| phospholipases. iii. effects of ionic surfactants on the phospholipase-catalyzed hydrolysis of unsonicated egg lecithin liposomes. | apparent values of km and vmax have been measured for catalysis of hydrolysis of unsonicated egg lecithin liposomes, activated through addition of 0.4 m n-hexanol, by phospholipases a2 from bee and snake venoms and by phospholipase c from clostridium welchii as a function of the concentration of three surfactants: hexadecylamine, hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide, and dihexadecyl phosphate. for all three enzymes, values of km and vmax show little or no dependence on the concentration of these i ... | 1975 | 506 |
| [effect of presynaptic neurotoxins from the bee and cobra venoms on spontaneous mediator secretion from the motor nerve endings in mice]. | phospholipases a2 (phla) from the bee and cobra venoms induced the three-phasic changes in miniature end-plate potential (mepp) frequency recorded in the mouse diaphragm muscle: an initial fall of transmitter release followed by a transient increase before the final complete blockade. the removal of ca2+ from the perfusing solution (below 10(-9) m) prevented the presynaptic effect of both phla. if all phla molecules were washed out by the ca-free solution, the subsequent exposure to a standard s ... | 1979 | 36937 |
| an iridovirus from bees. | an iridovirus, apis iridescent virus (aiv), isolated from sick adult specimens of apis cerana (hymenoptera) from kashmir, closely resembles iridescent viruses from tipula and sericesthis spp. (tiv and siv). however, aiv is only distantly related serologically to tiv and siv and is even more remotely related to several other similar viruses that were tested in tube precipitation tests with intact particles. aiv multiplies in apis mellifera, forming cytoplasmic iridescent crystalline aggregates in ... | 1976 | 58966 |
| detoxified hymenoptera venoms: preliminary studies of in vitro cytotoxicity and antigenicity of apis mellifera 'venomoid'. | the preparation of detoxified venom (venomoid) of apis mellifera is described. the venomoid obtained by formaldehyde detoxification retained significant antigenicity. radioallergosorbent test (rast) inhibition studies indicated a loss of the affinity of the venomoid for the venom-specific human ige antibody. in rabbits the venomoid was capable of producing precipitating antibodies which cross-reacted with the original venom. cytotoxic activity of venomoid as measured by nonimmunological histamin ... | 1977 | 67088 |
| lipolytic enzymes in bovine thyroid tissue. iii. lysophospholipase activity. | lysophospholipids are formed during phospholipid breakdown as a result of the action of phospholipases a. at certain concentrations these lysoderivatives destabilise biological membranes. therefore, their concentration is of critical importance for membrane integrity. prevention of lysophosphoglycerides accumulation may be the important role for lysophospholipases and is probably the explanation for their widespread occurrence in nature. lysophospholipase activities were found in molds (fairbair ... | 1979 | 92222 |
| further studies on the structural requirements for polypeptide-mediated histamine release from rat mast cells. | structure-activity studies have been performed on a series of naturally occurring and 'tailor-made' polypeptides, by measurement of ability to induce selective histamine release from normal rat peritoneal mast cells in vitro. compounds investigated include corticotropin and melittin derivatives, mast-cell-degranulating peptide from bee venom, polymyxin b, bradykinin and various synthetic poly(amino acids) and short-chain peptides. it was confirmed that a cluster of four basic residues (lysine or ... | 1979 | 92986 |
| spiroplasmas: serological grouping of strains associated with plants and insects. | spiroplasma strains from plant and arthropod hosts, and from surfaces of flowers, were classified into three serological groups (designated i, ii, and iii) based on results from growth-inhibition tests. no significant cross reactions were observed among groups. the groupings were confirmed by ring-interface precipitin and microprecipitin tests, using membrane preparations as test antigens, and by organism-deformation tests. serogroup i contained three subgroups: subgroup a (spiroplasma citri str ... | 1979 | 93504 |
| studies on the characterization of the rho(d) antigen. | the rho(d) antigen of red cell membranes was solubilized using ethylene-diamine tetraacetic acid (edta) and 2-mercaptoethanol. the solubilized antigen was partially separated from other solubilized membrane components using molecular filtration. the antigen was treated with various enzymes to learn some of the chemical characteristics. it was found that the activity of the antigen, as measured by hemagglutination inhibition, was not affected by bee venom phospholipase a, clostridium welchii phos ... | 1978 | 103579 |
| [on the antimicrobial activity of propolis and propolis constituents (author's transl)]. | after a survey of the literature on the antimicrobial activity of the bee product propolis, the authors discuss their own findings as compared to the chemotherapeutical agents streptomycin, oxytetracycline, chloramphenicol, nystatin, griseofulvin and sulphamerazine. according to the results obtained by testing 25 isolated constituents on bacillus subtilis, staphylococcus aureus, candida albicans and trichophyton mentagrophytes, the antimicrobial properties of this mixture of natural substances a ... | 1979 | 108687 |
| substrate cycles in metabolic regulation and in heat generation. | 1. the presence of substrate cycles in tissues has been demonstrated by direct isotope methods in recent years. this demonstration has provided the impetus for a reappraisal of the roles of substrate cycling in metabolic regulation and in heat production. these aspects of substrate cycling are discussed in this paper. the relationship between near-equilibrium reactions and substrate cycles is emphasized, since this provides a basis for the derivation of a function describing in precise quantitat ... | 1976 | 184791 |
| accessibility of phospholipids in the chromaffin granule membrane. | 1. the accessibility of phospholipids in the membrane of the adrenomedullary storage vesicles (chromaffin granules) has been studied. 2. the reaction of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid with both intact granules and their ghosts, results in the labelling of 70% of the phosphatidylethanolamine. 3. the action of phospholipase a2 (from bee venom), phospholipase c (from bacillus cereus) and sphingomyelinase c (from staphylococcus aureus) on granules and their ghosts was followed as a function of ... | 1978 | 102348 |
