| chronic toxoplasma infection modifies the structure and the risk of host behavior. | the intracellular parasite toxoplasma has an indirect life cycle, in which felids are the definitive host. it has been suggested that this parasite developed mechanisms for enhancing its transmission rate to felids by inducing behavioral modifications in the intermediate rodent host. for example, toxoplasma-infected rodents display a reduction in the innate fear of predator odor. however, animals with toxoplasma infection acquired in the wild are more often caught in traps, suggesting that there ... | 2012 | 22431975 |
| functional roles of gangliosides in neurodevelopment: an overview of recent advances. | gangliosides are sialic acid-containing glycosphingolipids that are most abundant in the nervous system. they are localized primarily in the outer leaflets of plasma membranes and participated in cell-cell recognition, adhesion, and signal transduction and are integral components of cell surface microdomains or lipid rafts along with proteins, sphingomyelin and cholesterol. ganglioside-rich lipid rafts play an important role in signaling events affecting neural development and the pathogenesis o ... | 2012 | 22410735 |
| nontypeable haemophilus influenzae: the role of n-acetyl-5-neuraminic acid in biology. | nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) is an exclusive human pathogen, which has evolved a number of unique mechanisms to survive within the human environment. an important part of this is the ability of the organism to take up and incorporate sialic acid into its surface structures. this protects the organism against host adaptive and innate immune factor as well as serving as a mechanism for sustaining itself within biofilms. recent evidence suggests that this also may be the source of the ... | 2012 | 22919611 |
| new trends in impedimetric biosensors for the detection of foodborne pathogenic bacteria. | the development of a rapid, sensitive, specific method for the foodborne pathogenic bacteria detection is of great importance to ensure food safety and security. in recent years impedimetric biosensors which integrate biological recognition technology and impedance have gained widespread application in the field of bacteria detection. this paper presents an overview on the progress and application of impedimetric biosensors for detection of foodborne pathogenic bacteria, particularly the new tre ... | 2012 | 22737018 |
| computational analysis of structure-based interactions and ligand properties can predict efflux effects on antibiotics. | acra-acrb-tolc efflux pumps extrude drugs of multiple classes from bacterial cells and are a leading cause for antimicrobial resistance. thus, they are of paramount interest to those engaged in antibiotic discovery. accurate prediction of antibiotic efflux has been elusive, despite several studies aimed at this purpose. minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) ratios of 32 β-lactam antibiotics were collected from literature. 3-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship on the β-lacta ... | 2012 | 22483632 |
| chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of kumquat (fortunella crassifolia swingle) peel. | the aim of this study was to determine the main constituents of the essential oil isolated from fortunella crassifolia swingle peel by hydro-distillation, and to test the efficacy of the essential oil on antimicrobial activity. twenty-five components, representing 92.36% of the total oil, were identified by gc-ms analysis. the essential oil showed potent antimicrobial activity against both gram-negative (e. coli and s. typhimurium) and gram-positive (s. aureus, b. cereus, b. subtilis, l. bulgari ... | 2012 | 22489157 |
| crystal structures of putative phosphoglycerate kinases from b. anthracis and c. jejuni. | phosphoglycerate kinase (pgk) is indispensable during glycolysis for anaerobic glucose degradation and energy generation. here we present comprehensive structure analysis of two putative pgks from bacillus anthracis str. sterne and campylobacter jejuni in the context of their structural homologs. they are the first pgks from pathogenic bacteria reported in the protein data bank. the crystal structure of pgk from bacillus anthracis str. sterne (bapgk) has been determined at 1.68 å while the struc ... | 2012 | 22403005 |
| biofilm and planktonic enterococcus faecalis elicit different responses from host phagocytes in vitro. | enterococcus faecalis is a commensal organism of the gastrointestinal tract but can also cause serious opportunistic infections. in addition to high levels of antibiotic resistance, the ability to form biofilms on abiotic surfaces and on in-dwelling devices within the host complicates treatment strategies and successful outcomes of antibiotic therapy. despite rapid advances made in recent years in understanding the genomics and virulence of this organism, much remains to be learned regarding the ... | 2012 | 22333034 |
| quantitative proteomics of intracellular campylobacter jejuni reveals metabolic reprogramming. | campylobacter jejuni is the major cause of bacterial food-borne illness in the usa and europe. an important virulence attribute of this bacterial pathogen is its ability to enter and survive within host cells. here we show through a quantitative proteomic analysis that upon entry into host cells, c. jejuni undergoes a significant metabolic downshift. furthermore, our results indicate that intracellular c. jejuni reprograms its respiration, favoring the respiration of fumarate. these results expl ... | 2012 | 22412372 |
| haemophilus parasuis encodes two functional cytolethal distending toxins: cdtc contains an atypical cholesterol recognition/interaction region. | haemophilus parasuis is the causative agent of glässer's disease of pigs, a disease associated with fibrinous polyserositis, polyarthritis and meningitis. we report here h. parasuis encodes two copies of cytolethal distending toxins (cdts), which these two cdts showed the uniform toxin activity in vitro. we demonstrate that three cdt peptides can form an active tripartite holotoxin that exhibits maximum cellular toxicity, and cdta and cdtb form a more active toxin than cdtb and cdtc. moreover, t ... | 2012 | 22412890 |
| a metalloproteinase secreted by streptococcus pneumoniae removes membrane mucin muc16 from the epithelial glycocalyx barrier. | the majority of bacterial infections occur across wet-surfaced mucosal epithelia, including those that cover the eye, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract and genitourinary tract. the apical surface of all these mucosal epithelia is covered by a heavily glycosylated glycocalyx, a major component of which are membrane-associated mucins (mams). mams form a barrier that serves as one of the first lines of defense against invading bacteria. while opportunistic bacteria rely on pre-existing defe ... | 2012 | 22412870 |
| luxs and quorum-sensing in campylobacter. | several intercellular bacterial communication mechanisms have been identified in a broad range of bacterial species. these systems, collectively termed quorum-sensing systems, have been demonstrated to play significant roles in a variety of bacterial processes including motility, biofilm formation, expression of virulence genes, and animal colonization. campylobacter jejuni is known to possess a luxs/ autoinducer-2 (ai-2) mediated system that have been partially characterized over the last decad ... | 2012 | 22919614 |
