| feces transplantation for recurrent clostridium difficile infection: us experience and recommendations. | | 2015 | 26031677 |
| the sactibiotic subclass of bacteriocins: an update. | the sactibiotics are a recently designated subclass of bacteriocins that contain characteristic cysteine sulphur to α -carbon linkages mediated through post-translational modifications. they are a relatively small subclass of bacteriocins compared to the most thoroughly studied lantibiotics. the sactibiotics that have been extensively studied thus far are thuricin cd, subtilosin a, thurincin h, and propionicin f. despite their recent discovery, there have already been significant advances made i ... | 2015 | 26031307 |
| clostridium difficile colitis in trauma patients - a global step by step review. | clostridium difficile associated disease is a well recognized nosocomial infection evolving as a severediarrheal illness, associated with significantly higher rates of morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients. the incidence of clostridium difficile infection is higher and its impact is more severe in trauma patients when compared with general inpatient population. there are several potential diagnosis tools for clostridium difficile colitis, however choosing the right diagnostic approa ... | 2015 | 28275412 |
| clostridium difficile associated disease: burden of and predictors for in hospital fatal outcome. results of a hospital-based study, bucharest, romania. | in the last 15 years clostridium difficile infection became a typical new emergent threat worldwide. our aim was to describe the risk factors associated with fatal outcome of clostridium difficile associated disease (cdad) cases treated in 2012 in "dr victor babes" infectious and tropical diseases hospital, a 450 beds teaching clinic from bucharest, romania. | 2015 | 28275398 |
| role of intravenous immune globulin in streptococcal toxic shock syndrome and clostridium difficile infection. | the use of intravenous immune globulin (ivig) in the management of streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (stss) and clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is reviewed. | 2015 | 26025992 |
| clostridium difficile infection: a brief update on emerging therapies. | established and investigational antibiotic, monoclonal antibody, vaccine, and microbe-based approaches to the prevention and treatment of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) are reviewed. | 2015 | 26025991 |
| the addition of intravenous metronidazole to oral vancomycin is associated with improved mortality in critically ill patients with clostridium difficile infection. | the optimal therapy for critically ill patients with clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is not known. we aimed to evaluate mortality among critically ill patients with cdi who received oral vancomycin (monotherapy) vs oral vancomycin with intravenous (iv) metronidazole (combination therapy). | 2015 | 26024909 |
| editorial commentary: critically ill patients with clostridium difficile infection: are 2 antibiotics better than one? | | 2015 | 26024908 |
| toxigenic clostridium difficile pcr ribotypes in edible marine bivalve molluscs in italy. | even though food of animal sources and different foodstuffs are well known to be potentially carrier of clostridium difficile, few data are available on the occurrence of c. difficile in seafood. this work investigated the occurrence of c. difficile in edible bivalve molluscs in southern italy. out of the 925 investigated samples, 3.9% contained c. difficile. eighteen strains harboured both genes for toxins a and b whereas 1 only had toxin b gene. binary toxin genes were found in 22.2% of the is ... | 2015 | 26022983 |
| importance of asymptomatic shedding of clostridium difficile in environmental contamination of a neonatal intensive care unit. | a survey of c. difficle in a neonatal intensive care unit (nicu) was conducted. approximately 25% of infants in the nicu were colonized with clostridium difficle. environmental surface cultures were obtained from the nicu and compared with cultures taken from infant, adolescent, and hematology/oncology units. from 150 surface cultures, c difficle was recovered exclusively from the nicu. of the 16 different types of surfaces cultured, diaper scales and the surrounding area were contaminated most ... | 2015 | 26022659 |
| correction: first report of clostridium difficile nap1/027 in a mexican hospital. | | 2015 | 26020926 |
| as clear as mud? determining the diversity and prevalence of prophages in the draft genomes of estuarine isolates of clostridium difficile. | the bacterium clostridium difficile is a significant cause of nosocomial infections worldwide. the pathogenic success of this organism can be attributed to its flexible genome which is characterized by the exchange of mobile genetic elements, and by ongoing genome evolution. despite its pathogenic status, c. difficile can also be carried asymptomatically, and has been isolated from natural environments such as water and sediments where multiple strain types (ribotypes) are found in close proximi ... | 2015 | 26019165 |
| hospitalization type and subsequent severe sepsis. | hospitalization is associated with microbiome perturbation (dysbiosis), and this perturbation is more severe in patients treated with antimicrobials. | 2015 | 26016947 |
| isolation of toxigenic clostridium difficile from ready-to-eat salads by multiplex polymerase chain reaction in isfahan, iran. | since 2003, the incidence of community associated clostridium difficile infection (ca-cdi) has increased; different types of food have been supposed to be the vectors of c. difficile strains. the purpose of this study is to investigate the occurrence of c. difficile strains in ready-to-eat salads distributed in food services. | 2015 | 26015913 |
| a rare case of infectious colitis. | methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) is responsible for numerous infectious processes. gastrointestinal tract involvement is rather rare and only a handful of cases of mrsa colitis have been reported in north america. we present a case of mrsa colitis in an adult without apparent risk factors. abdominal computed tomography (ct) showed thickening of the sigmoid colon, indicative of colitis, and empiric therapy with ciprofloxacin and metronidazole was started. initial work-up for inf ... | 2016 | 26014485 |
