| community-acquired diarrhea associated with clostridium difficile in an hiv-positive cancer patient: first case report in latin america. | clostridium difficile is the most important cause of nosocomial diarrhea, mainly associated with antibiotic use and immunodeficiency. although, an increased incidence of community-acquired c. difficile infection (ca-cdi) has been reported worldwide, this infection has been under-diagnosed in latin america. this is the first report of a ca-cdi case in latin america, in an hiv-positive patient with cancer. | 2014 | 25066118 |
| incidence of polymerase chain reaction-diagnosed clostridium difficile in a large high-risk cohort, 2011-2012. | to describe incidence rates (irs) of polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-diagnosed clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in a large high-risk cohort. | 2014 | 25064782 |
| tigecycline for severe clostridium difficile infection. | limited data suggest that tigecycline may be of value in the treatment of clostridiumdifficile infection. we reviewed our experience using tigecycline to treat severe c. difficile and compared outcomes to similarly ill patients who did not receive tigecycline. we found no difference between the groups. further study is needed before tigecycline can be recommended for use in severe c. difficile infection. | 2014 | 25064460 |
| infectious diarrhea: an overview. | diarrheal disease, which is most often caused by infectious pathogens, is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, especially in children. this is particularly true in developing countries. recent outbreaks of infectious diarrhea in developed countries, including the usa, are often attributed to food handling and distribution practices and highlight the need for continued vigilance in this area. another common cause of infectious diarrhea, clostridium difficile infection (cdi), ... | 2014 | 25064318 |
| clostridium difficile in children: to treat or not to treat? | clostridium difficile infection has been increasing since 2000 in children and in adults. frequent antibiotics use, comorbidity, and the development of hypervirulent strains have increased the risk of infection. despite the high carriage rates of c. difficile, infants rarely develop clinical infection. discontinuing antibiotics and supportive management usually leads to resolution of disease. antibiotics use should be stratified depending on the patient's age and severity of the disease. | 2014 | 25061582 |
| phage tail-like particles kill clostridium difficile and represent an alternative to conventional antibiotics. | current clostridium difficile infection (cdi) antibiotic regimens have become increasingly ineffective at achieving cure and preventing recurrence. a recently developed alternative to conventional antibiotics are phage tail-like particles (ptlps), which are proteins that are morphologically similar to bacteriophages and are produced by c difficile. this study examines the in vitro killing spectrum of a previously unreported ptlp isolated from a clinical isolate of c difficile. | 2015 | 25061002 |
| first polish outbreak of clostridium difficile ribotype 027 infections among dialysis patients. | this report describes an outbreak of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in a nephrology ward in 2012, caused by the fluoroquinolone- and clindamycin-resistant polymerase chain reaction (pcr) ribotype 027 strains. an increase in the number of cases of diarrhoea was noted among patients hospitalised between 26 november 2012 and 17 december 2012 in a hospital in north poland. eight patients were on haemodialysis in the outpatient dialysis facility, while one patient was receiving peritoneal dial ... | 2015 | 25060801 |
| [using the real-time pcr assay to establish taqman-mgb probe for rapid identification of clostridium difficile and its toxin]. | to develop a real-time pcr assay for the rapid identification of clostridium(c.)difficile and its toxin. | 2014 | 25059372 |
| cyclophilin-facilitated membrane translocation as pharmacological target to prevent intoxication of mammalian cells by binary clostridial actin adp-ribosylated toxins. | clostridium botulinum c2 toxin, clostridium perfringens iota toxin and clostridium difficile cdt belong to the family of binary actin adp-ribosylating toxins and are composed of a binding/translocation component and a separate enzyme component. the enzyme components adp-ribosylate g-actin in the cytosol of target cells resulting in depolymerization of f-actin, cell rounding and cell death. the binding/translocation components bind to their cell receptors and form complexes with the respective en ... | 2015 | 25058685 |
| ambulatory-treated clostridium difficile infection: a comparison of community-acquired vs. nosocomial infection. | the purpose of this study was to identify the clinical outcomes of ambulatory-treated clostridium difficile infection (cdi) and risk factors associated with community-associated cdi (ca-cdi). adult patients diagnosed with cdi in the institutional or ambulatory-care setting between 1 april 2005 and 30 april 2011, with no other cdi diagnosis in the previous 180 days, and who purchased an ambulatory, anti-cdi agent within 7 days of cdi diagnosis were included. a total of 1201 patients were included ... | 2015 | 25058469 |
| the cd27l and ctp1l endolysins targeting clostridia contain a built-in trigger and release factor. | the bacteriophage φcd27 is capable of lysing clostridium difficile, a pathogenic bacterium that is a major cause for nosocomial infection. a recombinant cd27l endolysin lyses c. difficile in vitro, and represents a promising alternative as a bactericide. to better understand the lysis mechanism, we have determined the crystal structure of an autoproteolytic fragment of the cd27l endolysin. the structure covers the c-terminal domain of the endolysin, and represents a novel fold that is identified ... | 2014 | 25058163 |
| healthcare resource utilization for recurrent clostridium difficile infection in a large university hospital in houston, texas. | there are limited data examining healthcare resource utilization in patients with recurrent clostridium difficile infection (cdi). | 2014 | 25057871 |