| evolutionarily conserved paired immunoglobulin-like receptor α (pilrα) domain mediates its interaction with diverse sialylated ligands. | paired immunoglobulin-like receptor (pilr) α is an inhibitory receptor that recognizes several ligands, including mouse cd99, pilr-associating neural protein, and herpes simplex virus-1 glycoprotein b. the physiological function(s) of interactions between pilrα and its cellular ligands are not well understood, as are the molecular determinants of pilrα/ligand interactions. to address these uncertainties, we sought to identify additional pilrα ligands and further define the molecular basis for pi ... | 2012 | 22396535 |
| host epithelial cell invasion by campylobacter jejuni: trigger or zipper mechanism? | campylobacter jejuni, a spiral-shaped gram-negative pathogen, is a highly frequent cause of gastrointestinal foodborne illness in humans worldwide. clinical outcome of c. jejuni infections ranges from mild to severe diarrheal disease, and some other complications including reactive arthritis and guillain-barré syndrome. this review article highlights various c. jejuni pathogenicity factors, host cell determinants, and proposed signaling mechanisms involved in human host cell invasion and their p ... | 2012 | 22919617 |
| tyrosine phosphorylation and bacterial virulence. | protein phosphorylation on tyrosine has emerged as a key device in the control of numerous cellular functions in bacteria. in this article, we review the structure and function of bacterial tyrosine kinases and phosphatases. phosphorylation is catalyzed by autophosphorylating adenosine triphosphate-dependent enzymes (bacterial tyrosine (by) kinases) that are characterized by the presence of walker motifs. the reverse reaction is catalyzed by three classes of enzymes: the eukaryotic-like phosphat ... | 2012 | 22388693 |
| a fluoroquinolone resistance associated mutation in gyra affects dna supercoiling in campylobacter jejuni. | the prevalence of fluoroquinolone (fq)-resistant campylobacter has become a concern for public health. to facilitate the control of fq-resistant (fq(r)) campylobacter, it is necessary to understand the impact of fq(r) on the fitness of campylobacter in its natural hosts as understanding fitness will help to determine and predict the persistence of fq(r)campylobacter. previously it was shown that acquisition of resistance to fq antimicrobials enhanced the in vivo fitness of fq(r)campylobacter. in ... | 2012 | 22919613 |
| signature tagged mutagenesis in the functional genetic analysis of gastrointestinal pathogens. | signature tagged mutagenesis is a genetic approach that was developed to identify novel bacterial virulence factors. it is a negative selection method in which unique identification tags allow analysis of pools of mutants in mixed populations. the approach is particularly well suited to functional genetic analysis of the gastrointestinal phase of infection in foodborne pathogens and has the capacity to guide the development of novel vaccines and therapeutics. in this review we outline the techni ... | 2012 | 22555467 |
| how a sugary bug gets through the day: recent developments in understanding fundamental processes impacting campylobacter jejuni pathogenesis. | campylobacter jejuni is a highly prevalent yet fastidious bacterial pathogen that poses a significant health burden worldwide. lacking many hallmark virulence factors, it is becoming increasingly clear that c. jejuni pathogenesis involves different strategies compared with other well-characterized enteric organisms. this includes the involvement of basic biological processes and cell envelope glycans in a number of aspects related to pathogenesis. the past few years have seen significant progres ... | 2012 | 22555465 |
| storing drinking-water in copper pots kills contaminating diarrhoeagenic bacteria. | microbially-unsafe water is still a major concern in most developing countries. although many water-purification methods exist, these are expensive and beyond the reach of many people, especially in rural areas. ayurveda recommends the use of copper for storing drinking-water. therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of copper pot on microbially-contaminated drinking-water. the antibacterial effect of copper pot against important diarrhoeagenic bacteria, including vibrio ... | 2012 | 22524115 |
| epsilonproteobacteria in humans, new zealand. | using pcr-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, we examined 49 fecal samples from healthy volunteers and 128 diarrhea specimens to assess the distribution of epsilonproteobacteria that might be routinely overlooked. our results suggest that certain taxa that are not routinely examined for could account for a proportion of diarrhea of previously unknown etiology. | 2012 | 22377283 |
| occurrence and persistence of bacterial pathogens and indicator organisms in beach sand along the california coast. | this report documents the presence of fecal indicators and bacterial pathogens in sand at 53 california marine beaches using both culture-dependent and -independent (pcr and quantitative pcr [qpcr]) methods. fecal indicator bacteria were widespread in california beach sand, with escherichia coli and enterococci detected at 68% and 94% of the beaches surveyed, respectively. somatic coliphages and a bacteroidales human-specific fecal marker were detected at 43% and 13% of the beaches, respectively ... | 2012 | 22247142 |
| dna replication and strand asymmetry in prokaryotic and mitochondrial genomes. | different patterns of strand asymmetry have been documented in a variety of prokaryotic genomes as well as mitochondrial genomes. because different replication mechanisms often lead to different patterns of strand asymmetry, much can be learned of replication mechanisms by examining strand asymmetry. here i summarize the diverse patterns of strand asymmetry among different taxonomic groups to suggest that (1) the single-origin replication may not be universal among bacterial species as the endos ... | 2012 | 22942672 |
| treatment of dysphagia with pyridostigmine bromide in a patient with the pharyngeal-cervical-brachial variant of guillain-barré syndrome. | a 24-year-old male developed bulbar palsy, ophthalmoplegia, ptosis, and shoulder weakness bilaterally 2 weeks after he had experienced an upper respiratory infection. the electrodiagnostic study demonstrated axonal polyradiculoneuropathy. the repetitive nerve stimulation study (rns) showed no significant decrement of the compound muscle action potentials (cmaps). the videofluoroscopic swallowing study (vfss) showed severe impairment of the pharyngeal phase of swallowing. he was diagnosed as havi ... | 2012 | 22506249 |
| molecular epidemiology of human campylobacter jejuni shows association between seasonal and international patterns of disease. | we sought to explain seasonality and other aspects of campylobacter jejuni epidemiology by integrating population genetic and epidemiological analysis in a large 3-year longitudinal, two-centre, population-based study. epidemiological information was collected for 1505 isolates, which were multilocus sequence-typed. analyses compared pathogen population structure between areas, over time, and between clinical presentations. pooled analysis was performed with published international datasets. sub ... | 2012 | 22370165 |