| observations on the role of tcde isoforms in clostridium difficile toxin secretion. | clostridium difficile is a major nosocomial pathogen and the principal causative agent of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. the toxigenic c. difficile strains that cause disease secrete virulence factors, toxin a and toxin b, that cause colonic injury and inflammation. c. difficile toxins have no export signature and are secreted by an unusual mechanism that involves tcde, a holin-like protein. we isolated a tcde mutant of the epidemic r20291 strain with impaired toxin secretion, which was restore ... | 2015 | 26013487 |
| a taxonomic review of clostridium difficile phages and proposal of a novel genus, "phimmp04likevirus". | currently, only three phages that infect the medically important bacterium clostridium difficile have been discussed by the international committee of viral taxonomy (ictv). they are all myoviruses, and have been assigned to the genus "phicd119likevirus". an additional nine phages have since been described in the literature with their genome data available. the phicd119likevirus is named after the type species: the myovirus φcd119 which was the first c. difficile phage to be sequenced. the two a ... | 2015 | 26008700 |
| a large scale clinical evaluation of the amplivue and illumigene molecular tests for the identification of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in adult and pediatric patients. | the amplivue (quidel, san diego, ca, usa) and illumigene (meridian biosciences, cincinnati, oh, usa) molecular tests were compared for the detection of c. difficile toxin in fresh fecal samples from adult and pediatric patients. a total of 758 samples were collected, in 3 clinical sites: nationwide children's (columbus, oh, usa), penn state hershey (hershey, pa, usa), primary children's (salt lake city, ut, usa). each site tested the fecal specimens using both assays. any discordant results were ... | 2015 | 26008122 |
| excess length of stay attributable to clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in the acute care setting: a multistate model. | standard estimates of the impact of clostridium difficile infections (cdi) on inpatient lengths of stay (los) may overstate inpatient care costs attributable to cdi. in this study, we used multistate modeling (msm) of cdi timing to reduce bias in estimates of excess los. | 2015 | 26006153 |
| antimicrobial susceptibility testing of bacteria that cause gastroenteritis. | gastroenteritis due to enteric pathogens is generally a self-limiting disease for which antimicrobial treatment is not required. however, treatment should be considered for cases of severe or prolonged diarrhea, extraintestinal isolation of bacteria, or diarrhea in immunocompromised hosts, the elderly, and infants. various resistance trends and current issues concerning antimicrobial susceptibility testing of enteric pathogens are reviewed in this article, including campylobacter, salmonella, sh ... | 2015 | 26004645 |
| optimizing the laboratory diagnosis of clostridium difficile infection. | the best laboratory diagnostic approach to detect clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is the subject of ongoing debate. in the united states, nucleic acid amplification tests (naat) have become the most widely used tests for making this diagnosis. detection of toxin in stool may be a better predictor of cdi disease and severity. laboratories that have switched from toxin-based to naat-based methods have significantly higher cdi detection rates. the important issue is whether all naat-positive ... | 2015 | 26004644 |
| antibiotic overuse and clostridium difficile infections: the indian paradox and the possible role of dietary practices. | antibiotic abuse is rampant in india, such that one may expect to see an increase of clostridium difficile infections (cdi). however, we found that the incidence of cdi in india (1.67%) is no different from that reported in usa (1.6%) using similar techniques of detection (polymerase chain reaction test). we offer a possible explanation for this paradox. it is likely that a diet rich in fiber, yogurt, and possibly turmeric may have a protective role in decreasing the incidence of cdis in india. | 2015 | 26004192 |
| the impact of clostridium difficile infection on resource use and costs in hospitals in spain and italy: a matched cohort study. | to assess the impact of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) on hospital resources and costs in spain and italy. | 2015 | 26003403 |
| a meta-analysis of metronidazole and vancomycin for the treatment of clostridium difficile infection, stratified by disease severity. | the aim of this meta-analysis was to compare the efficacy of metronidazole and vancomycin for the treatment of clostridium difficile infection, especially to investigate which agent was superior for treating either mild or severe c. difficile infection. a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials and cohort studies identified in pubmed, embase, and the cochrane library was conducted. four randomized controlled trials and two cohort studies involving 1218 patients were included in this meta-a ... | 2015 | 26001980 |
| risk factors for recurrent clostridium difficile infection in children: a nested case-control study. | to identify risk factors for recurrent clostridium difficile infection (rcdi) in children. | 2015 | 26001313 |
| probiotics: prevention of severe pneumonia and endotracheal colonization trial-prospect: protocol for a feasibility randomized pilot trial. | probiotics are defined as live microorganisms that may confer health benefits when ingested. meta-analysis of probiotic trials suggests a 25 % lower ventilator-associated pneumonia (vap) and 18 % lower infection rates overall when administered to patients in the intensive care unit (icu). however, prior trials are small, largely single center, and at high risk of bias. before a large rigorous trial is launched, testing whether probiotics confer benefit, harm, or have no impact, a pilot trial is ... | 2015 | 27965798 |
