| a study of the host selection patterns of the mosquitoes of the kisumu area of kenya. | the results of 12,168 precipitin tests on blood meals of mosquitoes of the kano plain caught by a variety of catching techniques indicate that to gain an accurate overall picture of feeding patterns both the indoor and the outdoor biotope must be sampled. cdc light traps operated inside houses and monkswood type light traps operated under the outside eaves of houses were found to collect larger numbers of blood fed specimens from a wider range of species than battery driven aspirators collecting ... | 1975 | 2997 |
| hepatitis b surface antigen (australia antigen) in mosquitoes collected in senegal, west africa. | during july and august of 1973, 9,198 mosquitoes were collected in the republic of senegal. eight species of mosquitoes were found in the collections: culex thalassius, culex pipiens quinquefasciatus, culex trigripes, culex phillipi, aedes irritans, aedes aegypti, anopheles gambiae, and mansonia sp. specimens were sorted by biological condition; those obviously engorged were designated as (e), females with swollen abdomens not conspicuously blooded were considered gravid (g), and those with norm ... | 1976 | 3983 |
| preliminary results of an entomological survey of the potential arbovirus vectors in the french territory of afars and issas. | the preliminary results of an entomological survey of the potential arbovirus vectors in the french territory of afars and issas are exposed. 25 culicid species were recorded, specially anopheles gambiae, culex tritaeniorhynchus, c. univittatus, c. pipiens fatigans, aedes caspius, ae. vittatus, ae. arabiensis. ae. aegypti larvae were collected on a dhow arriving in djibouti. 5 species of ticks and 4 sandfly speices were also recorded. the epidemiological modalities of certain arboviroses in this ... | 1976 | 13940 |
| incidence of arbovirus isolated from mosquitoes in the forest region of south cameroun, region of yaoundé . | the authors give results of a survey of arboviruses isolated from mosquitoes in the neighborhood of yaoundé, southern cameroon, from 1964 to 1972. during this period of nine years 127.520 female mosquitoes including at least 72 species were collected and processed for attempt of virus isolation. 55 strains belonging to 12 viral types were recovered from at least 19 species of mosquitoes. the appearance of different viruses over the years was quite intermittent. a possible reason for this is the ... | 1976 | 16703 |
| arbovirus isolations from mosquitoes: kano plain, kenya. | arbovirus isolation attempts on 324,486 mosquitoes captured over a four-year period on the kano plain, kenya, yielded 15 isolates including pongola (six strains), ilesha (three strains), germiston (two strains), sindbis (one strain), barur (one strain) and two viruses which could not be characterized. mansonia uniformis, anopheles gambiae and culex antennatus constituted 70% of the total collection and accounted for all of the isolates except one, which came from anopheles funestus. | 1977 | 24288 |
| the incidence of mosquitoes feeding on mothers and babies at kisumu, kenya. | blood fed mosquitoes were collected inside four bed nets in which mother/child pairs, having different haptoglobin types, slept. the bloodmeals were analysed by gradient gel electrophoresis to determine on which person the mosquitoes had fed. the results suggest that the mothers are fed on much more than babies by both anopheles gambiae s.l. and culex fatigans. in one hut at least 15.2 per cent of the mosquitoes had taken all or part of their bloodmeal elsewhere. a greater number of double feeds ... | 1978 | 25970 |
| the isolation of a bwamba virus variant from man in western kenya. | a bwamba group virus was isolated from the blood of a febrile child on the kano plain, kenya. the isolate (ny-45), closely resembling bwamba, established infection in both anopheles gambiae and mansonia uniformis. neither the bwamba nor the pongola prototype strains grew in both species. in gel-diffusion tests ny-45 virus passaged through mosquitoes exhibited a line of identity with pongola antiserum. in contrast no cross-reaction was observed with ny-45 virus which had not previously been passa ... | 1978 | 28377 |
| the lethal effects of the cibarial and pharyngeal armatures of mosquitoes on microfilariae. | microfilariae of wuchereria bancrofti and brugia pahangi were killed by the chewing action of the cibarial and pharyngeal armatures and other papillae and spines in the fore-gut of mosquitoes. the proportion of ingested microfilariae that were killed was largely dependent on the presence and shape of the cibarial armature. anopheles farauti no. 1 and anopheles gambiae species a and b have well developed cibarial armatures and killed 36 to 96% of the ingested microfilariae. culex pipiens fatigans ... | 1978 | 30190 |
| a comparative study of o'nyong nyong virus with chikungunya virus and plaque variants. | two plaque variants of chikungunya (chik) virus were serologically compared with o'nyong nyong (onn) virus in order to elucidate the reported one way antigenic relationships between the two viruses. three different hypotheses are examined and evidence is shown to support one of them. comparison of some biological properties of the viruses showed onn to be distinct in some respects. all viruses and variants were found to replicate in anopheles gambiae cells. | 1979 | 88212 |
| studies on filariasis transmission in kwale, a tanzanian coastal village, and the results of mosquito control measures. | the main vectors of bancroftian filariasis in kwale, tanzania, were anopheles gambiae complex and culex p. quinquefasciatus. after vector control by the insecticides dursban (chlorpyrifos) or abate (temephos), the number of all man-biting mosquitoes was reduced by 94.8%, and that of house-resting mosquitoes by 95.3%. anopheles gambiae complex were highly exophilic, possibly due to a high proportion of anopheles merus in this village. the infection rate of a. gambiae complex rose significantly in ... | 1979 | 91349 |
| the susceptibility of isolated guts from various species of mosquito to some arboviruses. | isolated guts cultured in vitro from aedes aeaegypti and ae. togoi were more susceptible to infection by sin, sf, chik and wn viruses than tissue similarly cultured from anopheles gambiae and an. stephensi. langat tp 64, a tick-borne virus, failed to infect any of the cultured mosquito tissues. | 1976 | 178280 |
| fluorescence banding techniques in the identification of sibling species of the anopheles gambiae complex. | the mitotic chromosomes of the sibling species a and b of the anopheles gambiae complex were stained with hoechst 33258 and examined by fluorescence microscopy. the autosomes fluoresce homogenously and similarly in both species while the sex chromosomes differ in the location and brightness of some heterochromatic blocks. these cytochemical differences allow the cytotaxonomic identification of these cryptic species. | 1977 | 268309 |
