| sulfur regulation of the sulfate transporter genes suta and sutb in penicillium chrysogenum. | penicillium chrysogenum uses sulfate as a source of sulfur for the biosynthesis of penicillin. sulfate uptake and the mrna levels of the sulfate transporter-encoding sutb and suta genes are all reduced by high sulfate concentrations and are elevated by sulfate starvation. in a high-penicillin-yielding strain, sutb is effectively transcribed even in the presence of excess sulfate. this deregulation may facilitate the efficient incorporation of sulfur into cysteine and penicillin. | 2000 | 11010912 |
| xylp promoter-based expression system and its use for antisense downregulation of the penicillium chrysogenum nitrogen regulator nre. | a highly inducible fungal promoter derived from the penicillium chrysogenum endoxylanase (xylp) gene is described. northern analysis and the use of a beta-glucuronidase (uida) reporter gene strategy showed that xylp expression is transcriptionally regulated. xylan and xylose are efficient inducers, whereas glucose strongly represses the promoter activity. comparison of the same expression construct as a single copy at the niad locus in p. chrysogenum and at the argb locus in aspergillus nidulans ... | 2000 | 11055928 |
| a novel alcohol oxidase/rna-binding protein with affinity for mycovirus double-stranded rna from the filamentous fungus helminthosporium (cochliobolus) victoriae: molecular and functional characterization. | we have cloned and sequenced a novel alcohol oxidase (hv-p68) from the filamentous fungus helminthosporium (cochliobolus) victoriae that copurifies with mycoviral double-stranded rnas. sequence analysis revealed that hv-p68 belongs to the large family of fad-dependent glucose methanol choline oxidoreductases and that it shares significant sequence identity (>67%) with the alcohol oxidases of the methylotrophic yeasts. unlike the intronless alcohol oxidases from methylotrophic yeasts, a genomic f ... | 2001 | 11056160 |
| sulfate assimilation in aspergillus terreus: analysis of genes encoding atp-sulfurylase and paps-reductase. | two genes for the sulfate assimilation pathway in aspergillus terreus were cloned. the genes sat (coding for paps-reductase) and sct (coding for atp-sulfurylase) form a small gene cluster. both genes are similar to their homologs in a. nidulans (sa and sc), penicillium chrysogenum (aps) and saccharomyces cerevisiae (met3 and met16). in the coding sequence of the sct gene, a typical non-functional aps-kinase-like domain is present. the sct gene is expressed in a. nidulans, but its expression ther ... | 2000 | 11057445 |
| energetics of growth and penicillin production in a high-producing strain of penicillium chrysogenum. | the results of a large number of carbon-limited chemostat cultures of penicillium chrysogenum carried out on glucose, ethanol, and acetate as the growth limiting substrate have been used to obtain an estimation of the adenosine triphosphate (atp) costs for mycelium growth, penicillin production, and maintenance and the overall stoichiometry of oxidative phosphorylation of the fungus. it was found that penicillin production was accompanied by a significant additional energy drain (73 mol of atp p ... | 2001 | 11114656 |
| biotransformation of geraniol, nerol and citral by sporulated surface cultures of aspergillus niger and penicillium sp. | the biotransformation of geraniol, nerol and citral by aspergillus niger was studied. a comparison was made between submerged liquid, sporulated surface cultures and spore suspensions. this bioconversion was also carried out with surface cultures of penicillium sp. the main bioconversion products obtained from geraniol and nerol by liquid cultures of a. niger were linalool and alpha-terpineol. linalool, alpha-terpineol and limonene were the main products obtained from nerol and citral by sporula ... | 2000 | 11117886 |
| alpha-aminoadipyl-cysteinyl-valine synthetases in beta-lactam producing organisms. from abraham's discoveries to novel concepts of non-ribosomal peptide synthesis. | the tripeptide delta-(l-alpha-aminoadipyl)-l-cysteinyl-d-valine (acv) was discovered by arnstein and morris in penicillium chrysogenum and abraham and coworkers in acremonium chrysogenum. other analogous tripeptides and tetrapeptides were later reported in these and other beta-lactam producing fungi and actinomycetes. the acv tripeptide is synthesized by a large non-ribosomal peptide synthetase named acv synthetase encoded by the 11 kb pchab gene. this gene has been cloned from the dna of four d ... | 2000 | 11132945 |
| structural and phylogenetic analysis of the gamma-actin encoding gene from the penicillin-producing fungus penicillium chrysogenum. | the nucleotide sequence of a 2994-bp genomic fragment, including the gamma-actin encoding gene from penicillium chrysogenum, has been determined, showing an open reading frame (orf) of 1756 bp interrupted by five introns with fungal consensus splice-site junctions. the 5' untranslated region contains a consensus tata box, five caat motifs, and two large pyrimidine stretches. the predicted protein (375 amino acids) revealed high identity to gamma-actins from fungi (>90%), and gene phylogenies sup ... | 2001 | 11136133 |
| p. nalgiovense carries a gene which is homologous to the paf gene of p. chrysogenum which codes for an antifungal peptide. | penicillium nalgiovense is related to p. chrysogenum. p. chrysogenum carries the paf gene (penicillium antifungal peptide) with homology to the afp gene of aspergillus giganteus. this gene codes for a peptide with antifungal activity. based on the sequence of the published p. chrysogenum paf gene primers were generated. by the use of these primers a pcr product of the expected length could be isolated from strains of p. nalgiovense. this fragment was sequenced and compared to the sequence of the ... | 2000 | 11139027 |
| origin-independent assembly of kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus dna replication compartments in transient cotransfection assays and association with the orf-k8 protein and cellular pml. | six predicted kaposi's sarcoma virus herpesvirus (kshv) proteins have homology with other well-characterized herpesvirus core dna replication proteins and are expected to be essential for viral dna synthesis. intact flag-tagged protein products from all six were produced from genomic expression vectors, although the orf40/41 transcript encoding a primase-helicase component proved to be spliced with a 127-bp intron. the intracellular localization of these six kshv replication proteins and the mec ... | 2001 | 11152521 |
| beta-galactosidase of penicillium chrysogenum: production, purification, and characterization of the enzyme. | intracellular beta-galactosidase from penicillium chrysogenum ncaim 00237 was purified by procedures including precipitation with ammonium sulfate, ion-exchange chromatography on deae-sephadex, affinity chromatography, and chromatofocusing. these steps resulted a purification of 66-fold, a yield of about 8%, and a specific activity of 5.84 u mg(-1) protein. some enzyme characteristics were determined using o-nitrophenyl-beta-d-galactopyranoside as substrate. the ph and temperature optimum of the ... | 2001 | 11162383 |
