| eyach--an arthropod-borne virus related to colorado tick fever virus in the federal republic of germany. | from ixodes ricinus ticks collected in a tick-borne encephalitis focus in baden-württemberg, an agent pathogenic exclusively for suckling mice was isolated. obviously a virus, it passed membrane filters with a pore width of 200 nm. it was resistant to ether and sodium deoxycholate, but not to chloroform. in the complement fixation test it showed a close, and in the neutralisation test a more one-sided relationship to colorado tick fever virus. | 1976 | 9824 |
| isolation of tettnang virus from ixodes ricinus ticks in czechoslovakia. | three virus strains closely related to tettnang virus were isolated from nymphs and males of ixodes ricinus tick in moravia and slovakia. the virus isolates were lethal for suckling mice on intracerebral (i.c.) inoculation but the virus titres in the brain were low. the incubation period of 5--12 days in the first mouse passage was shortened to 3 days in further passages. infection of mice was accompanied by ultrastructural changes in the cytoplasm of neurons. groups of spherical virus particles ... | 1978 | 25012 |
| isolation of tettnang virus from ticks, mosquitoes and small rodents. | seven strains of tettnang virus were isolated in czechoslovakia: 3 from ixodes ricinus tick nymphs, males and females, one from dermacentor reticulatus tick females, one from aedes cantans mosquitoes and two strains from the brains of clethrionomys glareolus and apodemus flavicollis small rodents. | 1979 | 35963 |
| the efficacy of showers for control of ectoparasites of sheep. | ectoparasites of sheep in britain include the tick ixodes ricinus, the blowfly, lucilia sericata, the ked, melophagus ovinus and the lice, damalinia ovis and linognathus ovillus. the most important ectoparasite, however, is the mite psoroptes communis ovis which causes sheep scab. this notifiable disease was eradicated from britain in 1952 but was reported again in 1973. the control of ectoparasites depends largely on the efficient application of insecticide to the fleece and skin. plunge dippin ... | 1978 | 76363 |
| [the possibility of individual protection of people against the ixodes ricinus ticks (author's transl)]. | | 1977 | 137777 |
| [sex ratio in natural populations of imago, ixodes ricinus l. and ixodes persulcatus p. sch. (ixodoidea, ixodidae)]. | | 1977 | 144853 |
| [characteristics of the biological properties of a kemerovo group arbovirus isolated in transcarpathia]. | a strain of an arbovirus named mircha was isolated from ixodes ricinus l. ticks (30 incompletely engorged females) collected in may, 1972 from cows pastured in a forest near the village of mircha of the velikobereznyansky district of the zakarpathye region of the ukrainian ssr. the strain was found to be pathogenic for newborn white mice and rats by the intracerebral and intraperitoneal routes and for chick embryos inoculated into the yolk sac, to replicate in chick embryo fibroblast culture pro ... | 1977 | 200013 |
| rickettsioses studies. 3. natural foci of rickettsioses in south bohemia. | antibodies against coxiella burnetii and against rickettsiae of the spotted fever group were found in human sera and in sera from domestic and wild animals collected in south bohemia. spotted fever group rickettsiae were also discovered in the tick ixodes ricinus. these results indicate the presence of both types of rickettsiae in this part of czechoslovakia. as no epizootics or epidemics of q fever have as yet been reported in the area, it can be assumed that c. burnetii occurs in the latent st ... | 1977 | 304389 |
| [some demographic datas from ixodes ricinus linné: vector of a virus strain of central european encephalitis in alsace (author's transl)]. | this work shows the montly variation in the density and stage composition of the population of the tick ixodes ricinus in the rhine forest. some factors influencing this variation are analysed. these include the locality of egg-laying and of down localisation and the main climatic variables. we also try to link these ecological data with the strains of central european encephalitis virus isolated from this arthropod. | 1977 | 618028 |
| [effect of the physiological state of ticks on the intensity of tick-borne encephalitis virus replication in them]. | the features of tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) virus reproduction in ixodes ricinus and dermacentor anderson ticks were studied in relation to the age of ticks, duration of fasting, feeding, and conditions of keeping the ticks before and after the experiment. parenteral infection of ticks at various intervals after molting showed that the most favourable conditions for reproduction, survival, transphase and transovarial transmission of the virus occurred when the virus was given to the ticks in t ... | 1978 | 664624 |
| [seasonal changes in the level of fertility of female ixodes ricinus l. and ixodes persulcatus p. sch. until they land on their hosts and the significance of this phenomenon in the life of tick populations]. | | 1979 | 537588 |
| passive transfer of resistance in rabbits infested with adult ixodes ricinus l: humoral factors influence feeding and egg laying. | parital immunity against the bites of female i. ricinus was transferred to normal rabbits by inoculating immune serum from resistant animals. transferred humoral factors diminished the weight of the ticks' blood meal by 29% and increased the feeding period by about 1 day in comparison with ectoparasites engorged on controls. they provoked also the failure of egg laying by female i. ricinus. only 55% of ticks fed on treated rabbits laid eggs (94% on controls). the immunological state of immune se ... | 1979 | 499438 |
| [participation of ixodes ricinus l. ticks in the biology and transmission of toxoplasma gondii]. | | 1978 | 741744 |
| [effect of the diapause in the ixodes ricinus (ixodidae) tick on the multiplication of the tick-borne encephalitis virus in its body]. | the tick encephalitis virus was found to multiply more intensively in ticks developing without diapause. thus, in larvae developing with diapause, in 4 and 8 weeks after they feed on infected animals, the virus titers were 3.0 and 3.5 lg ld50 respectively. at the development without diapause the titers were 4.3 and 5.3, respectively (p less than 0.05). the virus titers in infected nymphs developing without diapause were 2.5 to 3.9 lg ld50 higher than those of the diapausing individuals. in diapa ... | 1979 | 440778 |