| lack of recombination between the x chromosomes of different members of the anopheles gambiae complex. | | 1979 | 290586 |
| [the aggressiveness of anopheles gambiae a in relation to the age and sex of the human subjects]. | | 1978 | 307444 |
| evaluation of fenitrothion for the control of malaria. | fenitrothion was evaluated for residual spraying in antimalaria programmes in a large-scale field trial near kisumu, kenya from 1972 to 1976. the insecticide was applied in a hyper/holoendemic malarious area of 200 km(2) inhabited by about 50 000 people. all houses and animal shelters were sprayed at a target dosage rate of 2 g/m(2) at 3-month intervals for a total of 8 consecutive spray rounds in 2 years. the malaria vectors anopheles gambiae species a and b and a. funestus were reduced to negl ... | 1978 | 308409 |
| genetic sex separation in anopheles arabiensis and the production of sterile hybrids. | the gene for dieldrin resistance has been artificially male-linked so that females can be selectively killed with dieldrin. by intercrossing different sibling species of the anopheles gambiae complex, batches consisting of sterile males only can be reared. this seems to have potential for use in genetic control operations. | 1978 | 308410 |
| assessment of insecticidal impact on the malaria mosquito's vectorial capacity, from data on the man-biting rate and age-composition. | the reduction in average age of a vector population after application of a residual insecticide is commonly interpreted under the implicit assumption that the vector population is uniformly exposed to the insecticide. this assumption maximizes the calculated impact of the insecticide on the vectorial capacity. an alternative assumption, namely that the vector population is composed of two subpopulations, one endophilic and exposed, the other exophilic and not exposed, leads to a much smaller cal ... | 1979 | 312159 |
| an ultrastructural study of the sporogonic development of plasmodium falciparum in anopheles gambiae. | this paper describes the fine structure of the sporogonic development of plasmodium falciparum in its natural vector anopheles gambiae (species a) as seen by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. the parasite was derived from naturally infected volunteers and the vector maintained under natural conditions at the mrc laboratories, fajara, the gambia. sporogonic development of p. falciparum is similar to that described for other plasmodium spp. there are however greater similarities betwe ... | 1978 | 364785 |
| dynamics and intensity of wuchereria bancrofti transmission in the savannah and forest regions of liberia. | in four villages in the savannah and in the rain forest of liberia, regular assessment of the biting activity and infection rates of anthropophilic mosquitoes have been carried out through full annual cycles. the microfilaremia rates in the localities in the savannah were 18.3% and 20.0% and in those of the forest 10.3% and 12.5%. the all-night catches were performed inside ordinary inhibited houses at monthly or fortnightly intervals. presence of infective larvae of wuchereria bancrofti proved ... | 1978 | 364801 |
| chromosomal differentiation and adaptation to human environments in the anopheles gambiae complex. | speciation in the anopheles gambiae complex is reviewed and discussed with emphasis on the patterns of chromosomal differentiation, particularly at the intraspecific level. the significance of inversion polymorphism in gambiae and arabiensis (the two species of greatest medical importance) is evaluated with reference to recent field investigations carried out in nigeria. in both sibling species some of the inversions show clinical geographical changes in frequencies, with evident correlations wi ... | 1979 | 394408 |
| a biochemical key to adult members of the anopheles gambiae group of species (diptera: culicidae). | | 1979 | 439120 |
| a pocket of controlled malaria in a holoendemic region of west africa. | yekepa, a mining town in northern liberia, has been built entirely since 1960 and now has a population of 16 000 inhabitants including 1500 expatriates. although situated in a holoendemic region with constant human movements in and out of the town, the mining company has succeeded in controlling malaria in yekepa. furthermore, there is a constant threat of the vector in the close surroundings to the town. control is maintained by regular residual insecticide sprayings with ddt, regular larvicidi ... | 1979 | 496484 |
| house catches of adult anopheles gambiae species b in two areas of zambia. | | 1979 | 520233 |
| differentiation between species of the anopheles gambiae giles complex (diptera: culicidae) by analysis of cuticular hydrocarbons. | lipids were extracted from 500 female anopheles gambiae and an. arabiensis in n-hexane and the extracts examined by gas chromatographic analysis using a glass column packed with 3% ov-1 on a 100-200 mesh gas chrom q which was maintained at 225 degrees c. cuticular hydrocarbons consisted mostly of unbranched paraffins. there were differences between the distribution of compounds with 25-29 carbons. after adjusting the c27 peak to 100%, hydrocarbons c26 and c29 represent heights of 80 and 69% in a ... | 1979 | 539859 |
| studies on multiple feeding by anopheles gambiae s.l. in a sudan savanna area of north nigeria. | the detection of haptoglobins in anopheles gambiae s.l. has been used to obtain an estimate of the incidence of multiple feeding for the village of barmawa, garki district, kano state, nigeria. the results indicated that the incidence of multiple feeding was approximately 10% but problems were encountered by the high incidence of ahaptoglobinaemia in the population. in four villages in garki district the incidence of ahaptoglobinaemia varied between 65 and 76% while in young children and personn ... | 1979 | 555069 |
| observations on the member species of the anopheles gambiae complex in the gambia, west africa. | | 1979 | 555076 |
| evaluation of some parameters of house-leaving behaviour of anopheles gambiae s.l. | | 1977 | 617923 |
| a survey of anopheles gambiae (species a) and an. arabiensis (species b) of the an. gambiae giles complex in the kisumu area of kenya following insecticidal spraying with oms-43 (fenitrothion). | after village huts in the kisumu area of kenya had been sprayed with a nominal 2 g/m2 of oms-43 (fenitrothion) as part of an insecticidal evaluation programme 964 adults of the anopheles gambiae complex collected from huts were identified cytogenetically as either an. gambiae (species a) or an. arabiensis (species b). similarly, cytogenetic methods were used to identify 349 adults collected from granaries and artificial pit-shelters. in addition, 2203 larvae of the gambiae complex collected from ... | 1978 | 697445 |