| effect of alamethicin, gramicidin s and melittin upon the particulate guanylate cyclase from rat lung. | the channel-forming antibiotic alamethicin activated rat lung particulate guanylate cyclase (gtp pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing) ec 4.6.1.2), and the activated enzyme was further stimulated by sodium nitroprusside when a thiol such as 2-mercaptoethanol was present. similar effects were seen with the antibiotic gramicidin s and with melittin, a polypeptide purified from bee venom. all of these agents are amphiphilic polypeptides. nitroprusside was not able to stimulate both particulate and solubl ... | 1979 | 90524 |
| [size of the genome of the bee wax moth nuclear polyhedrosis virus]. | | 1978 | 364252 |
| solid phase radioimmunoassay for quantitation of antigen-specific igg in human sera with 125i-protein a from staphylococcus aureus. | radiolabeled protein a from staphylococcus aureus (staph a) has been used to develop a solid phase, noncompetitive radioimmunoassay for quantitation of specific igg antibody. the assay involves two incubations: first, agarose-insolubilized antigen is mixed with serum samples for 1 to 4 hr during which specific antibody is bound; second, after a washing procedure, the solid phase immune complexes are incubated for 4 to 18 hr with 125i-staph a, during which the radiolabeled detection protein binds ... | 1979 | 87416 |
| lipolytic enzymes in bovine thyroid tissue. i. subcellular localization, purification and characterization of acid phospholipase a1. | in mammalian cells the catabolism of membrane phosphoglycerides proceeds probably entirely through a deacylation pathway catalysed by phospholipase a and lysophospholipase (wise & elwyn, 1965). in the initial attack of diacylphosphoglycerides by phospholipase a two enzymatic activities with different positional specificities have been distinguished: phospholipase a1 (phosphatidate 1-acyl hydrolase en 3.1.1.32) and phospholipase a2 (phosphatidate 2-acyl hydrolase en 3.1.1.4) (van deenen & de haas ... | 1978 | 87159 |
| [histamine-liberating action of mcd-peptide from bee venom]. | histamine release (hr) from the isolated rat mast cells induced by mcd-peptide, mellitin (from the apis mellifica venom) and compound 48/80 was studied. the dose-response curve, the latent period and temperature dependence of hr induced by mcd-peptide were similar to those of hr induced by compound 48/80. the hr induced by mcd-peptide proved to be an energy-dependent process that was independent of cyclic adenosine-3',5'-monophosphate. | 1977 | 70248 |
| harvester ant sensitivity: in vitro and in vivo studies using whole body extracts and venom. | harvester ant stings by pogonomyrmex maricopa (pm) or pogonomyrmex rugosus (pr) resulted in serious reactions in 8 patients, 4 with generalized reactions and 1 with large local reactions. exposure to one species in the genus pogonomyrmex (p) appeared to cross-sensitize ant-sensitive patients to other species in the same genus as evidenced by skin testing and leukocyte histamine release, but these patients were less sensitive to extracts from other stinging hymenoptera, including bee, wasp, yello ... | 1977 | 64481 |
| anticoagulant properties of apis mellifera (honey bee) venom. | | 1979 | 442111 |
| glucocorticoids inhibit trypsin-induced dna release from phytohemagglutinin-stimulated blood lymphocytes. | trypsin-induced dna release from phytohemagglutinin (pha)-stimulated human lymphocytes is inhibited by different glucocorticosteroid compounds at low pharmacologic concentrations, in a dose-dependent manner, and in order of the known anti-inflammatory potency of the different preparations. in contrast, pha-stimulated cell growth is 100- to 1000-fold less sensitive to inhibition by the same glucocorticoids. nonglucocorticoid steroids have little effect on either dna release or cell growth except ... | 1979 | 448157 |
| studies of the antigenicity and allergenicity of phospholipase a2 of bee venom. | the antigenic and allergenic properties of phospholipase a2 (pla2) and whole bee venom were compared by measuring the igg and ige antibody responses in animals and man. precipitating antibodies raised in rabbits and reaginic and other antibodies raised in mice reacted about equally with both bee venom and pla. the majority of human sera containing bee venom-specific ige also contained pla-specific ige, although in somewhat lower titers. similarly, most human sera with significant amounts of tota ... | 1976 | 59745 |
| allergy to insect stings. ii. phospholipase a: the major allergen in honeybee venom. | in order to determine the proteins of major allergenic importance in honeybee venom (apis mellifera) it was chromatographed on g-50 sephadex. the four major protein peaks eluted were identified as hyaluronidase, phospholipase, melittin, and apamin. testing these preparations on the leukocytes of 6 honeybee-sensitive patients, with the in vitro method of histamine release, revealed that all individuals were most sensitive to phospholipase a. ige antibodies against phospholipase a (rast) were foun ... | 1976 | 54382 |
| effect of phospholipase a2 on purified gastric vesicles. | the phospholipid and fatty acid composition and role of phospholipids in enzyme and transport function of gastric (h+ + k+)-atpase vesicles was studied using phospholipase a2 (bee venom). the composition (%) was phosphatidyl-choline (pc) 33%; sphingomyelin (sph) 25%; phosphatidylethanolamine (pe) 22%; phosphatidylserine (ps) 11%; and phosphatidylinositol (pi) 8%. the fatty acid composition showed a high degree of unsaturation. in both fresh and lyophilized preparations, even with prolonged incub ... | 1979 | 44534 |
| arms races between and within species. | an adaptation in one lineage (e.g. predators) may change the selection pressure on another lineage (e.g. prey), giving rise to a counter-adaptation. if this occurs reciprocally, an unstable runaway escalation or 'arms race' may result. we discuss various factors which might give one side an advantage in an arms race. for example, a lineage under strong selection may out-evolve a weakly selected one (' the life-dinner principle'). we then classify arms races in two independent ways. they may be s ... | 1979 | 42057 |
