| infective larvae of brugia: escape from mosquitoes into water and subsequent oral infectivity in jirds. | published work showed that third-stage larvae (l-3s) escape into water from dead or dying, brugia pahangi-infected, aedes aegypti. the present study revealed the same escape phenomenon among b. pahangi-infected armigeres subalbatus, anopheles quadrimaculatus, and aedes togoi, and among brugia malayi-infected ae. aegypti and ae. togoi. l-3s maintained in water or in lum's solution for 3 hours retained infectivity when tested in orally or subcutaneously exposed jirds; furthermore, l-3s recovered f ... | 1976 | 8999 |
| brugia malayi and brugia pahangi: inherent difference in immune activation in the mosquitoes armigeres subalbatus and aedes aegypti. | the inherent ability of brugia malayi and brugia pahangi (nematoda) to establish successful relationships with the mosquitoes armigeres subalbatus and aedes aegypti liverpool strain was evaluated. brugia pahangi microfilariae (mff) avoided the immune response and developed normally in a. subalbatus exposed to the parasite by an infective bloodmeal, whereas nearly 85% of b. malayi were destroyed by the immune response. because a. aegypti supports the development of both filarial worm species but ... | 1989 | 2563767 |
| breeding habitats of mosquitoes in goa. | studies carried out in goa from 1986 to 1987 revealed immature stages of 43 species of mosquitoes. breeding habitats were divided into three categories, viz., (i) ground water habitats consisting of ground pools and tanks, rocky pools, paddy fields and stream beds, yielding 30 species; (ii) plant habitats consisting of tree holes and fallen coconut shells and leaf sheaths yielding 20 species; and (iii) domestic/peridomestic habitats consisting of cement tanks, glass, earthen, metallic containers ... | 1989 | 2572463 |
| effectiveness of soap formulations containing deet and permethrin as personal protection against outdoor mosquitoes in malaysia. | two soap formulations, both containing 20% deet and one each containing permethrin at 0.5 and 1.0%, respectively, were applied to exposed arms and legs of volunteers as personal protection against outdoor human biting mosquitoes in six locations on penang island, malaysia. the predominant mosquito species collected from these locations were aedes albopictus, mansonia uniformis, culex gelidus, anopheles lesteri and armigeres subalbatus. efficacy and residual effects up to 4 hours indicated good p ... | 1986 | 2906963 |
| evaluation of permethrin-impregnated mosquito-nets against mosquitoes in china. | in yishan county, guangxi province, china, where malaria and brugian filariasis are transmitted by vectors belonging to the anopheles hyrcanus pallas group, a study was conducted from june to november 1986 to evaluate the effectiveness of permethrin-impregnated mosquito bednets to reduce man/vector contact. in three experimental villages a total of 246 mosquito nets were treated with permethrin ec at a dosage of 0.5 g/m2. control bioassays (1 h exposure) of treated nets gave up to 100% mortality ... | 1988 | 2908784 |
| [the experimental pathogenic effect of spiroplasma isolated from mosquitoes on the hatching of aedes aegypti ova and the growth of larva hatched from these eggs]. | the authors did study the experimental effects on aedes aegypti ova of different spiroplasma strains, isolated from mosquitoes in french savoy and in taiwan. the sp7 strain, from armigeres subalbatus (taiwan), demonstrates a true pathogenic effect on the larval evolution, without sex ratio modifications, nor bacterial transmission to the adult mosquitoes. the authors present their results and emphasize the difficult use of spiroplasmas sp. | 1988 | 3400962 |
| getah virus in several species of mosquitoes. | vector competence of aedes (ae.) vexans nipponii (nip.) and culex (cx) tritaeniorhynchus for getah virus was compared after incubation at 28 degrees c and 20 degrees c. marked differences existed between ae. vexans nip. strains sapporo and cx tritaeniorhynchus strain kyoto in infection and transmission rates following ingestion of blood meals containing several concentrations of getah virus. simultaneous comparison of infectivity also revealed that infection rates of ae. vexans nip. strains sapp ... | 1985 | 4082267 |
| observations on the survival rate of armigeres subalbatus after being fed on hosts with different levels of micro-filariae of brugia pahangi. | | 1968 | 4386489 |
| [preliminary report on the susceptibility of mosquitoes to brugia pahangi]. | a comparative study on the susceptibility of eight species of four genera of mosquitoes to brugia pahangi was carried out. aedes aegypti (liverpool strain), aedes togoi, armigeres subalbatus and mansonia uniformis (taiwan strains) were found with the third-stage larvae 14 days after feeding on infected rats (sprague-dawley). the remaining of aedes aegypti, aedes albopictus, aedes pseudoalbopictus, culex p. fatigans and culex annutus (taiwan strains) were found refractory to infection. to determi ... | 1984 | 6150813 |
| hemocyte alterations during melanotic encapsulation of brugia malayi in the mosquito armigeres subalbatus. | the involvement of hemocytes in melanotic encapsulation reactions against brugia malayi was assessed in armigeres subalbatus. hemocyte populations, epitope changes, phenol oxidase (po) activity, and the presence of an 84-kda polypeptide were investigated in mosquitoes exposed to a b. malayi-infective bloodmeal (= immune-activated), in mosquitoes given a noninfective bloodmeal (= controls), in nonbloodfed mosquitoes (= naive), or in some combination of these. total hemocyte populations in immune- ... | 1995 | 7535848 |
| urbanization and its effects on the ecology of mosquitoes in macau, southeast asia. | recent urbanization in macau has resulted in the precipitous decline to zero in populations of several anopheline vectors of malaria while providing optimal habitat for the population increase in culicines. of 18 species of mosquitoes reported in macau in recent years, 15 species are included here. culex quinquefasciatus, culex sitiens, and aedes albopictus were the most abundant species. notes are provided for anopheles sinensis, armigeres magnus, armigeres subalbatus, culex foliatus, culex fus ... | 1994 | 7707061 |
| studies on adult mosquito vectors of japanese encephalitis in a pig farm in selangor, malaysia. | mosquito collections were carried out for a period of one year from january to december 1992 in a pig farm in sungai pelek, selangor, malaysia. a total of 41,022 mosquitos belonging to 52 species and 20 genera were collected. culex tritaeniorhynchus and cx. gelidus, the important vectors, comprised 63% of all mosquitos collected. both these species were collected in large numbers during the wet months of may and december. the other predominant species in that area were cx. fuscocephala, cx. quin ... | 1994 | 7855662 |
| reproductive costs associated with resistance in a mosquito-filarial worm system. | the mosquito armigeres subalbatus can encapsulate and kill > 80% of brugia malayi microfilariae (mf) within 36 hr following ingestion. the cascade of biochemical events constituting this melanotic encapsulation response is also important in other mosquito biological events, including egg-chorion tanning. certain biochemical entities, including a tyrosine precursor, are thought to be shared among these biological activities. because of this purported tyrosine link, and because the blood meal both ... | 1993 | 7904130 |