| quantitative analysis of penicillium chrysogenum wis54-1255 transformants overexpressing the penicillin biosynthetic genes. | the low penicillin-producing, single gene copy strain wis54-1255 was used to study the effect of overexpressing the penicillin biosynthetic genes in penicillium chrysogenum. transformants of wis54-1255 were obtained with the amds expression-cassette using the four combinations: pcbab, pcbc, pcbc-pende, and pcbab-pcbc-pende of the three penicillin biosynthetic genes. transformants showing an increased penicillin production were investigated during steady-state continuous cultivations with glucose ... | 2001 | 11180058 |
| electrooxidation of phenol by catalase immobilized on graphite electrodes. | electrocatalytic properties of catalase (cat) immobilized on graphite and soot to mediate electrooxidation of phenol have been investigated. the kinetic parameters--km, k(s), deltag*ar and z0 of the process studied were calculated. conclusions on a probable mechanism of the biocatalytic and electrochemical process observed were drawn from the calculated values of activation and kinetic parameters. a quantitative uv-spectrophotometrical approach was used as an analytical tool. the electrochemical ... | 2001 | 11206917 |
| characterization of the lys2 gene of acremonium chrysogenum encoding a functional alpha-aminoadipate activating and reducing enzyme. | a 5.2-kb noti dna fragment isolated from a genomic library of acremonium chrysogenum by hybridization with a probe internal to the penicillium chrysogenum lys2 gene, was able to complement an alpha-aminoadipate reductase-deficient mutant of p. chrysogenum (lysine auxotroph l-g-). enzyme assays showed that the alpha-aminoadipate reductase activity was restored in all the transformants tested. the lys2-encoded enzyme catalyzed both the activation and reduction of alpha-aminoadipic acid to its semi ... | 2001 | 11254122 |
| prediction of conidial germination of penicillium chrysogenum as influenced by temperature, water activity and ph. | conidial germination of penicillium chrysogenum was carried out under operating conditions compatible with a pastries manufacturing process. | 2001 | 11264739 |
| penicillin fermentation: mechanisms and models for industrial-scale bioreactors. | even after many years of research and industrial practice, the production of penicillin g in fed-batch fermentation by penicillium crysogenum continues to attract research interest. there are many reasons: the commercial and therapeutic importance of penicillin and its derivatives, the complexity of cell growth, and the impact of engineering variables, the last of which are significant in large bioreactors but are not yet fully understood. extensive research has generated new information on the ... | 2001 | 11305366 |
| the aspergillus nidulans gata transcription factor gene areb encodes at least three proteins and features three classes of mutation. | in aspergillus nidulans, the principal transcription factor regulating nitrogen metabolism, area, belongs to the gata family of dna-binding proteins. in seeking additional gata factors, we have cloned areb, which was originally identified via a genetic screen for suppressors of area loss-of-function mutations. based on our analysis, areb is predicted to encode at least three distinct protein products. these arise from the use of two promoters, differential splicing and translation initiating at ... | 2001 | 11309119 |
| mycotoxin-producing potential of fungi associated with qat (catha edulis) leaves in yemen. | forty-four fungal species belonging to 20 genera were isolated from 30 samples of qat leaves. the most frequent genera were aspergillus, alternaria, penicillium, and cladosporium followed by fusarium, drechslera, chaetomium, and mucor. the most prevalent species in above genera were aspergillus niger, a. flavus, a fumigatus, alternaria alternata, penicillium chrysogenum, p. citrinum, cladosporium cladosporioides, and fusarium verticillioides. from these fungi, 17 species (39%) related to 7 gener ... | 2000 | 11347273 |
| estimation of triterpenoids from heliotropium marifolium koen. ex retz. in vivo and in vitro. i. antimicrobial screening. | the hexane extract of heliotropium marifolium yielded a mixture of triterpenoids: beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol, beta-amyrin, friedelan-3beta-ol (epifriedelenol), cycloartenone, beta-amyrin acetate, friedelin and epifriedenyl acetate. isolated triterpenoid and reference antibiotics (gentamycin/mycostatin) were tested against selected pathogenic bacteria and fungi, e.g. escherichia coli, staphylococcus aureus, aspergillus niger and penicillium chrysogenum. the inhibition zone (iz) and the activit ... | 2001 | 11351358 |
| quantification of autolysis in penicillium chrysogenum by semiautomated image analysis. | an image analysis method is described for the characterization of empty (autolyzed and inactive) regions within the mycelia of filamentous fungi. it extends a previous method that characterized only regions filled with cytoplasm or vacuoles (i.e., the active biomass). the method is semiautomatic, requiring some manual editing before automated measurements. when the method was used for samples from a batch fermentation of an industrial strain of penicillium chrysogenum, the empty regions were obs ... | 2001 | 11358171 |
| microbial epoxidation of the tricyclic sesquiterpene presilphiperfolane angelate ester. | microbial transformation studies on 2beta-angeloyloxy-5beta,8beta-dihydroxypresilphiperfolane have revealed that it was metabolized by a number of microorganisms. using a standard two-stage fermentation technique, mucor ramannianus (atcc 9628) produced three metabolites. one of them was characterized as the novel metabolite (2'r,3'r)-(+)-2beta-(2',3'-epoxyangeloyloxy)-5beta,8beta-dihydroxypresilphiperfolane on the basis of spectral data. the absolute configuration at both oxirane carbons was con ... | 2001 | 11371012 |
| enhanced detection of surface-associated bacteria in indoor environments by quantitative pcr. | methods for detecting microorganisms on surfaces are needed to locate biocontamination sources and to relate surface and airborne concentrations. research was conducted in an experimental room to evaluate surface sampling methods and quantitative pcr (qpcr) for enhanced detection of a target biocontaminant present on flooring materials. qpcr and culture analyses were used to quantitate bacillus subtilis (bacillus globigii) endospores on vinyl tile, commercial carpet, and new and soiled residenti ... | 2001 | 11375164 |
| crystal structure of atp sulfurylase from penicillium chrysogenum: insights into the allosteric regulation of sulfate assimilation. | atp sulfurylase from penicillium chrysogenum is an allosterically regulated enzyme composed of six identical 63.7 kda subunits (573 residues). the c-terminal allosteric domain of each subunit is homologous to aps kinase. in the presence of aps, the enzyme crystallized in the orthorhombic space group (i222) with unit cell parameters of a = 135.7 a, b = 162.1 a, and c = 273.0 a. the x-ray structure at 2.8 a resolution established that the hexameric enzyme is a dimer of triads in the shape of an ob ... | 2001 | 11389593 |