| [circadian rhythm of the dropping of engorged larvae in 2 species of ixodid ticks (ixodidae) and its photoperiodic entrainment]. | daily rhythm of detachment of engorged larvae of ixodes ricinus l. and hyalomma anatolicum koch is regulated by photoperiod. in photoperiodic conditions (16--20 hours of light p. d.) the maximum of detachment in h. anatolicum occurs at the beginning of photophase (the first 4--8 hours), but in i. ricinus it occurs at the second part of photo-phase (12--16 hours after the light is on). the rhythm of detachment is regulated according to the processes of endogenous circadian nature which are mainta ... | 1979 | 440776 |
| phosphoglucomutase polymorphism in the tick ixodes ricinus. | ten variants of phosphoglucomutase were detected by starch-gel electrophoresis in extracts of the tick ixodes ricinus. agreement of phenotype frequencies with those predicted by the hardy-weinberg model indicated that the enzyme is coded by a single gene locus (pgm) at which 10 alleles are segregating. allelic proportions in 5 irish tick samples indicated that both spatial and temporal genetic differentiation exist. it is suggested that this polymorphism may be of use as a marker for studying th ... | 1979 | 419005 |
| effects and duration of resistance acquired by rabbits on feeding and egg laying in ixodes ricinus l. | rabbits gradually developed a resistance against ixodes ricinus ticks as a result of sequential experimental infestations. the resistance was characterized by an increase duration of feeding, by ticks engorging to a smaller extent and by reduced egg production. once established, the immunity persisted for at least 9 months. changes in the titre of circulating anti-i. ricinus antibodies was measured by indirect immunofluorescence. | 1977 | 324791 |
| experimental mixed cns infections in mice caused by three ixodes ricinus transmitted arboviruses. | approximately 12-day-old mice were infected intracerebrally with tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) virus (strain hypr), unkuniemi virus (strain by e50) and tribec virus, as single virus inoculations, coinfections with two or three viruses, and sequential infections with two or three viruses at 24-hour intervals. the effect of mixed infections on mortality, morbidity and average survival time was recorded. the main findings were that: 1. some mixed infections with tbe and uuk viruses reduced the mort ... | 1978 | 214993 |
| the first tick-borne encephalitis virus isolates from norway. | five virus strains with close serological relationship to the tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) complex have been isolated from ixodes ricinus ticks. the ticks were collected in early june 1976 at three different locations in sogn & fjordane county, norway. one of the virus-yielding pools was composed of ticks collected between the cabins on a tourist camping ground. | 1978 | 211795 |
| tick-borne viruses in finland. | ixodes ricinus is the only one of six tick species reported from finland found to carry viruses. it transmits tick-borne encephalitis and uukuniemi viruses, and transmission of a kemerovo group virus is suggested by antibody findings. tick-borne encephalitis is common only in the sw-archipelago; it is also found near the se-boarder but is very rare elsewhere. in contrast, uukuniemi virus is common throughout the distribution area of i. ricinus, being commoner on the mainland than in the archipel ... | 1975 | 173939 |
| ixodes ricinus: vector of a hitherto undescribed spotted fever group agent in switzerland. | a tick/rickettsial survey in various parts of switzerland revealed the presence of a new, hitherto undescribed spotted fever group rickettsia ("swiss agent") in up to 11.7% of i. ricinus collected off vegetation. infection in ticks was found to be generalized with rickettsiae developing intracellularly and occasionally also intranuclearly. as a result of massive growth in ovarial tissues, including the germinative cells, the rate of transovarial and filial infection was 100%. the "swiss agent" a ... | 1979 | 44100 |
| [new aspects of the part of the vector played by ixodes ricinus l. in switzerland. preliminary note (author's transl)]. | the authors, after having recalled their recent work on ixodes ricinus ecology, give the new results about the part played by this species in the transmission of different infectious agents in switzerland. i. ricinus was already known to be the most important vector of the tick borne encephalitis virus, and of protozoans of the babesia genus. in this article, we describe the existence in the hemolymphe of different i. ricinus populations, of a rickettsia species related to the rmst group (rocky- ... | 1979 | 41427 |
| isolation of tribcc virus from ixodes ricinus ticks in italy. | | 1978 | 26204 |
| vegetation analysis used for the detection of exophile tick populations in the south-east of france: the example ixodes ricinus (linne 1758) (acarina, ixodoidea). | the cross-linking relation between the evidence of outside living tick populations and specific vegetation units allows for efficiently using the vegetation maps, and more especially the medium scale maps. ixodes ricinus is referred to here as an example. the limitations of this data derived from such maps are evaluated by the authors. they suggest some means aiding in improving their efficiency through the knowledge of the ecological variables playing a role in the species settlement. | 1975 | 7119 |
| ecological study of ixodes ricinus (linné, 1758) (acarina, ixodoides) in southeastern france. | ixodes ricinus (linne, 1758) is being surveyed in the northern alp and the jura mountains. this species, quite often found in the mesophilous forests of the hills, preferably takes root in the forest clusters, where there is a mull type mild humus often covered with an abundant litter. such plant layers maintain a high degree of moisture, which beneficially affects this species. examinations performed for three years in a southern jura's resort allow for securing a preliminary approximation as r ... | 1975 | 1985 |