| molecular epidemiology of clostridium difficile infection in a large teaching hospital in thailand. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is a leading cause of healthcare-associated morbidity and mortality worldwide. in thailand, cdi exhibits low recurrence and mortality and its molecular epidemiology is unknown. cdi surveillance was conducted in a tertiary facility (siriraj hospital, bangkok). a total of 53 toxigenic c. difficile strains from thai patients were analyzed by multi-locus sequence typing (mlst), pcr ribotyping, and pulse-field gel electrophoresis (pfge). the mean age of the cohor ... | 2015 | 26000789 |
| update on antimicrobial resistance in clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile is the leading cause of healthcare-associated diarrhea. since 2002, the morbidity and mortality rates of c. difficile infection have increased dramatically in europe and north america. the emergence of c. difficile strains that are resistant to multiple antimicrobial agents can complicate prevention programs and potential treatment. although most clinical isolates are still susceptible to metronidazole and vancomycin, heteroresistance to metronidazole and increasing vancomy ... | 2015 | 25998434 |
| management of patients with suspected infectious diarrhoea in hospitals in england. | advances in molecular and genomic testing for patients with suspected infectious diarrhoea are on the horizon. it is important to understand how infection control and microbiology departments currently operate with respect to the management of these patients in order to assess the implications of more widespread diagnostic testing. however, there are few data available on current practice in this context. | 2015 | 25997802 |
| use of intravenous immunoglobulin for patients with inflammatory bowel disease with contraindications or who are unresponsive to conventional treatments. | managing patients with ibd who are refractory or have contraindications to standard therapies is challenging. many will lose response, become intolerant to treatment, or develop infections with contraindication for immunosuppression. therefore, alternative therapies, such as the use of intravenous immunoglobulin (ivig), could be used to manage patients in these difficult cases. | 2015 | 25993689 |
| monocytosis and a low lymphocyte to monocyte ratio are effective biomarkers of ulcerative colitis disease activity. | current biomarkers in ulcerative colitis (uc) are limited by their performance, cost, and limited availability in daily practice. this study examined alterations in the leukocyte profiles as biomarkers of uc activity, including the effects of age, gender, and medications. | 2015 | 25993688 |
| structure-activity relationship studies of a series of semisynthetic lipopeptides leading to the discovery of surotomycin, a novel cyclic lipopeptide being developed for the treatment of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | novel cyclic lipopeptides with different acyl tails were synthesized via a semisynthetic approach. structure-activity relationship studies revealed that lipophilicity, chain length, and the location of key aromatic functionalities of the tail modulated activity. the lead compound surotomycin exhibited significantly improved in vitro activity compared with daptomycin (mic90 0.5 vs 2 μg/ml) against clostridium difficile including nap1 epidemic strains. in hamster efficacy studies, surotomycin prot ... | 2015 | 25993059 |
| clostridium difficile in crete, greece: epidemiology, microbiology and clinical disease. | we studied the epidemiology and microbiology of clostridium difficile and the characteristics of patients with c. difficile infection (cdi) in crete in three groups of hospitalized patients with diarrhoea: group 1 [positive culture and positive toxin by enzyme immunoassay (eia)]; group 2 (positive culture, negative toxin); group 3 (negative culture, negative toxin). patients in group 1 were designated as those with definitive cdi (20 patients for whom data was available) and matched with cases i ... | 2016 | 25989816 |
| treatment for clostridium difficile infection in adults--reply. | | 2015 | 25988472 |
| treatment for clostridium difficile infection in adults. | | 2015 | 25988470 |
| treatment for clostridium difficile infection in adults. | | 2015 | 25988469 |
| contribution of clostridium difficile infection to the development of lower gastrointestinal adverse events during autologous stem cell transplantation. | lower gastrointestinal (gi) adverse events (lgae) are common afflictions of patients undergoing stem cell transplantation (sct). unfortunately, the pathophysiology remains poorly characterized. emerging data suggest a prominent role of intestinal microbiota; however, contributions of pathogenic gut microbiota such as clostridium difficile are not well defined. we performed a genome-wide association study (gwas) to investigate clinical and genetic factors associated with development of lgae. | 2015 | 25988273 |
| case of antibiotic-associated diarrhea caused by staphylococcus aureus enterocolitis. | a case of staphylococcus aureus enterocolitis (sec) misdiagnosed as toxin-negative clostridium difficile is reported. | 2015 | 25987689 |
| risk factors for acquisition and loss of clostridium difficile colonization in hospitalized patients. | asymptomatic colonization may contribute to clostridium difficile transmission. few data identify which patients are at risk for colonization. we performed a prospective cohort study of c. difficile colonization and risk factors for c. difficile acquisition and loss in hospitalized patients. patients admitted to medical or surgical wards at a tertiary care hospital were enrolled; interviews and chart review were performed to determine patient demographics, c. difficile infection (cdi) history, m ... | 2015 | 25987626 |