| inter- and intraspecies transfer of a clostridium difficile conjugative transposon conferring resistance to mlsb. | resistance to the macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin b group of antibiotics in clostridium difficile is generally due to erm(b) genes. tn6194, a conjugative transposon initially detected in pcr-ribotype 027 isolates, is an erm(b)-containing element also detected in other relevant c. difficile pcr-ribotypes. in this study, the genome of a c. difficile pcr-ribotype 001 strain was sequenced, and an element with two nucleotidic changes compared to tn6194 was detected. this element was transferred b ... | 2014 | 25055190 |
| the combined repetitive oligopeptides of clostridium difficile toxin a counteract premature cleavage of the glucosyl-transferase domain by stabilizing protein conformation. | toxin a (tcda) and b (tcdb) from clostridium difficile enter host cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis. a prerequisite for proper toxin action is the intracellular release of the glucosyltransferase domain by an inherent cysteine protease, which is allosterically activated by inositol hexaphosphate (ip6). we found that in in vitro assays, the c-terminally-truncated tcda1-1065 was more efficient at ip6-induced cleavage compared with full-length tcda. we hypothesized that the c-terminally-locate ... | 2014 | 25054784 |
| investigation of toxin gene diversity and antimicrobial resistance of clostridium difficile strains. | the incidence of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) has been previously reported in a number of studies. however, data collected from the chinese population is limited. in the present study, the diversity of the toxin genes, tcda and tcdb, of 57 clostridium difficile (c. difficile) isolates from a chinese population were investigated by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) (38 a(+)b(+), 14 a(-)b(+) and 5 a(-)b(-)). quantitative pcr was used to check the expression of these two genes and it was fou ... | 2014 | 25054021 |
| clostridium difficile infection: nursing considerations. | clostridium difficile is a bacterium which commonly causes diarrhoea in inpatients. c. difficile affects hospitalised patients worldwide and can pose a significant risk to patients. this article explores the transmission and risk factors for c. difficile infection (cdi). there are many aspects to the prevention and control of cdi: appropriate antibiotic use, early instigation and maintenance of prevention and control strategies, and high standards of environmental cleanliness, education, and sur ... | 2014 | 25052676 |
| intestinal microbiota transplantation, a simple and effective treatment for severe and refractory clostridium difficile infection. | restoring normal fecal flora through intestinal microbiota transplantation (imt) was successful in curing recurrent clostridium difficile infection (cdi). however, only a few cases have been reported of imt being utilized for the treatment of severe or fulminant cdi. | 2015 | 25052150 |
| fecal microbiota transplantation in the treatment of refractory clostridium difficile infection in children: an update. | the use of transplanted fecal material for the treatment of diarrheal illness dates back to the fourth-century china. while fecal microbiota transplant has gained increasing popularity over the past 50 years for the treatment of refractory clostridium difficile infections (rcdis) in adults, it has only been recently utilized in children. the purpose of this article is to review the use of fecal microbiota transplant (fmt) in the treatment of pediatric rcdis. | 2014 | 25046331 |
| role of gm-csf in the inflammatory cytokine network that regulates neutrophil influx into the colonic mucosa during clostridium difficile infection in mice. | clostridium difficile infection in antibiotic-treated mice results in acute colitis characterized by severe intestinal histopathology, robust neutrophil influx, and increased expression of numerous inflammatory cytokines, including gm-csf. we utilized a neutralizing monoclonal antibody (mab) against gm-csf in a murine model to study the role of gm-csf during acute c. difficile colitis. cefoperazone-treated mice were challenged with c. difficile (strain 630) spores. expression of gm-csf was signi ... | 2014 | 25045999 |
| increasing incidence of clostridium difficile infection, australia, 2011-2012. | | 2014 | 25045987 |
| 5-aminosalicylic acid inhibits acute clostridium difficile toxin a-induced colitis in rats. | we tested the hypothesis that 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-asa) inhibits toxin a-induced generation of colonic leukotriene b4 (ltb4) and toxin a colitis in rats. isolated colonic segments in anesthetized rats were treated intraluminally with toxin a for 3 hours with or without 30 minutes of pretreatment with either 5-asa or sulfapyridine and then colonic tissue levels of ltb4 were measured and inflammation was assessed. separately, sulfasalazine was administered to rats in their drinking water for 5 ... | 2014 | 25045574 |
| reply to hughes et al.: impact of cleaning and other interventions on the reduction of hospital-acquired clostridium difficile infections in two hospitals in england assessed using a breakpoint model. | | 2014 | 25044362 |
| humoral immune response as predictor of recurrence in clostridium difficile infection. | low serum concentrations of antibodies directed against the toxins tcda and tcdb have been associated with a higher risk of recurrence of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) after successful antibiotic treatment. however, there are conflicting reports. herein, we compared serum levels of antibodies of patients with a single episode of cdi with those of patients who subsequently suffered a recurrence. we used a serum bank from patients who received an experimental whey protein product following ... | 2014 | 25041274 |
| risk factors for recurrent clostridium difficile infection in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. | recurrent clostridium difficile infection (cdi) represents a significant burden on the healthcare system and is associated with poor outcomes in hematopoietic stem cell transplant (hsct) patients. data are limited evaluating recurrence rates and risk factors for recurrence in hsct patients. | 2014 | 25040545 |
| diarrhoea in general practice: when should a clostridium difficile infection be considered? results of a nested case-control study. | clostridium difficile infections (cdis) are frequent in hospitals, but also seem to increase in the community. here, we aim to determine the incidence of cdi in general practice and to evaluate current testing algorithms for cdi. three dutch laboratories tested all unformed faeces (12,714) for c. difficile when diagnostic testing (for any enteric pathogen) was requested by a general practitioner (gp). additionally, a nested case-control study was initiated, including 152 cdi patients and 304 age ... | 2014 | 25040463 |