| reaction of the host to the tick bite iii. the bite of viruliferous ixodes ricinus female. | no distinct internal cement formation was observed at the penetration site of the mouth parts of ixodes ricinus females during their feeding on golden hamsters. at 2 h, the chelicera were already deeply inserted into the dermal tissue. beginning after 4 hours, the proliferation of collagen and conus formation became evident. the internal cell-free area was structureless and showed pas positivity, while the outer collagen layer was rich in fibrocytes and negative for pas staining. both layers sho ... | 1978 | 735556 |
| natural infection of the tick dermacentor reticulatus (fabr.) with the microsporidian nosema slovaca weiser et rehácek in slovakia. | a total of 6,199 adult ticks (haemaphysalis intermis, dermacentor reticulatus, d. marginatus and ixodes ricinus) collected in three localities in slovakia were examined for microsporidian infection. the spores of nosema slovaca were found in six d. reticulatus (0.097%). the microsporidian experimentally inoculated into the hemocele of half-engorged females of d. reticulatus caused acute infection and death of the host. the infection can be transmitted also to other tick species from the same reg ... | 1978 | 689565 |
| rabbits infested with the adults of ixodes ricinus l.: passive transfer of resistance with immune serum. | | 1977 | 580912 |
| [biology of ixodes ricinus l., 1758. 2. epidemiological consequences]. | | 1977 | 579621 |
| [biology of ixodes ricinus l., 1758. i. ecology; developmental cycle]. | | 1977 | 579620 |
| [the larval development of dipetalonema rugosicauda (syn. wehrdlikmansia rugosicauda) in the tick ixodes ricinus. i. infection of ticks with microfilariae using artificial feeding techniques (author's transl)]. | | 1979 | 575448 |
| the detection of rickettsia-like microorganisms within the ovaries of female ixodes ricinus ticks. | an ultrastructural study of tick-borne fever (tbf)-infected ixodes ricinus ticks revealed the presence of rickettsia-like microorganisms within the ooplasm and the mitochondria of developing oocytes. these microorganisms are similar in appearance to the tbf agent and it is possible that although transovarial transmission of the tbf agent apparently does not occur, the rickettsiae are at least able to establish themselves in the ovaries of infected ticks. | 1979 | 539071 |
| [study of characteristics of distribution of the tick ixodes ricinus over a large territory]. | attempts were undertaken to study the character of the distribution of i. ricinus over a large territory. methodic principles of the land survey of arthropods distribution and laboratory processing of its results, that were used before for i. persulcatus, were found to be quite suitable for i. ricinus. it was established that hungry adults of i. ricinus have at least three types of the distribution throughout the forests of lithuania. types of the distribution can be ascertained by the results o ... | 1975 | 1235415 |
| [ecology of indigenious arbovirus in alsace. tick central european encephalitis. i.--complex ixodes ricinus--bank voles. ii.--study of bank voles population immunity. iii.--virologic results in bank voles population (author's transl)]. | i.--after showing that bank voles are parasited only by ixodes ricinus larvae, the authors attempt to found different factors (demographic, biometric, and sexual) who favor individual parasitism. the authors conclude to absent of anti tick immunity for this rodent specie. ii.--the search for anti-central european encephalitis antibodies (i.h.a.) are shown that 2 p. cent animals were immuns. yearly and monthly chronologies of antibodies apparition are shown, factors favoring the growth of specifi ... | 1979 | 538306 |
| the isolation of central european encephalitis (tick-borne encephalitis) virus from ixodes ricinus (l.) ticks in southern-germany. | during the years 1972--1976 a total of 14.692 ticks of the species ixodes ricinus (l.), (2.738 adults and 11.954 nymphs) was collected. they were taken from five areas where human central european encephalitis virus (cee) infections had occurred. by means of, intracerebral (ic) and subcutaneous (sc) isolation experiments with suckling mice 19 agents, exhibiting the pathogenic characteristics of cee virus, were isolated from these ticks. in neutralization tests with suckling mice these isolates c ... | 1978 | 735557 |
| haemaphysalis juxtakochi, ixodes pararicinus (ixodidae) and otobius megnini (argasidae) in relation to the phytogeography of argentina. | the phytogeographical distributions of haemaphysalis juxtakochi, ixodes pararicinus and otobius megnini in argentina are described from material collected mainly from 1978 to the present. h. juxtakochi was found in the northwestern area of the amazonian domain and in the chaco, espinal and pampean provinces of the chaco domain. it was detected on mazama spp., tapirus terrestris, dog, cattle and on the vegetation. most findings of i. pararicinus were from mountain rangeland, where it was found on ... | 1992 | 1290380 |
| nosema slovaca sp. n.: a second microsporidian of the tick ixodes ricinus. | | 1975 | 812923 |
| incompetence of roe deer as reservoirs of the lyme borreliosis spirochete. | to determine whether the roe deer, capreolus capreolus l. may serve as a reservoir host for the lyme disease spirochete, borrelia burgdorferi johnson, schmid, hyde, steigerwalt & brenner, evidence of spirochetal infection was sought in nymphal ixodes ricinus (l.) that had engorged as larvae on roe deer. sixteen roe deer were shot in lyme disease enzootic areas of south-central sweden during august-november 1990 and august 1991. an average of 276 (range, 84-658) larvae of i. ricinus was collected ... | 1992 | 1404260 |
| rickettsiae belonging to the spotted fever group from ticks in the tribec mountains. | rickettsiae of the spotted (sf) group were found in a selected locality of the tribec mountains in southern slovakia in 1974. the rickettsiae were found in 10.8% of females and 6.1% of males of haemaphysalis inermis and 7.3% of females and 4.8% of males of ixodes ricinus. no significant differences in the incidence were observed during the year. coxiella burneti was found in 1 male and 4 females of h. inermis and 1 male of i. ricinus in ad adjacent locality. antibodies against rickettsiae of the ... | 1976 | 820614 |