| genetic recombination in bacillus subtilis: a division of labor between two single-strand dna-binding proteins. | we have investigated the structural, biochemical and cellular roles of the two single-stranded (ss) dna-binding proteins from bacillus subtilis, ssba and ssbb. during transformation, ssbb localizes at the dna entry pole where it binds and protects internalized ssdna. the 2.8-å resolution structure of ssbb bound to ssdna reveals a similar overall protein architecture and ssdna-binding surface to that of escherichia coli ssb. ssba, which binds ssdna with higher affinity than ssbb, co-assembles ont ... | 2012 | 22373918 |
| the 30th anniversary of campylobacter, helicobacter, and related organisms workshops-what have we learned in three decades? | as we commemorate the 30(th) anniversary of the campylobacter, helicobacter, and related organisms (chro) workshops with this special frontiers edition, we look back upon three decades of research and provide some highlights from the 16(th) international chro meeting. although theodor escherich himself provided drawings of campylobacters back in the 1880s, campylobacter jejuni was not identified until the 1950s. helicobacter pylori was first described to be the causative agent of stomach ulcers ... | 2012 | 22919612 |
| identification and antimicrobial resistance of campylobacter species isolated from animal sources. | campylobacter spp. are together with salmonella spp. the leading causes of human bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. the most commonly isolated species in humans are campylobacter jejuni and c. coli. the isolation, identification, and antimicrobial resistance of campylobacter spp. from poultry and raw meat from slaughterhouses, has been investigated for the first time in greece. during the period from august 2005 to november 2008 a total of 1080 samples were collected: (a) 830 fecal samples fro ... | 2012 | 22375138 |
| transcriptome complexity and riboregulation in the human pathogen helicobacter pylori. | the gram-negative epsilonproteobacterium helicobacter pylori is considered as one of the major human pathogens and many studies have focused on its virulence mechanisms as well as genomic diversity. in contrast, only very little is known about post-transcriptional regulation and small regulatory rnas (srnas) in this spiral-shaped microaerophilic bacterium. considering the absence of the common rna chaperone hfq, which is a key-player in post-transcriptional regulation in enterobacteria, h. pylor ... | 2012 | 22919606 |
| phase variable expression of capsular polysaccharide modifications allows campylobacter jejuni to avoid bacteriophage infection in chickens. | bacteriophages are estimated to be the most abundant entities on earth and can be found in every niche where their bacterial hosts reside. the initial interaction between phages and campylobacter jejuni, a common colonizer of poultry intestines and a major source of foodborne bacterial gastroenteritis in humans, is not well understood. recently, we isolated and characterized a phage f336 resistant variant of c. jejuni nctc11168 called 11168r. comparisons of 11168r with the wildtype lead to the i ... | 2012 | 22919603 |
| defense and adaptation: the complex inter-relationship between campylobacter jejuni and mucus. | mucus colonization is an essential early step toward establishing successful infection and disease by mucosal pathogens. there is an emerging literature implicating specific mucin sub-types and mucin modifications in protecting the host from campylobacter jejuni infection. however, mucosal pathogens have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to breach the mucus layer and c. jejuni in particular appears to harbor specific adaptations to better colonize intestinal mucus. for example, components of mucu ... | 2012 | 22919607 |
| new insight into the transcarbamylase family: the structure of putrescine transcarbamylase, a key catalyst for fermentative utilization of agmatine. | transcarbamylases reversibly transfer a carbamyl group from carbamylphosphate (cp) to an amine. although aspartate transcarbamylase and ornithine transcarbamylase (otc) are well characterized, little was known about putrescine transcarbamylase (ptc), the enzyme that generates cp for atp production in the fermentative catabolism of agmatine. we demonstrate that ptc (from enterococcus faecalis), in addition to using putrescine, can utilize l-ornithine as a poor substrate. crystal structures at 2.5 ... | 2012 | 22363663 |
| highly sensitive detection of staphylococcus aureus directly from patient blood. | rapid detection of bloodstream infections (bsis) can be lifesaving. we investigated the sample processing and assay parameters necessary for highly-sensitive detection of bloodstream bacteria, using staphylococcus aureus as a model pathogen and an automated fluidic sample processing-polymerase chain reaction (pcr) platform as a model diagnostic system. | 2012 | 22363564 |
| tetrahydrodipicolinate n-succinyltransferase and dihydrodipicolinate synthase from pseudomonas aeruginosa: structure analysis and gene deletion. | the diaminopimelic acid pathway of lysine biosynthesis has been suggested to provide attractive targets for the development of novel antibacterial drugs. here we report the characterization of two enzymes from this pathway in the human pathogen pseudomonas aeruginosa, utilizing structural biology, biochemistry and genetics. we show that tetrahydrodipicolinate n-succinyltransferase (dapd) from p. aeruginosa is specific for the l-stereoisomer of the amino substrate l-2-aminopimelate, and its d-ena ... | 2012 | 22359568 |
| antibacterial and antifungal activities of new acylated derivatives of epigallocatechin gallate. | (-)-epigallocatechin-3-o-gallate (egcg) has useful antiviral, antimicrobial, antitoxin, and antitumor properties. previously, mori et al. (2008) found that addition of long acyl chains (c16-18) to egcg enhanced its anti-influenza virus activity up to 44-fold. the chemical stability of egcg against oxidative degradation was also enhanced by acylation. we further evaluated the in vitro activity spectrum of the egcg derivatives against a wide range of bacteria and fungi. a series of egcg o-acyl der ... | 2012 | 22355295 |
| campylobacter polysaccharide capsules: virulence and vaccines. | campylobacter jejuni remains a major cause of bacterial diarrhea worldwide and is associated with numerous sequelae, including guillain barré syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, reactive arthritis, and irritable bowel syndrome. c. jejuni is unusual for an intestinal pathogen in its ability to coat its surface with a polysaccharide capsule (cps). these capsular polysaccharides vary in sugar composition and linkage, especially those involving heptoses of unusual configuration and o-methyl phosph ... | 2012 | 22919599 |
| distinct roles of secreted htra proteases from gram-negative pathogens in cleaving the junctional protein and tumor suppressor e-cadherin. | the periplasmic chaperone and serine protease htra is important for bacterial stress responses and protein quality control. recently, we discovered that htra from helicobacter pylori is secreted and cleaves e-cadherin to disrupt the epithelial barrier, but it remained unknown whether this maybe a general virulence mechanism. here, we show that important other pathogens including enteropathogenic escherichia coli, shigella flexneri, and campylobacter jejuni, but not neisseria gonorrhoeae, cleaved ... | 2012 | 22337879 |