| lack of a circadian rhythm in the ability of the gametocytes of plasmodium falciparum to infect anopheles gambiae. | | 1976 | 786919 |
| mortalities of the immature stages of species b of the anopheles gambiae complex in kenya: comparison between rice fields and temporary pools, identification of predators, and effects of insecticidal spraying. | | 1977 | 845895 |
| behavioural divergences between mosquitoes with different inversion karyotypes in polymorphic populations of the anopheles gambiae complex. | | 1977 | 865604 |
| cytogenetic observations on translocations in species a of the anopheles gambiae complex. | the ovarian polytene chromosomes of females of species a of the anopheles gambiae complex, from colonies suspected of containing heterozygous translocations, were examined. in three lines, the presence of translocations was confirmed and the chromosomes involved in the interchanges identified. the usefulness of cytogenetic methods for the detection of translocations is discussed. | 1977 | 869611 |
| on the development of onchocerca volvulus in mosquitoes. | in an attmept to find an experimental vector for onchocerca volvulus which can be easily be bred under laboratory conditions, the susceptibility of anopheles gambiae and aedes aegypti to infection with o. volvulus was studied. the mosquitoes were fed on a membrane feeding apparatus containing microfilariae of o. volvulus. whereas a. gambiae was refractory to infection. 14.9% of a. aegypti females became infected with developing stages, 11,2% showed young and mature third-stage larvae as well as ... | 1977 | 888189 |
| modification of circadian flight activity in the mosquito anopheles gambiae after insemination. | | 1977 | 895871 |
| studies on quantitative aspects of the transmission of wuchereria bancrofti. | feeding experiments with anopheles gambiae and culex fatigans infected with wuchereria bancrofti showed that the mosquito females were losing about 20% of their worm burden when they were feeding on a blood chamber as well as on the guinea pig. 6.6% of all mature larvae found in the mosquitoes succeeded in entering the final host. a striking high infection rate was observed in those mosquitoes which refused to feed on a guinea pig. these mosquitoes have also to be considered when the loss of fil ... | 1976 | 941249 |
| letter: the anopheles gambiae complex: naming the sibling species. | | 1976 | 960206 |
| the cell coat of crithidia fasciculata. | a prominent filamentous and granular cell coat is associated with the plasma membrane of haptomonads of crithidia fasciculata attached to the cuticular lining of the hindgut of anopheles gambiae. this surface material is completely absent from morphologically identical haptomonads from the mosquito foregut and from rosettes in culture. on the basis of these observations, it is suggested that cell coat formation is dependent on suitable environmental conditions. a cytochemical staining technique ... | 1976 | 967518 |
| breeding of anopheles gambiae giles (diptera: culicidae) in rice fields in the kisumu area of kenya. | | 1976 | 978695 |
| identifications of members of the anopheles gambiae complex from mauritius. | | 1976 | 1006766 |
| hut entry and exit by anopheles gambiae and anopheles funestus in an unsprayed village near kaduna in northern nigeria. | hut entry and exit by an. gambiae and an. funestus were studied in an unsprayed village near kaduna in northern nigeria. a high turn-over of indoor resting mosquitoes of all blood digestion stages was noted throughout the night. the behaviour of both species was similar. the entry pattern was more uniform than the exit which showed two distinct peaks around sunset and after midnight. most of the daytime resting mosquitoes left the huts during the first hour after sunset, and therefore the mosqui ... | 1976 | 1032326 |
| the impact of propoxur on anopheles gambiae s.1. and some other anopheline populations, and its relationship with some pre-spraying variables. | a significant and stable difference in the residual night-biting collection (nbc, observed/expected) of a. gambiae s.l. was observed among different villages of the west african savannah when sprayed for 2 years with propoxur. the residual mosquito density of a given village was positively associated with some of its pre-spraying characteristics: the nbc/psc (pyrethrum spray collections) ratio, the median biting hour, and possibly the proportion of species b. it was not significantly associated ... | 1976 | 1088351 |
| [on the migration of the third stage larvae of wuchereria bancrofti in anopheles gambiae (author's tranls)]. | the migratory pattern of the third stage larvae of wuchereria bancrofti from the thorax into the head of anopheles gambiae has been studied. a total of 1269 infected mosquitoes were dissected and examined from the 7th through the 19th day after the blood meal. the filarial worms migrated from the thorax through the abdomen before they reached the head of the mosquito. third stage larvae first appeared in the abdomen on the 9th day after infection, where their number increased progressively up to ... | 1975 | 1103391 |
| entrainment of the pupation and adult activity rhythms during development in the mosquito anopheles gambiae. | | 1975 | 1113887 |
| a survey of species a and b of the anopheles gambiae giles complex in the kisumu area of kenya prior to insecticidal spraying with oms-43 (fenitrothion). | throughout 1972 surveys were made in kenya on the anopheles gambiae giles complex in an area near kisumu, part of which was to have all houses sprayed with oms-43 (fenitrothion) the following year. pre-spray data was collected on monthly hut densities, man-biting rates, parity and the human blood indices and sporozoite rates of a. gambiae caught in both an area designated for spraying (evaluation zone) and a comparison zone which was to remain unsprayed. the sporozoite rates, host preferences, a ... | 1975 | 1124970 |
| cross-resistance to an insect juvenile hormone analogue in a species of the anopheles gambiae complex resistant to insecticides. | | 1975 | 1159721 |
| some applications of bloodmeal identifications in relation to the epidemiology of vector-borne tropical diseases. | no attempt has been made to give a complete review of the value of bloodmeal identifications of haematophagous arthropods in relation to the epidemiology of disease but rather to choose certain topics of current interest. a brief review of the current techniques for bloodmeal identification is given with particular reference to recent studies on mosquitoes and sandflies using the haemagglutination inhibition test. new data on mixed feeding by anopheles gambiae (a mixture of species b and c) coll ... | 1975 | 1171257 |