| the suitability of restriction fragment length polymorphism markers for evaluating genetic diversity among and synteny between mosquito species. | restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) markers derived from the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti, were used in hybridizations to genomic dna of the following mosquito species: ae. albopictus, ae. togoi, armigeres subalbatus, culex pipiens, and anopheles gambiae. interspecific hybridization with ae. aegypti probes varied from 50% (an. gambiae) to 100% (ae. albopictus) under high stringency conditions. we demonstrated the usefulness of using rflp profiles to examine genetic diversity ... | 1994 | 7909414 |
| aedes aegypti: induced antibacterial proteins reduce the establishment and development of brugia malayi. | the effect of host immune activation on the development of brugia malayi in one susceptible and four refractory strains of aedes aegypti and in armigeres subalbatus was assessed. a. aegypti that were immune activated by the injection of saline or bacteria 24 hr before feeding on a b. malayi-infected gerbil had significantly reduced prevalences and mean intensities of infection from those of naive controls when exposed to bloodmeals with low (105 mf/20 microliters) and medium (160 mf/20 microlite ... | 1996 | 8682188 |
| development of a comparative genetic linkage map for armigeres subalbatus using aedes aegypti rflp markers. | one of the causative agents of lympahtic filariasis is the nematode parasite brugia malayi that requires a competent mosquito vector for its development and transmission. armigeres subalbatus mosquitoes rapidly destroy invading b. malayi microfilariae via a defense response known as melanotic encapsulation. we have constructed a genetic linkage map for this mosquito species using rflp markers from aedes aegypti. this heterologous approach was possible because of the conserved nature of the codin ... | 1998 | 9445486 |
| human dirofilariasis caused by dirofilaria (nochtiella) repens in sri lanka. | human dirofilariasis due to dirofilaria (nochtiella) repens is a common zoonotic infection in sri lanka. todate 70 cases are on record, and they include 3 expatriates from russia, england and korea, who were undoubtedly infected in sri lanka. around 30-60% of dogs are infected with d. repens in various parts of the country and the mosquito vectors are aedes aegypti, armigeres subalbatus, mansonia uniformis and m. annulifera. unlike in other countries of the old world infection is most common in ... | 1997 | 9802095 |
| genomic structure and ecdysone regulation of the prophenoloxidase 1 gene in the malaria vector anopheles gambiae. | prophenoloxidase, a melanin-synthesizing enzyme, is considered to be an important arthropod immune protein. in mosquitoes, prophenoloxidase has been shown to be involved in refractory mechanisms against malaria parasites. in our study we used anopheles gambiae, the most important human malaria vector, to characterize the first arthropod prophenoloxidase gene at the genomic level. the complete nucleotide sequence, including the immediate 5' flanking sequence (-855 bp) of the prophenoloxidase 1 ge ... | 1999 | 10611292 |
| genetics of mosquito vector competence. | mosquito-borne diseases are responsible for significant human morbidity and mortality throughout the world. efforts to control mosquito-borne diseases have been impeded, in part, by the development of drug-resistant parasites, insecticide-resistant mosquitoes, and environmental concerns over the application of insecticides. therefore, there is a need to develop novel disease control strategies that can complement or replace existing control methods. one such strategy is to generate pathogen-resi ... | 2000 | 10704476 |
| larvicidal, adulticidal and repellent effects of kaempferia galanga. | four fractions of kaempferia galanga (hexane fraction, dichloromethane fraction 1, dichloromethane fraction 2 and methanolic fraction) were tested for larvicidal activity toward fourth instar culex quinquefasciatus. the hexane fraction was found to exhibit the highest larvicidal effect with the lc50 of 42.33 ppm. testing for adulticidal activity, the hexane fraction did not show any promising adulticidal effect. however, it caused a knockdown effect which might be useful as a repellent. it was t ... | 1999 | 10774653 |
| susceptibility of ten species of mosquito larvae to the parasitic nematode romanomermis iyengari and its development. | ten species of mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) from five genera were exposed to preparasites of the tropical mermithid nematode species romanomermis iyengari (welch) (nematoda: mermithidae), a strain isolated in 1978 from pondicherry. by exposing mosquito larvae during the second instar, nematode infection was invariably lethal, the rate being highest in culex sitiens wiedemann (95%) followed by cx. quinquefasciatus say (90%), aedes aegypti (l.) (79%), anopheles subpictus grassi (64%), ae. albop ... | 2000 | 11129707 |
| molecular cloning of two prophenoloxidase genes from the mosquito aedes aegypti. | the biosynthesis of melanotic materials is an important process in the life of a mosquito. melanin production is critical for many diverse processes such as egg chorion tanning, cuticular sclerotization, and melanotic encapsulation of metazoan parasites. prophenoloxidase plays a critical role in this biochemical cascade. two cdnas, one full length and one partial clone, and two genomic clones encoding prophenoloxidase (pro-po) were isolated from the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti. the full ... | 2001 | 11240641 |
| effect of prophenoloxidase expression knockout on the melanization of microfilariae in the mosquito armigeres subalbatus. | melanization is an effective defence reaction used by mosquito hosts to kill malarial and filarial worm parasites. although phenoloxidase (po) has long been considered to be the key enzyme in the biosynthesis of melanotic material in insects, there is no direct evidence verifying its role in parasite melanization. to elucidate the role of po in the melanization of microfilariae (mf) by mosquitoes, a double subgenomic sindbis (dssin) recombinant virus was used to transduce armigeres subalbatus mo ... | 2001 | 11520354 |
| isolation of japanese encephalitis virus from mosquitoes collected in northern taiwan between 1995 and 1996. | mosquito collections were carried out from may to october in 1995 and 1996 at yingko and sanhsia of taipei county and chunan of miaoli county. a grand total of 13,576 mosquitoes consisting of 13 species in 407 pools were processed and inoculated into aedes albopictus clone c6/36 cell cultures. one hundred thirty seven pools of these showed the presence of viral antigens in the infected c6/36 cell lysates which were identified by the indirect fluorescent antibody test using a monoclonal antibody ... | 1999 | 11561572 |
| hemocyte-mediated phagocytosis and melanization in the mosquito armigeres subalbatus following immune challenge by bacteria. | mosquitoes are important vectors of disease. these insects respond to invading organisms with strong cellular and humoral immune responses that share many similarities with vertebrate immune systems. the strength and specificity of these responses are directly correlated to a mosquito's ability to transmit disease. in the current study, we characterized the hemocytes (blood cells) of armigeres subalbatus by morphology (ultrastructure), lectin binding, enzyme activity, immunocytochemistry, and fu ... | 2003 | 12838409 |