| radiorespirometric studies of carbohydrate metabolism by washed spermatozoa of various species. | 1. the patterns of 14co2 evolution from specifically labeled glucose substrates by washed bull, ram, boar, rabbit, dog, rooster and turkey spermatozoa were similar and indicated the embden-meyerhof and kreb's cycle pathways as the major route of energy metabolism. 2. honey bee spermatozoa metabolized glucose-3,4-[14c], glucose-[u-14c] or fructose-[u-14c], but not glucose-1-[14c], glucose-2-[14c]or glucose-6-[14c], indicating the presence of the glycolytic pathway, but the absence of respiration ... | 1978 | 318338 |
| comparison of phospholipase activity with direct and indirect lytic effects of animal venoms upon human red cells. | 1. the venoms of 22 species of arthropods, saurians, elapids and crotalids were studied concerning the phospholipase activity and the presence of a direct and an indirect lytic effect upon human red cells. 2. the venoms from the spiders latrodectus and "tarantula", and the venoms from the scorpions of the genus centruroides are not haemolytic and do not have phospholipase activity. 3. only the venoms of apis mellifera and naja naja siamensis have shown direct lytic effect. 4. all other venoms st ... | 1979 | 318305 |
| low concentrations of indomethacin inhibit phospholipase a2 of rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes. | inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis by indomethacin, a drug with anti-inflammatory properties, has been attributed to its action on fatty acid cyclooxygenase. however, prostaglandin synthesis would also be inhibited if precursor fatty acids were not supplied. we find that indomethacin inhibits phospholipase a2 (phosphatide 2-acylhydrolase, ec 3.1.1.4) of rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes in dose-dependent fashion. inhibition is immediate and readily detected at 1 micrometer. the extent of in ... | 1978 | 275865 |
| apamin blocks certain neurotransmitter-induced increases in potassium permeability. | apamin is a neurotoxic polypeptide of known structure isolated from bee venom. shuba and coworkers have recently shown that it abolishes the hyperpolarising action of externally-applied atp on visceral smooth muscle (guinea pig stomach and taenia coli) as well as the hyperpolarisation (inhibitory junction potential) that follows stimulation of the non-adrenergic inhibitory nerve supply to these tissues. as it has been proposed that atp is the neurotransmitter involved in the latter response, vl ... | 1979 | 228203 |
| phospholipid changes in synaptic membranes by lipolytic enzymes and subsequent restoration of opiate binding with phosphatidylserine. | a study has been made of the role of phosphatidylserine in stereospecific opiate binding to neural membranes, utilizing specific lipolytic enzymes to attack the lipid. at very low concentrations phospholipase a2 from bee venom will preferentially hydrolyze c22:6-fatty acid; and even after a few percent of the total phosphatidylserine is hydrolyzed, opiate binding is greatly inhibited. the addition of brain phosphatidylserine will restore opiate binding; however, when the inhibition approaches 50 ... | 1978 | 210831 |
| testing blood plasma from cattle in leukosos-free herds for antibodies against bovine leukemia virus (blv). | as a prelude to the introduction of serological methods in the danish leukosis eradication programme, an examination for antibody to bovine leukemia virus (blv) was carried out in 215 randomly selected leukosis-free herds in three areas where 3 routine haematological screening tests had bee made over a period of 6 years. a gel diffusion test was applied to plasma samples. of 3319 animals screened, none were found to have detectable levels of antibody to blv in their plasma. this would seem to in ... | 1978 | 208054 |
| immunoassay for honey bee cytochrome c in single animals with cytochrome c-coated bacteriophages: a sensitive tool for the study of caste formation in the honey bee, apis mellifera. | the development of a sensitive viroimmunoassay for honey bee cytochrome c and its usage for early detection of caste differentiation is described. pure honey bee cytochrome c was isolated from workers and used to produce antibodies in rabbits. bacteriophage t4 was chemically modified by covalent attachment of honey bee cytochrome c using tolylene-2,4-diisocyanate as a cross-linking agent. the immunospecific inactivation of this bacteriophage-cytochrome c conjugate by anti-cytochrome c antibodies ... | 1977 | 189841 |
| gonadotropin receptors in plasma membranes of bovine corpus luteum. i. effect of phospholipases on the binding of 125i-choriogonadotropin by membrane-associated and solubilized receptors. | the ability of bovine corpus luteum plasma membranes to bind 125i-choriogonadotropin has been examined after prior treatment of the membranes with phospholipases a, c, and d. treatment of the purified membranes with low concentrations of phospholipases a and c resulted in the inhibition of the binding of 125i-choriogonadotropin to its receptors, whereas phospholipase d had no effect. receptor activity was decreased by low concentrations of phospholipase a from either bee venom, vipera russelli o ... | 1976 | 187585 |
| evidence for a phospholipid requirement in the specific binding of glucocorticoids to receptors of fibroblasts and thymic lymphocytes. | the specific steroid binding capacity of soluble preparations from mouse fibroblasts and rat thymic lymphocytes is inactivated by incubation with phospholipases. receptor binding is drastically reduced by very low concentrations of boiled phospholipase a preparations from bee venom and snake venoms. the enzyme effect is calcium-dependent and is blocked by both phospholipid and a substrate analog that is a competitive inhibitor of phospholipase a. the specific binding capacity is also sensitive t ... | 1976 | 177409 |
| organization of phospholipids in human red cell membranes as detected by the action of various purified phospholipases. | 1. the action of eight purified phospholipases on intact human erythrocytes has been investigated. four enzymes, e.g. phospholipases a2 from pancreas and crotalus adamanteus, phospholipase c from bacillus cereus, and phospholipase d from cabbage produce neither haemolysis nor hydrolysis of phospholipids in intact cells. on the other hand, both phospholipases a2 from bee venom and naja naja cause a non-haemolytic breakdown of more than 50% of the lecithin, while sphingomyelinase c from staphyloco ... | 1975 | 169915 |