| oogenesis in the malaria mosquito anopheles gambiae. | oogenesis has been followed with the electron microscope in 2 strains of the malaria mosquito anopheles gambiae, from the emergence of the adult (oocytes at leptonema) till shortly before the oocytes are ready for oviposition. after pachynema the chromosomes form a karyosphere and a fibrous capsule develops around it. work on other mosquitoes suggests that the capsule may be related to the synaptonemal complexes. bot anopheles strains contain at some time an extrachromosomal (not dna-containing) ... | 1976 | 1253253 |
| [comparative efficacy of the use of cdc light traps and humans to sampling anopheles populations. results obtained in the area of bignona (senegal)]. | the simultaneous use for the purpose of comparison of human bait catch and light trap collection for sampling anopheles populations specially the anopheles gambiae s.l. in the area of bignona, senegal shows that: light traps provide more information on the specific composition of anopheles fauna; the performance of light traps and that of human baits are comparable indoor during the period of high density of anopheles. outdoor, light traps catch fourth less females a. gambiae. but the two method ... | 1992 | 1327361 |
| distinct families of site-specific retrotransposons occupy identical positions in the rrna genes of anopheles gambiae. | two distinct site-specific retrotransposon families, named rt1 and rt2, from the sibling mosquito species anopheles gambiae and a. arabiensis, respectively, were previously identified. both were shown to occupy identical nucleotide positions in the 28s rrna gene and to be flanked by identical 17-bp target site duplications. full-length representatives of each have been isolated from a single species, a. gambiae, and the nucleotide sequences have been analyzed. beyond insertion specificity, rt1 a ... | 1992 | 1328871 |
| malaria transmission in a central area of futa djalon (guinea): results of a parasitological survey during the 1989 rainy season. | a malaria survey based on household surveys and dispensary visits without notice was carried out during the rainy season of 1989 in three selected areas of central futa djalon (republic of guinea). preliminary entomological evidence showed that anopheles gambiae was the main vector in the area with a cs positive rate of 7.6% and a human blood index of 78% in august 1989. indoor resting densities were highest in the rural village, lowest in labé and intermediate in the town of timbi madina (media ... | 1992 | 1339967 |
| various pyrethroids on bednets and curtains. | verandah trap huts in a tanzanian village were used to assess the effectiveness of impregnated bednets and curtains in preventing hut entry and feeding by, and in killing of, anopheles gambiae and an. funestus. permethrin, deltamethrin, lambdacyhalothrin and pyrethrum were used for impregnation of damaged or undamaged bednets, sisal eaves curtains or bed curtains made of polypropylene fibre. the performance of the three synthetic pyrethroids did not differ statistically significantly, except tha ... | 1992 | 1343715 |
| comparison of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis cryiva and cryivb cloned toxins reveals synergism in vivo. | when the gene for the mosquitocidal protein cryiva was expressed in two strains of bacillus thuringiensis (bt) cured of their resident delta-endotoxin genes, the protein accumulated as large inclusions. the inclusions produced in the bt subsp. kurstaki recipient strain were twice as soluble at alkaline ph as the inclusions produced in bt subsp. israelensis. solubilized protoxins were activated by treatment with mosquito gut extracts or trypsin for varying lengths of time and tested for in vitro ... | 1992 | 1355748 |
| efficacy of bacillus sphaericus against the malaria vector anopheles gambiae and other mosquitoes in swamps and rice fields in zaire. | the microbial control of anopheles gambiae and other mosquitoes with a granular formulation of bacillus sphaericus (vectolex) was evaluated in rice fields and swamps, located around the suburban region of kingabwa-village in kinshasa, zaíre. ten treatment cycles with 15-day intervals were carried out with the same application rate, 10 kg/ha, during the dry season (may to september 1991). the treatments reduced larval populations of an. gambiae by 98% after 48 h, but repetitive applications were ... | 1992 | 1361940 |
| evaluation of the residual efficacy of permethrin-impregnated screens used against mosquitoes in marigat, baringo district, kenya. | insecticide-impregnated screens and bednets are gradually finding wider use in malaria control programmes. the efficacy of these devices is dependent on the method of application, the acceptability by the people and effectiveness of the insecticide used. the present studies were carried out to determine the duration of the effectiveness of a permethrin-impregnated wall cloth (mbu cloth) used in the marigat area of baringo district, kenya in order to ensure its effective use. cotton cloth impregn ... | 1992 | 1363445 |
| molecular biological approaches to the study of vectors in relation to malaria control. | to a large extent, control of malaria vectors relies on the elimination of breeding sites and the application of chemical agents. there are increasing problems associated with the use of synthetic insecticides for vector control, including the evolution of resistance, the high cost of developing and registering new insecticides and an awareness of pollution from insecticide residues. these factors have stimulated interest in the application of molecular biology to the study of mosquito vectors o ... | 1992 | 1364204 |
| detection of human antibodies against plasmodium falciparum antigens in blood meals of anopheline mosquitoes. | human igg antibodies against plasmodium falciparum asexual stages, gametocytes and sporozoites were detected by indirect fluorescent antibody (ifa) techniques in the blood meals of anopheles gambiae s.l. from a malaria-endemic area of western kenya. field-collected mosquitoes, which had been stored dry for over 2 years, were screened first for human igg by elisa. in 141 blood meal samples from human-fed mosquitoes, the prevalence of stage-specific antibodies was 87.9% for asexual-stage parasites ... | 1992 | 1402862 |