| guillain-barré syndrome due to cmv reactivation after cardiac transplantation. | a 40-year-old male patient suffered from end-stage heart failure due to ischemic cardiomyopathy and received orthotopic cardiac transplantation in june 2005. the instantaneous postoperative course was uneventful, but, seven months later, he suffered from paralysis in the lower extremities finally resulting in quadriplegia and was admitted to hospital. after laboratory testings the diagnosis of a guillain-barré syndrome due to cytomegalovirus reactivation was confirmed. | 2012 | 24860678 |
| glycoconjugates play a key role in campylobacter jejuni infection: interactions between host and pathogen. | glycan based interactions between host and pathogen are critical in many bacterial and viral diseases. glycan interactions range from initial receptor based adherence to protecting the infective agent from the host's immune response through molecular mimicry. campylobacter jejuni is an ideal model for studying the role of glycans in host-pathogen interactions, as well as the role of bacterial surface glycoconjugates in infection. using glycan array analysis, c. jejuni has been shown to interact ... | 2012 | 22919601 |
| unveiling mycoplasma hyopneumoniae promoters: sequence definition and genomic distribution. | several mycoplasma species have had their genome completely sequenced, including four strains of the swine pathogen mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. nevertheless, little is known about the nucleotide sequences that control transcriptional initiation in these microorganisms. therefore, with the objective of investigating the promoter sequences of m. hyopneumoniae, 23 transcriptional start sites (tsss) of distinct genes were mapped. a pattern that resembles the σ(70) promoter -10 element was found upstre ... | 2012 | 22334569 |
| evidence for conserved function of γ-glutamyltranspeptidase in helicobacter genus. | the confounding consequences of helicobacter bilis infection in experimental mice populations are well recognized, but the role of this bacterium in human diseases is less known. limited data are available on virulence determinants of this species. in helicobacter pylori, γ-glutamyltranspeptidase (γgt) contributes to the colonization of the gastric mucosa and to the pathogenesis of peptic ulcer. the role of γgt in h. bilis infections remains unknown. the annotated genome sequence of h. bilis rev ... | 2012 | 22348013 |
| peptide markers of aminoacyl trna synthetases facilitate taxa counting in metagenomic data. | taxa counting is a major problem faced by analysis of metagenomic data. the most popular method relies on analysis of 16s rrna sequences, but some studies employ also protein based analyses. it would be advantageous to have a method that is applicable directly to short sequences, of the kind extracted from samples in modern metagenomic research. this is achieved by the technique proposed here. | 2012 | 22325056 |
| the automatic annotation of bacterial genomes. | with the development of ultra-high-throughput technologies, the cost of sequencing bacterial genomes has been vastly reduced. as more genomes are sequenced, less time can be spent manually annotating those genomes, resulting in an increased reliance on automatic annotation pipelines. however, automatic pipelines can produce inaccurate genome annotation and their results often require manual curation. here, we discuss the automatic and manual annotation of bacterial genomes, identify common probl ... | 2012 | 22408191 |
| the automatic annotation of bacterial genomes. | with the development of ultra-high-throughput technologies, the cost of sequencing bacterial genomes has been vastly reduced. as more genomes are sequenced, less time can be spent manually annotating those genomes, resulting in an increased reliance on automatic annotation pipelines. however, automatic pipelines can produce inaccurate genome annotation and their results often require manual curation. here, we discuss the automatic and manual annotation of bacterial genomes, identify common probl ... | 2012 | 22408191 |
| nutrient acquisition and metabolism by campylobacter jejuni. | the gastrointestinal pathogen campylobacter jejuni is able to colonize numerous different hosts and compete against the gut microbiota. to do this, it must be able to efficiently acquire sufficient nutrients from its environment to support its survival and rapid growth in the intestine. however, despite almost 50 years of research, many aspects as to how c. jejuni accomplishes this feat remain poorly understood. c. jejuni lacks many of the common metabolic pathways necessary for the use of gluco ... | 2012 | 22919597 |
| anti-ganglioside antibody internalization attenuates motor nerve terminal injury in a mouse model of acute motor axonal neuropathy. | in the guillain-barré syndrome subform acute motor axonal neuropathy (aman), campylobacter jejuni enteritis triggers the production of anti-ganglioside abs (agabs), leading to immune-mediated injury of distal motor nerves. an important question has been whether injury to the presynaptic neuron at the neuromuscular junction is a major factor in aman. although disease modeling in mice exposed to agabs indicates that complement-mediated necrosis occurs extensively in the presynaptic axons, evidence ... | 2012 | 22307327 |
| campylobacter concisus - a new player in intestinal disease. | over the last decade campylobacter concisus, a highly fastidious member of the campylobacter genus has been described as an emergent pathogen of the human intestinal tract. historically, c. concisus was associated with the human oral cavity and has been linked with periodontal lesions, including gingivitis and periodontitis, although currently its role as an oral pathogen remains contentious. evidence to support the role of c. concisus in acute intestinal disease has come from studies that have ... | 2012 | 22919596 |
| a case of salmonella gastroenteritis following ingestion of raw venison sashimi. | an interesting case of gastroenteritis due to salmonella birkenhead following ingestion of raw venison sashimi is described. a 65-year-old man presented with diarrhea, vomiting, and fever. on exam he was hypotensive, tachycardic, with evidence of severe dehydration following ingestion of raw venison sashimi produced with game meat hunted on the hawaiian island of lana'i. he responded rapidly to vigorous volume resuscitation, and stool cultures later were positive for salmonella birkenhead. non-t ... | 2012 | 22454811 |
| declining guillain-barré syndrome after campylobacteriosis control, new zealand, 1988-2010. | infection with campylobacter spp. commonly precedes guillain-barré syndrome (gbs). we therefore hypothesized that gbs incidence may have followed a marked rise and then decline in campylobacteriosis rates in new zealand. we reviewed records for 1988-2010: hospitalization records for gbs case-patients and campylobacteriosis case-patients plus notifications of campylobacteriosis. we identified 2,056 first hospitalizations for gbs, an average rate of 2.32 hospitalizations/100,000 population/year. a ... | 2012 | 22304786 |