| a novel lectin with a fibrinogen-like domain and its potential involvement in the innate immune response of armigeres subalbatus against bacteria. | mosquitoes have an efficient cellular innate immune response that includes phagocytosis of microbial pathogens and encapsulation of metozoan parasites. in this study, we describe a novel lectin in the mosquito, armigeres subalbatus (aslectin or al-1). the 1.27 kb cdna clone for the al-1 gene (al-1) encodes a 279 deduced amino acid sequence that contains a c-terminal fibrinogen-like domain. al-1 is transcribed in all life stages. al-1 mainly exists in the haemolymph of adult female mosquitoes, an ... | 2004 | 15157228 |
| potential role of armigeres subalbatus (diptera: culicidae) in the transmission of japanese encephalitis virus in the absence of rice culture on liu-chiu islet, taiwan. | mosquitoes known to be involved in the transmission of japanese encephalitis virus (je) on taiwan typically develop in rice fields. however, recent serological evidence indicated that je virus was being transmitted on liu-chiu, a rice-free islet. to identify the mosquito vector in this unusual epidemiological situation, 4 mosquito species commonly found in liu-chiu were evaluated for their vector competence for a strain of je (ch1392) virus isolated from central taiwan. armigeres subalbatus (coq ... | 2000 | 15218913 |
| mosquito repellency of the seeds of celery (apium graveolens l.). | when the mosquito repellencies of four fractions of apium graveolens seeds (one hexane, two dichloromethane and one methanolic) were investigated in the laboratory, all four were found to offer human volunteers some protection against female, adult aedes aegypti. the hexane fraction, however, was found to exhibit the highest repellency in the laboratory, with median effective doses (ed50) and ed95 of 0.41 and 2.93 mg/cm2 skin, respectively. only this fraction, which was also found to provide pro ... | 2004 | 15228722 |
| molecular (sub) grouping of endosymbiont wolbachia infection among mosquitoes of taiwan. | wolbachia are maternally inherited bacteria that infect a wide range of arthropods as well as filarial worms. the infection usually results in reproductive distortions of the host, primarily cytoplasmic incompatibility, parthenogenesis, and feminization. this study showed that wolbachia infection (15/29; 51.72%) was prevalent among field-caught mosquitoes in taiwan. three mosquito species were identified as having wolbachia a infection, eight species as having wolbachia b, and four other species ... | 2004 | 15311460 |
| characterization of an endogenous gene expressed in aedes aegypti using an orally infectious recombinant sindbis virus. | sindbis virus expression vectors have been used successfully to express and silence genes of interest in vivo in several mosquito species, including aedes aegypti, ae. albopictus, ae. triseriatus,culex pipiens, armigeres subalbatus and anopheles gambiae. here we describe the expression of an endogenous gene, defensin, in ae. aegypti using the orally infectious sindbis virus, mre/3'2j expression vector. we optimized conditions to infect mosquito larvae per os using c6/36ae. albopictus cells infec ... | 2001 | 15455070 |
| satellite dna from the y chromosome of the malaria vector anopheles gambiae. | satellite dna is an enigmatic component of genomic dna with unclear function that has been regarded as "junk." yet, persistence of these tandem highly repetitive sequences in heterochromatic regions of most eukaryotic chromosomes attests to their importance in the genome. we explored the anopheles gambiae genome for the presence of satellite repeats and identified 12 novel satellite dna families. certain families were found in close juxtaposition within the genome. six satellites, falling into t ... | 2005 | 15466420 |
| the role of phenylalanine hydroxylase in melanotic encapsulation of filarial worms in two species of mosquitoes. | melanin formation has a significant influence on mosquito vector competence by limiting the development of metazoan parasites. tyrosine, the rate-limiting substrate of melanin production, can be obtained exogenously or derived from phenylalanine by phenylalanine hydroxylase (pah). the characteristics of this defense mechanism, such as temporal expression of constituent enzymes involved in the biosynthetic pathway, can vary considerably between mosquito species. we investigated the functional rol ... | 2004 | 15544946 |
| the use of a double subgenomic sindbis virus expression system to study mosquito gene function: effects of antisense nucleotide number and duration of viral infection on gene silencing efficiency. | recently we established a simple, effective antisense strategy using a double subgenomic sindbis (dssin) virus expression system to study gene function in mosquitoes. in this study, we further elucidate the effects of antisense nucleotide number and duration of viral infection on mosquito gene silencing efficiency by the dssin virus expression system. over 15 days post virus infection, the degree of parasite melanization was progressively reduced by more than 95%, 75% and 55% in the mosquito arm ... | 2004 | 15606808 |
| mosquito innate immunity: involvement of beta 1,3-glucan recognition protein in melanotic encapsulation immune responses in armigeres subalbatus. | beta 1,3-glucan recognition proteins (grp) have specific affinity for beta 1,3-glucan, a component on the surface of fungi and bacteria. by interacting with beta 1,3-glucan, grp initiates activation of prophenoloxidase, a key enzyme in the signaling pathway leading to melanotic encapsulation in invertebrates. in this study, we characterize a novel hemocyte-specific grp from the mosquito, armigeres subalbatus (asgrp). the 1.57 kb cdna clone encodes a 499 deduced amino acid sequence, which contain ... | 2005 | 15610820 |
| characterization of two novel pacifastin-like peptide precursor isoforms in the desert locust (schistocerca gregaria): cdna cloning, functional analysis and real-time rt-pcr gene expression studies. | in the last decade, a new serine protease inhibitor family has been described in arthropods. eight members of the family were purified from locusts and share a conserved cysteine array (cys-xaa(9-12)-cys-asn-xaa-cys-xaa-cys-xaa(2-3)-gly-xaa(3-6)-cys-thr-xaa3-cys) with nine inhibitory domains of the light chain of the crayfish protease inhibitor, pacifastin (plds; pacifastin light chain domains). using cdna cloning, several pacifastin-related precursors have been identified, encoding additional p ... | 2005 | 15631618 |
| quantitative genetics of vector competence for la crosse virus and body size in ochlerotatus hendersoni and ochlerotatus triseriatus interspecific hybrids. | la crosse virus is a leading cause of pediatric encephalitis in the united states. the mosquito ochlerotatus triseriatus is an efficient vector for la crosse virus, whereas the closely related o. hendersoni transmits only at very low rates. quantitative trait loci (qtl) affecting the ability to orally transmit this virus and adult body size were identified in 164 f(2) female individuals from interspecific crosses of o. hendersoni females and o. triseriatus males using a combination of composite ... | 2005 | 15654112 |
| manduca sexta prophenoloxidase activating proteinase-1 (pap-1) gene: organization, expression, and regulation by immune and hormonal signals. | insect phenoloxidase (po) participates in melanotic encapsulation, wound healing, and cuticle sclerotization. it is converted from prophenoloxidase (propo) by a propo-activating proteinase (pap). manduca sexta pap-1, the final component of a serine proteinase cascade, cleaves propo to generate active po. in an effort to understand the transcriptional regulation, we isolated a genomic clone of the pap-1 gene, determined its nucleotide sequence, and elucidated its exon-intron organization. compute ... | 2005 | 15857768 |