| serum ige specific to indoor moulds, measured by basophil histamine release, is associated with building-related symptoms in damp buildings. | to study the relationship between basophil histamine release (hrt) to indoor moulds, indicating specific ige, and building-related symptoms (brs), asthma, and hay fever in individuals working in damp and mouldy buildings. | 2001 | 11392611 |
| exo-arabinanase of penicillium chrysogenum able to release arabinobiose from alpha-1,5-l-arabinan. | an exo-arabinanase, designated abnx, was purified from a culture filtrate of penicillium chrysogenum 31b by ammonium sulfate precipitation, anion-exchange chromatography, and hydrophobic chromatography. abnx had an apparent molecular mass of 47 kda. the enzyme released only arabinobiose from the nonreducing terminus of alpha-1,5-l-arabinan and showed no activity towards p-nitrophenyl-alpha-l-arabinofuranoside and alpha-1,5-l-arabinofuranobiose. abnx is the first enzyme with this mode of action. | 2001 | 11425761 |
| penicillin productivity and glutathione-dependent detoxification of phenylacetic and phenoxyacetic acids in penicillium chrysogenum. | both toxicity and penicillin productivity of the hydroxylated derivatives of phenylacetic acid (pa) and phenoxyacetic acid (poa) were highly dependent on the position of hydroxylation on the aromatic ring in penicillium chrysogenum. hydroxylation at position 2 diminished penicillin production but the compounds retained most of their toxicity. on the other hand, hydroxylation at position 4 resulted in barely toxic derivatives with still significant penicillin productivity. 3-hydroxy-pa was a weak ... | 2001 | 11441461 |
| intrachromosomal recombination after targeted monocopy integration in penicillium chrysogenum: stabilization of the direct repeats to prevent loss of the inserted gene. | monocopy systems obtained by targeted integration at the pyrg locus of p. chrysogenum led to the formation of unstable direct repeats in the genome. a previously isolated pyrg mutant was sequenced and the mutation was found to be located at nucleotide position 665 of the pyrg gene. a different pyrg mutation was introduced in vitro at the bamhi site of this gene. recombination products arising from monocopy systems using the bleomycin/phleomycin resistance gene (ble) as a model were studied to el ... | 2001 | 11453252 |
| hair and scalp mycobiota in school children in nablus area. | hair and scalp mycobiota of 1389 clinically normal children aged 6-12 years attending 12 schools in the nablus district, palestinian authority, was assessed on three occasions over 8-month period (october 1998-may 1999) using the hair brush technique. one hundred and one fungal species belonging to 33 genera were recovered: 6 dermatophytes, 16 dermatophyte-like keratinophilic fungi, and 79 other keratinophilic fungal species. species varied considerably in their frequency of occurrence and abund ... | 2001 | 11469760 |
| fungal flora on board the mir-space station, identification by morphological features and ribosomal dna sequences. | this report is on the morphological and molecular biological identification, using 18s- and its1-rdna sequences, of the "space fungi" isolated on board the russian mir-space station as the major constituents of the fungal flora. the six fungal strains were isolated from air by using an air sampler or from condensation. strains were identified as penicillium chrysogenum, aspergillus versicolor, or penicillium sp. by both methods. the species of space fungi were common saprophytic fungi in our liv ... | 2001 | 11471823 |
| development of a homologous transformation system for the opportunistic human pathogen aspergillus fumigatus based on the sc gene encoding atp sulfurylase. | the development of a homologous transformation system for the opportunistic human pathogenic fungus aspergillus fumigatus is described. the system is based on the sc gene encoding atp sulfurylase. several a. fumigatus sc mutant strains were readily isolated by strong selection for selenate resistance. the coding region plus upstream and downstream regulatory sequences of the a. fumigatus sc gene were cloned by inverse pcr and then sequenced. sequencing of the sc cdna revealed the presence of fiv ... | 2001 | 11479709 |
| a temperature-type model for describing the relationship between fungal growth and water activity. | growth of penicillium chrysogenum, aspergillus flavus, cladosporium cladosporioides and alternaria alternata at their respective optimum temperatures was studied in potato dextrose agar (pda) medium at different water activities (a(w)) adjusted with glycerol. the growth rate (mu) was expressed as the increase in colony radius per unit of time. this paper extends the model that showed the relationship between temperature and bacterial growth rate developed by rosso et al. [j. theor. biol. 162 (19 ... | 2001 | 11482570 |
| simple and robust method for estimation of the split between the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway and the embden-meyerhof-parnas pathway in microorganisms. | the flux through the oxidative pentose phosphate (pp) pathway was estimated in bacillus clausii, saccharomyces cerevisiae, and penicillium chrysogenum growing in chemostats with [1-(13)c]glucose as the limiting substrate. the flux calculations were based on a simple algebraic expression that is valid irrespective of isotope rearrangements arising from reversibilities of the reactions in the pp pathway and the upper part of the embden-meyerhof-parnas pathway. the algebraically calculated fluxes w ... | 2001 | 11494219 |
| penicillin v production by penicillium chrysogenum in the presence of fe3+ and in low-iron culture medium. | late-exponential-phase penicillium chrysogenum mycelia grown in a complex medium possessed an intracellular iron concentration of 650 mumol/l (2.2 +/- 0.6 mumol per g mycelial dry mass). this iron reserve was sufficient to ensure growth and antibiotic production after transferring mycelia into a defined low-iron minimal medium. although the addition of fe3+ to the fe-limited cultures increased significantly the intracellular iron levels the surplus iron did not influence the production of penici ... | 2001 | 11501399 |
| analysis of wine for penicillin. | this study addresses the question of whether the antibiotic penicillin, which is produced by the common mold penicillium notatum, could possibly become a contaminate of wine during the fermentation process. the significance of this study is related to the potential health effects this agent might produce in those consumers who have an allergic response to penicillin. it has been estimated that between 6% and 8% of the american population is subject to this type of allergic response. a method is ... | 2001 | 11513273 |
| temperature effects on the allosteric transition of atp sulfurylase from penicillium chrysogenum. | the effects of temperature on the initial velocity kinetics of allosteric atp sulfurylase from penicillium chrysogenum were measured. the experiments were prompted by the structural similarity between the c-terminal regulatory domain of fungal atp sulfurylase and fungal aps kinase, a homodimer that undergoes a temperature-dependent, reversible dissociation of subunits over a narrow temperature range. wild-type atp sulfurylase yielded hyperbolic velocity curves between 18 and 30 degrees c. increa ... | 2001 | 11516160 |