| amoxicillin plus temocillin as an alternative empiric therapy for the treatment of severe hospital-acquired pneumonia: results from a retrospective audit. | a formulary decision was made at a large provider of acute hospital services in surrey to replace piperacillin/tazobactam with amoxicillin+temocillin for the empiric treatment of severe hospital-acquired pneumonia. this decision was made because the use of broad-spectrum-β-lactam antibiotics is a known risk factor for clostridium difficile infection (cdi) and for the selection of resistance. after the antibiotic formulary was changed, a retrospective audit was conducted to assess the effect of t ... | 2015 | 25987247 |
| the risks of incident and recurrent clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in chronic kidney disease and end-stage kidney disease patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. | the objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess the risks of incident and recurrent clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in patients with chronic kidney disease (ckd) and end-stage renal disease (esrd) requiring dialysis. | 2015 | 25986528 |
| hospitalized patients with cirrhosis should be screened for clostridium difficile colitis. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is an important public health problem in hospitalized patients. patients with cirrhosis are particularly at risk of increased associated morbidity, mortality, and healthcare utilization from cdi. | 2015 | 25986524 |
| healthcare workers' decision-making about transmission-based infection control precautions is improved by a guidance summary card. | transmission-based precautions (tbps) are infection control measures designed to interrupt pathogen transmission. success relies on early recognition of patients with potentially infectious syndromes, then the implementation of appropriate tbps. we are aware of no literature evaluating interventions to facilitate healthcare workers (hcws) in implementing tbps. | 2015 | 25986167 |
| increasing ultraviolet light exposure is associated with reduced mortality from clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is an increasingly common cause of inpatient mortality. vitamin d deficiency is associated with more aggressive cdi. we aimed to determine if average annual ultraviolet light (uv) exposure was associated with mortality in patients with cdi. | 2015 | 25984339 |
| [selected aspects of clostridium difficile infection]. | clostridium difficile pathogen is a cause of the most frequent nosocomial infection, which is antibiotic-associated diarrhea. antibiotic treatment causes disruption of the microbiome balance, which makes the gut a friendly environment for the pathogen. it leads to pseudomembranous colitis, toxic megacolon and even death. clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is particularly dangerous to elderly patients, leading to the highest mortality rate. c. difficile is equipped with many virulence factors ... | 2015 | 25983298 |
| is tigecycline a suitable option for clostridium difficile infection? evidence from the literature. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) has become the most frequent cause of nosocomial infectious diarrhoea in developed countries, causing an increase in mortality, recurrences or treatment failure. in the search for new and more effective drugs, researchers recently turned their attention to tigecycline, a broad-spectrum antibiotic of the glycylglycine class available as an intravenous formulation for human use, which has also shown in vitro activity against c. difficile. we performed a litera ... | 2015 | 25982915 |
| update on fecal microbiota transplantation 2015: indications, methodologies, mechanisms, and outlook. | the community of microorganisms within the human gut (or microbiota) is critical to health and functions with a level of complexity comparable to that of an organ system. alterations of this ecology (or dysbiosis) have been implicated in a number of disease states, and the prototypical example is clostridium difficile infection (cdi). fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) has been demonstrated to durably alter the gut microbiota of the recipient and has shown efficacy in the treatment of patien ... | 2015 | 25982290 |
| clostridium sordellii genome analysis reveals plasmid localized toxin genes encoded within pathogenicity loci. | clostridium sordellii can cause severe infections in animals and humans, the latter associated with trauma, toxic shock and often-fatal gynaecological infections. strains can produce two large clostridial cytotoxins (lccs), tcsl and tcsh, related to those produced by clostridium difficile, clostridium novyi and clostridium perfringens, but the genetic basis of toxin production remains uncharacterised. | 2015 | 25981746 |
| the emergence of clostridium difficile pcr-ribotype 001 in slovakia. | the purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of clostridium difficile infections (cdi) and to characterise the isolates in 14 departments of ten academic hospitals in slovakia. | 2015 | 25981433 |
| ecological effect of ceftazidime/avibactam on the normal human intestinal microbiota. | ceftazidime/avibactam is a new combination of the antibiotic ceftazidime with the novel, non-β-lactam β-lactamase inhibitor avibactam. the purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of ceftazidime/avibactam on the human intestinal microbiota following intravenous (i.v.) administration. twelve healthy volunteers received ceftazidime/avibactam by i.v. infusion (2000mg ceftazidime and 500mg avibactam) given over 2h every 8h on days 1-6 (inclusive) and a single dose on day 7. faecal ... | 2015 | 25979639 |
| crossing the quality chasm for clostridium difficile infection prevention. | | 2015 | 25979001 |
| leukemoid reaction to clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile infections (cdi) are increasing in incidence and severity. leukemoid reaction is rarely seen with cdi, and indicates severe disease with grave prognosis. we present an elderly female who developed leukemoid reaction in response to cdi. the patient died despite early antibiotic therapy with surgical evaluation. | 2015 | 25978982 |