| the use of gene silencing to study the role of dopa decarboxylase in mosquito melanization reactions. | mosquito melanization involves hydroxylation of tyrosine to dopa, which then is oxidized to dopaquinone by phenoloxidase, or decarboxylated to dopamine by dopa decarboxlase (ddc). an armigeres subalbatus cdna encoding ddc was cloned and real-time pcr analysis revealed increased transcripts in blood-fed and microfilariae (mf)-inoculated mosquitoes. a double subgenomic sindbis virus was used to silence ddc and assess its role in melanization of mf. ddc transcription and activity were significantly ... | 2005 | 15926892 |
| yeast-generated co2 as a convenient source of carbon dioxide for adult mosquito sampling. | a new, convenient method was developed to supply co2 for mosquito sampling by using yeast, which converts sugar into co2 and ethyl alcohol. the system could, at average, generate 32.4 ml/min of co2 for at least 27 h. the total weight of the co2 generated was estimated to be 94 g. the efficacy of yeast-generated co2 as attractant for mosquitoes was significant, and the following 6 mosquito species were collected using yeast-generated co2 traps from july to september 2003 in a residential area of ... | 2004 | 15532924 |
| identification and characterization of the fibrinogen-like domain of fibrinogen-related proteins in the mosquito, anopheles gambiae, and the fruitfly, drosophila melanogaster, genomes. | the fibrinogen-like (fbg) domain, which consists of approximately 200 amino acid residues, has high sequence similarity to the c-terminal halves of fibrinogen beta and gamma chains. fibrinogen-related proteins (freps), which contain fbg domains in their c-terminal region, are found universally in vertebrates and invertebrates. in invertebrates, freps are involved in immune responses and other aspects of physiology. to understand the complexity of this family in insects, we analyzed freps in the ... | 2005 | 16150145 |
| diapause in the mosquito culex pipiens evokes a metabolic switch from blood feeding to sugar gluttony. | a key characteristic of overwintering dormancy (diapause) in the mosquito culex pipiens is the switch in females from blood feeding to sugar gluttony. we present evidence demonstrating that genes encoding enzymes needed to digest a blood meal (trypsin and a chymotrypsin-like protease) are down-regulated in diapause-destined females, and that concurrently, a gene associated with the accumulation of lipid reserves (fatty acid synthase) is highly up-regulated. as the females then enter diapause, fa ... | 2005 | 16247003 |
| repellent properties of celery, apium graveolens l., compared with commercial repellents, against mosquitoes under laboratory and field conditions. | in our search for new bioactive products against mosquito vectors, we reported the slightly larvicidal and adulticidal potency, but remarkable repellency of apium graveolens both in laboratory and field conditions. repellency of the ethanolic preparation of hexane-extracted a. graveolens was, therefore, investigated and compared with those of 15 commercial mosquito repellents including the most widely used, deet. hexane-extracted a. graveolens showed a significant degree of repellency in a dose- ... | 2005 | 16262746 |
| wolbachia infection and expression of cytoplasmic incompatibility in armigeres subalbatus (diptera: culicidae). | polymerase chain reaction screening revealed that armigeres subalbatus (coquillett), a vector of filariasis, was infected with the intracellular bacteria wolbachia. laboratory crosses between infected males and uninfected females resulted in less than half the number of offspring than control crosses between uninfected individuals when young (2- to 3-d-old) males were used in the cross. however, imcompatibility was lost when old (14- to 17-d-old) males were used. field-collected females did not ... | 2000 | 15218907 |
| short report: detection of japanese encephalitis virus in mouse peripheral blood mononuclear cells using an in situ reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. | japanese encephalitis (je) is an important mosquito-borne viral disease in southeast asia. isolation of je virus from peripheral blood is usually difficult because of transient and low titer of viremia. an in situ reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) method was designed to amplify gene (envelope) fragments of je virus residing in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) without extraction of rna. baby hamster kidney-21 cells infected with the t1p1 strain of je virus (an iso ... | 2003 | 14740883 |
| a comparative study of adult mosquito trapping using dry ice and yeast generated carbon dioxide. | adult mosquito collections were conducted for 12 weeks in two residential areas in kuala lumpur. the cdc light traps were compared using dry ice and yeast as sources of carbon dioxide attractants for mosquitoes. the efficacy of the dry ice baited trap was significant over yeast generated co2 trap. the predominant species obtained were culex quinquefasciatus, stegomyia albopicta and armigeres subalbatus. | 2005 | 16883295 |
| parallel infection of japanese encephalitis virus and wolbachia within cells of mosquito salivary glands. | the endosymbiont wolbachia usually causes cytoplasmic incompatibility in dipteran hosts, including mosquitoes. however, some important arbovirus-transmitting mosquitoes such as aedes aegypti (l.) are not heritably infected by wolbachia. in wolbachia-harboring mosquito armigeres subalbatus coquillett, colocalization of wolbachia and inoculated japanese encephalitis virus (family flaviviridae, genus flavivirus, jev) in salivary gland (sg) cells was shown by electron microscopy. the infection rate ... | 2006 | 16892635 |
| effectiveness of zanthoxylum piperitum-derived essential oil as an alternative repellent under laboratory and field applications. | recently, there were considerable efforts made to promote the use of environmentally friendly and biodegradable natural insecticides and repellents, particularly from botanical sources. in this study, zanthoxylum piperitum-derived essential oil isolated by steam distillation was investigated and compared to the standard synthetic repellent, n,n-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (deet), for repellency against mosquitoes under laboratory and field conditions. the oil of z. piperitum alone and also with 5% ... | 2007 | 16896651 |
| repellency of aromatic turmeric curcuma aromatica under laboratory and field conditions. | three curcuma species, curcuma aeruginosa (pink and blue ginger), cu. aromatica (aromatic turmeric), and cu. xanthorrhiza (giant curcuma), were selected for investigation of mosquito repellent activity. in a laboratory study, a 95% ethanol extract of each plant was tested for repellent activity of aedes togoi on human volunteers. only cu. aromatica extract showed repellency against ae. togoi with ed50 and ed95 values of 0.061 and 1.55 mg/cm2, respectively. it also provided biting protection for ... | 2003 | 14714673 |
| characterization of hemocytes from the mosquitoes anopheles gambiae and aedes aegypti. | hemocytes are an essential component of the mosquito immune system but current knowledge of the types of hemocytes mosquitoes produce, their relative abundance, and their functions is limited. addressing these issues requires improved methods for collecting and maintaining mosquito hemocytes in vitro, and comparative data that address whether important vector species produce similar or different hemocyte types. toward this end, we conducted a comparative study with anopheles gambiae and aedes ae ... | 2006 | 17098164 |