| drying as one of the extreme factors for the microflora of the atmosphere. | an investigation of the effects of drying and drying-rewetting cycles under vacuum conditions of 10(-2) torr at -30 degrees c on conidia of the atmospheric strain penicillium chrysogenum from 48-77 km heights, collected by meteorological rockets found that survival and restoration of the initial physiological properties were possible through some very efficient protective cellular mechanisms. such adaptive possibilities explain the widespread diffusion of microbial cells throughout the biosphere ... | 1992 | 11539466 |
| effects of salts and temperatures on post-irradiation growth of penicillium exposed to ultraviolet. | the growth of penicillium notatum colonies after uv irradiation of dried mycelium or spores was studied in relation to post-irradiation temperature and salt environment. dried mycelium and spores behaved differently with respect to sensitivity to temperature, salts and uv, especially the latter. threshold inhibitory doses for spores were modified markedly either at 4 degrees c or in magnesium and calcium chlorides. it is suggested that these temperature and salt effects are related to prevent ... | 1981 | 11541717 |
| reduced function of a phenylacetate-oxidizing cytochrome p450 caused strong genetic improvement in early phylogeny of penicillin-producing strains. | the single-copy paha gene from penicillium chrysogenum encodes a phenylacetate 2-hydroxylase that catalyzes the first step of phenylacetate catabolism, an oxidative route that decreases the precursor availability for penicillin g biosynthesis. paha protein is homologous to cytochrome p450 monooxygenases involved in the detoxification of xenobiotic compounds, with 84% identity to the aspergillus nidulans homologue phaca. expression level of paha displays an inverse correlation with the penicillin ... | 2001 | 11544206 |
| metabolism of the phosphonate herbicide glyphosate by a non-nitrate-utilizing strain of penicillium chrysogenum. | a penicillium chrysogenum strain was isolated for its ability to grow in minimal medium containing the herbicide glyphosate as the only nitrogen source. the presence of concentrations up to 25 mm progressively stimulated the fungal growth rate, which was negligible in media lacking reduced nitrogen. however, glyphosate utilization never exceeded 1 mmol g-1 mycelial dry mass, and below a threshold concentration both herbicide uptake and fungal growth were subject to a lag phase, suggesting that t ... | 2001 | 11561407 |
| nonlinear estimation of microbial and enzyme kinetic parameters from progress curve data. | a computer program (biokinfit) was developed to estimate microbial and enzyme kinetic parameters from progress curve data by nonlinear regression. biokinfit overcomes the limitations associated with parameter estimation in nonlinear equations that are implicit in the dependent variable by numerically approximating the substrate concentration in the integrated kinetic expressions. the simplex method was used to minimize the error between experimentally observed and theoretically predicted substra ... | 2001 | 11561584 |
| identification of fungi from dairy products by means of 18s rrna analysis. | the role of fungi as cause of spoilage of dairy products, such as cheese and yoghurt, has been clearly demonstrated. despite of this, there is still a lack in rapid methods for the identification of food-associated fungi. in the course of the present work, molecular taxonomical techniques were developed and used to identify yeasts involved in the spoilage of yoghurt and moulds responsible for spoilage of vacuum-packaged hard cheese. three methods for dna extraction and purification were evaluate ... | 2001 | 11589556 |
| prevalence of immunoglobulin e for fungi in atopic children. | the prevalence of sensitization to fungi in young atopic patients in relation to age and clinical importance is largely unknown. | 2001 | 11678856 |
| conversion of pipecolic acid into lysine in penicillium chrysogenum requires pipecolate oxidase and saccharopine reductase: characterization of the lys7 gene encoding saccharopine reductase. | pipecolic acid is a component of several secondary metabolites in plants and fungi. this compound is useful as a precursor of nonribosomal peptides with novel pharmacological activities. in penicillium chrysogenum pipecolic acid is converted into lysine and complements the lysine requirement of three different lysine auxotrophs with mutations in the lys1, lys2, or lys3 genes allowing a slow growth of these auxotrophs. we have isolated two p. chrysogenum mutants, named 7.2 and 10.25, that are una ... | 2001 | 11717275 |
| application of doehlert design to determine the combined effects of temperature, water activity and ph on conidial germination of penicillium chrysogenum. | the influence of temperature, water activity and ph on the time necessary for germination of 90% of penicillium chrysogenum conidia inoculated (t90) was determined. | 2001 | 11722668 |
| replacement of tyrosine-197 and the corresponding tyrosine-195 to isoleucine in cephalosporium acremonium and streptomyces clavuligerus isopenicillin n synthase. | isopenicillin n synthase (ipns) is one of the key enzymes in the penicillin and cephalosporin biosynthetic pathway which catalyses the conversion of delta-(l-alpha-aminoadipyl)-l-cysteinyl-d-valine to isopenicillin n. the ipns from penicillium chrysogenum 23x-80-269-37-2, a high penicillin v-producer, was found to possess an isoleucine residue instead of tyrosine at position 195. an attempt to increase the specific activity of ipns from cephalosporium acremonium and streptomyces clavuligerus was ... | 2001 | 11724386 |
| physiological characterisation of penicillium chrysogenum strains expressing the expandase gene from streptomyces clavuligerus during batch cultivations. growth and adipoyl-7-aminodeacetoxycephalosporanic acid production. | the production of adipoyl-7-aminodeacetoxy-cephalosporanic acid (ad-7-adca) was studied, using two recombinant strains of penicillium chrysogenum carrying the expandase gene from streptomyces clavuligerus. the adipoyl-side chain of this compound may easily be removed using an amidase; and this process therefore represents a new route for the production of 7-adca, which serves as a precursor for the production of many semi-synthetic cephalosporins. in this study, one low- and one high-yielding st ... | 2001 | 11759685 |
| the glutathione metabolism of the beta-lactam producer filamentous fungus penicillium chrysogenum. | glutathione (gamma-l-glutamyl-l-cysteinyl-glycine; gsh) shares structural similarities with the beta-lactam biosynthetic intermediate acv-tripeptide (delta-(l-alpha-aminoadipyl)-l-cysteinyl-d-valine). not surprisingly, gsh has been reported to inhibit the beta-lactam biosynthetic machinery quite effectively and, hence, strategies to decrease the intracellular gsh concentrations without influencing negatively the physiological status of idiophasic mycelia would attract industrial interests. here ... | 2001 | 11791340 |