| anopheles nili as the main vector of human malaria in villages of southern cameroon. | in villages near sanaga river, in the forest zone of south cameroon, anopheles nili theobald is the main species of mosquito regularly found biting man inside houses. its densities are related to the flow level of the river. it is also the main malaria vector in terms of intensity and seasonal duration of transmission. the yearly malaria inoculation rate due to an. nili alone is 104 infective bites/man, varying between 3 infective bites/man in october and 20 in march. anopheles gambiae giles is ... | 1992 | 1421483 |
| carbohydrate-binding specificities of anti-erythrocyte lectins (haemagglutinins) in anopheles gambiae gut extracts and haemolymph. | lectins that agglutinate red blood cells (rbc) were demonstrated in anopheles gambiae mosquito haemolymph and gut extracts. no apparent differences in haemagglutinin titres were detected between male and female mosquitoes and overall agglutinin levels were not increased following a bloodmeal. titres were highest in the haemolymph and midgut extracts versus human ab, horse, chicken and goat rbcs and in hindgut against human ab, chicken and sheep; foregut extract gave relatively low titres. adsorp ... | 1992 | 1421501 |
| effect of plasmodium falciparum on blood feeding behavior of naturally infected anopheles mosquitoes in western kenya. | feeding behavior was compared between infected and uninfected field-collected groups of anopheles gambiae sensu lato and an. funestus from western kenya. a significantly greater percentage (81%) of plasmodium falciparum-infected an. gambiae s.l. females probed on experimental hosts (hamsters) than did uninfected females (38%). among those females that initiated probing, there was no effect of infection status on the ability to take a bloodmeal. plasmodium falciparum-infected an. gambiae s.l. pro ... | 1992 | 1443347 |
| [the anopheles fauna and the transmission of human malaria in kinshasa (zaire)]. | a longitudinal epidemiological study of malaria and its vectors was conducted in kinshasa. 264 night-bite collections on human bait (1,056 man nights) and 384 collections of the house-resting fauna were carried out from april 1989 to october 1990. the anophelian fauna was identified and inventoried, 7 anopheles species were found: anopheles gambiae, an. funestus, an. paludis, an. hancocki, an. counstani, an. brunnipes, and an. nili. a single species, an. gambiae s. l. is responsible for the tran ... | 1992 | 1446181 |
| on the developmental velocity of wucheria bancrofti larvae in vector mosquitoes of different susceptibility to filarial infections. | the developmental velocity of wucheria bancrofti larvae was investigated in mosquito strains with different susceptibility to this filarial species. high susceptibility of the vector strains favoured fast filarial development, e.g. between 17.1 and 25.9% of all discovered larvae on day 13 p.i. had already migrated to the head and mouth parts of the more and partly even highly susceptible anopheles gambiae, culex pipiens quinquefasciatus and aedes aegypti, respectively, whereas between 0 and 3.4% ... | 1992 | 1456467 |
| sporozoite transmission by anopheles freeborni and anopheles gambiae experimentally infected with plasmodium falciparum. | a micro-membrane feeding technique was used to evaluate sporozoite transmission for anopheles freeborni and an. gambiae experimentally infected with plasmodium falciparum. from cohorts of infected mosquitoes with equivalent sporozoite loads, 75.9% of 29 an. freeborni transmitted a geometric mean (gm) of 4.9 sporozoites and 80% of 30 an. gambiae transmitted a gm of 11.3 sporozoites. ingested sporozoites, in the blood meal immediately after feeding, were detected in 86.2% of 29 an. freeborni (gm = ... | 1992 | 1474388 |
| factors affecting transmission of wuchereria bancrofti by anopheline mosquitoes. 4. facilitation, limitation, proportionality and their epidemiological significance. | quantitative understanding of the transmission dynamics of lymphatic filarial parasites is essential for the rational planning of control strategies. one of the most important determinants of transmission dynamics is the relationship between parasite yield, the success rate of ingested microfilariae (mf) becoming infective larvae in a mosquito vector, and mf density in the source of the human blood meal. three types of relationship have been recognized in human filaria/mosquito couples--limitati ... | 1992 | 1475823 |
| malaria transmission and vector biology on sainte marie island, madagascar. | a 17-mo longitudinal malaria survey (november 1988-march 1990) was carried out on sainte marie island, an area on the east coast of madagascar which is frequently visited by tourists. during 706 man-nights of capture, 46,401 mosquitoes belonging to 32 species were caught. sporozoite rates were determined by elisa and incriminated anopheles gambiae giles s.s., an. funestus giles, and an. mascarensis de meillon as vectors of malaria. an. gambiae, the main vector, was highly anthropophilic but larg ... | 1992 | 1495029 |
| effects of heat shock on the survival of transgenic anopheles gambiae (diptera: culicidae) under antibiotic selection. | a gene for neomycin resistance linked to a drosophila hsp 70 heat shock promoter was introduced into the germ line of anopheles gambiae giles. effects of heat shock at 37 and 41 degrees c on the subsequent survival of the transgenic mosquito subjected to selection by the antibiotic g418 were studied. heat shock did not enhance the survival of untransformed mosquitoes but greatly increased the survival of the transgenic mosquitoes. survival after heat shock at 41 degrees c was greater than after ... | 1992 | 1495063 |
| ingestion of plasmodium falciparum sporozoites during transmission by anopheline mosquitoes. | we investigated the process of sporozoite transmission during blood feeding for anopheles gambiae and an. stephensi experimentally infected with plasmodium falciparum. when infective mosquitoes were fed 22-25 days postinfection on an anesthetized rat, sporozoites were detected in the midgut of 96.5% of 57 an. gambiae (geometric mean [gm] = 32.5, range 3-374) and in 96.2% of 26 an. stephensi (gm = 19.5, range 1-345). there were no significant differences between species either in salivary gland s ... | 1992 | 1503188 |
| plasmodium falciparum: release of circumsporozoite protein by sporozoites in the mosquito vector. | the release of circumsporozoite (cs) protein by plasmodium falciparum sporozoites was investigated to identify factors regulating this process within infected anopheles gambiae mosquitoes. the potential for sporozoites to release cs protein in vitro was not dependent upon their site-specific developmental stage (i.e., mature oocysts, hemolymph, salivary glands), their duration in the vector, or their exposure to mosquito-derived components such as salivary glands or hemolymph. the capacity of sp ... | 1992 | 1516673 |