| diapause-specific gene expression in the northern house mosquito, culex pipiens l., identified by suppressive subtractive hybridization. | in this study we probe the molecular events underpinning diapause observed in overwintering females of culex pipiens. using suppressive subtractive hybridization (ssh) we have identified 40 genes that are either upregulated or downregulated during this seasonal period of dormancy. northern blot hybridizations have confirmed the expression of 32 of our ssh clones, including six genes that are upregulated specifically in early diapause, 17 that are upregulated in late diapause, and two upregulated ... | 2007 | 17098250 |
| a study of filaria in taiwan monkeys. | filarial adult were found in the intermuscular connective tissue of the peritracheal and mandibular region of the taiwan monkey(macaca cyclopis). the microfilariae in the peripheral blood demonstrated a marked nocturnal periodicity with a peak between 2100-0100 hours and a low diurnal minimum between 900 and 1300 hours. staining the microfilaria by various stains demonstrated differences in size. no development of microfilariae was detected in the culex fatigans, culex tritaeniohyncus, aedes alb ... | 1964 | 12913612 |
| seasonal prevalence of the vector mosquitoes of japanese encephalitis virus in kyungpook province, korea. | in order to determine the seasonal prevalence and population density of vector mosquitoes in kyungpook province, a survey based on average number of female mosquito per trap-night, were carried out during the period from may to november in 1984. among the 34,571 mosquitoes collected in kyungsan county in animal shelters and human dwellings by light traps, approximately 45.0 % were culex tritaeniorhynchus, 34.0 % per cent culex pipiens pallens, and 19.0 per cent anopheles sinensis. by comparison, ... | 1985 | 12888695 |
| development of lymphatic filarial parasite wuchereria bancrofti (spirurida: onchocercidae) in mosquito species (diptera: culicidae) fed artificially on microfilaremic blood. | the efficiency of laboratory colonies of mosquitoes such as anopheles stephensi liston, aedes aegypti (l.) liverpool strain, ae. aegypti wild type, aedes albopictus (skuse), culex tritaeniorhynchus giles, culex sitiens wiedemann, and armigeres subalbatus coquillett in supporting the development of wuchereria bancrofti (cobbold) (spirurida: onchocercidae) microfilariae to infective larvae was investigated. the mosquitoes were fed on heparinized microfilaremic human blood by using a membrane-feedi ... | 2006 | 17162957 |
| comparison of the autogenous potentials of newly-emerged anautogenous female mosquitoes. | the autogenous potentials in several species of newly emerged anautogenous female mosquitoes were examined by homoplastic transplantion of resting stage ovaries into newly-emerged females. ovaries from 4-day-old female culex pipiens quinquefasciatus, with follicles at stage ib, were all activated in the newly emerged hosts and deposited some yolk in the oocyte. in addition, some of the implants (5-10%) matured. transplanted c. tritaeniorhynchus ovaries also started to develop beyond the ib resti ... | 1997 | 12769925 |
| efficiency of salivary gland invasion by malaria sporozoites is controlled by rapid sporozoite destruction in the mosquito haemocoel. | for successful transmission to the vertebrate host, malaria sporozoites must migrate from the mosquito midgut to the salivary glands. here, using purified sporozoites inoculated into the mosquito haemocoel, we show that salivary gland invasion is inefficient and that sporozoites have a narrow window of opportunity for salivary gland invasion. only 19% of sporozoites invade the salivary glands, all invasion occurs within 8h at a rate of approximately 200 sporozoites per hour, and sporozoites that ... | 2007 | 17275826 |
| replication of flock house virus in three genera of medically important insects. | flock house virus (family nodaviridae, genus alphanodavirus, fhv) was originally isolated from grass grubs costelytra zealandica (white) (coleoptera: scarabaeidae) in new zealand and belongs to a family of divided genome, plus-sense rna insect viruses. fhv replicates in insects, a nematode, plants, and yeast. we previously reported replication of fhv in four genera of mosquitoes and expression of green fluorescent protein in aedes aegypti (l.) produced by an fhv-based vector. we report here that ... | 2007 | 17294927 |
| reproductive aspects of the mosquito culex quinquefasciatus (diptera:culicidae) infected with wuchereria bancrofti (spirurida: onchocercidae). | this study reports on the relationship between wuchereria bancrofti infection and female body size, intake of blood and fecundity in the mosquito culex quinquefasciatus, vector of this filarial parasite in recife (brazil). adults from field collected larvae were infected via a membrane feeding procedure, using blood with parasitaemia ranging from 724-6,000 mf/ml. a positive correlation was observed between mosquito size (measured by wing length) and egg production in uninfected females. however, ... | 2003 | 12764437 |
| ecology of invasive mosquitoes: effects on resident species and on human health. | investigations of biological invasions focus on patterns and processes that are related to introduction, establishment, spread and impacts of introduced species. this review focuses on the ecological interactions operating during invasions by the most prominent group of insect vectors of disease, mosquitoes. first, we review characteristics of non-native mosquito species that have established viable populations, and those invasive species that have spread widely and had major impacts, testing wh ... | 2005 | 17637849 |
| immunolocalization of prophenoloxidase in the process of wound healing in the mosquito armigeres subalbatus (diptera: culicidae). | hemolymph coagulation began almost immediately after wounding in mosquito, armigeres subalbatus, (coquillett) larvae. immunocytochemical localization showed that prophenoloxidase (pro-po) was distributed in the wound site. in the initial wounding, coagulation and wound plug formation occurred with granulocyte migration. the hemocytes lysed and released granular materials around the wound site, prophenoloxidase being mostly localized in granules and cuticle. in the second phase of wound healing, ... | 2002 | 11931025 |
| broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity of the reactive compounds generated in vitro by manduca sexta phenoloxidase. | although quinone production and melanin formation are widely recognized as an integral part of the insect defense system, experimental evidence is lacking that the proteolytic activation of prophenoloxidase participates in the direct killing of invading microbes-active phenoloxidase generates quinones that polymerize to form melanin. here, we report the antimicrobial effect of reactive intermediates produced in phenoloxidase-catalyzed reactions. after being treated with manduca sexta phenoloxida ... | 2007 | 17681234 |
| comparative genomic analysis of the tribolium immune system. | tribolium castaneum is a species of coleoptera, the largest and most diverse order of all eukaryotes. components of the innate immune system are hardly known in this insect, which is in a key phylogenetic position to inform us about genetic innovations accompanying the evolution of holometabolous insects. we have annotated immunity-related genes and compared them with homologous molecules from other species. | 2007 | 17727709 |
