smooth muscle cells by morphological, electron microscopic, immunofluorescent, and biochemical analyses demonstrated that the e6e7-expressing cells retained much of the phenotype of normal aortic smooth muscle cells, including expression of smooth muscle markers and appropriate growth responses to pdgf and heparin. these cells differed from normal vascular smooth muscle cells in that they had slightly al ... | 1995 | 7677186 |
| a cohort study comparing the detection of hpv dna from women who stop and continue to smoke. | the objective of this study was to compare the detection of human papillomavirus (hpv) dna in women who stopped smoking, and those who continued to smoke. women entering a smoking cessation programme had tampon specimens collected and analyzed for hpv dna using polymerase chain reaction (pcr) (l1 consensus primers). women with hpv dna in their initial specimens had follow-up specimens collected 1 year later. the stored initial specimens were reanalyzed in the same experiment with the follow-up s ... | 1995 | 7677684 |
| high long-term cure rate justifies routine treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade i. | the long-term clearance of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (cin) grade 1 after one treatment was studied retrospectively in 105 patients. treatment was by co2 laser vaporization (74 patients), cone biopsy (8), loop electroexcision (leep) (7), electrodiathermy (1) and hysterectomy (2); 79 of the 92 treated patients (85.9%) had normal cervical cytology and colposcopy on a mean follow-up period of 36.7 months (95% confidence interval between 33.1-40.4 months). life table analysis showed that the ... | 1995 | 7677687 |
| relationship between types of human papillomavirus and langerhans' cells in cervical condyloma and intraepithelial neoplasia. | planimetric and immunohistologic studies of langerhans' cells were performed on epithelial sheets dissected from paired biopsy specimens removed from histopathologically normal and abnormal areas of cervices infected by the human papillomavirus. the results showed that epithelial lesions associated with human papillomavirus types classically not related to malignancy (such as types 6 and 11) showed a similar decrease in the langerhans' cell number to that induced by types 16 and 18. this phenome ... | 1993 | 7679874 |
| effects of human papillomavirus type 18-specific antisense oligonucleotides on the transformed phenotype of human carcinoma cell lines. | dna of human papillomavirus type 18 is present in several human cancer cell lines that were derived from oral or cervical tumors, and it is known that several features of the transformed phenotype can be inhibited by expression of antisense rna to human papillomavirus (hpv). the present study was performed to find out whether antisense oligonucleotides were also inhibitory. synthetic oligonucleotides were made that were complementary to regions of the start codons of the e6 and e7 genes of hpv-1 ... | 1993 | 7683572 |
| detection of human papillomavirus-related oral verruca vulgaris among venezuelans. | a sensitive in situ hybridization test under low stringency conditions (lcs) with a set of digoxigenin-labeled human papillomavirus mixed probes (d-l hpv mp) revealed a positive reaction in 8 of 10 cases of oral verruca vulgaris (ovv). ages ranged from 5 to 37 years with a mean of 14.5 years. 50% of all cases were located intraorally on the hard palate, followed in frequency by the commissures. these preliminary findings provide evidence of the role of hpv in ovv from a sample of the venezuelan ... | 1993 | 7683721 |
| overexpression of wild-type p53 alters growth and differentiation of normal human keratinocytes but not human papillomavirus-expressing cell lines. | to examine whether the tumor suppressor gene p53 influences epidermal differentiation, primary cultures of human foreskin keratinocytes and six human papillomavirus (hpv)-positive cell lines were infected with recombinant retroviruses encoding wild-type p53. overexpression of p53 in organotypic cultures of normal keratinocytes decreased their growth rate and induced premature cell flattening and involucrin expression, a marker of squamous differentiation. however, overexpression of p53 inhibited ... | 1993 | 7686043 |
| hpv-16 e6-e7 differential transcription induced in siha cervical cancer cell line by interferons. | the transcription of hpv-16 e6/e7 rna has been studied by the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) in the siha cervical carcinoma cell line. with this technique, all three different transcripts have been detected: the cdna colinear e6 form, and the two differentially spliced forms e6*i and e6*ii. all types of rna appear less abundant in cells treated with any of interferon alpha; beta; or gamma as compared with control cells. other low abundance cellular rna remained unaffected. this selective modula ... | 1993 | 7688490 |
| calcium regulates the differentiation of human papillomavirus type 16 (hpv16) immortalized ectocervical epithelial cells, but not the expression of the papillomavirus e6 and e7 oncogenes. | calcium is an important regulator of normal human cervical cell differentiation; however, it is not known whether the calcium responsiveness of the cells would be altered by immortalization with human papillomavirus. in the present study we examine the effects of extracellular calcium on morphology, expression of biochemical markers of cervical cell differentiation, and hpv16 oncogene transcription in an hpv16-immortalized human cervical cell line, ece16-1. ece16-1 cells respond to increased cal ... | 1993 | 7689474 |
| the human papillomavirus type 6 and 16 e5 proteins are membrane-associated proteins which associate with the 16-kilodalton pore-forming protein. | the human papillomavirus (hpv) e5 proteins are predicted from dna sequence analysis to be small hydrophobic molecules, and the hpv type 6 (hpv-6) and hpv-11 e5 proteins share several structural similarities with the bovine papillomavirus type 1 (bpv-1) e5 protein. also similar to the bpv-1 e5 protein, the hpv-6 and hpv-16 e5 proteins exhibit transforming activity when assayed on nih 3t3 and c127 cells. in this study, we expressed epitope-tagged e5 proteins from both the "low-risk" hpv-6 and the ... | 1993 | 7690419 |
| quantification of hpv-16 e6-e7 transcription in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. | human papillomavirus type 16 (hpv-16) is associated with neoplastic lesions of the uterine cervix. viral transforming functions have been localized to the e6-e7 open reading frame (orf) and this orf is conserved consistently in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (cin). two mrnas, generated by alternative splicing, are expressed from the e6-e7 orf. these are known as e6*i and e6*ii, and potentially encode the viral e7 and e6 proteins, respectively. it is believed that the hpv-16 transforming abil ... | 1993 | 7690739 |