| borrelia burgdorferi infection in ixodes ricinus from habitats in denmark. | a total of 2647 ticks of the genus ixodes was sampled by flagging the vegetation in thirty-one sites in eastern jutland, denmark. all ticks were identified as ixodes ricinus linnaeus. a total of 317 ticks (202 nymphs and 115 adults) from three different sites were examined for the spirochaete borrelia burgdorferi johnson et al. by indirect fluorescent antibody staining; the frequency of infection varied from 7% to 22%. it is concluded that i. ricinus, known to be the most common tick in denmark, ... | 1992 | 1421487 |
| [ixodid ticks in the mountainous part of the crimea]. | about a hundred of patients with tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) were recorded over the latest decade in the crimea, and 60 tbe virus strains were isolated from the ticks collected on the peninsula. the results of studies carried out in 1986-1990 helped define the borders of 4 local natural foci of tbe, study their acarifauna, detect the principal tbe vector--ixodes ricinus (with a mean virophority of 0.6%), and distinguish two foci with a combination of tbe and crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever. | 1992 | 1435578 |
| [the age-related structure of an ixodes ricinus population studied by using a rapid anatomical method]. | a rapid anatomic method for the assessment of the physiologic age of ticks and their virtual age was used in studies of the age structure of a natural population of i. ricinus in the moscow region. the anatomic method was found quite fit for the purpose. the findings evidence that the age structure of i. ricinus (active imago) population is heterogeneous with variously directed seasonal fluctuations. in spring the structure is the youngest (up to 60% of imagoes are in the second age, 8 months) a ... | 1992 | 1435580 |
| changes in the protein profile and antigenicity of different borrelia burgdorferi strains after reintroduction to ixodes ricinus ticks. | eight swiss strains of borrelia burgdorferi, with various protein profiles and the north-american strain b31 were artificially introduced into ixodes ricinus ticks and reisolated 10 days later. all isolates were subsequently examined by sds-page analysis. comparing initial isolates with the reisolates, we observed that 7 out of 9 strains changed their protein pattern with respect to the major proteins ospa, ospb and the 22 kda protein after passage in the tick. the strains ne2, ne4 and ne83 with ... | 1992 | 1437234 |
| arthropoda as zoonoses and their implications. | some aspects of changing patterns of arthropodal infections and arthropod-borne diseases in mediterranean areas are briefly discussed. selected examples are given, with particular emphasis on the phenomenon of the synanthropic flea ctenocephalides felis felis and on health problems caused by human infections with argas reflexus, the common tick of urban pigeons in europe. finally, the risk of the emergence of lyme borreliosis (borrelia burgdorferi) is considered in relation to the increasing spr ... | 1992 | 1441188 |
| [survey of the infestation level of the ixodes ricinus tick by borrelia burgdorferi. complimentary report]. | in a recent report, we gave results of a 4 year consecutively survey (1987 to 1990) of the level of ixodes ricinus nymphs infested by borrelia burgdorferi in two forests of the western part of france. this brought us to conclude that there was a relative stability for this level in course of time. results of this survey kept on in 1991 oblige us to partly modify our conclusion, on account of an important dropping of the tick infection frequency in one of the two forests, this perhaps in connecti ... | 1992 | 1446183 |
| the diagnosis and treatment of lyme disease. | lyme disease has probably been reported for at least 80 years, with the cause unknown until the discovery of the ixodes ricinus complex tick-borne spirochete b. burgdorferi. the incidence of diagnosed cases appears to be increasing in kansas and elsewhere. a negative laboratory test does not exclude the possibility of the disease. at present, no accurate laboratory screen for the illness is available. the diagnosis must be considered when acute or chronic clinical manifestations reviewed in this ... | 1992 | 1447864 |
| studies on the ecology of lyme disease in a deer forest in county galway, ireland. | the abundance of the tick ixodes ricinus (l.) and the infection rate of ticks with borrelia burgdorferi (johnson et al.) were compared on either side of a deer fence in a forest park in county galway, ireland, in an attempt to elucidate the role of fallow deer, dama dama, and woodmice, apodemus sylvaticus, in determining the population density of i. ricinus and the transmission of b. burgdorferi. the results showed that tick numbers were much higher on the deer side of the fence, although the de ... | 1992 | 1460628 |
| [clinical picture of central european tick-borne encephalitis (author's transl)]. | tick-borne encephalitis is transmitted by the tick ixodes ricinus. after the second world war an increase in the number of cases of encephalitis was observed and the neurotropic virus was isolated for the first time in 1948. reservoir animals are mouse-like wild animals and also agricultural domestic animals. the infection is transmitted to humans through tick bites. it becomes apparent subjectively in headaches, vomiting, tiredness, giddiness and insomnia, and objectively in meningeal symptoms, ... | 1976 | 826810 |
| stage-associated risk of transmission of the lyme disease spirochete by european ixodes ticks. | to more closely define the risk of infection by the agent of lyme disease in europe, we determined whether spirochetal prevalence increases throughout the development of the ixodes ricinus vector tick. of all ticks that could be flagged from vegetation, i. ricinus were by far the most abundant. spirochetal infection rates in the adult stage of this tick (15%) are no higher than those in nymphs (18%) but greatly exceed those in larvae (0.7%). this tick therefore appears to attain infection mainly ... | 1992 | 1480608 |
| [human babesiosis. study of vectors]. | babesiosis in an entity transmitted by tick bite presented in our medium producing high morbidity and mortality in immunodepressed patients. | 1992 | 1489774 |