| searching for new-type antifungal drugs (an outline for possible new strategies). | new approaches for treatment of invasive fungal infections are necessary to cope with emerging resistant fungal pathogens of humans. in this paper, three different strategies are presented and evaluated to find new-type antifungal drugs and their targets. while experimental data obtained with potent chitinase inhibitors, e.g. allosamidin, and small-size antifungal proteins of fungal origin are encouraging more efforts are needed to verify and exploit the possible involvement of intracellular thi ... | 2001 | 11791350 |
| carbon source regulation of beta-galactosidase biosynthesis in penicillium chrysogenum. | growth and beta-galactosidase activity of the penicillin producer industrial penicillium chrysogenum ncaim 00237 strain were examined using different carbon sources. good growth was observed using glucose, sucrose, glycerol and galactose, while growth on lactose was substantially slower. beta-galactosidase activity was high on lactose and very low on all the other carbon sources tested. in glucose grown cultures after exhaustion of glucose as repressing carbon source a derepressed low level of t ... | 2001 | 11802545 |
| subcellular localization of the homocitrate synthase in penicillium chrysogenum. | there are conflicting reports regarding the cellular localization in saccharomyces cerevisiae and filamentous fungi of homocitrate synthase, the first enzyme in the lysine biosynthetic pathway. the homocitrate synthase (hs) gene (lys1) of penicillium chrysogenum was disrupted in three transformants (hs(-)) of the wis 54-1255 pyrg strain. the three mutants named hs1(-), hs2(-) and hs3(-) all lacked homocitrate synthase activity and showed lysine auxotrophy, indicating that there is a single gene ... | 2002 | 11810244 |
| ds-like restless deletion derivatives occur in tolypocladium inflatum and two foreign hosts, neurospora crassa and penicillium chrysogenum. | single copies of the transposon restless from tolypocladium inflatum were introduced into neurospora crassa and penicillium chrysogenum. excision of restless from its donor site was investigated in n. crassa and in p. chrysogenum using direct selective conditions. in n. crassa, forward selection was also analyzed. deleted restless elements were frequently obtained in addition to the expected complete removal of restless from its donor site. similar deleted elements were also identified in t. inf ... | 2002 | 11848679 |
| early detection of spoilage moulds in bread using volatile production patterns and quantitative enzyme assays. | early detection of spoilage fungi (two eurotium spp., a penicillium chrysogenum species) in bread analogues over periods of 72 h at 25 degrees c and 0.95 water activity was evaluated using volatile production patterns, hydrolytic enzyme production, and changes in fungal populations. | 2002 | 11849341 |
| fungal flora and ochratoxin a production in grapes and musts from france. | eleven samples of grapes and musts used in red table wines were investigated for the occurrence of potential ochratoxin a (ota)-producing molds. from these samples, 59 filamentous fungi and 2 yeasts were isolated. among the 30 genera isolated, deuteromycetes were the most frequent (70%) followed by ascomycetes (10%). six of the eleven grapes samples were contaminated by potentially ochratoxinogenic strains (penicillium chrysogenum and aspergillus carbonarius). when cultivated in vitro on solid c ... | 2002 | 11853522 |
| production of penicillin by fungi growing on food products: identification of a complete penicillin gene cluster in penicillium griseofulvum and a truncated cluster in penicillium verrucosum. | mycobiota growing on food is often beneficial for the ripening and development of the specific flavor characteristics of the product, but it can also be harmful due to the production of undesirable compounds such as mycotoxins or antibiotics. some of the fungi most frequently isolated from fermented and cured meat products such as penicillium chrysogenum and penicillium nalgiovense are known penicillin producers; the latter has been shown to be able to produce penicillin when growing on the surf ... | 2002 | 11872470 |
| cdna cloning, biological and immunological characterization of the alkaline serine protease major allergen from penicillium chrysogenum. | penicillium chrysogenum (penicillium notatum) is a prevalent airborne penicillium species. a 34-kd major ige-reacting component from p. chrysogenum has been identified as an alkaline serine protease (pen ch 13, also known as pen n 13 before) by immunoblot and n-terminal amino acid sequence analysis. | 2002 | 11893850 |
| purification, crystallization and preliminary x-ray diffraction of cys103ala acyl coenzyme a: isopenicillin n acyltransferase from penicillium chrysogenum. | penicillins and cephalosporins are an efficacious group of antibiotics produced by fungi such as penicillium chrysogenum and acremonium chrysogenum. the last step in their biosynthesis is catalyzed by acyl coenzyme a:isopenicillin n transferase (at). this enzyme is produced as a single-chain proenzyme, which is activated by autocatalytic cleavage of the gly102-cys103 peptide bond, resulting in a heterodimeric protein with subunits of 11 and 29 kda. the cys103ala mutant of the proenzyme, which do ... | 2002 | 11914506 |
| reciprocal 13c-labeling: a method for investigating the catabolism of cosubstrates. | the principle of reciprocal labeling is to use a uniformly 13c-labeled substrate as the primary carbon source and a naturally labeled cosubstrate. metabolites derived from a naturally labeled cosubstrate, in this case amino acids, can then be identified by their relatively lower content of 13c, and information on the degradation pathway can be deduced. the technique is based on gc-ms measurements of amino acid labeling patterns, making the technique well suited for investigating the relative imp ... | 2002 | 11934281 |
| a penicillium chrysogenum gene ( aox) identified by specific induction upon shifting ph encodes for a protein which shows high homology to fungal alcohol oxidases. | parallel cultures of penicillium chrysogenum were grown in controlled bioreactors under conditions of penicillin production and one was shifted from the initial ph 6.0 to ph 8.0. rna was isolated from both cultures and used for a differential hybridization experiment to identify genes specifically induced upon this ph shift. about 2,000 plaques of a cdna library constructed from ph 8.0 material were screened with a ph 8.0 to ph 6.0 subtracted probe. two independent clones of which the rna was hi ... | 2002 | 11935224 |
| molecular and immunological characterization and ige epitope mapping of pen n 18, a major allergen of penicillium notatum. | the mould genus, penicillium, is a significant source of environmental aero-allergens. a major allergen from penicillium notatum, pen n 18, was identified by two-dimensional immunoblotting using monoclonal antibody g11a10, raised against the vacuolar serine protease of penicillium citrinum, followed by matrix-assisted laser-desorption ionization-time-of-flight ms analysis of the peptide digest. pen n 18 was then cloned and the amino acid sequence deduced from the cdna sequence. the cdna encoded ... | 2002 | 11964171 |