| common questions about the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease. | common questions that arise regarding treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (gerd) include which medications are most effective, when surgery may be indicated, which patients should be screened for barrett esophagus and helicobacter pylori infection, and which adverse effects occur with these medications. proton pump inhibitors (ppis) are the most effective medical therapy, and all ppis provide similar relief of gerd symptoms. there is insufficient evidence to recommend testing for h. pyl ... | 2015 | 25978198 |
| dbdiasnp: an open-source knowledgebase of genetic polymorphisms and resistance genes related to diarrheal pathogens. | diarrhea is a highly common infection among children, responsible for significant morbidity and mortality rate worldwide. after pneumonia, diarrhea remains the second leading cause of neonatal deaths. numerous viral, bacterial, and parasitic enteric pathogens are associated with diarrhea. with increasing antibiotic resistance among enteric pathogens, there is an urgent need for global surveillance of the mutations and resistance genes primarily responsible for resistance to antibiotic treatment. ... | 2015 | 25978092 |
| characteristics and antibiotic use associated with short-term risk of clostridium difficile infection among hospitalized patients. | polymerase chain reaction (pcr) has been shown to have an excellent sensitivity and specificity for the detection of clostridium difficile infection (cdi). little is known about risk factors for cdi within 14 days of an initial negative test. we sought to determine the characteristics among hospitalized patients associated with risk of short-term acquisition of cdi. | 2015 | 25972333 |
| comparison of the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of fidaxomicin in healthy japanese and caucasian subjects. | fidaxomicin treatment of clostridium difficile infection is known to produce minimal systemic exposure, as the antibacterial (antibiotic) remains primarily in the gut. in this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of single and multiple ascending doses of fidaxomicin were evaluated in healthy japanese and caucasian subjects. | 2015 | 25972286 |
| incidence and risk factors of clostridium difficile infection in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. | recent changes in the epidemiology of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) include the identification of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) as a group at risk in comparison to the general population. | 2015 | 25970947 |
| different dynamic patterns of β-lactams, quinolones, glycopeptides and macrolides on mouse gut microbial diversity. | the adverse impact of antibiotics on the gut microbiota has attracted extensive interest, particularly due to the development of microbiome research techniques in recent years. however, a direct comparison of the dynamic effects of various types of antibiotics using the same animal model has not been available. in the present study, we selected six antibiotics from four categories with the broadest clinical usage, namely, β-lactams (ceftriaxone sodium, cefoperazone/sulbactam and meropenem), quin ... | 2015 | 25970622 |
| [economic burden of clostridium difficile enterocolitis in german hospitals based on routine drg data]. | clostridium difficile associated diarrhea (cdad) is not only a increasing medical but also economical problem. | 2015 | 25965986 |
| rna-based fluorescent biosensors for live cell imaging of second messenger cyclic di-amp. | cyclic di-amp (cdia) is a second messenger predicted to be widespread in gram-positive bacteria, some gram-negative bacteria, and archaea. in the human pathogen listeria monocytogenes, cdia is an essential molecule that regulates metabolic function and cell wall homeostasis, and decreased levels of cdia result in increased antibiotic susceptibility. we have generated fluorescent biosensors for cdia through fusion of the spinach2 aptamer to ligand-binding domains of cdia riboswitches. the biosens ... | 2015 | 25965978 |
| clostridium difficile toxin testing by national health service (nhs) acute trusts in england: 2008-2013. | in october 2007, a governmental 3-year target to reduce clostridium difficile infection (cdi) by 30%, with financial penalties levied for failure, was introduced in england. this target was met within just 1 year, leading to speculation of 'gaming', with hospitals empirically treating possible cdi in the absence of a microbiological diagnosis, to avoid having to report confirmed cases. an analysis of aggregate mandatory data on levels of testing for c. difficile toxin showed little evidence of a ... | 2015 | 25964154 |
| [use of fecal microbial transplantations for disease states in israel]. | the enteric microbial population (microbiota) has a tremendous impact on our health and multiple disease states are associated with an alteration of the enteric microbial profile. it has been suggested that fecal microbial transplantation (fmt)--a transfer of fecal microbiota from a healthy donor to a sick person, may be beneficial for the treatment of certain diseases such as obesity, diabetes and inflammatory bowel diseases. currently, this treatment has been approved in israel, as well as in ... | 2015 | 25962241 |
| chemical communication in the gut: effects of microbiota-generated metabolites on gastrointestinal bacterial pathogens. | gastrointestinal pathogens must overcome many obstacles in order to successfully colonize a host, not the least of which is the presence of the gut microbiota, the trillions of commensal microorganisms inhabiting mammals' digestive tracts, and their products. it is well established that a healthy gut microbiota provides its host with protection from numerous pathogens, including salmonella species, clostridium difficile, diarrheagenic escherichia coli, and vibrio cholerae. conversely, pathogenic ... | 2015 | 25958185 |
| optimizing diagnostic testing for clostridium difficile: the perceptions of physicians and nurses on when to order testing for c difficile. | physicians and nurses at a single hospital were surveyed on which risk factors were most important in deciding to order clostridium difficile diagnostic testing. disagreement between physicians and nurses on the relative importance of several of the risk factors warrants further investigation. | 2015 | 25957816 |