| blood parasites of sheep in the netherlands. i. anaplasma mesaeterum sp.n. (rickettsiales, anaplasmataceae). | on two occasions an anaplasm was isolated from sheep on the dutch island of ameland. the organism proved to be highly pathogenic for splenectomised sheep; a non-splenectomised animal recovered spontaneously after the packed cell volume had decreased by 40%. treatment with oxytetracycline was effective. its pathogenicity for goats appeared to be low, and the organism was apparently not infective to splenectomised cattle. this anaplasm differs from anaplasma ovis in that less than 30% of the organ ... | 1979 | 419513 |
| capacity of european animals as reservoir hosts for the lyme disease spirochete. | the abundance of spirochete-infected ixodes ricinus ticks naturally derived from endemic rodents was compared to identify the reservoir hosts of the agent of lyme disease at a series of enzootic sites in central europe. black-striped mice appear to be the most important rodent host for the tick and infect more ticks with borrelia burgdorferi than do other mice and voles tested. although rodents infect about half of the ticks that feed on them, lizards infect none. these spirochete-incompetent ho ... | 1992 | 1538153 |
| [the characterization of a spanish strain of borrelia burgdorferi]. | the characteristics of a spanish strain of borrelia burgdorferi, the spirochete which causes lyme's disease, and which, up to the present, has not been isolated in spain, are described. | 1992 | 1552756 |
| seroepidemiological studies of borrelia burgdorferi infection in sheep in norway. | an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi in sheep was established. the assay was used in a seroepidemiological survey in which serum samples from 327 norwegian rams were screened for antibodies to b. burgdorferi. these rams were randomly chosen, clinically healthy animals from all parts of norway. they came both from areas where ixodes ricinus is common and from areas where the tick has not been found. the age of the animals varied from 0.5 to 7.5 years. sera f ... | 1992 | 1583130 |
| suspected lyme borreliosis in sheep. | two cases of suspected lyme borreliosis in lambs are described. the clinical signs observed resemble those described for lyme borreliosis in dogs and horses. the lambs were approximately six months old and came from two different flocks in a district heavily infested with ixodes ricinus ticks. the lambs had pronounced lameness in one leg, generally bad condition and poor appetite. they had high serum levels of igg antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi when tested in an elisa. the other lambs in the ... | 1992 | 1595160 |
| possibilities of persistence in new biotopes of ticks imported by birds. | survival and development of 6 tick species (hyalomma anatolicum, rhipicephalus sanguineus, haemaphysalis punctata, dermacentor marginatus, d. reticulatus and ixodes ricinus) were studied in 3 groups differing in the range of distribution with respect to the place of importation, as a model for the knowledge of their possible inclusion in the new local biocenosis during transportation by natural hosts. | 1977 | 852771 |
| [lyme disease in switzerland: ocular involvement]. | lyme disease is a multisystem disorder caused by the spirochete borrelia burgdorferi, which is transmitted by a tick (ixodes ricinus). lyme disease is divided into three stages (infection, dissemination and immunological reactions). ocular manifestations are rare except for conjunctivitis and facial nerve palsy. switzerland is an endemic zone for lyme disease; the presence of an atypical pars planitis should prompt a search for lyme disease. | 1992 | 1614153 |
| epidemiology and prevalence of seropositivity against borrelia burgdorferi antigen in la rioja, spain. | the aim of this study was to acquire a better knowledge of the epidemiology of lyme disease. a seroepidemiologic study was made by evaluating the different levels of antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi in a five hundred serum representative sample of a population from the province of la rioja, spain. samples were randomly selected and stratified to take into account sex, age, rural or urban residence, and geographical area. all subjects included in the study were asked to fill out a questionnaire ... | 1992 | 1631381 |
| [additional observations to the biology of hepatozoon erhardovae krampitz 1964 in bank voles from the south-western styria and from areas around the neusiedlersee (burgenland) (author's transl)]. | the incidence of hepatozoon erhardovae in the blood of bank voles (clethrionomys glareolus) captured in the investigated areas is examined. the biology of schizonts, their distribution in the lobes of the lung and the further development of natural infections in vertebrate hosts kept strictly free of ectoparasites are observed. the accumulation of gametocytes in larvae of the tick ixodes ricinus and of the mite neotrombicula zachvatkini after sucking on strongly infected bank voles is pointed ou ... | 1977 | 413270 |
| the sex ratio in the common tick ixodes ricinus (l). | | 1977 | 604218 |
| molecular characterization of borrelia burgdorferi isolated from ixodes ricinus in northern sweden. | ixodes ricinus ticks, harbouring borrelia burgdorferi, were found in an area in northern sweden, not thought to be endemic for lyme borreliosis. this investigation took place at norrbyskär, an island situated in the bothnian gulf, 63 degrees 33'n/19 degrees 52'e. one of 42 nymphal and 8/43 adult i. ricinus ticks collected carried spirochetes as seen by phase contrast microscopy. pure bacterial cultures were obtained from 2 of the ticks. western blot analysis using species-specific monoclonal ant ... | 1992 | 1641595 |
| the alsatian tick-borne encephalitis focus: presence of the virus among ticks and small mammals. | an extensive epidemiologic survey was carried out from 1970 to 1974 in order to understand the condition of circulation of tick-borne encephalitis virus between ticks and small mammals in the alsatian focus, france. the virus has been isolated from ixodes ricinus adult ticks (30 lots out of 369, representing a total of 5617 ticks), and from ixodes ricinus nymphs (4 lots out of 251, representing a total of 8587 ticks). the virus has also been isolated from 11 pools of rodent organs (out of 3361 r ... | 1992 | 1644133 |