| influence of surfactants on solubilization and fungal degradation of fluorene. | eighteen fungal strains were tested in toxicity assays with surfactants in order to select surfactants and strains tolerant to surfactants for degradation assays. two nonionic surfactants were used, an alkylphenol ethoxylate, triton x-100, a sorbitan ester, tween 80 and an anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate. solubilization and biodegradation tests were conducted in liquid medium batch; fluorene was quantified by hplc. results showed the enhancement of fluorene solubilization by the three ... | 2002 | 11996151 |
| assessment of the microbody luminal ph in the filamentous fungus penicillium chrysogenum. | the enzymes of the penicillin biosynthetic pathway in penicillium chrysogenum are located in different subcellular compartments. consequently, penicillin pathway precursors and the biologically active penicillins have to cross one or more membranes. the final enzymatic step that is mediated by acyltransferase takes place in a microbody. the ph of the microbody lumen in penicillin producing cells has been determined with fluorescent probes and mutants of the green fluorescent protein and found to ... | 2002 | 12007786 |
| metabolic network analysis of an adipoyl-7-adca-producing strain of penicillium chrysogenum: elucidation of adipate degradation. | an adipoyl-7-adca-producing, recombinant strain of penicillium chrysogenum was characterized by metabolic network analysis, with special focus on the degradation of adipate and determination of the metabolic fluxes. degradation of the side-chain precursor, adipate, causes an undesired consumption of adipate in the production of 7-adca. using (13)c-labeled glucose and measurement of metabolite labeling patterns, it was shown that adipate was degraded by beta-oxidation to succinyl-coa and acetyl-c ... | 2002 | 12009794 |
| enzymes for animal feeding from penicillium chrysogenum mycelial wastes from penicillin manufacture. | several enzymes from mycelial wastes of penicillium chrysogenum fungal cultures from penicillin manufacture were studied as supplements for animal feeding. | 2002 | 12028421 |
| comparison of the effects of temperature and water activity on growth rate of food spoilage moulds. | the influence of temperature (t) and water activity (aw) on the growth rate (mu) of seven moulds (alternaria alternata, aspergillus flavus, cladosporium cladosporioides, mucor racemosus, penicillium chrysogenum, rhizopus oryzae and trichoderma harzianum) was assessed in suboptimal conditions. firstly, the dependence of fungal growth on temperature, at aw 0.99, was modelled through an approach described previously for bacteria. a dimensionless growth rate variable: mu(dimalpha)=mu/mu (optalpha) d ... | 2002 | 12032803 |
| purification and characterization of an extracellular protease from penicillium chrysogenum pg222 active against meat proteins. | an extracellular protease from penicillium chrysogenum (pg222) isolated from dry-cured ham has been purified. the purification procedure involved several steps: ammonium sulfate precipitation, ion-exchange chromatography, filtration, and separation by high-performance liquid chromatography. based on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page) analysis and gel filtration, the purified fraction showed a molecular mass of about 35 kda. the hydrolytic properties of the purif ... | 2002 | 12089038 |
| nitrate regulation of alpha-aminoadipate reductase formation and lysine inhibition of its activity in penicillium chrysogenum and acremonium chrysogenum. | alpha-aminoadipate reductase (alpha-aar) is a key enzyme in the branched pathway for lysine and beta-lactam biosynthesis of filamentous fungi since it competes with alpha-aminoadipyl-cysteinyl-valine synthetase for their common substrate l-alpha-aminoadipic acid. the alpha-aar activity in two penicillin-producing penicillium chrysogenum strains and two cephalosporin-producing acremonium chrysogenum strains has been studied. the alpha-aar activity peaked during the growth-phase preceding the onse ... | 2002 | 12111157 |
| delta-(l-alpha-aminoadipyl)-l-cysteinyl-d-valine synthetase, that mediates the first committed step in penicillin biosynthesis, is a cytosolic enzyme. | penicillin biosynthesis by penicillium chrysogenum is a compartmentalized process. the first catalytic step is mediated by delta-(l-alpha-aminoadipyl)-l-cysteinyl-d-valine synthetase (acv synthetase), a high molecular mass enzyme that condenses the amino acids l-alpha-aminoadipate, l-cysteine, and l-valine into the tripeptide acv. acv synthetase has previously been localized to the vacuole where it is thought to utilize amino acids from the vacuolar pools. we localized acv synthetase by subcellu ... | 2002 | 12223189 |
| cloning and characterization of an aromatic amino acid and leucine permease of penicillium chrysogenum. | the gene encoding the amino acid permease arlp (aromatic and leucine permease) was isolated from the filamentous fungus penicillium chrysogenum after pcr using degenerated oligonucleotides based on conserved regions of fungal amino acid permeases. the cdna clone was used for expression of the permease in saccharomyces cerevisiae m4054, which is defective in the general amino acid permease gap1. upon overexpression, an increase in the uptake of l-tyrosine, l-phenylalanine, l-tryptophan and l-leuc ... | 2002 | 12225854 |
| microorganisms of the upper layer of the atmosphere and the protective role of their cell pigments. | of the six species of microorganisms isolated from the mesosphere, five contained pigments and were more resistant to uv radiation compared with their pigment-free mutants. the black pigment isolated from the conidia of aspergillus niger considerably increased the uv resistance of the unpigmented mutant conidia of penicillium notatum, the spore circinella muscae and the vegetative cells of micrococcus albus. from the data it is possible to conclude that in the upper layers of the earth's atmosph ... | 1979 | 12296351 |
| growth of fungi in nacl-mgso4 brines. | long-term studies have shown that common fungi of the penicillium-aspergillus group can be grown in a variety of brines or on moist salt crystals, simulating a range of natural terrestrial habitats such as salt flats, or special water-bodies such as the dead sea. in general, salt media rich in kcl are favored over other alkali halides; the media become more selective as the salt concentration rises and nutrient requirements become more complex. we here demonstrate that media which resemble the d ... | 1979 | 12296355 |
| atp sulfurylase from the hyperthermophilic chemolithotroph aquifex aeolicus. | atp sulfurylase from the hyperthermophilic chemolithotroph aquifex aeolicus is a bacterial ortholog of the enzyme from filamentous fungi. (the subunit contains an adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (aps) kinase-like, c-terminal domain.) the enzyme is highly heat stable with a half-life >1h at 90 degrees c. steady-state kinetics are consistent with a random a-b, ordered p-q mechanism where a=mgatp, b=so4(2-), p=pp(i), and q=aps. the kinetic constants suggest that the enzyme is optimized to act in the di ... | 2002 | 12361716 |