| occurrence of clostridium difficile in two types of wastewater treatment plants. | wastewater is a potential environmental source of clostridium difficile, although a direct link with community-acquired c. difficile infection (ca-cdi) in humans has not yet been established. the present study was performed to determine the occurrence of c. difficile in two types of wastewater treatment plants (wwtps) in isfahan, iran. a total of 95 samples were taken from a conventional activated sludge treatment plant and a waste stabilization ponds system, and analyzed for the presence of c. ... | 2015 | 25957122 |
| clostridium difficile infection: new insights into therapeutic options. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is an important cause of mortality and morbidity in healthcare settings and represents a major social and economic burden. the major virulence determinants are large clostridial toxins, toxin a (tcda) and toxin b (tcdb), encoded within the pathogenicity locus. traditional therapies, such as metronidazole and vancomycin, frequently lead to a vicious circle of recurrences due to their action against normal human microbiome. new disease management strategies to ... | 2016 | 25955884 |
| freeze-dried, capsulized fecal microbiota transplantation for relapsing clostridium difficile infection. | | 2015 | 25955501 |
| time series analysis of the impact of an intervention in tayside, scotland to reduce primary care broad-spectrum antimicrobial use. | concern about clostridium difficile infection (cdi) and resistance has driven interventions internationally to reduce broad-spectrum antimicrobial use. an intervention combining guidelines, education and feedback was implemented in tayside, scotland in 2009 aiming to reduce primary care prescribing of co-amoxiclav, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones and clindamycin ('4c antimicrobials'). our aim was to assess the impact of this real-world intervention on antimicrobial prescribing rates. | 2015 | 25953807 |
| novel handwashes are superior to soap and water in removal of clostridium difficile spores from the hands. | we examined the efficacy of 5 experimental handwash formulations in removing nontoxigenic clostridium difficile spores from the hands of health care workers. handwashing with sand resulted in an additional 0.5-log reduction in spore recovery compared with the current standard of soap and water. | 2015 | 25952050 |
| regional and seasonal variation in clostridium difficile infections among hospitalized patients in the united states, 2001-2010. | this study identified national regional and seasonal variations in clostridium difficile infection (cdi) incidence and mortality among hospitalized patients in the united states over a 10-year period. | 2015 | 25952045 |
| low prevalence of clostridium difficile in slaughter pigs in korea. | clostridium difficile is an important cause of enteric disease in humans and animals. the prevalence of c. difficile infection is increasing, and the bacterium is frequently found in meat products, suggesting the possibility of animal-to-human transmission. therefore, food animals must be assessed for their role as reservoirs of c. difficile. in this study, c. difficile was isolated from 2 (0.3%) of 659 slaughtered pigs in korea. both isolates were characterized as ribotype 078 and were multidru ... | 2015 | 25951403 |
| inflammatory bowel disease: traditional knowledge holds the seeds for the future. | despite the level of sophistication they have reached nowadays, the available tools for treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) can at best chronicize the disease but not cure it. chances to make leap forward from this hold-back may include designs to reach personalized treatment strategies taking advantage of modern genome associated studies, and shift resources towards unfolding inciting pathogenetic steps rather than continuing to develop drugs that address down-stream phenomena. we hav ... | 2015 | 25949845 |
| dramatic reduction in clostridium difficile ribotype 027-associated mortality with early fecal transplantation by the nasogastric route: a preliminary report. | clostridium difficile ribotype 027 (cd027)-associated diarrhea preferentially affects elderly patients and causes a high mortality rate. fecal microbiota transplantation has become an alternative treatment for recurrent c. difficile infections. an outbreak of cd027 infections has occurred in marseille since march 2013. from march to november 2013, we treated patients using only antibiotics or fecal microbiota transplantation after at least three relapses. beginning in november 2013, we performed ... | 2015 | 25947205 |
| recurrent c. difficile in a patient with igg deficiency. | igg deficiency can predispose to recurrent pyogenic infections. the association of igg deficiency with clostridium difficile infection has been infrequently reported in the literature. we present a case of a middle-age woman with multiple hospitalizations for recurrent c. difficile in a short span of time which prompted consideration of a possible fecal transplant. on evaluation, she was found to have low total igg, with subclass analysis revealing low igg1 and igg3. she was started on monthly i ... | 2015 | 25945268 |
| molecular characterization and antimicrobial susceptibilities of clostridium difficile clinical isolates from victoria, australia. | some australian strain types of clostridium difficile appear unique, highlighting the global diversity of this bacterium. we examined recent and historic local isolates, finding predominantly toxinotype 0 strains, but also toxinotypes v and viii. all isolates tested were susceptible to vancomycin and metronidazole, while moxifloxacin resistance was only detected in recent strains. | 2015 | 25944720 |
| administration of spores of nontoxigenic clostridium difficile strain m3 for prevention of recurrent c. difficile infection: a randomized clinical trial. | clostridium difficile is the most common cause of health care-associated infection in us hospitals. recurrence occurs in 25% to 30% of patients. | 2015 | 25942722 |