| sensitive assay for detection of toxin-induced damage to the cytoplasmic membrane of human diploid fibroblasts. | a sensitive assay was developed for detection and quantitation of subtle permeability changes in the cytoplasmic membrane of human diploid fibroblasts. release of the non-metabolizable amino acid [1-14c]alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (aib; molecular weight (103) from the cytoplasm of prelabeled cells was used as an indicator of toxin-induced membrane damage. an optimal procedure for labeling these cells was designed after varying the conditions with regard to ph, temperature, concentration of aib, c ... | 1975 | 169201 |
| determination of toxin-induced leakage of different-size nucleotides through the plasma membrane of human diploid fibroblasts. | human diploid lung fibroblasts were treated with cytolytic bacterial toxins and the nature of the membrane damage was investigated. [3h] uridine was used for differential labeling of cytoplasmic components of small or large molecular size. two principal size categories were achieved by labeling the fibroblasts in either early growth phase or stationary phase, a high-molecular weight ribonucleic acid label and a low-molecular-weight nucleotide label. the size of the labeled molecules was determin ... | 1975 | 164404 |
| [in vitro inhibition of trna methyltransferases by queen substance, a pheromone of queen honeybees]. | the queen substance 1, a pheromone of the queen honeybee apis mellifica is an in vitro inhibitor of e. coli b trna methylations. this activity is not specific of the methylase source, as inhibitions have been observed with preparations from queen honeybee ovaries, rat liver or a mouse plasmocytoma 1-adenine methylase. these results, together with preceding ones concerning t, t-farnesyl-acetone 3, are discussed. | 1979 | 113116 |
| immunologic and biochemical evaluation of the potency of whole insect body extracts. | recent studies have indicated that currently available whole body extracts have little potency and are ineffective for diagnosis and treatment of stinging insect allergy. pure venom is a potent effective allergen but is difficult to obtain in sufficient quantities from all hymenoptera species. in these studies, an attempt was made to prepare a potent whole body extract. whole bee body extracts were prepared with different extraction periods and at cold and room temperatures. potency was examined ... | 1979 | 107209 |
| activation of high levels of endogenous phospholipase a2 in cultured cells. | activatable cellular phospholipase a2 (plase; phosphatide 2-acyl-hydrolase, ec 3.1.1.4) has been proposed to constitute the first and rate-limiting step in prostaglandin synthesis and to regulate membrane function by altering the levels in the membrane of the detergent lipids lysolecithin and free fatty acids. we have observed that a wide variety of cells in culture contain high levels of endogenous plase that can be activated by polypeptide toxins, such as melittin purified from bee venom and d ... | 1979 | 106389 |
| a solid-phase radioimmunoassay for detection of human antibodies. i. measurement of igg antibody to bee venom antigens. | a solid-phase radioimmunoassay (spra) has been developed to measure igg antibodies to bee venom (bv) and phospholipiase a2 (pla) in human sera. the principle of the test is similar to that of the radioallergosorbent test (rast) measuring ige antibody. cyanogen-bromide-activated paper discs coupled with bv or pla followed by supplementary coupling with human serum albumin were incubated with standard or test sera, washed, and incubated with 125i-labeled anti igg. the serum levels of the igg antib ... | 1978 | 344801 |
| quantitative study on anomeric forms of glucose produced by alpha-glucosidases. | anomeric forms of glucose produced from phenyl alpha-maltoside, maltose, or phenyl alpha-glucoside have been determined quantitatively by simultaneous measurements of optical rotation and reducing power, for eight kinds of glucose-producing 1,4-alpha-glucosyl hydrolases, including glucose-forming amylase from human urine, and alpha-glucosidases from pig serum, honey bee, buckwheat seed, rice seed, sugar beet seed, flint corn seed, and brewer's yeast. all the eight enzymes studied were found to p ... | 1979 | 376499 |
| allergens in bee venom ii. two new high molecular weight allergenic specificities. | two new allergenic specificites were detected in honeybee venom and the two corresponding protein substances isolated by gel filtration, immunoadsorption, and ion exchange chromatography. the first of these, allergen b, has a molecular weight ranging from 49,000 to more than 200,00 d and can be recognized by rabbit and guinea pig antisera as well as by human reaginic sera using the radioallergosorbent test (rast). allergen b gives a single line in immunodiffusion distinct from hyaluronidase, pho ... | 1977 | 401840 |
| [effect of the varroa jacobsoni tick on the biochemical indices of the bee]. | | 1978 | 695309 |
| the effects of chronicity on burst structure in epileptogenic foci. | pyramidal tract neurons (ptns) from tungstic acid, cobalt and alumina gel foci in cat were studied for spontaneous and antidromically-evoked firing patterns. specifically, the structured long-first-interval (lfi) burst was looked for. the lfi burst did occur spontaneously from ptns in tungstic acid foci but could not be antidromically evoked. the lfi burst did not occur as often as would have bee predicted from cobalt and alumina foci, but, in foci older than 60 days, antidromically-evoked activ ... | 1978 | 416881 |
| bee venom neurotoxin (apamin): iodine labeling and characterization of binding sites. | | 1979 | 428392 |
| action of phospholipases on the cytoplasmic membrane of escherichia coli. stimulation by melittin. | the emission maximum of the single tryptophan residue of melittin was measured in the presence of phosphatidylethanolamine liposomes and escherichia coli cytoplasmic membranes. in both cases, the fluorescence maximum was shifted to shorter wavelengths indicating a transfer of the indole ring to an apolar environment. e. coli membranes were labelled in position 2 of their phospholids with [14c]oleic acid. these membranes were used for measuring the activity of an endogenous phospholipase a2. a sl ... | 1976 | 766838 |
| inactivation of complement by loxosceles reclusa spider venom. | zymosan depletion of serum complement in guinea pigs rendered them highly resistant to lesion by loxosceles reclusa spider venom. guinea pigs deficient in c4 of the complement system are as sensitive to the venom as normal guinea pigs. the injection of 35 micrograms of whole recluse venom intradermally into guinea pigs lowered their complement level by 35.7%. brown recluse spider venom in concentrations as slight as 0.02 micrograms protein/ml can totally inactivate one ch50 of guinea pig complem ... | 1979 | 464196 |