| clinical predictors of recurrent clostridium difficile infection in out-patients. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) recurs in 20-30% of patients. | 2014 | 25039269 |
| comparison of culture based methods for the isolation of clostridium difficile from stool samples in a research setting. | effective isolation of clostridium difficile from stool samples is important in the research setting, especially where low numbers of spores/vegetative cells may be present within a sample. in this study, three protocols for stool culture were investigated to find a sensitive, cost effective and timely method of c. difficile isolation. for the initial enrichment step, the effectiveness of two different rich media, cycloserine-cefoxitin fructose broth (ccfb) and cycloserine-cefoxitin mannitol bro ... | 2014 | 25038491 |
| an in vitro culture model to study the dynamics of colonic microbiota in syrian golden hamsters and their susceptibility to infection with clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile infections (cdi) are caused by colonization and growth of toxigenic strains of c. difficile in individuals whose intestinal microbiota has been perturbed, in most cases following antimicrobial therapy. determination of the protective commensal gut community members could inform the development of treatments for cdi. here, we utilized the lethal enterocolitis model in syrian golden hamsters to analyze the microbiota disruption and recovery along a 20-day period following a s ... | 2015 | 25036923 |
| clostridium difficile and the microbiota. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is the leading health care-associated illness. both human and animal models have demonstrated the importance of the gut microbiota's capability of providing colonization resistance against c. difficile. risk factors for disease development include antibiotic use, which disrupts the gut microbiota, leading to the loss of colonization resistance and subsequent cdi. identification of the specific microbes capable of restoring this function remains elusive. futu ... | 2014 | 25036699 |
| fecal microbiota transplantation for treatment of clostridium difficile infection. | | 2015 | 25036411 |
| risk factors for the development of clostridium difficile infection in hospitalized children. | this article defines the risk factors for clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in hospitalized children in light of recent studies demonstrating a change in the epidemiology of these infections in both adults and children. | 2014 | 25032717 |
| the bristol stool scale and its relationship to clostridium difficile infection. | the bristol stool form scale classifies the relative density of stool samples. in a prospective cohort study, we investigated the associations between stool density, c. difficile assay positivity, hospital-onset c. difficile infection, complications, and severity of c. difficile. we describe associations between the bristol score, assay positivity, and clinical c. difficile infection. | 2014 | 25031446 |
| comparison of the verigene clostridium difficile, simplexa c. difficile universal direct, bd max cdiff, and xpert c. difficile assays for the detection of toxigenic c. difficile. | we compared the verigene clostridium difficile test (nanosphere, northbrook, il, usa), the simplexa c. difficile universal direct (focus diagnostics, cypress, ca, usa), the bd max cdiff (becton dickinson, franklin lakes, nj, usa), and the xpert c. difficile (cepheid, sunnyvale, ca, usa) assays for the detection of toxigenic c. difficile. one hundred and ninety deidentified, remnant diarrheal specimens were included in this study. after resolution of discordant results by toxigenic culture, the x ... | 2014 | 25027069 |
| effectiveness of screening hospital admissions to detect asymptomatic carriers of clostridium difficile: a modeling evaluation. | both asymptomatic and symptomatic clostridium difficile carriers contribute to new colonizations and infections within a hospital, but current control strategies focus only on preventing transmission from symptomatic carriers. our objective was to evaluate the potential effectiveness of methods targeting asymptomatic carriers to control c. difficile colonization and infection (cdi) rates in a hospital ward: screening patients at admission to detect asymptomatic c. difficile carriers and placing ... | 2014 | 25026622 |
| clostridium difficile infections in veterans health administration acute care facilities. | an initiative was implemented in july 2012 to decrease clostridium difficile infections (cdis) in veterans affairs (va) acute care medical centers nationwide. this is a report of national baseline cdi data collected from the 21 months before implementation of the initiative. | 2014 | 25026621 |
| [does the hospital cost of care differ for inflammatory bowel disease patients with or without gastrointestinal infections? a case-control study]. | gastrointestinal infections have been implicated as possible causes of exacerbation of inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) or risk factors for severe flares in general. the introduction of the g-drg reimbursement system has greatly increased the pressure to provide cost effective treatment in german hospitals. few studies have compared the costs of treating ibd patients with or without gastrointestinal infections and none of them have specifically considered the german reimbursement situation. | 2014 | 25026005 |
| [diagnosis of clostridium difficile infections: comparative study of two immuno enzyme assays with confirmation by pcr and culture followed by pcr ribotyping]. | comparison of two commercially avail-able tests for the detection of clostridium difficile glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) and toxins a and b for their sensitivity and specificity. | 2014 | 25025672 |
| an optimized, synthetic dna vaccine encoding the toxin a and toxin b receptor binding domains of clostridium difficile induces protective antibody responses in vivo. | clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) constitutes a large majority of nosocomial diarrhea cases in industrialized nations and is mediated by the effects of two secreted toxins, toxin a (tcda) and toxin b (tcdb). patients who develop strong antitoxin antibody responses can clear c. difficile infection and remain disease free. key toxin-neutralizing epitopes have been found within the carboxy-terminal receptor binding domains (rbds) of tcda and tcdb, which has generated interest in devel ... | 2014 | 25024365 |