| new insights into the immunological changes in il-10-deficient mice during the course of spontaneous inflammation in the gut mucosa. | il-10 is a regulatory cytokine that plays a major role in the homeostasis of the gut and this is illustrated by the fact that il-10(-/-) mice develop spontaneous colitis. in this study, il-10(-/-) mice were analyzed for immunological changes during colitis development. we found a reduced frequency of regulatory t cells cd4(+)cd25(+)foxp3(+) and higher frequency of activated t cells in the colon that precedes the macroscopic signs of the disease. production of il-17 and ifn-γ was higher in the co ... | 2012 | 22400037 |
| polytetrafluoroethylene toxicosis in recently hatched chickens (gallus domesticus). | two groups of chickens (gallus domesticus; white leghorn; age, 4 d and 2 wk) housed in a university research vivarium were found dead or moribund without prior signs of illness. the overall mortality rates were 92.3% (60 of 65 birds) for the 4-d-old birds and 80% (8 of 10) for the 2-wk-old birds. all chicks were housed in brooders with heat lamps in a temperature- and humidity-controlled room. primary gross findings were mild to moderate dehydration and hepatic lipidosis. the most consistent his ... | 2012 | 22330651 |
| evaluation of the solar water disinfection process (sodis) against cryptosporidium parvum using a 25-l static solar reactor fitted with a compound parabolic collector (cpc). | water samples of 0, 5, and 30 nephelometric turbidity units (ntu) spiked with cryptosporidium parvum oocysts were exposed to natural sunlight using a 25-l static solar reactor fitted with a compound parabolic collector (cpc). the global oocyst viability was calculated by the evaluation of the inclusion/exclusion of the fluorogenic vital dye propidium iodide and the spontaneous excystation. after an exposure time of 8 hours, the global oocyst viabilities were 21.8 ± 3.1%, 31.3 ± 12.9%, and 45.0 ± ... | 2012 | 22302852 |
| siglecs as sensors of self in innate and adaptive immune responses. | siglecs are expressed on most white blood cells of the immune system and are known to modulate the activity of cell signaling receptors via regulatory motifs in their cytoplasmic domains. this immunoglobulin subfamily of coreceptors recognize sialic acid containing glycans as ligands, which are found on glycoproteins and glycolipids of all mammalian cells. by virtue of their ability to recognize this common structural element, siglecs are increasingly recognized for their ability to help immune ... | 2012 | 22288608 |
| unique iron coordination in iron-chelating molecule vibriobactin helps vibrio cholerae evade mammalian siderocalin-mediated immune response. | iron is essential for the survival of almost all bacteria. vibrio cholerae acquires iron through the secretion of a catecholate siderophore called vibriobactin. at present, how vibriobactin chelates ferric ion remains controversial. in addition, the mechanisms underlying the recognition of ferric vibriobactin by the siderophore transport system and its delivery into the cytoplasm specifically have not been clarified. in this study, we report the high-resolution structures of the ferric vibriobac ... | 2012 | 22291019 |
| conserved signal peptide recognition systems across the prokaryotic domains. | the twin-arginine translocation (tat) pathway is a protein targeting system found in bacteria, archaea, and chloroplasts. proteins are directed to the tat translocase by n-terminal signal peptides containing srrxflk "twin-arginine" amino acid motifs. the key feature of the tat system is its ability to transport fully folded proteins across ionically sealed membranes. for this reason the tat pathway has evolved for the assembly of extracytoplasmic redox enzymes that must bind cofactors, and so fo ... | 2012 | 22289056 |
| extreme heat resistance of food borne pathogens campylobacter jejuni, escherichia coli, and salmonella typhimurium on chicken breast fillet during cooking. | the aim of this research was to determine the decimal reduction times of bacteria present on chicken fillet in boiling water. the experiments were conducted with campylobacter jejuni, salmonella, and escherichia coli. whole chicken breast fillets were inoculated with the pathogens, stored overnight (4°c), and subsequently cooked. the surface temperature reached 70°c within 30 sec and 85°c within one minute. extremely high decimal reduction times of 1.90, 1.97, and 2.20 min were obtained for c. j ... | 2012 | 22389647 |
| incidence of listeria spp. in dairy cows feed and raw milk in latvia. | feed is a risk factor for poisoning the farm environment thus also fresh milk with pathogenic microorganisms of listeria genus species. listeria ivanovii, listeria innocua, and listeria seeligeri were isolated from 9.2%, but listeria monocytogenes from 20.0% of feed samples. most often different fodders (9.3%) and silage (4.7%) were contaminated with listeria monocytogenes. listeria genus species were isolated more often from feed prepared and used in organic dairy farm than from that used in co ... | 2012 | 23738125 |
| the occurrence of chlamydia spp. in pigs with and without clinical disease. | within the genera chlamydia, the development of refined diagnostic techniques has allowed the identification of four species that are capable of infecting pigs. the epidemiology, clinical, and zoonotic impacts of these species are however largely unknown. the study aimed to investigate the presence of chlamydia spp. in the intestines of growing pigs and in conjunctival swabs from finisher pigs, and relate the findings to clinical signs. | 2012 | 22280482 |
| microbial biosafety of pilot-scale bioreactor treating mtbe and tba-contaminated drinking water supply. | a pilot-scale sand-based fluidized bed bioreactor (fbbr) was utilized to treat both methyl tert-butyl ether (mtbe) and tert-butyl alcohol (tba) from a contaminated aquifer. to evaluate the potential for re-use of the treated water, we tested for a panel of water quality indicator microorganisms and potential waterborne pathogens including total coliforms, escherichia coli, salmonella and shigella spp., campylobacter jejuni, aeromonas hydrophila, legionella pneumophila, vibrio cholerae, yersinia ... | 2012 | 22321859 |
| exploiting the campylobacter jejuni protein glycosylation system for glycoengineering vaccines and diagnostic tools directed against brucellosis. | immune responses directed towards surface polysaccharides conjugated to proteins are effective in preventing colonization and infection of bacterial pathogens. presently, the production of these conjugate vaccines requires intricate synthetic chemistry for obtaining, activating, and attaching the polysaccharides to protein carriers. glycoproteins generated by engineering bacterial glycosylation machineries have been proposed to be a viable alternative to traditional conjugation methods. | 2012 | 22276812 |
| essential oils in food preservation: mode of action, synergies, and interactions with food matrix components. | essential oils are aromatic and volatile liquids extracted from plants. the chemicals in essential oils are secondary metabolites, which play an important role in plant defense as they often possess antimicrobial properties. the interest in essential oils and their application in food preservation has been amplified in recent years by an increasingly negative consumer perception of synthetic preservatives. furthermore, food-borne diseases are a growing public health problem worldwide, calling fo ... | 2012 | 22291693 |