| osmotic stability of erythrocytes in human muscular dystrophy before and after phospholipase treatment. | the stability of washed erythrocytes from patients with muscular dystrophy was determined in hypotonic phosphate buffered sodium chloride. control cells were more stable than cells from duchenne and myotonic patients. after pretreatment of the cells with phospholipase from pancreas, snake venom or bee venom in the presence of 14 mmol/l ca2+, the order of osmotic stability in the 3 groups was not changed. in isotonic phosphate buffered nacl, however, the erythrocytes of the myotonic patients were ... | 1979 | 466813 |
| asymmetric distribution of arachidonic acid in the plasma membrane of human platelets. a determination using purified phospholipases and a rapid method for membrane isolation. | 1. non-lytic degradation of human platelet phospholipids have been performed using a combination of bee venom phospholipase a2 (phosphatide 2-acyl-hydrolase, ec 3.1.1.4) and staphylococcus aureus sphingomyelinase c (sphingomyelin choline phosphohydrolase). under these conditions, 25.4% of total phospholipds are degraded and 6.4% of total platelet arachidonic acid is released. 2. a new method for rapid isolation of platelet plasma membrane is described, based on the use of [3h]concanavalin a as a ... | 1979 | 486472 |
| bee venom phospholipase a2; effects on drosophila larvae, hela cells and membranes. | | 1976 | 821180 |
| [effect of bee venom and its low- and high-molecular fractions on embryogenesis in rats]. | the authors injected 3 groups of pregnant rats with 1/5 of ld50 of whole bee venom and its low and high weight molecular fractions daily between the 6th and 14th day of gestation. the embryos of the treated animals, aged 20 days, showed a reduction of the weight and dimunution of the activity of lactate dehydrogenase and isocitrate dehydrogenase in their liver homogenate. there were autolisis and dead rats in the uterus of the treated animals (embryotoxic effect). there were no teratogenic alter ... | 1979 | 499041 |
| asymmetric manipulation of the membrane lipid bilayer of intact human erythrocytes with phospholipase a, c, or d induces a change in cell shape. | changes in the membrane morphology and phospholipid content of human erythrocytes were determined after incubation of intact cells with each of various exogeneous phospholipases (plases). plase a2 from naja naja or bee venom induced crenation of the cells in parallel with hydrolysis of the membrane phosphatidylcholine (pc). this crenated cell shape was reversed to a biconcave disc or cup-like form by a further treatment with lysophospholipase. in contrast, bacterial plase c from clostridium perf ... | 1979 | 521437 |
| contraction of guinea-pig trachea and bronchus by honey bee venom. | | 1979 | 524384 |
| action of phospholipases a2 on phosphatidylcholine bilayers. effects of the phase transition, bilayer curvature and structural defects. | we examined the action of porcine pancreatic and bee-venom phospholipase a2 towards bilayers of phosphatidylcholine as a function of several physical characteristics of the lipid-water interface. 1. unsonicated liposomes of dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine are degraded by both phospholipases in the temperature region of the phase transition only (cf. op den kamp et al. (1974) biochim. biophys. acta 345, 253--256 and op den kamp et al. (1975) biochim. biophys. acta 406, 169--177). with sonicates t ... | 1978 | 565217 |
| allergy to insect stings. iv. diagnosis by radioallergosorbent test (r.a.s.t.). | radioallergosorbent tests (rast(s)) have been developed and assessed for the diagnosis of insect hypersensitivity by using a purified allergen from honeybee venom, phospholipase a, and crude yellow jacket venom. sera from 193 patients positive both by history and skin test to one of these insects were compared with various groups of control sera. eighty percent of sera from skin test-positive patients were rast positive; positive rast were found in 16% of sera tested from skin test-negative pati ... | 1978 | 569172 |
| [specific aspects in rast: bee-venom, dog- and cat-hair allergies]. | | 1979 | 570766 |
| metabolic fate of timepidium bromide (sa-504)--unstable metabolities in the rats. | the colored substances excreted in bile or urine have bee investigated after adminstration of a high dose of sq-504 to rats. a reddish-violet colored substance and a bluish-violet colored substance were dominant. their chemical structures were not assigned because of their small quantity and instability. it was recognized that the colored substances were metabolites of sa-504 from the studies with 3h and 14c labelled sa-504 and the derivatives of sa-504. | 1977 | 578322 |
| neurotoxicity of apamin and mcd peptide upon central application. | besides apamin, the structurally related mcd peptide (mast cell degranulating peptide; peptide 401) is another centrally acting peptide from bee venom. in contrast to apamin, it is hardly neurotoxic upon intravenous injection in mice. following intraventricular injection, as little as 0.3 microgram/animal produce convulsions and respiratory arrest in mice. the clinical picture differs from that elicited by apamin, and apamin is about 10 times more potent than mcd peptide when given intraventricu ... | 1977 | 593441 |
| body weight and metabolic level in growing chickens. | body weight and metabolic level in growing chickens. acta physiol. pol., 1977, 28 (6): 575-583. in the investigations carried out on 128 white rock chicken the metabolic level was determined under standard conditions in chickens characterising by different growth rate resulted from different feeding levels. it was shown that the feeding level of growing chicken has an essential influence on the character of the regression between the metabolic level and body weight. it was also found that this r ... | 1977 | 612142 |
| honey bee venom melittin: correlation of nonspecific inflammatory activities with amino acid sequences. | the nonspecific (nonallergic) inflammatory activity of melittin, a protein toxin from honeybees, was correlated with specific amino acid sequences. two different amino acid sequences of melittin were found to contribute to nonspecific inflammatory activities in guinea pig skin. carboxy terminal peptide sequences of 7--10 amino acids induced immediate inflammatory reactions that reached maximum intensities by 15--30 min, then rapidly dissipated. the amino (n) terminal hydrophobic sequence, althou ... | 1977 | 617800 |