| efficacy of fecal microbiota transplantation in 2 children with recurrent clostridium difficile infection and its impact on their growth and gut microbiome. | fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) is recognized as an alternative therapeutic modality for recurrent clostridium difficile infection (rcdi); however, data on its efficacy in children are lacking, including its effect on their growth and fecal microbiota. we report on 2 young children (<3 years old) who failed available therapeutics for rcdi, but responded remarkably well to fmt. besides resolution of clinical features of c difficile infection (cdi), fmt administration led to marked improvem ... | 2014 | 25023578 |
| in vivo assessment of smt19969 in a hamster model of clostridium difficile infection. | smt19969 [2,2'-bis(4-pyridyl)3h,3'-h 5,5-bibenzimidazole] is a novel narrow-spectrum nonabsorbable antibiotic currently in development for the treatment of clostridium difficile infection. the comparative activities of smt19969 and vancomycin against nonepidemic and epidemic strains of c. difficile were studied in an established hamster model. against nonepidemic (va11) strains, the survival rates of smt19969-treated animals ranged from 80% to 95%. vancomycin exhibited 100% protection during tre ... | 2014 | 25022586 |
| synergistic effects of antimicrobial peptides and antibiotics against clostridium difficile. | accelerating rates of health care-associated infections caused by clostridium difficile, with increasing recurrence and rising antibiotic resistance rates, have become a serious problem in recent years. this study was conducted to explore whether a combination of antibiotics with human antimicrobial peptides may lead to an increase in antibacterial activity. the in vitro activities of the antimicrobial peptides hbd1 to hbd3, hnp1, hd5, and ll-37 and the antibiotics tigecycline, moxifloxacin, pip ... | 2014 | 25022581 |
| pharmacokinetic evaluation of esomeprazole for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease. | proton pump inhibitors (ppis) are widely used for the treatment of acid-related diseases such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (gerd). they are recommended by the american college of gastroenterology for healing erosive esophagitis (eo) and as long-term treatment in patients with healed eo. the available ppis differ somewhat in their pharmacokinetics and clinical properties, but whether these differences are of clinical relevance is a matter of debate. some safety concerns have been raised wit ... | 2014 | 25019289 |
| in vitro activity of mcb3681 against clostridium difficile strains. | one hundred fourteen clostridium difficile strains were collected from 67 patients and analyzed for the presence of c. difficile toxin b by the cell cytotoxoicity neutralization assay, genes for toxin a, toxin b, binary toxin and tcdc deletion by pcr. all strains were also pcr-ribotyped. the mics of the isolates were determined against mcb3681 and nine other antimicrobial agents by the agar dilution method. all isolates were positive for toxin b as well as for toxin a and b genes. in addition, 1 ... | 2014 | 25016084 |
| clostridium difficile infection in diabetes. | diabetes-related hospitalization and hospital utilization is a serious challenge to the health care system, a situation which may be further aggravated by nosocomial clostridium difficile (c. difficile) infection (cdi). studies have demonstrated that diabetes increases the risk of recurrent cdi with or (95% ci) 2.99 (1.88, 4.76). c. difficile is a gram-positive, spore-forming anaerobic bacterium which is widely distributed in the environment. up to 7% of healthy adults and up to 45% of infants m ... | 2014 | 25015315 |
| efficacy and safety of, and patient satisfaction with, colonoscopic-administered fecal microbiota transplantation in relapsing and refractory community- and hospital-acquired clostridium difficile infection. | to report the efficacy and safety of, and patient satisfaction with, colonoscopic fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) for community- and hospital-acquired clostridium difficile infection (cdi). | 2014 | 25014180 |
| clostridium difficile 027 increasing detection in a teaching hospital in rome, italy. | | 2014 | 25012877 |
| challenges and opportunities in the management of clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is increasing in all regions of the world where sought. there is no gold standard for diagnosis of cdi, with available tests having limitations. prevention of cdi will be seen with antibiotic stewardship, improved disinfection of hospitals and nursing homes, chemo- and immuno-prophylaxis and next generation probiotics. the important therapeutic agents are oral vancomycin and fidaxomicin with metronidazole being used only in mild cases or when oral therapy ca ... | 2014 | 25012255 |
| detecting clostridium difficile spores from inanimate surfaces of the hospital environment: which method is best? | the recovery of clostridium difficile spores from hospital surfaces was assessed using rayon swabs, flocked swabs, and contact plates. the contact plate method was less laborious, achieved higher recovery percentages, and detected spores at lower inocula than swabs. rayon swabs were the least efficient method. however, further studies are required in health care settings. | 2014 | 25009047 |
| the impact of clostridium difficile on paediatric surgical practice: a systematic review. | the pathogenic potential of clostridium difficile in children remains a controversial subject as healthy infants can be colonised by this organism. however recent analyses have clarified that c. difficile is an important enteropath in paediatric populations, particularly in antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. paediatric surgical patients including those with hirschsprung's disease (hd) may be especially vulnerable to c. difficile infection (cdi) and complicated c. difficile enterocolitis such as ps ... | 2014 | 25008231 |