| aspergillus fumigatus causes in vitro electrophysiological and morphological modifications in human nasal epithelial cells. | the role of the airway epithelium in the development of invasive aspergillosis in immunocompromised hosts has rarely been studied although patients at risk for this infection frequently have epithelial damage. we developed an in vitro model of primary culture of human nasal epithelial cells (hnec) in air-liquid interface, which allows epithelial cell differentiation and mimics in vivo airway epithelium. we subsequently tested 7-day and 24-hour aspergillus fumigatus filtrates on the apical side o ... | 2002 | 12371137 |
| volatile metabolites from microorganisms grown on humid building materials and synthetic media. | growth of different microorganisms is often related to dampness in buildings. both fungi and bacteria produce complicated mixtures of volatile organic compounds that include hydrocarbons, alcohols, ketones, sulfur- and nitrogen-containing compounds etc. microbially produced substances are one possible explanation of odour problems and negative health effects in buildings affected by microbial growth. a mixture of five fungi, aspergillus versicolor, fusarium culmorum, penicillium chrysogenum, ulo ... | 2002 | 12400912 |
| study of catalase electrode for organic peroxides assays. | the catalytic activity of immobilized catalase (ec 1.11.1.6) for two model peroxide compounds (dibenzoyl peroxide and 3-chloroperoxibenzoic acid) in a non-aqueous medium was used to prepare an organic-phase enzyme electrode (opee). the enzyme was immobilized within a polymeric film on spectrographic graphite. the amperometric signal of the enzyme electrode in substrate solutions was found to be due to the reduction of oxygen generated in the enzyme layer. the electrode response is proportional t ... | 2002 | 12414324 |
| allosteric inhibition via r-state destabilization in atp sulfurylase from penicillium chrysogenum. | the structure of the cooperative hexameric enzyme atp sulfurylase from penicillium chrysogenum bound to its allosteric inhibitor, 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (paps), was determined to 2.6 a resolution. this structure represents the low substrate-affinity t-state conformation of the enzyme. comparison with the high substrate-affinity r-state structure reveals that a large rotational rearrangement of domains occurs as a result of the r-to-t transition. the rearrangement is accompanied by ... | 2002 | 12426581 |
| ligand-induced structural changes in adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate kinase from penicillium chrysogenum. | adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (aps) kinase catalyzes the second reaction in the two-step, atp-dependent conversion of inorganic sulfate to 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (paps). paps serves as the sulfuryl donor for the biosynthesis of all sulfate esters and also as a precursor of reduced sulfur biomolecules in many organisms. previously, we determined the crystal structure of ligand-free aps kinase from the filamentous fungus, penicillium chrysogenum [macrae et al. (2000) biochemistry 39, ... | 2002 | 12427029 |
| rapid assessment of antimould efficacies of pressure-treated southern pine. | a membrane-screening method was developed in conjunction with flow cytometric (fc) analysis for determining the efficacies of antimould pressure-treatment formulations for mould species of cosmetic significance on southern pine. fusarium subglutinans, aspergillus flavus, penicillium chrysogenum, and paecilomyces spp. were the predominant moulds colonizing surfaces of the variously treated pine stored in sealed plastic bags over 3- to 6-month periods. nylon membranes placed directly on pressure-t ... | 2002 | 12483480 |
| autolysis and aging of penicillium chrysogenum cultures under carbon starvation: chitinase production and antifungal effect of allosamidin. | in carbon-depleted cultures of penicillium chrysogenum, age-related chitinases were shown to play a crucial role in both autolysis and fragmentation as indicated by in vivo enzyme inhibition experiments using allosamidin. this pseudotrisaccharide even hindered significantly the outgrowth of new hyphal tips from the surviving yeastlike fragments after glucose supplementation. the antifungal effect of allosamidin on autolyzing p. chrysogenum mycelia was fungistatic rather than fungicidal. in growi ... | 2001 | 12483620 |
| effect of protease epg222 obtained from penicillium chrysogenum isolated from dry-cured ham in pieces of pork loins. | the fungal protease epg222 obtained from penicillium chrysogenum pg222 isolated from dry-cured ham, was assayed for proteolytic activity in a meat model system based on sterile pieces of pork loins for 32 days. treated samples showed a significative reduction of total high ionic strength-soluble proteins during the incubation period, as compared with a control incubated without enzyme, both on the surface and in the depth. sds-page analysis of this protein fraction showed higher hydrolysis of th ... | 2003 | 12502393 |
| domain structure characterization of the multifunctional alpha-aminoadipate reductase from penicillium chrysogenum by limited proteolysis. activation of alpha-aminoadipate does not require the peptidyl carrier protein box or the reduction domain. | the alpha-aminoadipate reductase (alpha-aar) of penicillium chrysogenum, an enzyme that activates the alpha-aminoadipic acid by forming an alpha-aminoadipyl adenylate and reduces the activated intermediate to alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde, was purified to homogeneity by immunoaffinity techniques, and the kinetics for alpha-aminoadipic acid, atp, and nadph were determined. sequencing of the n-terminal end confirmed the 10 first amino acids deduced from the nucleotide sequence. its domain structu ... | 2003 | 12509419 |
| [the biosynthesis of low-molecular-weight nitrogen-containing secondary metabolite-alkaloids by the resident strains of penicillium chrysogenum and penicillium expansum isolated on the board of the mir space station ]. | the analysis of the absorption spectra of the low-molecular-weight nitrogen-containing secondary metabolites--alkaloids--of 4 penicillium chrysogenum strains and 6 penicillium expansum strains isolated on board the mir space station showed that all these strains synthesize metabolites of alkaloid origin (roquefortine, 3,12-dihydroroquefortine, meleagrin, viridicatin, viridicatol, isorugulosuvin, rugulosuvin b, n-acetyl-tryptamine, and a "yellow metabolite" containing the benzoquinone chromophore ... | 2002 | 12526198 |
| the presence of fungi associated with sick building syndrome in north american zoological institutions. | a total of 110 sites from five zoological institutions were examined to determine whether fungi associated with sick building syndrome (sbs) were prevalent in the exhibits or night-time holding facilities and to investigate whether the presence of these organisms was associated with declining breeding rates or increases in morbidity and mortality (or both). each site was sampled with an andersen two-stage air sampler using sabourauds dextrose agar media and a burkard personal volumetric air samp ... | 2002 | 12564528 |