| intraspecific chromosomal polymorphism in the anopheles gambiae complex as a factor affecting malaria transmission in the kisumu area of kenya. | the paracentric inversion polymorphisms of anopheles gambiae and an. arabiensis populations in the kisumu area of western kenya were studied in relation to parameters of plasmodium falciparum transmission. anopheles gambiae (n = 1,387) was polymorphic for inversions b on chromosomal arm 2r and a on arm 2l, with frequencies of the inverted arrangements of 17% and 43%, respectively. anopheles arabiensis (n = 484) was polymorphic for inversion b on chromosomal arm 2r and a on 3r, with frequencies o ... | 1992 | 1539757 |
| reassociation kinetics of anopheles gambiae (diptera: culicidae) dna. | the renaturation kinetics of nuclear dna from the g3 colony of anopheles gambiae giles was studied to estimate the genome size and to determine the proportion of repeated sequences. an. gambiae has a haploid dna content of 0.27 picograms or 2.6 x 10(8) basepairs. analysis of reassociation kinetics indicated that the genome is composed of 61% single-copy and 33% repetitive sequences, with 6% foldback sequences. | 1992 | 1552521 |
| relationship between body size of adult anopheles gambiae s.l. and infection with the malaria parasite plasmodium falciparum. | the influence of adult female body size of anopheles gambiae s.l. on development of midgut and salivary gland infections by the parasite plasmodium falciparum was investigated in a field study carried out in tanzania. the proportion of mosquitoes infected during a blood meal was independent of size. however, the number of oocysts harboured by infected mosquitoes increased with size of the mosquito. the proportion of mosquitoes with sporozoites, and thus potentially infective to humans, was highe ... | 1992 | 1594289 |
| [urban malaria in yaounde (cameroon). 2. entomologic study in 2 suburban districts]. | a one year entomological survey was carried out to precise the malaria vectors and the malaria transmission in yaounde, the cameroon capital (800,000 inhabitants). the study was done in two districts not yet fully urbanized: nkol bikok and nkol bisson. the latter is located at the periphery and has a pool. anopheles gambiae was the only human malaria vector. its agressivity for man depended on the urbanization of the district. annual man biting rate was 284 in nkol bikok and 1,813 in nkol bisson ... | 1992 | 1596961 |
| development of a polymorphic strain of plasmodium vivax in monkeys. | a strain of plasmodium vivax from thailand with a polymorphic repeat unit of the circumsporozoite protein was established in saimiri sciureus boliviensis and 3 species of aotus monkeys. all 11 attempts to transmit infection via sporozoite inoculation, 4 times to splenectomized s. sciureus boliviensis, 2 times to splenectomized aotus nancymai, and 5 times to intact saimiri monkeys, were successful. anopheles freeborni, anopheles stephensi, anopheles dirus, and anopheles gambiae mosquitoes were in ... | 1992 | 1597793 |
| population dynamics of plasmodium falciparum sporogony in laboratory-infected anopheles gambiae. | the population dynamics of cultured plasmodium falciparum parasites was examined during their sporogonic development in anopheles gambiae mosquitoes. estimates of absolute densities were determined for each life stage, and life tables were constructed for each of 38 experimental infections. macrogametocyte and ookinete mortalities contributed equally to the overall mortality. on average, there was a 40-fold decrease in parasite numbers in the transition from the macrogametocyte to the ookinete s ... | 1992 | 1635032 |
| ookinete rates in afrotropical anopheline mosquitoes as a measure of human malaria infectiousness. | anopheles gambiae s.1. and an. funestus were sampled for plasmodium spp. ookinetes in two p. falciparum-endemic sites in western kenya. since the ookinete is a transitional stage of short duration, occurring after fertilization and before oocyst development, only females in the half-gravid and gravid stages of blood digestion were examined. preparations of homogenized midguts were spotted onto microslides and examined microscopically after staining with giemsa. overall, ookinetes were detected i ... | 1992 | 1636882 |
| use of a restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) as a genetic marker in crosses of anopheles gambiae (diptera: culicidae): independent assortment of a diphenol oxidase rflp and an esterase locus. | analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) is a powerful tool for analyzing linkage relationships in species where few genetic markers have been described and where conduct of crosses is difficult. it also permits integration of genetic and physical (cytogenetic) data when the probes have been mapped by in situ hybridization. to illustrate the utility of the method, and because some mutations of a diphenol oxidase gene might conceivably produce the malaria refractoriness phenoty ... | 1991 | 1674545 |
| selection of cyanobacteria isolated from mosquito breeding sites as a potential food source for mosquito larvae. | one way to increase the persistence of larvicidal toxins in mosquito breeding sites is to clone the corresponding genes in microorganisms, such as cyanobacteria, which could serve as a source of food for the larvae. we isolated and cultured 10 strains of cyanobacteria from three mosquito breeding sites along the french mediterranean coast. most of the strains were tolerant to a relatively wide range of salt concentrations, and all of them were totally or partially resistant to at least four of t ... | 1991 | 1677241 |
| plasmodium falciparum and p. malariae epidemiology in a west african village. | transmission of plasmodium falciparum and p. malariae was studied in a village in burkina faso. consecutive captures of mosquitos were organized twice a month over a year and the species of the mosquitos identified. also, the prevalences and densities of plasmodium spp. were determined every 2 months in a sample of children who lived in the village. anopheles gambiae, a. funestus, and a. nili were the local vectors, but only the first two played a predominant role in both p. falciparum and p. ma ... | 1991 | 1677615 |
| trial of pyrethroid impregnated bednets in an area of tanzania holoendemic for malaria. part 2. effects on the malaria vector population. | the malaria vector population consisted mainly of anopheles gambiae s.s. with a small contribution from an. funestus and an. rivulorum. the mosquitoes coming to bite in bedrooms were monitored with light traps set beside untreated bednets. when impregnated bednets were provided for all the other beds in a village the anopheles populations declined but the culex quinquefasciatus populations were unaffected. the survival of an. gambiae (as measured by the mean number of ovarian dilatations) and th ... | 1991 | 1680284 |