| effects of polysaccharopeptide from trametes versicolor and amoxicillin on the gut microbiome of healthy volunteers: a randomized clinical trial. | interactions between the microbial flora of the intestine and the human host play a critical role inmaintaining intestinal health and in the pathophysiology of a wide variety of disorders such as antibiotic associated diarrhea, clostridium difficile infection, and inflammatory bowel disease. prebiotics can confer health benefits by beneficial effects on the intestinal microbiome, whereas antibiotics can disrupt the microbiome leading to diarrhea andother side effects. | 2014 | 25006989 |
| serine/threonine protein phosphatase-mediated control of the peptidoglycan cross-linking l,d-transpeptidase pathway in enterococcus faecium. | the last step of peptidoglycan polymerization involves two families of unrelated transpeptidases that are the essential targets of β-lactam antibiotics. d,d-transpeptidases of the penicillin-binding protein (pbp) family are active-site serine enzymes that use pentapeptide precursors and are the main or exclusive cross-linking enzymes in nearly all bacteria. however, peptidoglycan cross-linking is performed mainly by active-site cysteine l,d-transpeptidases that use tetrapeptides in mycobacterium ... | 2014 | 25006233 |
| the structure of the cysteine protease and lectin-like domains of cwp84, a surface layer-associated protein from clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile is a major problem as an aetiological agent for antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. the mechanism by which the bacterium colonizes the gut during infection is poorly understood, but undoubtedly involves a myriad of components present on the bacterial surface. the mechanism of c. difficile surface-layer (s-layer) biogenesis is also largely unknown but involves the post-translational cleavage of a single polypeptide (surface-layer protein a; slpa) into low- and high-molecular-we ... | 2014 | 25004975 |
| structural and biochemical analyses of alanine racemase from the multidrug-resistant clostridium difficile strain 630. | clostridium difficile, a gram-positive, spore-forming anaerobic bacterium, is the leading cause of infectious diarrhea among hospitalized patients. c. difficile is frequently associated with antibiotic treatment, and causes diseases ranging from antibiotic-associated diarrhea to life-threatening pseudomembranous colitis. the severity of c. difficile infections is exacerbated by the emergence of hypervirulent and multidrug-resistant strains, which are difficult to treat and are often associated w ... | 2014 | 25004969 |
| organization and scope of surveillance of infections in polish hospitals. results of the project prohibit. | the paper presents results of a survey on organization of surveillance programs in polish hospitals. survey was performed by means of the standardized questionnaire in the year 2012. materialand method: completed questionnaires were obtained from 9 hospitals of different size and type: 3 small, 2 medium and 4 large, most of them public (6 hospitals). questions concerning general organization of the infection control in hospitals were answered by infection control teams. | 2014 | 25004628 |
| the evolution of urban c. difficile infection (cdi): cdi in 2009-2011 is less severe and has better outcomes than cdi in 2006-2008. | over the past decade, the epidemiology of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) has shown a remarkable increase in incidence with an associated increase in severity. this study was designed to compare the demographics, medication exposure, evaluation, treatment patterns, and outcomes of patients with cdi in two different time periods: 2006-2008 and 2009-2011. we hypothesized that mortality is decreasing with increasing appropriateness of medical management. | 2014 | 25001255 |
| clostridium difficile recurrence is characterized by pro-inflammatory peripheral blood mononuclear cell (pbmc) phenotype. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is a prevalent nosocomial and increasingly community-acquired problem. little is known about the productive cellular response in patients. we used flow cytometry to define inflammatory (th1 and th17) and regulatory [foxp3(+) t-regulatory (treg)] cells present in circulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) from cdi patients. we consented 67 inpatients that tested either positive or negative for cdi and 16 healthy controls and compared their pbmc phe ... | 2014 | 25001105 |
| extended antimicrobial use in patients undergoing percutaneous nephrolithotomy and associated antibiotic related complications. | despite global concern about antibiotic related complications the duration of antibiotic therapy at percutaneous nephrolithotomy varies based on individual physician practice. we evaluated perioperative antibiotic related complications in patients who received extended antimicrobial therapy at percutaneous nephrolithotomy. | 2014 | 24998482 |
| hospitalization stay and costs attributable to clostridium difficile infection: a critical review. | in most healthcare systems, third-party payers fund the costs for patients admitted to hospital for clostridium difficile infection (cdi) whereas, for cdi cases arising as complications of hospitalization, not all related costs are refundable to the hospital. we therefore aimed to critically review and categorize hospital costs and length of hospital stay (los) attributable to clostridium difficile infection and to investigate the economic burden associated with it. a comprehensive literature re ... | 2014 | 24996516 |
| role of microbiota and innate immunity in recurrent clostridium difficile infection. | recurrent clostridium difficile infection represents a burdensome clinical issue whose epidemiology is increasing worldwide. the pathogenesis is not yet completely known. recent observations suggest that the alteration of the intestinal microbiota and impaired innate immunity may play a leading role in the development of recurrent infection. various factors can cause dysbiosis. the causes most involved in the process are antibiotics, nsaids, acid suppressing therapies, and age. gut microbiota im ... | 2014 | 24995345 |
| high rates of intestinal colonisation with fluoroquinolone-resistant esbl-harbouring enterobacteriaceae in hospitalised patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. | the purposes of this study were to investigate the intestinal carriage of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-harbouring enterobacteriaceae (esbl-en) and associated fluoroquinolone resistance (fq-r) in 120 hospitalised patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhoea, and to investigate a correlation between clostridium difficile (c. difficile) infection and intestinal colonisation with esbl-en in these patients. stool samples were screened for c. difficile infection by toxin a/b enzyme-linked immunosorb ... | 2014 | 24993152 |