| loss of lyme disease spirochetes from ixodes ricinus ticks feeding on european blackbirds. | to determine whether blackbirds (turdus merula), the most abundant and most abundantly tick-infested ecotonal bird of central europe, may contribute to the transmission of the lyme disease spirochete (borrelia burgdorferi), we compared the infectivity to ticks of naturally as well as experimentally infected blackbirds and rodents. european blackbirds experience intense exposure to ixodes ricinus ticks and to the pathogens that they transmit. in nature, subadult i. ricinus ticks found feeding on ... | 1992 | 1740177 |
| effectiveness of fenitrothion for area control of ticks ixodes ricinus (l.). | susceptibility to fenitrothion in all stages of unfed ticks ixodes ricinus increases with their age and this fact is reflected in the effectiveness of various dosages of insecticides applied for area control. the following minimum, but fully effective dosages of the dust metation p-5 and the spray metation e-50 (both preparations contain fenitrothion) for application in separate seasons have been ascertained: in september and october 1 kg of fenitrothion per ha of treated area ensures complete c ... | 1977 | 856685 |
| influence of microclimate on the life cycle of the common tick ixodes ricinus (l.) in an open area in comparison with forest habitats. | under conditions of the south-moravian region of pannonian climate (valtice near breclav), the life cycle of the common tick ixodes ricinus (l.) was studied and a continous recording of main elements of microclimate (temperature and humidity) was carried out in an open grassy area. simultaneously the process of hibernation was studied in four soil layers (surface, depths of 10, 20 and 30 cm). observations were assessed by mathematiccal-statistical tests and compared with the results obtained by ... | 1977 | 881143 |
| [survey during 4 years of the infestation level of the tick ixodes ricinus (acari ixodidae) by borrelia burgdorferi, the agent of lyme borreliosis, in 2 forests in brittany]. | the authors followed, during 4 years consecutively, from 1987 to 1990, by immunofluorescence, the frequency of b. burgdorferi in an amount of 677 nymphs of i. ricinus tick, collected fasting by flagging in 2 forests in brittany (france). percentages obtained in each of these forests do not reveal significative differencies statistically and seem to show a relative stability, from one year to the following, during the considered period, of the infestation levels in ticks. | 1991 | 1807855 |
| [ixodes ricinus, experimental vector of 3 species of babesia (b. bovis, b. berbera, and b. argentina)]. | | 1976 | 968441 |
| influence of microclimate on the life cycle of the common tick ixodes ricinus (l.) in thermophilic oak forest. | under conditions of the south moravian thermophilic oak forest (valtice near breclav), the life cycle of the common tick ixodes ricinus was studied by continuous recording of main elements of microclimate (temperature and humidity) in three different biotopes: forest, margin of the forest and meadow. simultaneously conditions and the process of tick hibernation were studied in four soil layers (surface, depths of 10, 20 and 30 cm). observations made in the winter and vegetation periods were asse ... | 1976 | 1017757 |
| [new faunal and biological observations on ticks in abruzzo]. | ticks collected during the years 1975-76 in abruzzo (prov. l'aquila and chieti) italy are reported. the following species have been identified: ixodes canisuga, ixodes frontalis, ixodes hexagonus, ixodes ricinus, dermacentor marginatus, haemaphysalis sulcata, rhipicephalus bursa, rhipicephalus sanguineus, hyalomma marginatum. new hosts are: felis catus for ixodes canisuga; scolopax rusticola, motacilla flava, corvus cornix for ixodes frontalis; sciurus vulgaris for haemaphysalis punctata; garrul ... | 1976 | 1032325 |
| [influence of temperature and humidity on the reproductive efficiency of ixodes ricinus (linnaeus, 1758) and hyalomma marginatum koch, 1844 (ixodoidea, ixodidae)]. | laboratory studies have been carried out on two species of ticks, i. ricinus and h. marginatum, showing different seasonal activity and different geographical distribution in nature. the purpose of the present study has been to investigate the effect of different combinations of temperature and humidity on the oviposition of i. ricinus and h. marginatum. an index of reproduction efficiency (no. eggs/wt female), established to relate the capacity of the females to produce eggs to their body weigh ... | 1976 | 1032336 |
| [lyme borreliosis: should we prepare for an epidemic?]. | lyme borreliosis results from the persistent infection with a spirochete, borrelia burgdorferi, transmitted by ticks of the ixodes ricinus complex. the geographic distribution of these ticks depends on specific climatic and ecologic conditions. lyme borreliosis is a disease with protean manifestations whose distribution is world-wide. in north america, the disease usually begins between may and august with a characteristic rash, erythema chronicum migrans, accompanied by non specific or meningit ... | 1991 | 1866842 |
| [the ultrastructure of the interaction of rickettsia sibirica and r. slovaca with the cells of ixodid ticks]. | the ultrastructural aspects of the interaction of r. sibirica and r. slovaca with cells of mites of the species dermacentor reticulatus, d. marginatus and ixodes ricinus after their parenteral infection, as well as in the organs of d. marginatus infected naturally in the environment, have been studied. both rickettsial species have similar morphology in different organs of the vector. these rickettsiae not only multiply, their populations are also partly destroyed in phagolysosomes. the natural ... | 1991 | 1867038 |
| [isolation of "bratislava" strains of tick-born-encephalitis virus from ixodes ricinus ticks in devín natural focus (author's transl)]. | | 1975 | 1156891 |
| [sheep tick (ixodes ricinus) as cause and transmittor of human diseases]. | | 1975 | 1161076 |
| lyme borreliosis: ten years after discovery of the etiologic agent, borrelia burgdorferi. | since the recovery of its causative agent, borrelia burgdorferi, in 1981, lyme borreliosis has become the most prevalent tick-borne disease in the united states as well as in europe. its steadily increasing clinical spectrum now includes erythema migrans, acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans, lymphadenosis beniga cutis, arthritis, myocarditis, progressive meningoencephalitis, myositis, and various ocular and skin disorders. the true incidence of lyme borreliosis in the world is unknown. in the un ... | 1991 | 1917043 |