| use of synthetic analogs for a study on the structure-activity relationship of apamin. | [lys13,lys14]apamin, [lys13]apamin and [lys14]apamin, three structural analogs of the bee venom neurotoxin, have been obtained by solid-phase peptide synthesis while an attempt to obtain [cit13]apamin failed, probably at the step of reoxidation of cysteines. after the chemical purity of these three derivatives had been assessed, further chemical modifications led to three new peptides: [ac-cys1,lys(ac)4,lys(ac)13]apamin, [ac-cys1,lys(ac)4,lys(ac)14]apamin and [har4,har13,har14]apamin. these six ... | 1978 | 620675 |
| transient desensibilization of isolated hepatocytes against phalloidin by treatment with phospholipase a. | the development of typical protrusions in isolated hepatocytes after incubation with phalloidin was prevented by phospholipase a (from bee venom). when cells were preincubated with low concentrations of phospholipase a and the enzyme was removed by washing, the number of cells affected by 10 microgram phalloidin/ml was markedly reduced. if the pretreated cells were allowed to recover after removal of phospholipase, the sensitivity to phalloidin returned to nearly normal values. transient treatme ... | 1978 | 634383 |
| purification and characterization of the cytotoxic cerebratulus a toxins. | mucus secreted from the skin of a marine worm, cerebratulus lacteus, contains a family of polypeptide cytotoxins (a toxins) in addition to the previously reported polypeptide neurotoxins (b toxins). the a toxins were purified by sephadex g-50 chromatography and then cm-cellulose gradient chromatography at ph 7.5 and ph 3.5. the three most abundant a toxins (designated according to their order of cm-cellulose elution) were homogeneous by gel electrophoreses, amino acid composition, and by nh2-ter ... | 1978 | 670226 |
| bacteria belonging to the genus bacillus isolated from selected organs of queen honey bees, apis mellifera. | | 1978 | 681774 |
| spiroplasma associated with flowers of the tulip tree (liriodendron tulipifera l.). | spiroplasmas were isolated and cultivated from nonsurface-sterilized petals and bracts excised from flowers of liriodendron tulipifera l. (tulip tree) in anne arundel, charles, and prince george's counties in maryland, and east lyme county, connecticut. all isolates grew at 30 and at 37 degrees c. morphology of colonies on solid agar (1%) medium containing serum differed among isolates: some isolates formed highly diffuse, barely visible colonies; others formed distinct colonies with granular ce ... | 1978 | 688103 |
| [effect of pinocembrin on the course of experimental candida infections in mice]. | pinocembrin (5,7-dihydroxy-flavanon)--a component of the bee product propolis--was tested for its in vivo activity against candida albicans in mice. it was shown that the intravenous infection of ab-jena mice with 2.5 x 10(5) candida albicans cells was a very suitable model. despite of treatment with pinocembrin at daily doses of 100 mg/kg body weight the animals as well as the controls died between the 6th and 24th day after beginning. on the other hand the animals treated with 5 mg/kg amphoter ... | 1978 | 692545 |
| effect of honey bee venom on prostaglandin levels in mouse skin. | the effects of honey bee venom on prostaglandin (pg) e levels were studied in mouse skin under in vivo and in vitro conditions. levels of pge were increased 10.8-fold after 15 minutes exposure to reconstituted bee venom in vitro and 3.8-fold 35 minutes after a bee sting in vivo. phospholipase a2 (pla2), a major componet of bee venom, also caused a 10.9-fold increase in pge levels in vitro and may be primarily responsible for this response of skin to bee venom. | 1978 | 704930 |
| [hemolytic activity of erythrocytes following exposure of animals to bee venom]. | | 1978 | 708807 |
| nerve growth factor receptor binding. influence of enzymes, ions, and protein reagents. | nerve growth factor (ngf) receptor binding in membrane fractions of rabbit superior cervical ganglia has been measured after treatment with a variety of enzymes, protein-modifying reagents, and ions. receptor binding is degraded by low concentrations of trypsin but is much less sensitive to alpha-chymotrypsin. low concentrations of phospholipase a from vipera russelli decrease ngf receptor binding by lowering the number of binding sites, while phospholipase a preparations from crotalus terrificu ... | 1975 | 803504 |
| anti-arthritic effect of bee venom. | bee venom, administered subcutaneously, suppressed the development of carrageenan-induced paw edema and adjuvant arthritis in the rat in a dose-related manner. a single dose of bee venom administered subcutaneously the day before or on the day of injection of complete freund's adjuvant (cfa) effectively suppressed the development of polyarthritis. this suppressive effect decreased progressively as dosing was delayed. bee venom was found to be most effective when mixed and injected (sub-plantar) ... | 1979 | 474306 |
| biosynthesis of bis(monoacylglyceryl)phosphate and acylphosphatidylglycerol in rat liver mitochondrial. | bis(monoacylglyceryl)phosphate is present in trace quantities in normal liver where it represents smaller than 1 percent of total liver phospholipids. this compound is of considerable interest since its level can be greatly increased in certain lipidoses, either of a genetic nature or caused by drugs. biosynthesis of bis(monoacylglyceryl)p in vitro has not previously been demonstrated. this paper reports the enzymatic formation of bis(monoacylglyceryl)p and acylphosphatidylglycerol as minor prod ... | 1975 | 1123342 |
| acute respiratory distress in cattle. | the term "fog fever" was originally used identify a disease of adult cattle grazing lush pastures in the autumn. unfortunately, the name has subsequently been applied to other respiratory disorders which occurred under different epidemiological circumstances, so that the name "fog fever" has lost much of its original specificity and become almost synonymous with "acute respiratory distress". the pulmonary lesions in 151 cattle, of all ages, with acute respiratory distress are described in this r ... | 1975 | 1162878 |