| fecal microbiota transplant for clostridium difficile colitis-induced toxic megacolon. | | 2015 | 25942309 |
| effects of surotomycin on clostridium difficile viability and toxin production in vitro. | the increasing incidence and severity of infection by clostridium difficile have stimulated attempts to develop new antimicrobial therapies. we report here the relative abilities of two antibiotics (metronidazole and vancomycin) in current use for treating c. difficile infection and of a third antimicrobial, surotomycin, to kill c. difficile cells at various stages of development and to inhibit the production of the toxin proteins that are the major virulence factors. the results indicate that n ... | 2015 | 25941230 |
| mutations associated with reduced surotomycin susceptibility in clostridium difficile and enterococcus species. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is an urgent public health concern causing considerable clinical and economic burdens. cdi can be treated with antibiotics, but recurrence of the disease following successful treatment of the initial episode often occurs. surotomycin is a rapidly bactericidal cyclic lipopeptide antibiotic that is in clinical trials for cdi treatment and that has demonstrated superiority over vancomycin in preventing cdi relapse. surotomycin is a structural analogue of the me ... | 2015 | 25941217 |
| recognition of human milk oligosaccharides by bacterial exotoxins. | the affinities of the most abundant oligosaccharides found in human milk for four bacterial exotoxins (from vibrio cholerae and pathogenic escherichia coli) were quantified for the first time. association constants (ka) for a library of 20 human milk oligosaccharides (hmos) binding to shiga toxin type 2 holotoxin (stx2) and the b subunit homopentamers of cholera toxin, heat-labile toxin and shiga toxin type 1 (ctb5, hltb5 and stx1b5) were measured at 25°c and ph 7 using the direct electrospray i ... | 2015 | 25941008 |
| characterization of the dynamic germination of individual clostridium difficile spores using raman spectroscopy and differential interference contrast microscopy. | the gram-positive spore-forming anaerobe clostridium difficile is a leading cause of nosocomial diarrhea. spores of c. difficile initiate infection when triggered to germinate by bile salts in the gastrointestinal tract. we analyzed germination kinetics of individual c. difficile spores using raman spectroscopy and differential interference contrast (dic) microscopy. similar to bacillus spores, individual c. difficile spores germinating with taurocholate plus glycine began slow leakage of a ∼15% ... | 2015 | 25939833 |
| fecal microbiota transplantation for clostridium difficile infection: a systematic review. | the role of fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) for clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is not well-known. | 2015 | 25938992 |
| whole-genome sequencing improves discrimination of relapse from reinfection and identifies transmission events among patients with recurrent clostridium difficile infections. | recurrent clostridium difficile infection (cdi) represents a significant healthcare challenge. patients may suffer multiple episodes of cdi with the index strain (relapse) or become infected by another strain acquired nosocomially (reinfection). | 2015 | 25935700 |
| clostridium difficile ribotype 078 cultured from post-surgical non-healing wound in a patient carrying ribotype 014 in the intestinal tract. | extra-intestinal infections caused by clostridium difficile are rare. the risk of extra-intestinal infections associated with c. difficile may be particularly relevant in environments contaminated with c. difficile spores. this paper describes the case of a non-diarrheic patient colonized with c. difficile ribotype 014 in the intestinal tract who developed a post-surgical wound infection by c. difficile ribotype 078. the infection responded to metronidazole administered first intravenously and t ... | 2015 | 25935201 |
| efficacy of perioperative synbiotics treatment for the prevention of surgical site infection after laparoscopic colorectal surgery: a randomized controlled trial. | the aim of this study was to assess the effect of perioperative oral administration of synbiotics on the surgical outcome in patients undergoing laparoscopic colorectal resection. | 2016 | 25933911 |
| what's the clinical features of colitis in elderly people in long-term care facilities? | as life expectancy has increased, the number of elderly patients who need long-term care has grown rapidly. mortality in patients with colitis in long-term care facilities (ltcfs) is increasing. we intend to investigate the main causes of colitis in ltcfs compared to those of colitis in local communities, and to identify the clinical features and risk factors of patients with colitis in ltcfs. | 2015 | 25931997 |
| recurrent clostridium difficile infection: from colonization to cure. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is increasingly prevalent, dangerous and challenging to prevent and manage. despite intense national and international attention the incidence of primary and of recurrent cdi (pcdi and rcdi, respectively) have risen rapidly throughout the past decade. of major concern is the increase in cases of rcdi resulting in substantial morbidity, morality and economic burden. rcdi management remains challenging as there is no uniformly effective therapy, no firm consen ... | 2015 | 25930686 |
| extrachromosomal and integrated genetic elements in clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile is a major nosocomial pathogen, causing gastrointestinal disease in patients undergoing antibiotic therapy. this bacterium contains many extrachromosomal and integrated genetic elements, with recent genomic work giving new insights into their variability and distribution. this review summarises research conducted in this area over the last 30 years and includes a discussion on the functional contributions of these elements to host cell phenotypes, as well as encompassing re ... | 2015 | 25929174 |