| experimental hut trials of bednets impregnated with synthetic pyrethroid or organophosphate insecticide for mosquito control in the gambia. | 1. nylon bednets impregnated with different insecticides were evaluated in 1988 against wild adult mosquito populations, mostly mansonia africana (theobald) and anopheles gambiae giles sensu lato, entering experimental verandah-trap huts in the gambia. each bednet had six 10 x 10 cm holes made in the walls to simulate torn conditions and permit female mosquitoes to enter and feed on sleepers. 2. individual net treatments, determined by gas chromatography of net samples from before and after 12 w ... | 1991 | 1685337 |
| [longitudinal study on malaria transmission and biology of vectors in the island of sainte marie, on the east coast of madagascar, from 1988 to 1990]. | a 17-month longitudinal malaria survey was carried out in sainte marie island, on the east coast of madagascar, from november 1988 to march 1990. during 706 man-nights of captures, 46401 mosquitoes belonging to 32 species were caught. sporozoïte rates were calculated by elisa. the malaria vectors were anopheles gambiae sensu stricto, an. funestus and an. mascarensis. an. gambiae was the main vector. it was highly anthropophilic and partially exophilic. transmission by this species mainly occurre ... | 1991 | 1688287 |
| a retrotransposable element from the mosquito anopheles gambiae . | a family of middle repetitive elements from the african malaria vector anopheles gambiae is described. approximately 100 copies of the element, designated t1ag, are dispersed in the genome. full-length elements are 4.6 kilobase pairs in length, but truncation of the 5' end is common. nucleotide sequences of one full-length, two 5'-truncated, and two 5' ends of t1ag elements were determined and aligned to define a consensus sequence. sequence analysis revealed two long, overlapping open reading f ... | 1990 | 1689457 |
| variation in fluorescein-labelled lectin staining of salivary glands in the anopheles gambiae complex. | | 1990 | 1722726 |
| behaviour and fitness of gamma hch/dieldrin resistant and susceptible female anopheles gambiae and an.stephensi mosquitoes in the absence of insecticide. | the effects of gamma hch/dieldrin resistance genes on various fitness components of mosquito larvae and adult females in the absence of insecticide were investigated in backcrossed strains of anopheles gambiae giles and an.stephensi liston. among larvae, heterozygotes (rs) developed slightly but significantly faster than homozygotes for resistance (rr) or susceptibility (ss). the lifetime fecundity of rr females in population cages was only half to two-thirds that of ss and rs females despite si ... | 1991 | 1722728 |
| activity and mating competitiveness of gamma hch/dieldrin resistant and susceptible male and virgin female anopheles gambiae and an.stephensi mosquitoes, with assessment of an insecticide-rotation strategy. | the effects of gamma hch/dieldrin resistance genes on flight activity and mating competitiveness were investigated in males from backcrossed strains of anopheles gambiae giles and an.stephensi liston. activity of males and virgin females of both species, as recorded in an acoustic actograph, occurred mainly at dusk (the e peak). the activity pattern of an.gambiae males was not affected by resistance genes; in mating competition and predator avoidance experiments, however, rr males were less succ ... | 1991 | 1722729 |
| transmission and epidemiology of newly transmitted falciparum malaria in the central highland plateaux of madagascar. | the recent reappearance of plasmodium falciparum in the central highland plateaux of madagascar has led to an important increase in both morbidity and mortality in the population. to understand the phenomena that originated this outbreak, and to evaluate the clinical and biological reactions of the population, we conducted entomological surveys during the whole malaria transmission season of 1988. in parallel, 41 individuals presenting with a malaria attack in january were given a curative antim ... | 1991 | 1746977 |
| low-resolution genome map of the malaria mosquito anopheles gambiae. | we have microdissected divisions of the anopheles gambiae polytene chromosomes, digested the dnas with a restriction enzyme, and pcr-amplified the dna fragments to generate a set of pooled probes, each corresponding to approximately 2% of the mosquito genome. these divisional probes were shown to have high complexity. except for those derived from near the centromeres, they hybridize specifically with their chromosomal sites of origin. thus, they can be used to map cloned dnas by a dot blot proc ... | 1991 | 1763031 |
| quantitation of malaria sporozoites in the salivary glands of wild afrotropical anopheles. | the number of malaria sporozoites in the salivary glands was determined microscopically for 1137 wild, naturally infected anopheles from western kenya. infective anopheles gambiae giles sensu lato (n = 874) contained a geometric mean (gm) of 962 sporozoites and an.funestus giles (n = 263) contained 812. no significant differences were detected in geometric mean numbers of sporozoites between species, collection techniques or sites. of the infective an.gambiae, 1.7% (15/874) contained more than 4 ... | 1991 | 1768902 |
| quantitation of malaria sporozoites transmitted in vitro during salivation by wild afrotropical anopheles. | the malaria transmission potential of wild, infective anopheles from western kenya was evaluated by determining the number of sporozoites transmitted in vitro by salivation when their mouthparts were inserted into capillary tubes containing either sucrose or blood. with sucrose, 86.6% of 102 infective anopheles transmitted a geometric mean (gm) of 3.84 sporozoites (range 1-34). with blood, 23.1% of 104 infective anopheles, tested on the day of collection, transmitted a gm of 2.30 sporozoites (ra ... | 1991 | 1768903 |
| anatomical dissemination of circumsporozoite protein in wild afrotropical anopheles affects malaria sporozoite rate determination by elisa. | the head, thorax, wings, legs and abdomen of 320 wild-caught anopheles gambiae giles sensu lato and 115 an.funestus giles were tested by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for plasmodium falciparum welch to determine how anatomical dissemination of circumsporozoite (cs) protein could affect the estimation of malaria sporozoite rates by elisa. of fifty-three anopheles with cs protein detected in any body part, positive reactions were observed for 58.5% of heads, 67.0% of thoraces, 39.6% ... | 1991 | 1768904 |