| the multiplication of nodamura virus in insect and mammalian cell cultures. | nodamura virus multiplied in mosquito cell lines, as determined by infectivivity assays in adult honey bees (apis mellifera) and wax moth larvae (galleria mellonella). titres of more than 10-7 and 10-5 bee ld50 /ml were obtained in culture fluids of aedes albopictus and aedes aegypti cells respectively after 10 days. comparable titres were obtained after several months, during which the cultures were subdivided up to six times. nodamura virus also multiplied in bhk cells and yielded titres of 10 ... | 1975 | 1168239 |
| genetic study of the aggressiveness of two subspecies of apis mellifera in brazil. iv. number of stings in the gloves of the observer. | data are analyzed on an aspect of aggressiveness in workers from colonies of africanized bees (apis mellifera adansonii), italian bees (apis mellifera ligustica), their f1 hybrids, and backcrosses of the f1 to the parental stocks (rothenbuhler method). the segregation values (3:1) in the backcrosses to the africanized stock and nonsegregation in the backcrosses to the italian stock suggest the existence of two pairs of genes (f1/f1; f2/f2 in the italian bees and f1/f1; f2/f2 in the africanized b ... | 1975 | 1169057 |
| use of enzymatic and electron microscopy (freeze-etching) methods for studying atp-dependent masking of erythrocyte membrane phospholipids. | membrane phospholipids of atp-depleted chicken, rat, and toad erythrocytes are more susceptible than fresh cells to hydrolysis by phospholipase c (bacillus cereus), phospholipase a (bee venom), or the combination of these enzymes and sphingomyelinase. atp depletion of chicken and rat erythrocytes greatly increased the membrane phospholipid fraction, which can be extracted by dry ether. trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid attacked about 20% of the phosphatidylethanolamine of fresh chicken erythrocytes ... | 1979 | 478827 |
| interactions of melittin, a preprotein model, with detergents. | bee venom melittin is a water-soluble tetramer of identical polypeptide chains. each chain has 26 residues. the 20 n-terminal residues are hydrophobic and the 6 c-terminal residues are basic. melittin has been shown to integrate into natural and synthetic membranes and to lyse a wide variety of cells. to understand how a water-soluble protein can spontaneously partition into a membrane, we have studied the interaction of melittin with micelles of deoxycholate (doc), brij 58, and sodium dodecyl s ... | 1979 | 486416 |
| [aspergillus flavus link -- a new parasite on tetralonia lanuginosa klug]. | the wild type bee tetralonia lanuginosa, that plays an important role in fertilization of vicia faba in egypt, is often attacked by aspergillus flavus strains. this infection causes up to 50 per cent decay of the bee nymphs and/or pupae. | 1976 | 827870 |
| comparison of drosophila, rat-liver and bee-head esterases in detecting residues of organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides in vegetables and fruits. | | 1977 | 838806 |
| translation of honeybee promelittin messenger rna. formation of a larger product in a mammalian cell-free system. | venom glands of honeybees synthesize the peptide melittin via the precursor promelittin. total rna preparations from venom glands served as template in a cell-free system prepared from mammalian cells. the heterologous system translated the insect mrna with approximately the same efficiency as hemoglobin mrna. a polypeptide was synthesized which, as shown by acrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of detergent, has a higher molecular weight than promelittin. analysis of peptic fragments a ... | 1975 | 1204644 |
| melittin: an allergen of honeybee venom. | the presence of serum ige antibodies to melittin was tested by the radioallergosorbent test (rast). melittin, the principal protein of honeybee venom, was isolated by gel filtration on sephadex g-75 and covalently bound to cyanogen bromide-activated microcrystalline cellulose. the melittin preparation was homogenous by immunoelectrophoresis with the use of rabbit antiserum to whole honeybee venom and by polyacrylamide electrophoresis in gels containing 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate. elevated serum i ... | 1977 | 850023 |
| alcohol dehydrogenase polymorphism in apis mellifera. | a polymorphic system of adh isozymes is described in the honeybee apis mellifera. three and six different electrophoretic patterns were found, respectively, in drone and worker pupae analysis. the data indicate that the adh isozymes are controlled by three alleles, adh-1(1), adh-1(2), and adh-1(3). the frequency of the adh-1 alleles is different in two analyzed subspecies, apis mellifera adansonii (african bees) and apis mellifera ligustica (italian bees). in the african bees, the frequencies ar ... | 1977 | 869899 |
| the isolation and identification of noradrenaline and dopamine from the venom of the honey bee, apis mellifica. | | 1976 | 1273857 |
| studies of brazilian bee venom. | | 1977 | 872624 |
| membrane properties of aplysia neurones intracellularly injected with phospholipases a and c. | 1. the effects of phospholipases a from bee venom and from porcine pancreas and of phospholipases c from clostridium welchii and bacillus cereus on active and passive membrane properties of aplysia neurones have been studied. consistent alterations in electrical membrane properties were found following intracellular application of three of these enzymes.2. bee venom phospholipase a produced a rapid decrease of membrane potential and resistance. voltage clamping revealed a marked depression of pe ... | 1977 | 874892 |
| changes induced in cat serum by bee venom, melittin and apamin: the therapeutic effect of propranolol. | | 1977 | 882991 |
| specific allergen induced motility of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and polymorphonuclear leukocytes in insect sting allergy. | the motility of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (mnc) and polymorphonuclear (pmn) leukocytes from normal and bee venom allergic subjects was investigated by a modified boyden micropore filter method. the study comprised mnc locomotion in bee venom and histamine gradients and pmn locomotion in bee venom and fmlp gradients. we demonstrated statistically significant increase in mnc and pmn motility towards bee venom in allergic patients group. this effect disappeared after the preincubation of m ... | 1992 | 1299166 |
| melittin interactions with adenylate cyclase. | melittin, a basic polypeptide from bee venom, inhibits basal and thyrotropin-stimulated adenylate cyclase of beef thyroid membranes with a ki approximately 10 micron. although this property resides in the basic c-terminal and not the n-terminal portion of the molecule, inhibition is due primarily to its detergent-like nature rather than charge effects. there is also a small enhancing effect of both basal and thyrotropin-stimulated adenylate cyclase of 0.3-3 micron melittin. | 1977 | 884154 |