| clostridium difficile infection: epidemiology, pathogenesis, risk factors, and therapeutic options. | the incidence and mortality rate of clostridium difficile infection have increased remarkably in both hospital and community settings during the last two decades. the growth of infection may be caused by multiple factors including inappropriate antibiotic usage, poor standards of environmental cleanliness, changes in infection control practices, large outbreaks of c. difficile infection in hospitals, alteration of circulating strains of c. difficile, and spread of hypervirulent strains. detectio ... | 2014 | 24991448 |
| funding may influence trial results examining probiotics and clostridium difficile diarrhea rates. | | 2014 | 24989097 |
| clostridium difficile infection in patients with ileal pouches. | clostridium difficile (c. difficile) infection (cdi) following total proctocolectomy and ileal pouch-anal anastomosis has been increasingly recognized over the past 5 years. cdi of the ileal pouch has been recognized in ∼10% of symptomatic patients seen at a tertiary referral center for pouch dysfunction. in contrast to colonic cdi in the general population or in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, postoperative antibiotic exposure and the use of immunosuppressive agents or proton pump inh ... | 2014 | 24989088 |
| lactobacillus rhamnosus l34 and lactobacillus casei l39 suppress clostridium difficile-induced il-8 production by colonic epithelial cells. | clostridium difficile is the main cause of hospital-acquired diarrhea and colitis known as c. difficile-associated disease (cdad).with increased severity and failure of treatment in cdad, new approaches for prevention and treatment, such as the use of probiotics, are needed. since the pathogenesis of cdad involves an inflammatory response with a massive influx of neutrophils recruited by interleukin (il)-8, this study aimed to investigate the probiotic effects of lactobacillus spp. on the suppre ... | 2014 | 24989059 |
| metabolomics analysis identifies intestinal microbiota-derived biomarkers of colonization resistance in clindamycin-treated mice. | the intestinal microbiota protect the host against enteric pathogens through a defense mechanism termed colonization resistance. antibiotics excreted into the intestinal tract may disrupt colonization resistance and alter normal metabolic functions of the microbiota. we used a mouse model to test the hypothesis that alterations in levels of bacterial metabolites in fecal specimens could provide useful biomarkers indicating disrupted or intact colonization resistance after antibiotic treatment. | 2014 | 24988418 |
| bugs or drugs: are probiotics safe for use in the critically ill? | probiotics are living microorganisms which have demonstrated many benefits in prevention, mitigation, and treatment of various disease states in critically ill populations. these diseases include antibiotic-associated diarrhea, clostridium difficile diarrhea, ventilator-associated pneumonia, clearance of vancomycin-resistant enterococci from the gi tract, pancreatitis, liver transplant, major abdominal surgery, and trauma. however, their use has been severely limited due to a variety of factors ... | 2014 | 24986534 |
| a population-based spatio-temporal analysis of clostridium difficile infection in queensland, australia over a 10-year period. | to identify the spatio-temporal patterns and environmental factors associated with clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in queensland, australia. | 2014 | 24984276 |
| fecal microbiota transplantation for clostridium difficile-associated colitis in a severely immunocompromized critically ill aids patient: a case report. | | 2014 | 24983544 |
| clostridium difficile contains plasmalogen species of phospholipids and glycolipids. | analysis of the polar lipids of many pathogenic and non-pathogenic clostridia has revealed the presence of plasmalogens, alk-1'-enyl ether-containing phospholipids and glycolipids. an exception to this finding so far has been clostridium difficile, an important human pathogen which is the cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and other more serious complications. we have examined the polar lipids of three strains of c. difficile by thin-layer chromatography and have found acid-labile polar lip ... | 2014 | 24983203 |
| clostridium difficile infection. | | 2014 | 24982288 |
| measuring the impact of clostridium difficile infection with the nap1 strain on severity and mortality. | | 2014 | 24982035 |
| bortezomib for refractory autoimmunity in pediatrics. | therapy of refractory autoimmunity remains challenging. in this study, we evaluated the therapeutic effect of bortezomib, a proteasome inhibitor, by targeting plasma cells in 7 patients (median age, 9.9 years). four doses of bortezomib were administered at a dose of 1.3 mg/m(2) intravenously (n = 6) or subcutaneously (n = 1) every 72 hours. bortezomib was administered at a median of 120 days from laboratory confirmation of autoantibodies. all patients had failed 2 or more standard therapies. rit ... | 2014 | 24979732 |
| clostridium difficile and clostridium perfringens from wild carnivore species in brazil. | despite some case reports, the importance of clostridium perfringens and clostridium difficile for wild carnivores remains unclear. thus, the objective of this study was to identify c. perfringens and c. difficile strains in stool samples from wild carnivore species in brazil. a total of 34 stool samples were collected and subjected to c. perfringens and c. difficile isolation. suggestive colonies of c. perfringens were then analyzed for genes encoding the major c. perfringens toxins (alpha, bet ... | 2014 | 24979683 |
| clostridium difficile colitis in patients undergoing lumbar spine surgery. | retrospective database analysis. | 2014 | 24979408 |
| intestinal microbiota and the efficacy of fecal microbiota transplantation in gastrointestinal disease. | fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) refers to the infusion of a fecal suspension from a healthy person into the gastrointestinal (gi) tract of another person to cure a specific disease. fmt is by no means a new therapeutic modality, although it was only relatively recently that stool was shown to be a biologically active, complex mixture of living organisms with great therapeutic potential for recurrent clostridium difficile infection and perhaps other gi and non-gi disorders. the published r ... | 2014 | 24976806 |