| characterization of immune genes from the schistosome host snail biomphalaria glabrata that encode peptidoglycan recognition proteins and gram-negative bacteria binding protein. | peptidoglycan (pgn) recognition proteins (pgrps) and gram-negative bacteria binding proteins (gnbps) play an essential role in toll/imd signaling pathways in arthropods. the existence of homologous pathways involving pgrps and gnbps in other major invertebrate phyla such as the mollusca remains unclear. in this paper, we report four full-length pgrp cdnas and one full-length gnbp cdna cloned from the snail biomphalaria glabrata, the intermediate host of the human blood fluke schistosoma mansoni, ... | 2007 | 17805526 |
| evolution and horizontal transfer of a dd37e dna transposon in mosquitoes. | itmd37e, a unique class ii transposable element (te) with an ancient origin, appears to have been involved in multiple horizontal transfers in mosquitoes as itmd37e sequences from 10 mosquito species of five genera share high nucleotide (nt) identities. for example, itmd37e sequences from aedes aegypti and anopheles gambiae, which have an estimated common ancestor of 145-200 million years ago, display 92% nt identity. the comparison of itmd37e and host mosquito phylogenies shows a lack of congru ... | 2007 | 17947403 |
| recombination-ready sindbis replicon expression vectors for transgene expression. | sindbis viruses have been widely used as tools to study gene function in cells. despite the utility of these systems, the construction and production of alphavirus replicons is time consuming and inefficient due to potential additional restriction sites within the insert region and lack of directionality for insert ligation. in this report, we present a system useful for producing recombinant sindbis replicons that uses lambda phage recombination technology to rapidly and specifically construct ... | 2007 | 17963504 |
| characterization of tyrosine hydroxylase from manduca sexta. | in insects, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (dopa) is required for tanning of newly formed cuticle and the production of melanin during some types of immune responses. dopa is produced by the hydroxylation of tyrosine, and this reaction can be catalyzed by two types of enzymes: tyrosine hydroxylase (th) and phenoloxidase (po). th is required for cuticle tanning in drosophila melanogaster and for cuticle pigmentation in other insect species, but additional functions of th have been uncertain. in contr ... | 2007 | 17967351 |
| innate immunity in insects: surface-associated dopa decarboxylase-dependent pathways regulate phagocytosis, nodulation and melanization in medfly haemocytes. | phagocytosis, melanization and nodulation in insects depend on phenoloxidase (po) activity. in this report, we demonstrated that these three processes appear to be also dependent on dopa decarboxylase (ddc) activity. using flow cytometry, rna interference, immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence, we demonstrated the constitutive expression of ddc and its strong association with the haemocyte surface, in the medfly ceratitis capitata. in addition, we showed that escherichia coli phagocytosis i ... | 2008 | 17983437 |
| induction of oogenesis in mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) by infusion of the hemocoel with amino acids. | as done previously with adult females of culex pipiens pallens coquillett, a mixture of 17 amino acids was infused into the hemocoel of females of seven anautogenous and one autogenous mosquito species belonging to three genera. in culex. p. quinquefasciatus say, cx. tritaeniorhynchus giles, cx. kyotoensis yamaguti & lacasse, aedes albopictus (skuse), armigeres subalbatus (coquillett), and cx. p. molestus forskal, which previously had laid autogenously matured first batch of eggs, ovarian develo ... | 2001 | 11476338 |
| continuous exposure to plasmodium results in decreased susceptibility and transcriptomic divergence of the anopheles gambiae immune system. | plasmodium infection has been shown to compromise the fitness of the mosquito vector, reducing its fecundity and longevity. however, from an evolutionary perspective, the impact of plasmodium infection as a selective pressure on the mosquito is largely unknown. | 2007 | 18053261 |
| construction and characterization of an expressed sequenced tag library for the mosquito vector armigeres subalbatus. | the mosquito, armigeres subalbatus, mounts a distinctively robust innate immune response when infected with the nematode brugia malayi, a causative agent of lymphatic filariasis. in order to mine the transcriptome for new insight into the cascade of events that takes place in response to infection in this mosquito, 6 cdna libraries were generated from tissues of adult female mosquitoes subjected to immune-response activation treatments that lead to well-characterized responses, and from aging, n ... | 2007 | 18088419 |
| mosquito transcriptome changes and filarial worm resistance in armigeres subalbatus. | armigeres subalbatus is a natural vector of the filarial worm brugia pahangi, but it rapidly and proficiently kills brugia malayi microfilariae by melanotic encapsulation. because b. malayi and b. pahangi are morphologically and biologically similar, the armigeres-brugia system serves as a valuable model for studying the resistance mechanisms in mosquito vectors. we have initiated transcriptome profiling studies in ar. subalbatus to identify molecular components involved in b. malayi refractorin ... | 2007 | 18088420 |
| annotation and expression profiling of apoptosis-related genes in the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti. | apoptosis has been extensively studied in drosophila by both biochemical and genetic approaches, but there is a lack of knowledge about the mechanisms of apoptosis regulation in other insects. in mosquitoes, apoptosis occurs during plasmodium and arbovirus infection in the midgut, suggesting that apoptosis plays a role in mosquito innate immunity. we searched the aedes aegypti genome for apoptosis-related genes using drosophila and anopheles gambiae protein sequences as queries. in this study we ... | 2008 | 18252247 |
| susceptibility of mosquitoes in central taiwan to natural infections of dirofilaria immitis. | from october 1997 to september 1998, 3085 culex quinquefasciatus (say) (diptera: culicidae), 584 cx. tritaeniorhynchus (giles) (diptera: culicidae), 392 cx. annulus (theobald) (diptera: culicidae), 374 aedes albopictus (skuse) (diptera: culicidae) and 102 armigeres subalbatus (coquillet) (diptera: culicidae) were collected and examined for dirofilaria immitis (leidy) (spirurida: filariidae) infection. however, only cx. quinquefasciatus and ae. albopictus were infected, with a prevalence of 4.28% ... | 2001 | 11297103 |
| molecular cloning, characterization and tissue expression of prophenoloxidase cdna from the mosquito armigeres subalbatus inoculated with dirofilaria immitis microfilariae. | a cdna encoding mosquito armigeres subalbatus prophenol oxidase (as-pro-po) was obtained by rapid amplification of cdna ends-polymerase chain reaction (race-pcr) after dirofilaria immitis inoculation. the 2205 bp as-pro-po cdna contains a 32 bp 5'-noncoding region, a 2055 bp open reading frame (685 amino acids), and a 118 bp 3'-noncoding region. hydrophobic signal peptide for the endoplasmic reticulum targeting is not found in the nh2-terminal region. two potential copper-binding domains, amino ... | 1998 | 9459427 |