| peripheral nerve changes induced by local application of bee venom. | | 1977 | 894324 |
| [antimicrobial activity of bee hemolymph]. | | 1977 | 906286 |
| asymmetry of the phospholipid bilayer of rat liver endoplasmic reticulum. | the phospholipids of intact microsomal membranes were hydrolysed 50% by phospholipase c of clostridium welchii, without loss of the secretory protein contents of the vesicle, which are therefore not permeable to the phospholipase. phospholipids extracted from microsomes and dispersed by sonication were hydrolysed rapidly by phospholipase c-cl. welchii with the exception of phosphatidylinositol. assuming that only the phospholipids of the outside of the bilayer of the microsomal membrane are hydr ... | 1977 | 921959 |
| stimulation of phospholipase activity and prostaglandin biosynthesis by melittin in cell culture and in vivo. | melittin, a membrane-active peptide of bee venom, as well as synthetic melittin, stimulated the biosynthesis of prostaglandins by mouse transformed fibroblasts (mc5-5), human fibroblasts (d550), rabbit aorta endothelial cells (clo), rat lung type ii alveolar pneumocytes (l-2) and rabbit smooth muscle cells (r-i). the melittin peptides also stimulated the release of arachidonic acid from the cellular phospholipids of mc5-5 cells. the stimulated prostaglandin biosynthesis by mc5-5 cells was inhibi ... | 1977 | 928951 |
| screening for restriction endonucleases in methane-oxidizing bacteria. | 51 methane-oxidizing bacteria strains such as methylomonas methanica, m. rubra, methylococcus capsulatus, m. thermophilus, m. luteus, m. ucrainicus, m. whittenburyi, methylosinus trichosporium, m. sporium, methylocystis parvus isolated from various ecological niches and geographical regions of the ukraine and also the strains received from r. whittenbury and y. heyer were screened for restriction endonucleases. type ii restriction endonucleases were detected in imv b-3112 (= 12 b), imv b-3027 (= ... | 1992 | 1338116 |
| imported fire ant hypersensitivity. studies of human reactions to fire ant venom. | it is now apparent that venom and venom components of the hymenoptera superfamilies of apida (honeybee) and vespida (wasps, yellow jackets, and hornets) are becoming increasingly important in the diagnosis and treatment of hypersensitivity reactions. stings from fire ants (superfamily formicidae, family myrmicinae) have also been recognized as causes of systemic reactions in man. fire ant venom is unique in its composition, consisting mainly of alkaloids in aqueous suspension with only trace amo ... | 1976 | 947974 |
| allergens in bee venom. i. separation and identification of the major allergens. | honeybee venom was separated into seven fractions by gel filtration on sephadex g-75. allergenic activities of these fractions were assessed by the paper disc radioallergosorbent test (rast) with a panel of sera from 24 individuals who had systemic reactions to bee stings, 7 who had large local reactions, and 10 control subjects who had reactions of 5 cm or less following bee stings. three fractions were identified by enzyme or direct hemolytic activity. twenty-nine of 31 sera from patients havi ... | 1976 | 977862 |
| retrograde amnesia in honeybees (apis mellifera carnica). | after a single reward on a spectral color, freely flying honeybees show retrograde amnesia when an electroconvulsive shock, co2 narcosis, n2 narcosis, or cooling (to 1 degrees c) is applied after learning. retrograde amnesia is measurable with these four treatments up to 7 min after the reward. for none of the treatments was a consistent relationship found between the reaction tested and the time of testing after the treatment. prolonged application of the four treatments leads to a significant ... | 1976 | 987070 |
| on the subjectivity of personality theory. | every theorist of personality views the human condition from the unique perspective of his own individuality. as a consequence, personality theories are strongly influenced by personal and subjective factors. these influences are partially responsible for the present day lack of consensus in psychology as to basic conceptual frameworks for the study of man. the science of human personality can achieve a greater degree of consensus and generality only if it begins to turn back on itself and quest ... | 1976 | 1029746 |
| structure of transcriptionally active chromatin. | rat-liver chromatin has bee fractionated into transcriptionally active and inactive regions [gottesfeld et al. (1974) proc. nat. acad. sci. usa 71, 2193-2197] and the distribution of nuclease-resistant complexes in these fractions has been investigated. about half of the dna of both fractions is resistant to attack by tne endonuclease dnase ii. the nuclease-resistant structures of inactive chromatin are dna-histone complexes (v-bodies) which sediment at 11-13 s. template-active chromatin yields ... | 1975 | 1060119 |
| properties of testicular hyaluronidase of the honey bee and oriental hornet: comparison with insect venom and mammalian hyaluronidases. | | 1975 | 1109830 |
| an inhibitor of microsomal oxidation from gut tissues of the honey bee (apis mellifera). | | 1975 | 1122744 |
| metabolic rate during foraging in the honeybee. | the metabolic rate of free-flying honeybees, apis mellifera ligustica, was determined by means of a novel respirometric device that allowed measurement of co2 produced by bees foraging under controlled reward at an artificial food source. metabolic rate increased with reward (sugar flow rate) at the food source. in addition, there was no clear-cut dependence of metabolic rate on load carried during the visit, neither as crop load nor as supplementary weights attached to the thorax. the hypothesi ... | 1992 | 1401337 |
| comparison of honeybee venoms and their components from various sources. | the use of honeybee venoms and their components may assist in the elucidation of the pathophysiology of reactions to honeybee stings. this initial study compared venoms from various sources by chemical and biological assays, and significant variations were observed. ten different bee venoms were compared by nitrogen analysis, mouse toxicity, hyaluronidase content, and antigenicity. based on mouse toxicity, hyaluronidase content, and gel diffusion analysis, two groups of bee venoms could be diffe ... | 1975 | 804500 |