| [borrelia infections of the skin--progress of knowledge since the discovery of lyme disease]. | the description of lyme disease in 1976 and the detection of its causative agent, the spirochete borrelia burgdorferi (b. burgdorferi), in 1982 led to an increase in our knowledge of the course of b. burgdorferi infection and its clinical manifestations. the classic tick-borne dermatoses erythema chronicum migrans (ecm), lymphadenosis benigna cutis (labc) and acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans (aca) were proven by isolation of the spirochete from skin lesions to be caused by b. burgdorferi infe ... | 1991 | 1917458 |
| a comparison of the occurrence of borreliae in nymphal and adult ixodes ricinus ticks. | the prevalence of borreliae in 209 nymphal and 251 adult ixodes ricinus was investigated in two areas of southern moravia, czechoslovakia, using the dark-field and the giemsa stained-smear techniques. the proportions of infected ticks were 3.8% in nymphs and 10.6% in adults of area a, while they were 29.1% in nymphs and 35.9% in adults of area b. the mean number of borreliae per tick was about 3 to 10 times greater in adult than in nymphal i. ricinus. the results indicate a significant role of n ... | 1991 | 1930561 |
| lyme disease: a clinical review. | lyme disease is caused by the spirochete borrelia burgdorferi, which is transmitted primarily by ixodes dammini ticks in the northeast and upper midwest, by ixodes pacificus in western states, and by ixodes ricinus in europe. lyme disease can affect the skin, nervous system, heart, eyes, and joints, and is diagnosed in patients with these characteristic clinical features: exposure to an endemic area and usually a positive serologic test for b. burgdorferi six or more weeks after infection. full ... | 1991 | 1944020 |
| epizootiology of lyme borreliosis. | borrelia burgdorferi is transmitted from animals to humans by ticks belonging primarily to the ixodes ricinus complex. transmission occurs during feeding, either by salivation, regurgitation, or by both processes. two eurasian (ixodes ricinus and i. persulcatus) and three north american (i. dammini, i. scapularis and i. pacificus) species vector b. burgdorferi to humans. all ticks feed on three different host animals during their lives, and each species parasitizes a relatively large number of d ... | 1991 | 1947808 |
| dual infection of ixodes ricinus ticks with two viruses of the tick-borne encephalitis complex. | ixodes ricinus female ticks were inoculated with skalica (sk) virus (non-pathogenic for adult albino mice by subcutaneous route) and 14 days later they were challenged with strain 198 of tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) virus (highly pathogenic for adult albino mice by subcutaneous route). after additional 14 days of incubation, 42.9 to 65.0% of the adult (10-12 g) albino mice infested with these double infected ticks developed antibodies to tbe without signs of sickness (transmission of sk virus), ... | 1990 | 1981446 |
| [ecology and ethology of ixodes ricinus l. in switzerland. ii. comparison of the populations 1972 and 1973]. | | 1975 | 1179955 |
| [first isolation of borrelia burgdorferi (lyme spirochaeta) from ticks in hungary]. | 31 field collected ixodes ricinus adult ticks were investigated for the lyme-disease spirochete. 5/31 ixodes ricinus contained borrelia burgdorferi. the spirochete was successfully cultivated in four cases, and they were found in two ticks by immunofluorescence technique and dark field microscopy, as well. two of the isolated strains were tested by western blot. the antigen pattern in both strains showed marked bands in 41 and 60 kd antigen, but only a week band appeared at 32 kd, with the lack ... | 1991 | 1996203 |
| hosts on which nymphal ixodes ricinus most abundantly feed. | to identify hosts that may serve as european reservoirs for the agent of lyme disease, borrelia burgdorferi, we determined whether nymphal ixodes ricinus feed mainly on particular mice (apodemus flavicollis or a. agrarius), voles (clethrionomys glareolus) or on sand lizards (lacerta agilis) and whether the abundance of these hosts corresponds to the seasonal activity of the subadult stages of the vector tick. in all sites, the mice appeared most heavily infested by larvae; at least seven parasit ... | 1991 | 1996733 |
| [ecology and ethology of ixodes ricinus l. in switzerland (ixodoidea: ixodidae). iii: copulation, nutrition and oviposition]. | | 1975 | 1179957 |
| otolaryngologic aspects of lyme disease. | lyme disease is a systemic illness caused by the spirochete borrelia burgdorferi and transmitted by the bite of a tick in the ixodes ricinus complex. while the illness is often associated with a characteristic rash, erythema migrans, patients may also present with a variety of complaints in the absence of the rash. the otolaryngologist may be called upon to see both groups of patients, with any number of signs and symptoms referable to the head and neck, including headache, neck pain, odynophagi ... | 1991 | 2041438 |
| [ixodes ricinus, a demonstrated vector of borrelia burgdorferi in spain]. | | 1991 | 2051824 |
| [experience in the study of the peculiarities of the distribution of the tick ixodes ricinus in a large territory]. | attempts were undertaken to study the character of the distribution of i. ricinus over a large territory. methodic principles of the land survey of arthropods distribution and laboratory processing of its results, that were used before for i. persulcatus, were found to be quite suitable for i. ricinus. it was established that hungry adults of i. ricinus have at least three types of the distribution throughout the forests of lithuania. types of the distribution can be ascertained by the results o ... | 1975 | 1196669 |
| prevalence of borreliae in ixodes ricinus ticks from southern moravia, czechoslovakia. | a total of 378 adult ixodes ricinus ticks were collected by flagging vegetation in four localities of two districts (breclav, znojmo) in south moravia and examined microscopically. borreliae were identified in giemsa-stained midgut smears from 32 (i.e. 8.5%) ticks (9.4% females, 7.2% males); the infection rate varied between 0.0 and 11.4% in the four localities examined. among female ticks, significantly more were found to be infected in autumn (19.7%) than in spring (5.8%). dark-field (df) and ... | 1990 | 2093618 |