| conserved mosquito/parasite interactions affect development of plasmodium falciparum in africa. | in much of sub-saharan africa, the mosquito anopheles gambiae is the main vector of the major human malaria parasite, plasmodium falciparum. convenient laboratory studies have identified mosquito genes that affect positively or negatively the developmental cycle of the model rodent parasite, p. berghei. here, we use transcription profiling and reverse genetics to explore whether five disparate mosquito gene regulators of p. berghei development are also pertinent to a. gambiae/p. falciparum inter ... | 2008 | 18483558 |
| nature limits filarial transmission. | abstract: lymphatic filariasis, caused by wuchereria bancrofti, brugia malayi and b. timori is a public health problem of considerable magnitude of the tropics and subtropics. presently 1.3 billion people are at risk of lymphatic filariasis (lf) infection and about 120 million people are affected in 83 countries. in this context it is worth mentioning that 'nature' itself limits filarial transmission to a great extent in a number of ways such as by reducing vector populations, parasitic load and ... | 2008 | 18500974 |
| silencing the genes for dopa decarboxylase or dopachrome conversion enzyme reduces melanization of foreign targets in anopheles gambiae. | the production of melanin is a complex biochemical process in which several enzymes may play a role. although phenoloxidase and serine proteases are clearly key components, the activity of other enzymes, including dopa decarboxylase and dopachrome conversion enzyme may also be required. we tested the effect of knockdown of gene expression for these two enzymes on melanization of abiotic targets in the mosquito, anopheles gambiae. knockdown of dopa decarboxylase and dopachrome conversion enzyme r ... | 2008 | 18534885 |
| the resting sites and blood-meal sources of anopheles minimus in taiwan. | the who declared taiwan free from malaria in 1965, but in 2003 the reporting of two introduced cases in a rural area suggested a possible local transmission of this disease. therefore, understanding the resting sites and the blood sources of anopheles minimus is crucial in order to provide information for implementing vector control strategies. | 2008 | 18538036 |
| evaluation of the function of a type i peritrophic matrix as a physical barrier for midgut epithelium invasion by mosquito-borne pathogens in aedes aegypti. | in addition to modulating blood meal digestion and protecting the midgut epithelial cells from mechanical and chemical damage, a biological function attributed to the mosquito type i peritrophic matrix (pm) is preventing or reducing pathogen invasion, especially from plasmodium spp. previously, we demonstrated that chitin is an essential component of the pm and is synthesized de novo in response to blood feeding in aedes aegypti. therefore, knocking down chitin synthase expression by rna interfe ... | 2008 | 18627241 |
| biocontrol of larval mosquitoes by acilius sulcatus (coleoptera: dytiscidae). | problems associated with resistant mosquitoes and the effects on non-target species by chemicals, evoke a reason to find alternative methods to control mosquitoes, like the use of natural predators. in this regard, aquatic coleopterans have been explored less compared to other insect predators. in the present study, an evaluation of the role of the larvae of acilius sulcatus linnaeus 1758 (coleoptera: dytiscidae) as predator of mosquito immatures was made in the laboratory. its efficacy under fi ... | 2008 | 18922168 |
| effects of inhibitors of serine protease, phenoloxidase and dopa decarboxylase on the melanization of dirofilaria immitis microfilariae with armigeres subalbatus haemolymph in vitro. | the melanization of dirofilaria immitis microfilariae in armigeres subalbatus haemolymph in vitro is a two-step process. firstly, the microfilariae are encased in a transparent capsule, then the capsule material is melanized later. benzamadine hc1 and p-amidinophenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride, both serine protease inhibitors, inhibited the deposition of the transparent capsule material and melanization. diethyldithiocarbamate, a phenoloxidase inhibitor, did not prevent the deposition of the transp ... | 1997 | 9280896 |
| transgenesis approaches for functional analysis of peptidergic cells in the silkworm bombyx mori. | the domestic silkworm, bombyx mori represents an insect model of great scientific and economic importance. besides the establishment of a stable germline transformation using the piggybac vector, technically feasible methods for in vivo gene delivery and transient gene expression were developed using viral based vectors, especially sindbis viruses and baculoviruses. the recombinant baculovirus, autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (acmnpv), commonly used for large-scale protein p ... | 2009 | 19111552 |
| biochemical pathway of melanotic encapsulation of brugia malayi in the mosquito, armigeres subalbatus. | the mosquito, armigeres subalbatus, is naturally resistant to the filarial worm, brugia malayi, and microfilariae (mf) penetrating the midgut are killed by melanotic encapsulation reactions in the hemocoel within 48 h following ingestion. this vector-parasite system was used to assess changes in hemolymph tyrosine, tyrosine derivatives, and catecholamine-metabolizing enzyme activities using high pressure liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (hplc-ed) during melanotic encapsulatio ... | 1995 | 8595819 |
| biting behaviour of armigeres subalbatus (coquillett) with reference to host selection and landing. | armigeres subalbatus (coquillett), a vicious crepuscular biter, has been selected to study the biting behaviour with reference to factors affecting landing and host selection in the laboratory. the mosquito showed a higher attractancy to relatively warmer skin of human hands. there was also a significant attraction towards the artificially warmed hands than the normal ones, and the mosquitoes avoided the artificially cooled hands. therefore, host temperature is a factor which influences the attr ... | 1994 | 7927529 |
| molecular evolution of immune genes in the malaria mosquito anopheles gambiae. | background: as pathogens that circumvent the host immune response are favoured by selection, so are host alleles that reduce parasite load. such evolutionary processes leave their signature on the genes involved. deciphering modes of selection operating on immune genes might reveal the nature of host-pathogen interactions and factors that govern susceptibility in host populations. such understanding would have important public health implications. methodology/findings: we analyzed polymorphisms ... | 2009 | 19234606 |
| susceptibility of various mosquitoes of thailand to nocturnal subperiodic wuchereria bancrofti. | ten different mosquito species representing five genera were allowed to feed on human blood containing microfilariae (5.5-6.5 mf/microl) of nocturnal subperiodic wuchereria bancrofti from kanchanaburi province, thailand. aedes aegypti, aedes albopictus, aedes desmotes, downsiomyia species (=finlaya niveus group), culex quinquefasciatus, anopheles dirus a, an. maculatus, an. minimus, armigeres subalbatus, and mansonia uniformis were fed under laboratory conditions using an artificial membrane fee ... | 2008 | 19263851 |
| loop-mediated isothermal amplification applied to filarial parasites detection in the mosquito vectors: dirofilaria immitis as a study model. | abstract: | 2009 | 19284882 |
| the salivary transcriptome of anopheles gambiae (diptera: culicidae) larvae: a microarray-based analysis. | in spite of the many recent developments in the field of vector sialomics, the salivary glands of larval mosquitoes have been largely unexplored. we used whole-transcriptome microarray analysis to create a gene-expression profile of the salivary gland tissue of fourth-instar anopheles gambiae larvae, and compare it to the gene-expression profile of a matching group of whole larvae. we identified a total of 221 probes with expression values that were (a) significantly enriched in the salivary gla ... | 2009 | 19328852 |