| electron transfer dissociation mass spectrometry in proteomics. | mass spectrometry has rapidly evolved to become the platform of choice for proteomic analysis. while cid remains the major fragmentation method for peptide sequencing, electron transfer dissociation (etd) is emerging as a complementary method for the characterization of peptides and post-translational modifications (ptms). here, we review the evolution of etd and some of its newer applications including characterization of ptms, non-tryptic peptides and intact proteins. we will also discuss some ... | 2012 | 22246976 |
| external quality assessment of national public health laboratories in africa, 2002-2009. | to describe findings from an external quality assessment programme involving laboratories in africa that routinely investigate epidemic-prone diseases. | 2012 | 22461714 |
| persistence of diarrheal pathogens is associated with continued recruitment of plasmablasts in the circulation. | intestinal antigen encounter leads to recirculation of antigen-specific plasmablasts via lymphatics and blood back to the intestine. investigating these gut-originating cells in blood provides a less invasive tool for studying intestinal immune responses, with the limitation that the cells disappear from the circulation in two weeks. no data exist on situations where pathogens persist in the intestine. patients with salmonella, yersinia, or campylobacter gastroenteritis and volunteers receiving ... | 2012 | 22312405 |
| preparation and electrophoretic separation of bodipy-fl-labeled glycosphingolipids. | several glycosphingolipids were labeled with the fluorphore bodipy-fl and analyzed using capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection. gm1-, laccer-, and cer-bodipy-fl were prepared through acylation using the n-hydroxysuccinimide ester of bodipy-fl. several other glycosphingolipids including gt1a-, gd1a-, gm2-, gm3-, gd3-, and glccer-bodipy-fl were enzymatically synthesized. micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography with a tris/ches/sds/α-cyclodextrin buffer produc ... | 2012 | 22321948 |
| o-antigen and core carbohydrate of vibrio fischeri lipopolysaccharide: composition and analysis of their role in euprymna scolopes light organ colonization. | vibrio fischeri exists in a symbiotic relationship with the hawaiian bobtail squid, euprymna scolopes, where the squid provides a home for the bacteria, and the bacteria in turn provide camouflage that helps protect the squid from night-time predators. like other gram-negative organisms, v. fischeri expresses lipopolysaccharide (lps) on its cell surface. the structure of the o-antigen and the core components of the lps and their possible role in colonization of the squid have not previously been ... | 2012 | 22247546 |
| biology and pathogenesis of acanthamoeba. | acanthamoeba is a free-living protist pathogen, capable of causing a blinding keratitis and fatal granulomatous encephalitis. the factors that contribute to acanthamoeba infections include parasite biology, genetic diversity, environmental spread and host susceptibility, and are highlighted together with potential therapeutic and preventative measures. the use of acanthamoeba in the study of cellular differentiation mechanisms, motility and phagocytosis, bacterial pathogenesis and evolutionary p ... | 2012 | 22229971 |
| identification of gene networks and pathways associated with guillain-barré syndrome. | the underlying change of gene network expression of guillain-barré syndrome (gbs) remains elusive. we sought to identify gbs-associated gene networks and signaling pathways by analyzing the transcriptional profile of leukocytes in the patients with gbs. | 2012 | 22253732 |
| crystal structure of jlpa, a surface-exposed lipoprotein adhesin of campylobacter jejuni. | the campylobacter jejuni jlpa protein is a surface-exposed lipoprotein that was discovered as an adhesin promoting interaction with host epithelium cells, an early critical step in the pathogenesis of c. jejuni disease. increasing evidence ascertained that jlpa is antigenic, indicating a role of jlpa in immune response during the infectious process. here, we report the crystal structure of jlpa at 2.7å resolution, revealing a catcher's mitt shaped unclosed half β-barrel. although the apparent ar ... | 2012 | 22245776 |
| siglecs and immune regulation. | sialic acid-binding ig-like lectins, or siglecs, vary in their specificity for sialic acid-containing ligands and are mainly expressed by cells of the immune system. many siglecs are inhibitory receptors expressed in innate immune cells that regulate inflammation mediated by damage-associated and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (damps and pamps). this family also includes molecules involved in adhesion and phagocytosis and receptors that can associate with the itam-containing dap12 adapto ... | 2012 | 22224769 |
| leukocyte inflammatory responses provoked by pneumococcal sialidase. | cell surface expression of sialic acid has been reported to decrease during immune cell activation, but the significance and regulation of this phenomenon are still being investigated. the major human bacterial pathogen streptococcus pneumoniae causes pneumonia, sepsis and meningitis, often accompanied by strong inflammatory responses. s. pneumoniae expresses a sialidase (nana) that contributes to mucosal colonization, platelet clearance, and blood-brain barrier penetration. using wild-type and ... | 2012 | 22215570 |
| imaging the glycome in living systems. | the glycome, the full complement of glycans that cells produce, is an attractive target for molecular imaging. imaging of the glycome in living systems has recently been enabled via bioorthogonal chemical reporter-based approaches. in this chapter, we describe two approaches to introduce bioorthogonal chemical reporters (tags) onto cell surface fucosylated glycans and glycans bearing lacnac disaccharides, respectively. the tagged glycans can then be conjugated to imaging probes via bioorthogonal ... | 2012 | 22289465 |
| immunity to ricin: fundamental insights into toxin-antibody interactions. | ricin toxin is an extraordinarily potent inducer of cell death and inflammation. ricin is also a potent provocateur of the humoral immune system, eliciting a mixture of neutralizing, non-neutralizing and even toxin-enhancing antibodies. the characterization of dozens of monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against the toxin's enzymatic (rta) and binding (rtb) subunits has begun to reveal fundamental insights into the underlying mechanisms by which antibodies neutralize (or fail to neutralize) ricin in s ... | 2012 | 22113742 |
| detection and species identification of campylobacter in stool samples of children and animals from vellore, south india. | campylobacter spp. are an important cause of bacterial gastroenteritis frequently isolated from animal, poultry and environmental samples. in this study, we investigated the zoonotic potential of campylobacter spp. by comparing prevalence rates and species in 394 children with diarrhoea and 652 animals in vellore using pcr-based tools. eighteen children (4.5%) had campylobacteriosis, a majority of whom had co-pathogens (15/18) and most were infected with campylobacter jejuni (16/18). a few c. co ... | 2012 | 22361767 |
| ferret thoracic anatomy by 2-deoxy-2-(18f)fluoro-d-glucose (18f-fdg) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18f-fdg pet/ct) imaging. | the domestic ferret (mustela putorius furo) has been a long-standing animal model used in the evaluation and treatment of human diseases. molecular imaging techniques such as 2-deoxy-2-((18)f)fluoro-d-glucose ((18)f-fdg) positron emission tomography (pet) would be an invaluable method of tracking disease in vivo, but this technique has not been reported in the literature. thus, the aim of this study was to establish baseline imaging characteristics of pet/computed tomography (ct) with (18)f-fdg ... | 2012 | 23382267 |