| [trends in ixodides fauna along the black sea in the south]. | a total of 55726 ixodes ticks were collected from farm and wild animals on the territory of bourgas district in the 1958-1964 period and were specifically differentiated. at a later study in the region of the town of michourin other 26722 ticks were collected from sheep. a total of 15 species were determined. it was found that ixodes ricinus in the east balkan mountain to the north of the town of nessebur develops after a three-year pattern in pure populations of larvae, nymphs, and imagoes, the ... | 1975 | 1210006 |
| borrelia burgdorferi in ticks of the canton tessin (switzerland). | in the northern alps it is hard to find an ixodes ricinus population which does not harbour borrelia burgdorferi. the infection rates range from 5 to 34% for adults and nymphs to 3.1% for larvae. this study shows that the infection rates on the southern side of the alps are similar, at 25% for adults, 36.2% for nymphs and 3.2% for larvae. with respect to tick species other than i. ricinus, we did not succeed in finding any spirochetes in dermacentor marginatus, haemaphysalis punctata, ixodes hex ... | 1990 | 2132440 |
| [investigations on the filariidae of the cervidae in southern germany. 3. the filariidae of roe deer (capreolus capreolus) and fallow deer (dama dama) (author's transl)]. | roe deer in southern germany are frequently infected with w. rugosicauda. the adult worms are found subcutaneously in the connective tissues of the back of the host. the microfilariae concentrate in a considerable distance near the nose, in smaller numbers also in the ears and in the skin of the legs. the vector is probably ixodes ricinus. in fallow deer c. wenki are found intradermally and subcutaneously. the microfilariae remain in the skin near the site of the adult worms. skin inhabiting mic ... | 1975 | 1216336 |
| [ecology and ethology of ixodes ricinus l. in switzerland (ixodoidea: ixodidae). 5. demonstration of a sexual pheromone in ixodes ricinus]. | | 1976 | 1266551 |
| [incidence of borrelia in the common tick (ixodes ricinus) in the area of the city of brno]. | during the period between july and october 1988 more than 1000 ticks ixodes ricinus were collected at 16 sites in the town of brno and examined by indirect immunofluorescence (ifa) for the presence of borrelia. the positivity of the tick population in 13 localities varied between 0.9-18.6%, ticks from three localities were negative. the results confirm the diffuse character of the presence of borrelia in ticks i. ricinus in the urban environment and the possibility of infection of the urban popu ... | 1990 | 2144477 |
| [ecology and ethology of ixodes ricinus l. in switzerland. 4. comparison of 2 populations at different altitudes]. | | 1976 | 1266552 |
| [recent information on tick-borne diseases (i)]. | tick-borne encephalitis (central european encephalitis) and lyme disease (erythema chronicum migrans) are diseases mainly transmitted by ticks of the ixodes ricinus species. the tick-borne encephalitis, a virus infection, can produce severe encephalitic symptoms. there is no specific treatment but the infection can be prevented by active or passive immunization. lyme disease is caused by a spirochete (borrelia burgdorferi). due to the variety of often uncharacteristic symptoms this infection is ... | 1990 | 2158155 |
| [lyme disease: clinical and sero-epidemiological study of borrelia burgdorferi infections in belgium]. | lyme disease is a multi-systemic infection caused by the spirochaete borrelia burgdorferi: this bacterium, discovered in 1982 in the united states, is mainly transmitted by a tick bite, ixodes ricinus in europe. in belgium, a first seroepidemiological study of 3 years has revealed 190 patients and the whole spectrum of clinical pictures was observed, including the early stage of this infection in the skin (erythema chronicum migrans), neurological involvement and arthritis. the lyme borreliosis ... | 1990 | 2207461 |
| [examination of ticks for the presence of borrelia sp. in kosice and the surrounding region. preliminary results]. | the authors present preliminary data on the infestation of ticks ixodes ricinus with borrelia in the town of kosice and surroundings. the authors found a mean 4.7% positivity which means that more systematic attention should be paid to the problem. | 1992 | 1394475 |
| [the tick fauna of eastern germany]. | the occurrence of several tick species in selected areas of eastern germany is described. from may 1987 till december 1989 8,472 ticks from 430 places were examined. ixodidae of the genus ixodes, dermacentor and haemaphysalis as well as argasidae of the genus argas were identified. the most common species was ixodes ricinus. furthermore, an endemic area of dermacentor reticulatus was detected in the düben-dahlen and annaburg health. two other species of ticks, which were found frequently and som ... | 1992 | 1416225 |
| [lyme disease in yugoslavia]. | presented are results of the last five-year period study of the lyme disease in yugoslavia. on the basis of published papers and professional communications over 2500 cases of lyme disease.were detected in our country within this period. presented are common epidemiologic and clinical features of the disease and particularly cases diagnosed in belgrade. since 1987 a group of various specialists has been working on the research project in collaboration with many centres in the country. indirect i ... | 1990 | 2238508 |
| gross morphological changes in the salivary glands of ixodes ricinus (acari, ixodidae) between bloodmeals in relation to active uptake of atmospheric water vapour. | the gross morphological changes in the salivary glands of ixodes ricinus (l.) were investigated at the light microscopic level in various phases off the host with emphasis on the engorged nymph, in order to relate the capability of active vapour uptake in the course of postembryonal development to degeneration and regeneration of salivary-gland alveoli. agranular alveoli in engorged immatures of i. ricinus, from detachment to the following early pharate phase, do not appear different from those ... | 1990 | 2261817 |