| genome-wide transcriptomic profiling of anopheles gambiae hemocytes reveals pathogen-specific signatures upon bacterial challenge and plasmodium berghei infection. | the mosquito anopheles gambiae is a major vector of human malaria. increasing evidence indicates that blood cells (hemocytes) comprise an essential arm of the mosquito innate immune response against both bacteria and malaria parasites. to further characterize the role of hemocytes in mosquito immunity, we undertook the first genome-wide transcriptomic analyses of adult female an. gambiae hemocytes following infection by two species of bacteria and a malaria parasite. | 2009 | 19500340 |
| plasma phenoloxidase of the larval tobacco budworm, heliothis virescens, is virucidal. | heliothis virescens larval plasma contains high levels of an antiviral activity against the budded form of the helicoverpa zea single nucleopolyhedrovirus (hzsnpv) in vitro. preliminary results indicated that phenoloxidase is primarily responsible for this virucidal effect. however it is known that other enzymes that generate antimicrobial reactive oxygen intermediates and reactive nitrogen intermediates are present in hemolymph that could contribute to the observed virucidal activity. to elucid ... | 2006 | 19537988 |
| persistent wolbachia and cultivable bacteria infection in the reproductive and somatic tissues of the mosquito vector aedes albopictus. | commensal and symbiotic microbes have a considerable impact on the behavior of many arthropod hosts, including hematophagous species that transmit pathogens causing infectious diseases to human and animals. little is known about the bacteria associated with mosquitoes other than the vectorized pathogens. this study investigated wolbachia and cultivable bacteria that persist through generations in ae. albopictus organs known to host transmitted arboviruses, such as dengue and chikungunya. | 2009 | 19633721 |
| the fate of brugia pahangi microfilariae in armigeres subalbatus during the first 48 hours post ingestion. | in armigeres subalbatus, 60% and 3% of the ingested brugia pahangi microfilariae (mf) respectively migrated into the haemocoel and the thorax within 5 minutes post ingestion (p.i.). most of the mf had migrated from the gut into the haemocoel within the first 10 minutes p.i. there was no correlation between the number of mf ingested and the migration rate though those in mosquitoes with a low mf burden tend to migrate earlier. at 24 hours p.i., 5-30% of the mf were still in the gut; 19% of these ... | 1994 | 7915044 |
| transgenesis and paratransgenesis to control insect-borne diseases: current status and future challenges. | insect-borne diseases cause significant human morbidity and mortality. current control and preventive methods against vector-borne diseases rely mainly on insecticides. the emergence of insecticide resistance in many disease vectors highlights the necessity to develop new strategies to control these insects. vector transgenesis and paratransgenesis are novel strategies that aim at reducing insect vectorial capacity, or seek to eliminate transmission of pathogens such as plasmodium sp., trypanoso ... | 2010 | 19819346 |
| mosquito infection responses to developing filarial worms. | human lymphatic filariasis is a mosquito-vectored disease caused by the nematode parasites wuchereria bancrofti, brugia malayi and brugia timori. these are relatively large roundworms that can cause considerable damage in compatible mosquito vectors. in order to assess how mosquitoes respond to infection in compatible mosquito-filarial worm associations, microarray analysis was used to evaluate transcriptome changes in aedes aegypti at various times during b. malayi development. changes in trans ... | 2009 | 19823571 |
| diurnal man-biting activity of armigeres subalbatus (coquillett, 1898) in a village in west bengal. | | 1983 | 6143725 |
| characterization of expression, activity and role in antibacterial immunity of anopheles gambiae lysozyme c-1. | there are eight lysozyme genes in the anopheles gambiae genome. transcripts of one of these genes, lysc-1, increased in anopheles gambiae cell line 4a3b by 24 h after exposure to heat-killed micrococcus luteus. lysozyme activity was also identified in conditioned media from the cell line from which the protein was purified to homogeneity using ion exchange and gel filtration. mass spectrometric analysis of the purified protein showed 100% identity to lysozyme c-1. purified lysozyme c-1 was teste ... | 2010 | 19932188 |
| discovery of plasmodium modulators by genome-wide analysis of circulating hemocytes in anopheles gambiae. | insect hemocytes mediate important cellular immune responses including phagocytosis and encapsulation and also secrete immune factors such as opsonins, melanization factors, and antimicrobial peptides. however, the molecular composition of these important immune cells has not been elucidated in depth, because of their scarcity in the circulating hemolymph, their adhesion to multiple tissues and the lack of primary culture methods to produce sufficient material for a genome-wide analysis. in this ... | 2009 | 19940242 |
| differential transcriptomic responses of biomphalaria glabrata (gastropoda, mollusca) to bacteria and metazoan parasites, schistosoma mansoni and echinostoma paraensei (digenea, platyhelminthes). | a 70-mer-oligonucleotide-based microarray (1152 features) that emphasizes stress and immune responses factors was constructed to study transcriptomic responses of the snail biomphalaria glabrata to different immune challenges. in addition to sequences with relevant putative id and gene ontology (go) annotation, the array features non-immune factors and unknown b. glabrata ests for functional gene discovery. the transcription profiles of b. glabrata (3 biological replicates, each a pool of 5 snai ... | 2010 | 19962194 |
| identification of protein components of egg masses indicates parental investment in immunoprotection of offspring by biomphalaria glabrata (gastropoda, mollusca). | the macromolecules contributed by the freshwater gastropod biomphalaria glabrata, intermediate host of schistosoma mansoni, to developing offspring inside egg masses are poorly known. sds-page fractionated egg mass fluids (emf) of m line and bb02 b. glabrata were analyzed by maldi-tof (ms and tandem ms). a mascot database was assembled with est data from b. glabrata and other molluscs to aid in sequence characterization. of approximately 20 major emf polypeptides, 16 were identified as defense-r ... | 2010 | 19995576 |
| armigeres subalbatus incriminated as an important vector of the dog heartworm dirofilaria immitis and the bird cardiofilaria in urban kuala lumpur. | | 1981 | 6124044 |
| experimental vertical transmission of japanese encephalitis virus by culex tritaeniorhynchus and other mosquitoes. | vertical transmission of japanese encephalitis virus to the f1 adult stage was demonstrated in culex tritaeniorhynchus, cx. annulus, cx. quinquefasciatus, and armigeres subalbatus. transmission to the f1 larval stage was demonstrated in cx. pipiens, aedes vexans, ae. alcasidi, and a. flavus. in cx. tritaeniorhynchus, vertical transmission rates (the percentage of parent females transmitting to progeny) varied (12-100%). filial infection rates (the percentage of progeny infected) for a given mosq ... | 1989 | 2567124 |