| co-infection as a confounder for the role of clostridium difficile infection in children with diarrhoea: a summary of the literature. | although clostridium difficile is a major cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea in adults, the incidence and severity of c. difficile infection (cdi) in children is unclear. one complicating factor in assessing the role of cdi in children is the possibility of co-infection with other gastrointestinal pathogens. in this review, we summarise the literature concerning c. difficile co-infections in young children, in an attempt to discuss the rate of co-infections and their potential role in the ... | 2015 | 25926302 |
| recurrence of dual-strain clostridium difficile infection in an in vitro human gut model. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is still a major challenge to healthcare facilities. the detection of multiple c. difficile strains has been reported in some patient samples during initial and recurrent cdi episodes. however, the behaviour of individual strains and their contribution to symptomatic disease is unclear. | 2015 | 25925596 |
| incidence and nature of adverse reactions to antibiotics used as endocarditis prophylaxis. | antibiotic prophylaxis (ap) administration prior to invasive dental procedures has been a leading focus of infective endocarditis prevention. however, there have been long-standing concerns about the risk of adverse drug reactions as a result of this practice. the objective of this study was to identify the incidence and nature of adverse reactions to amoxicillin and clindamycin prophylaxis to prevent infective endocarditis. | 2015 | 25925595 |
| a combination of three fully human toxin a- and toxin b-specific monoclonal antibodies protects against challenge with highly virulent epidemic strains of clostridium difficile in the hamster model. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is the principal cause of nosocomial diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis associated with antibiotic therapy. recent increases in the number of outbreaks attributed to highly virulent antibiotic-resistant strains underscore the importance of identifying efficacious alternatives to antibiotics to control this infection. cdi is mediated by two large exotoxins, toxins a and b. strong humoral toxin-specific immune responses are associated with recovery and a la ... | 2015 | 25924765 |
| identification of recurrent clostridium difficile infection using administrative codes: accuracy and implications for surveillance. | to develop an algorithm using administrative codes, laboratory data, and medication data to identify recurrent clostridium difficile infection (cdi) and to examine the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and performance of this algorithm. | 2015 | 25924718 |
| high molecular weight typing with maldi-tof ms - a novel method for rapid typing of clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile strains were typed by a newly developed maldi-tof method, high molecular weight typing, and compared to pcr ribotyping. among 500 isolates representing 59 pcr ribotypes a total of 35 high molecular weight types could be resolved. although less discriminatory than pcr ribotyping, the method is extremely fast and simple, and supports for cost-effective screening of isolates during outbreak situations. | 2015 | 25923527 |
| infectious disease outbreaks and increased complexity of care. | this study examined the effects of healthcare-associated infectious disease outbreaks on nurses' work in a large acute care hospital in ontario, canada. | 2015 | 25922983 |
| the clostridium difficile protease cwp84 modulates both biofilm formation and cell-surface properties. | clostridium difficile is responsible for 15-20% of antibiotic-associated diarrheas, and nearly all cases of pseudomembranous colitis. among the cell wall proteins involved in the colonization process, cwp84 is a protease that cleaves the s-layer protein slpa into two subunits. a cwp84 mutant was previously shown to be affected for in vitro growth but not in its virulence in a hamster model. in this study, the cwp84 mutant elaborated biofilms with increased biomass compared with the parental stra ... | 2015 | 25922949 |
| surveillance of clostridium difficile infections in a long-term care psychogeriatric facility: outbreak analysis and policy improvement. | following an exceptionally high clostridium difficile infections (cdi) incidence (spring 2011) in a psychogeriatric long-term care facility, a bidirectional study (2009-2012) was initiated to identify determinants (retrospectively) and to assess intervention measures taken (prospectively). | 2015 | 25922669 |
| lactobacillus species: taxonomic complexity and controversial susceptibilities. | the genus lactobacillus is a taxonomically complex and is composed of over 170 species that cannot be easily differentiated phenotypically and often require molecular identification. although they are part of the normal human gastrointestinal and vaginal flora, they can also be occasional human pathogens. they are extensively used in a variety of commercial products including probiotics. their antimicrobial susceptibilities are poorly defined in part because of their taxonomic complexity and are ... | 2015 | 25922408 |
| differences of the fecal microflora with clostridium difficile therapies. | during treatment of clostridium difficile infection (cdi), patterns of pathogen reduction in relationship to changes in components of the normal microbiota are hypothesized to be predictive of response to treatment and subsequent sustained cure. | 2015 | 25922407 |
| determining the long-term effect of antibiotic administration on the human normal intestinal microbiota using culture and pyrosequencing methods. | the purpose of the study was to assess the effect of ciprofloxacin (500 mg twice daily for 10 days) or clindamycin (150 mg 4 times daily for 10 days) on the fecal microbiota of healthy humans for a period of 1 year as compared to placebo. two different methods, culture and microbiome analysis, were used. fecal samples were collected for analyses at 6 time-points. the interval needed for the normal microbiota to be normalized after ciprofloxacin or clindamycin treatment differed for various bacte ... | 2015 | 25922405 |