| pomegranate extract exhibits in vitro activity against clostridium difficile. | to determine the possible utility of pomegranate extract in the management or prevention of clostridium difficile infections or colonization. | 2014 | 24976424 |
| bacterial xylrs and synthetic promoters function as genetically encoded xylose biosensors in saccharomyces cerevisiae. | lignocellulosic biomass is a sustainable and abundant starting material for biofuel production. however, lignocellulosic hydrolysates contain not only glucose, but also other sugars including xylose which cannot be metabolized by the industrial workhorse saccharomyces cerevisiae. hence, engineering of xylose assimilating s. cerevisiae has been much studied, including strain optimization strategies. in this work, we constructed genetically encoded xylose biosensors that can control protein expres ... | 2015 | 24975936 |
| clostridium difficile infection at a tertiary care hospital in south india. | the objective of this study was to detect c. difficile in patients presenting with antibiotic associated diarrhoea. | 2013 | 24974492 |
| clostridium difficile infection after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant: strain diversity and outcomes associated with nap1/027. | allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (hsct) recipients are at high risk for developing clostridium difficile infection (cdi). we studied the incidence, risk factors, nap1/027 prevalence, and clinical outcomes, including acute lower gastrointestinal graft-versus-host disease (gi gvhd), associated with early cdi in this population. a retrospective review was conducted of patients who underwent allogeneic hsct at memorial sloan kettering cancer center from january 1, 2005 to september ... | 2014 | 24973628 |
| a detection dog to identify patients with clostridium difficile infection during a hospital outbreak. | early and rapid identification of clostridium difficile infections (cdi) is important to prevent transmission. in this study we assessed the diagnostic accuracy of a trained detection dog for detecting cdi cases on hospital wards in an outbreak setting. | 2014 | 24973552 |
| international clostridium difficile animal strain collection and large diversity of animal associated strains. | clostridium difficile is an important cause of intestinal infections in some animal species and animals might be a reservoir for community associated human infections. here we describe a collection of animal associated c. difficile strains from 12 countries based on inclusion criteria of one strain (pcr ribotype) per animal species per laboratory. | 2014 | 24972659 |
| c. difficile ribotype 027 or 176? | clostridium difficile is a major nosocomial pathogen of present times. the analysis of 624 c. difficile strains from 11 hospitals in the czech republic in 2013 revealed that 40% of isolates belonged to ribotype 176. these results suggest that the incidence of cdi (c. difficile infection) in the czech republic has increased probably in connection with c. difficile ribotype 176. the molecular systems xpert c. difficile epi assay (cepheid inc., sunnyvale, ca) diagnoses toxigenic strains and support ... | 2014 | 24970104 |
| modulating the microbiota in inflammatory bowel diseases: prebiotics, probiotics or faecal transplantation? | crohn's disease (cd) and ulcerative colitis (uc) are the two major phenotypes of inflammatory bowel diseases (ibd) which constitute a spectrum of chronic, debilitating diseases characterised by a relapsing inflammation of the intestinal mucosal lining. evidence from a variety of disciplines implicates the intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis of idiopathic ibd and their complications, including pouchitis. many studies have reported a dysbiosis in ibd, characterised by a decrease in diversity ... | 2014 | 24969143 |
| recurrent clostridium difficile infections: the importance of the intestinal microbiota. | clostridium difficile infections (cdi) are a leading cause of antibiotic-associated and nosocomial diarrhea. despite effective antibiotic treatments, recurrent infections are common. with the recent emergence of hypervirulent isolates of c. difficile, cdi is a growing epidemic with higher rates of recurrence, increasing severity and mortality. fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) is an alternative treatment for recurrent cdi. a better understanding of intestinal microbiota and its role in cdi ... | 2014 | 24966611 |
| clostridium difficile in goats and sheep in slovenia: characterisation of strains and evidence of age-related shedding. | diversity of clostridium difficile in different age groups of goats (n = 109) and sheep (n = 105) was investigated. c. difficile was detected in 9.2% of goats and 5.7% of sheep. none of the adult animals were positive. isolates belonged to four toxinotypes (0, v, xia, xii), six pcr-ribotypes (010, 014/020, 045, 056, slo 061, slo 151) and six pulsotypes. pcr-ribotypes 010, 014/020, 045 and 056 were found previously in other animal species and humans in slovenia. additionally, three pulsotypes wer ... | 2014 | 24960532 |
| sensitive and selective culture medium for detection of environmental clostridium difficile isolates without requirement for anaerobic culture conditions. | effective and easy-to-use methods for detecting clostridium difficile spore contamination would be useful for identifying environmental reservoirs and monitoring the effectiveness of room disinfection. culture-based detection methods are sensitive for detecting c. difficile, but their utility is limited due to the requirement of anaerobic culture conditions and microbiological expertise. we developed a low-cost selective broth medium containing thioglycolic acid and l-cystine, termed c. difficil ... | 2014 | 24958803 |
| sequence variation in tcda and tcdb of clostridium difficile: st37 with truncated tcda is a potential epidemic strain in china. | clostridium difficile is a well-known nosocomial infectious pathogen. research on c. difficile infection has primarily focused on strains such as the hypervirulent pcr ribotype 027 (sequence type 1 [st1]) emerging in europe and north america. however, other new emerging ribotypes in some countries have attracted attention, such as pcr ribotype 17 (st37) in asia and latin america. we collected 70 strains and sequenced their toxin genes, tcda and tcdb. multilocus sequence typing (mlst) was used to ... | 2014 | 24958798 |