| recent developments in the interactions between caveolin and pathogens. | the role of caveolin and caveolae in the pathogenesis of infection has only recently been appreciated. in this chapter, we have highlighted some important new data on the role of caveolin in infections due to bacteria, viruses and fungi but with particular emphasis on the protozoan parasites leishmania spp., trypanosoma cruzi and toxoplasma gondii. this is a continuing area of research and the final chapter has not been written on this topic. | 2012 | 22411314 |
| in silico analysis of sequenced strains of clostridium difficile reveals a related set of conjugative transposons carrying a variety of accessory genes. | the human gut pathogen clostridium difficile contains many conjugative transposons that have an array of accessory genes. in the current study, recently sequenced genomes were analyzed to identify new putative conjugative transposons. eleven new elements in 5 c. difficile strains were identified and all had a similar structure to the previously described elements ctn1, ctn5 and ctn7 in c. difficile strain 630. each element identified did however contain a new set of accessory genes compared with ... | 2012 | 22754747 |
| surface-immobilization of chromatographically purified bacteriophages for the optimized capture of bacteria. | bacteriophages offer interesting alternatives to antibodies for the specific capture and detection of pathogenic bacteria onto biosensing surfaces. procedures for the optimal chemical immobilization of lytic bacteriophages onto surfaces are presented. more specifically, the removal of lysate contaminants from bacteriophage suspensions by size exclusion chromatography significantly increases the resultant planar surface density of immobilized bacteriophages. e. coli t4 and salmonella enterica ser ... | 2012 | 22666653 |
| substrate channeling in proline metabolism. | proline metabolism is an important pathway that has relevance in several cellular functions such as redox balance, apoptosis, and cell survival. results from different groups have indicated that substrate channeling of proline metabolic intermediates may be a critical mechanism. one intermediate is pyrroline-5-carboxylate (p5c), which upon hydrolysis opens to glutamic semialdehyde (gsa). recent structural and kinetic evidence indicate substrate channeling of p5c/gsa occurs in the proline catabol ... | 2012 | 22201749 |
| showers, sweating and suing: legionnaires' disease and 'new' infections in britain, 1977-90. | legionnaires' disease is now routinely discussed as an 'emerging infectious disease' (eid) and is said to be one of the earliest such diseases to be recognised. it first appeared in 1976 and its cause was identified in 1977, the same year that ebola fever, hantaan virus and campylobacter jejuni arrived. the designation of legionnaires' disease as an eid was retrospective; it was not and could not be otherwise as the category only gained currency in the early 1990s. in this article we reflect on ... | 2012 | 23752984 |
| familial guillain-barré syndrome: first indian report. | guillain-barré syndrome (gbs) is the commonest acute immune-mediated peripheral neuropathy. specific human leukocyte antigen types have been found in patients with axonal and demyelinating subtypes of gbs suggesting genetic susceptibility in the generation of gbs. however, familial occurrence of gbs is rare and 42 patients from 20 families have been reported. majority of them are from european countries and two families have been documented from asian countries, while none have been reported fro ... | 2012 | 22412273 |
| authors' reply. | | 2012 | 22346219 |
| separating significant matches from spurious matches in dna sequences. | word matches are widely used to compare genomic sequences. complete genome alignment methods often rely on the use of matches as anchors for building their alignments, and various alignment-free approaches that characterize similarities between large sequences are based on word matches. among matches that are retrieved from the comparison of two genomic sequences, a part of them may correspond to spurious matches (sms), which are matches obtained by chance rather than by homologous relationships ... | 2012 | 22149632 |
| a review of antibiotic use in food animals: perspective, policy, and potential. | antibiotic use plays a major role in the emerging public health crisis of antibiotic resistance. although the majority of antibiotic use occurs in agricultural settings, relatively little attention has been paid to how antibiotic use in farm animals contributes to the overall problem of antibiotic resistance. the aim of this review is to summarize literature on the role of antibiotics in the development of resistance and its risk to human health. we searched multiple databases to identify major ... | 2012 | 22298919 |
| manipulation of intestinal epithelial cell function by the cell contact-dependent type iii secretion systems of vibrio parahaemolyticus. | vibrio parahaemolyticus elicits gastroenteritis by deploying type iii secretion systems (ttss) to deliver effector proteins into epithelial cells of the human intestinal tract. the bacteria must adhere to the human cells to allow colonization and operation of the ttss translocation apparatus bridging the bacterium and the host cell. this article first reviews recent advances in identifying the molecules responsible for intercellular adherence. v. parahaemolyticus possesses two ttss, each of whic ... | 2013 | 24455490 |
| manipulation of intestinal epithelial cell function by the cell contact-dependent type iii secretion systems of vibrio parahaemolyticus. | vibrio parahaemolyticus elicits gastroenteritis by deploying type iii secretion systems (ttss) to deliver effector proteins into epithelial cells of the human intestinal tract. the bacteria must adhere to the human cells to allow colonization and operation of the ttss translocation apparatus bridging the bacterium and the host cell. this article first reviews recent advances in identifying the molecules responsible for intercellular adherence. v. parahaemolyticus possesses two ttss, each of whic ... | 2013 | 24455490 |
| pentavalent single-domain antibodies reduce campylobacter jejuni motility and colonization in chickens. | campylobacter jejuni is the leading cause of bacterial foodborne illness in the world, with symptoms ranging from acute diarrhea to severe neurological disorders. contaminated poultry meat is a major source of c. jejuni infection, and therefore, strategies to reduce this organism in poultry, are expected to reduce the incidence of campylobacter-associated diseases. we have investigated whether oral administration of c. jejuni-specific single-domain antibodies would reduce bacterial colonization ... | 2013 | 24391847 |
| microbial mechanisms of tolerance to weak acid stress. | | 2013 | 24416030 |