| ddt resistance in anopheles gambiae declines with mosquito age. | adult anopheles gambiae giles mosquitoes from zanzibar were tested on a standard discriminating dose of ddt which reliably kills susceptible mosquitoes. adults from wild-caught larvae reared in the laboratory, and from the f1 progeny of wild-caught adults, showed less than 5% test mortality when newly-emerged, but mortality rose with age to over 90% when they were 12-14 days old. wild-caught mixed-age adults showed an intermediate mortality rate of 25%, close to the rate predicted from laborator ... | 1991 | 1768918 |
| synthetic dna probes for the identification of sibling species in the anopheles gambiae complex. | the cloned dna sequences pana1, panq1 and panm14, which may be used to distinguish between at least five of the six species in the anopheles gambiae giles complex of afrotropical malaria vector mosquitoes, have been sequenced. each clone was found to possess a series of repeated sequences of 41, 30 and 163 bases respectively. in panq1 and panm14 the repeats were in direct tandem array, whilst in pana1 the repetitive sequence was found to be interspersed by 15-17 variable bases. a comparison of a ... | 1991 | 1773124 |
| pyrethroid-treated bednet effects on mosquitoes of the anopheles gambiae complex in the gambia. | the response of anopheles gambiae complex mosquitoes to men sleeping under insecticide-impregnated or untreated bednets in six verandah trap huts was studied during the dry season in the gambia. with this type of hut it was possible to collect live and dead indoor-resting mosquitoes and estimate the number of wild mosquitoes which entered, bloodfed on man, and exited each night. bednets were treated with emulsions targetted to leave deposits of 25 mg/m2 lambda-cyhalothrin, or 5, 50 or 500 mg/m2 ... | 1991 | 1773125 |
| genetic hybrids of plasmodium falciparum identified by amplification of genomic dna from single oocysts. | individual oocysts from plasmodium falciparum-infected anopheles gambiae and anopheles stephensi mosquitoes have been examined by the pcr technique, after their removal from the midgut. the dna obtained from these oocysts has been amplified using oligonucleotide primers specific for part of the merozoite surface antigen msa-1 gene. this technique distinguishes oocysts which are the products of self-fertilisation events from those which are the products of cross-fertilisation between different pa ... | 1991 | 1775167 |
| anopheles gambiae as a host for geographic isolates of plasmodium vivax. | the g-3 strain of anopheles gambiae was compared with 2 other strains of an. gambiae and an. freeborni, an. stephensi, and an. dirus for susceptibility to infection with 7 different geographic strains of plasmodium vivax. ratios of infection varied, indicating that certain strains of p. vivax were more infectious to the g-3 strain of an. gambiae than to other anopheline species/strains. based on the comparative number of oocysts per mosquito, the relationships between the 3 strains of an. gambia ... | 1991 | 1787402 |
| [antibody levels against circumsporozoitic protein of plasmodium falciparum and their use as epidemiological indicators of malaria transmission in fir of comoros]. | epidemiological survey on prevalence of plasmodium falciparum anti-circumsporozoite antibodies (ab-cs) was carried out in 21 villages of comoros fir, at the beginning of 1988 rainy season. evaluation of anopheline indoor resting densities was also carried out at the same time. frequencies of antibody-positive subjects vary considerably in the different villages, according to the anopheles gambiae and a. funestus densities per room, which are determined by ecological factors. ab-cs prevalence var ... | 1991 | 1789679 |
| [the impact of impregnated mosquito nets on prevalence and morbidity related to malaria in sub-saharan africa]. | insecticide treated bed nets (permethrin, deltamethrin and lambda cyalothrin) were used for malaria control in the gambia, burkina faso and tanzania where anopheles gambiae (and an.funestus in burkina faso) is the main vector. treated mosquito nets are efficient when used on a large scale and not on an individual level. such a large scale use, acting on longevity and infectivity of vectors, always induced a decrease of malaria transmission by more than 90%. treated bed nets had no significant ef ... | 1991 | 1793264 |
| a genetic study of plasmodium susceptibility in the african malaria vector anopheles gambiae. | we are studying the interaction between malarial parasites and their mosquito hosts by a process based on the genetic selection of lines of the mosquito vector that will not support normal parasite development. the model system we are using is the mosquito anopheles gambiae and a number of different human and non-human primate malarial parasites. our first effort in this general approach involved the selection of a strain of an. gambiae that was able to encapsulate the malarial parasite during o ... | 1991 | 1793273 |
| comparative determination of plasmodium falciparum sporozoite rates in afrotropical anopheles from kenya by dissection and elisa. | the plasmodium falciparum rate was determined by microscopical examination of one salivary gland (three lobes) and by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) of the other salivary gland in each of 1580 anopheles mosquitoes collected from western kenya during both the wet and dry seasons. the sporozoite rate in the wet season was much higher than that in the dry season, and the sporozoite rate determined by elisa was generally lower than that determined by microscopy. the elisa gave a positive ... | 1991 | 1796878 |
| [evaluation of the sensitivity of anopheles gambiae to fenitrothion, malathion and ddt in senegal]. | routine tests of the susceptibility of the female of the a. gambiae complex have been carried out with fenitrothione, malathion and ddt in four senegalese regions. discriminative doses of these insecticides were used with variable exposure times on unfed females caught in houses. a gambiae s. 1 showed normal susceptibility to fenitrothion and malathion. with ddt, the results were variable and resistance was observed in dakar and kolda. | 1991 | 1842777 |
| [field trial of the efficacy of 3 pyrethroids in the control of malaria vectors]. | three pyrethroids, oms-3002, oms-3004 and oms-3021 were tested in the experimental station of soumousso (burkina faso), a who reference centre. total indoor house-spraying was carried out in bobo and mossi huts, using a hudson type sprayer at doses of 1 g/m2 for oms-3002, 0.1 g/m2 for oms-3004 and oms-3021. the density of anopheles gambiae and anopheles funestus collected in huts treated with oms-3002 was reduced by 70%: a 94% exit rate was observed in the treated huts (compared to 33% in the co ... | 1991 | 1844500 |