| national european guidelines for the prevention of clostridium difficile infection: a systematic qualitative review. | clostridium difficile is the most frequent infectious cause of nosocomial diarrhoea and a major topic in infection prevention. | 2014 | 24957805 |
| clostridium difficile ribotype 126 in southern taiwan: a cluster of three symptomatic cases. | several virulent clostridium difficile clones, designated as polymerase chain reaction (pcr) ribotypes 017, 027, or 078, are well recognized in western countries. however, the ribotype distribution of clinical c. difficile isolates in taiwan remains unclear. | 2014 | 24956433 |
| cephalosporins currently in early clinical trials for the treatment of bacterial infections. | healthcare-associated infections caused by multi-drug resistant bacteria remain a major cause of worldwide mortality. with the recent approval of agents such as hetero-resistant cocci (i.e., ceftaroline, ceftobiprole, telavancin) for the treatment of gram-positive infections by and drugs like fidaxomicin for treating clostridium difficile, present-day research on antibacterials has largely shifted to developing interventions for diseases caused by gram-negative bacilli. cephalosporins have gaine ... | 2014 | 24956017 |
| clostridium difficile infection in older adults. | clostridium difficile infection, the most frequent cause of nosocomial diarrhea, disproportionately affects older adults. the two most important risk factors for developing c. difficile infection are antimicrobial exposure and age >65 years old. risk factors specific to older adults are frequent interactions with healthcare systems and age-related changes in physiology, including immune senescence and changes to the gut microbiome. metronidazole and oral vancomcyin are the mainstays of conventio ... | 2013 | 24955106 |
| evaluation of a chromogenic culture medium for the detection of clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile (c. difficile) is an important cause of nosocomial diarrhea. diagnostic methods for detection of c. difficile infection (cdi) are shifting to molecular techniques, which are faster and more sensitive than conventional methods. although recent advances in these methods have been made in terms of their cost-benefit, ease of use, and turnaround time, anaerobic culture remains an important method for detection of cdi. | 2014 | 24954329 |
| detecting and preventing reversion to toxicity for a formaldehyde-treated c. difficile toxin b mutant. | the toxicity of clostridium difficile large clostridial toxin b (tcdb) can be reduced by many orders of magnitude by a combination of targeted point mutations. however, a tcdb mutant with five point mutations (referred to herein as mtcdb) still has residual toxicity that can be detected in cell-based assays and in-vivo mouse toxicity assays. this residual toxicity can be effectively removed by treatment with formaldehyde in solution. storage of the formaldehyde-treated mtcdb as a liquid can resu ... | 2015 | 24951860 |
| pseudomembranes do not always indicate clostridium difficile infection. | | 2014 | 24951848 |
| state-mandated reporting of health care-associated infections in the united states: trends over time. | over the past decade, most us states and territories began mandating that acute care hospitals report health care-associated infections (hais) to their departments of health. trends in state hai law enactment and data submission requirements were determined through systematic legal review; state hai coordinators were contacted to confirm collected data. as of january 31, 2013, 37 us states and territories (71%) had adopted laws requiring hai data submission, most of which were enacted and became ... | 2017 | 24951104 |
| concomitant cmv and clostridium difficile colitis in an immunocompetent patient treated with ganciclovir and fecal transplantation. | | 2014 | 24949617 |
| clinical information on admission is insufficient to determine the appropriate isolation regimen for acute gastroenteritis. | the number of admissions for acute gastroenteritis (ge) is increasing. the majority of patients pass through a single high-flow emergency department (ed) area which increases the risk of spreading ge. the aim of this study was to determine the frequency and aetiology of ge for acutely admitted patients and to analyse their clinical information focusing on risk indicators of contagious aetiology and on the chosen isolation regime to determine if the ge required a contact precaution isolation regi ... | 2014 | 24947622 |
| the human volatilome: volatile organic compounds (vocs) in exhaled breath, skin emanations, urine, feces and saliva. | breath analysis is a young field of research with its roots in antiquity. antoine lavoisier discovered carbon dioxide in exhaled breath during the period 1777-1783, wilhelm (vilém) petters discovered acetone in breath in 1857 and johannes müller reported the first quantitative measurements of acetone in 1898. a recent review reported 1765 volatile compounds appearing in exhaled breath, skin emanations, urine, saliva, human breast milk, blood and feces. for a large number of compounds, real-time ... | 2014 | 24946087 |
| comparison of polymerase chain reaction ribotyping, toxinotyping and nutritional aspects of toxin production of clostridium difficile strains. | clostridium difficile (c. difficile) is the leading cause of infectious diarrhea in hospitals worldwide. enterotoxin a (tcda) and cytotoxin b (tcdb), have been identified as the main virulence factors of c. difficile. in china, data on polymerase chain reaction (pcr) ribotypes and abilities of hospital-derived c. difficile isolates to produce tcda and tcdb are sparse. in this study, we identified 40 c. difficile isolates from the taizhou hospital and investigated their pcr ribotypes based on the ... | 2014 | 24944791 |
| clostridium perfringens and clostridium difficile in cooked beef sold in côte d'ivoire and their antimicrobial susceptibility. | the aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of clostridium difficile and clostridium perfringens in cooked beef sold in the streets in côte d'ivoire and their antimicrobial susceptibility. a total of 395 kidney and flesh samples of cooked beef were collected from vendors at abidjan and subjected to c. difficile and c. perfringens isolation and identification by using biochemical tests, api 20a system and pcr detection. subsequently, the antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed fo ... | 2014 | 24944124 |