| comprehensive proteomic profiling of outer membrane vesicles from campylobacter jejuni. | gram-negative bacteria constitutively release outer membrane vesicles (omvs) during cell growth that play significant roles in bacterial survival, virulence and pathogenesis. in this study, comprehensive proteomic analysis of omvs from a human gastrointestinal pathogen campylobacter jejuni nctc11168 was performed using high-resolution mass spectrometry. the omvs of c. jejuni nctc11168 were isolated from culture supernatants then characterized using electron microscopy and dynamic light scatterin ... | 2013 | 24382552 |
| comprehensive proteomic profiling of outer membrane vesicles from campylobacter jejuni. | gram-negative bacteria constitutively release outer membrane vesicles (omvs) during cell growth that play significant roles in bacterial survival, virulence and pathogenesis. in this study, comprehensive proteomic analysis of omvs from a human gastrointestinal pathogen campylobacter jejuni nctc11168 was performed using high-resolution mass spectrometry. the omvs of c. jejuni nctc11168 were isolated from culture supernatants then characterized using electron microscopy and dynamic light scatterin ... | 2013 | 24382552 |
| dendritic cells: a spot on sialic acid. | glycans decorating cell surface and secreted proteins and lipids occupy the juncture where critical host-host and host-pathogen interactions occur. the role of glycan epitopes in cell-cell and cell-pathogen adhesive events is already well-established, and cell surface glycan structures change rapidly in response to stimulus and inflammatory cues. despite the wide acceptance that glycans are centrally implicated in immunity, exactly how glycans and their changes contribute to the overall immune r ... | 2013 | 24409183 |
| campylobacteriosis in urban versus rural areas: a case-case study integrated with molecular typing to validate risk factors and to attribute sources of infection. | campylobacter infection is a leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide, and most clinical cases appear as isolated, sporadic infections for which the source is rarely apparent. from july 2005 to december 2007 we conducted a prospective case-case study of sporadic, domestically-acquired campylobacter enteritis in rural versus urban areas and a prevalence study of campylobacter in animal and environmental sources in the eastern townships, quebec. isolates were typed using multilocus seq ... | 2013 | 24386265 |
| the bactericidal activity of carbon monoxide-releasing molecules against helicobacter pylori. | helicobacter pylori is a pathogen that establishes long life infections responsible for chronic gastric ulcer diseases and a proved risk factor for gastric carcinoma. the therapeutic properties of carbon-monoxide releasing molecules (corms) led us to investigate their effect on h. pylori. we show that h. pylori 26695 is susceptible to two widely used corms, namely corm-2 and corm-3. also, several h. pylori clinical isolates were killed by corm-2, including those resistant to metronidazole. moreo ... | 2013 | 24386154 |
| the role of microbiome in central nervous system disorders. | mammals live in a co-evolutionary association with the plethora of microorganisms that reside at a variety of tissue microenvironments. the microbiome represents the collective genomes of these co-existing microorganisms, which is shaped by host factors such as genetics and nutrients but in turn is able to influence host biology in health and disease. niche-specific microbiome, prominently the gut microbiome, has the capacity to effect both local and distal sites within the host. the gut microbi ... | 2013 | 24370461 |
| the role of microbiome in central nervous system disorders. | mammals live in a co-evolutionary association with the plethora of microorganisms that reside at a variety of tissue microenvironments. the microbiome represents the collective genomes of these co-existing microorganisms, which is shaped by host factors such as genetics and nutrients but in turn is able to influence host biology in health and disease. niche-specific microbiome, prominently the gut microbiome, has the capacity to effect both local and distal sites within the host. the gut microbi ... | 2013 | 24370461 |
| rapid single-colony whole-genome sequencing of bacterial pathogens. | as a result of the introduction of rapid benchtop sequencers, the time required to subculture a bacterial pathogen to extract sufficient dna for library preparation can now exceed the time to sequence said dna. we have eliminated this rate-limiting step by developing a protocol to generate dna libraries for whole-genome sequencing directly from single bacterial colonies grown on primary culture plates. | 2013 | 24370932 |
| rapid single-colony whole-genome sequencing of bacterial pathogens. | as a result of the introduction of rapid benchtop sequencers, the time required to subculture a bacterial pathogen to extract sufficient dna for library preparation can now exceed the time to sequence said dna. we have eliminated this rate-limiting step by developing a protocol to generate dna libraries for whole-genome sequencing directly from single bacterial colonies grown on primary culture plates. | 2013 | 24370932 |
| competition for zinc binding in the host-pathogen interaction. | due to its favorable chemical properties, zinc is used as a structural or catalytic cofactor in a very large number of proteins. despite the apparent abundance of this metal in all cell types, the intracellular pool of loosely bound zinc ions available for biological exchanges is in the picomolar range and nearly all zinc is tightly bound to proteins. in addition, to limit bacterial growth, some zinc-sequestering proteins are produced by eukaryotic hosts in response to infections. therefore, to ... | 2013 | 24400228 |
| effects of genotypic and phenotypic variation on establishment are important for conservation, invasion, and infection biology. | there is abundant evidence that the probability of successful establishment in novel environments increases with number of individuals in founder groups and with number of repeated introductions. theory posits that the genotypic and phenotypic variation among individuals should also be important, but few studies have examined whether founder diversity influences establishment independent of propagule pressure, nor whether the effect is model or context dependent. i summarize the results of 18 ex ... | 2013 | 24367109 |
| effects of genotypic and phenotypic variation on establishment are important for conservation, invasion, and infection biology. | there is abundant evidence that the probability of successful establishment in novel environments increases with number of individuals in founder groups and with number of repeated introductions. theory posits that the genotypic and phenotypic variation among individuals should also be important, but few studies have examined whether founder diversity influences establishment independent of propagule pressure, nor whether the effect is model or context dependent. i summarize the results of 18 ex ... | 2013 | 24367109 |
| invasion of epithelial cells by campylobacter jejuni is independent of caveolae. | caveolae are 25-100 nm flask-like membrane structures enriched in cholesterol and glycosphingolipids. researchers have proposed that campylobacter jejuni require caveolae for cell invasion based on the finding that treatment of cells with the cholesterol-depleting compounds filipin iii or methyl-β-cyclodextrin (mβcd) block bacterial internalization in a dose-dependent manner. the purpose of this study was to determine the role of caveolae and caveolin-1, a principal component of caveolae, in c. ... | 2013 | 24364863 |