| allergen detection from 11 fungal species before and after germination. | allergens dispersed by airborne fungal spores play an important but poorly understood role in the underlying cause and exacerbation of asthma. previous studies suggest that spores of alternaria and aspergillus release greater quantities of allergen after germination than before germination. it is unknown whether this is true of other allergenic fungi. | 2003 | 12589346 |
| resistance of stratospheric and mesospheric micro-organisms to extreme factors. | studies of the stratosphere and mesosphere, by means of special analysers installed on meteorological rockets, have thrown more light on our knowledge of the upper boundary of the biosphere. the presence of the following micro-organisms was registered at heights of 49-77 km: aspergillus niger, penicillium notatum, circinella muscae, papulaspora anomala, mycobacterium luteum and micrococcus albus. the isolated micro-organisms were subjected to the action of gamma-irradiation, high vacuum and uv r ... | 1977 | 12596803 |
| life and the outer planets i. performance of terrestrial organisms in ammonia-rich systems. | survival and growth of organisms has been demonstrated at 298 degrees k in nh3 atmospheres, including ammonia-methane mixtures. included are bacteria such as clostridium perfringens, pseudomonas aeruginosa, fungi such as penicillium notatum and torula utilis. although the biological response in onion and other species of allium is limited to germination, standard metabolic poisons were active even in 15 m aqueous nh3, at 250 degrees k. the most extreme example of compatibility between nh3-rich e ... | 1977 | 12596809 |
| the prevalence of ige antibody reactivity against the alkaline serine protease major allergen of penicillium chrysogenum increases with the age of asthmatic patients. | penicillium species are prevalent airborne fungi. however, the prevalence of allergic sensitization to penicillium antigens and the true impact of these ubiquitous fungi on atopic respiratory disorders remain to be determined. | 2003 | 12602675 |
| biosorption of metal ions with penicillium chrysogenum. | biosorption of metal ions with penicillium chrysogenum mycelium is described in this article. alkaline pretreatment was used to remove proteins and nucleic acids from cells, and this treatment increased the adsorption capacities, for cr3+ from 18.6 mg g(-1) to 27.2 mg g(-1), for ni2+ from 13.2 mg g(-1) to 19.2 mg g(-1), for zn2+ from 6.8 mg g(-1) to 24.5 mg g(-1). the adsorption of metal ions was strongly ph dependent. the mycelium could be used for large-scale removal of cr3+ from tannery waste ... | 2003 | 12603100 |
| profiles of microfungi--penicillium chrysogenum and p. expansum. | | 2003 | 12621905 |
| characterization of exposure to low levels of viable penicillium chrysogenum conidia and allergic sensitization induced by a protease allergen extract from viable p. chrysogenum conidia in mice. | previous evidence by our laboratory has shown that mice inoculated with viable penicillium chrysogenum conidia or spores at levels comparable to those found in contaminated buildings induced spore antigen-specific allergic responses. we proposed that mice exposed to low levels of viable p. chrysogenum conidia would not develop allergic symptoms. we also hypothesized that the symptoms induced by high numbers of conidia were the result of sensitization to allergens released by the conidia. | 2003 | 12660424 |
| performance of fungi in low temperature and hypersaline environments. | during the past ten years we have observed a broad array of stress capabilities in common fungi including ability to grow in aqueous ammonia and other alkaline solutions, in acids, in the presence of heavy metals, and in various salt media at low temperature. this report is concerned primarily with (a) the performance of aspergillaceae in a variety of saturated salts, (b) distinctive roles for k+ and rb+ ions, and (c) the lowest temperatures at which growth in nutrient brines has been observed, ... | 1976 | 12678120 |
| on micro-organisms of the stratosphere. | the lower parts of the biosphere are well studied since various live beings are found in oceans and at the bottom of large hollows. contrary to this, we have no data about the upper boundaries of the biosphere. samples were obtained with the help of specially constructed analysers which were installed in meteorological rockets and reached an altitude of 100 km. with the help of methods completely excluding the possibility of contamination of analysers with outside microflora it became possible t ... | 1976 | 12678121 |
| geomycology. | fungi have long been known to have capabilities for reduction and alkylation of arsenate and selenate but their general capabilities for solubilizing and accumulating metallic substances have been given serious attention only in recent years. common members of the aspergillaceae cultured on boron, copper, lead and other metals or oxides can solubilize and concentrate the elements or their compounds. to account for bio-solubilization of the metals, we have set up a model study, incubating selecte ... | 1976 | 12678122 |
| industrial production of beta-lactam antibiotics. | the industrial production of beta-lactam antibiotics by fermentation over the past 50 years is one of the outstanding examples of biotechnology. today, the beta-lactam antibiotics, particularly penicillins and cephalosporins, represent the world's major biotechnology products with worldwide dosage form sales of approximately 15 billion us dollars or approximately 65% of the total world market for antibiotics. over the past five decades, major improvements in the productivity of the producer orga ... | 2003 | 12679848 |
| detection of viable fungal spores contaminant on documents and rapid control of the effectiveness of an ethylene oxide disinfection using atp assay. | filamentous fungi are able to damage and even destroy archival and library materials. nowadays the conventional method for detecting such micro-organisms is to put them in cultures but such methods are laborious and time-consuming. atp methodology has been widely applied in other domains and its success on bacteria and yeast has been demonstrated. several commercial reagent kits are available but they did not give satisfactory results on spores mould. we have elaborated new extraction strategies ... | 2003 | 12687632 |
| the isopenicillin n acyltransferases of aspergillus nidulans and penicillium chrysogenum differ in their ability to maintain the 40-kda alphabeta heterodimer in an undissociated form. | the isopenicillin n acyltransferases (iats) of aspergillus nidulans and penicillium chrysogenum differed in their ability to maintain the 40-kda proacyltransferase alphabeta heterodimer in an undissociated form. the native a. nidulans iat exhibited a molecular mass of 40 kda by gel filtration. the p. chrysogenum iat showed a molecular mass of 29 kda by gel filtration (corresponding to the beta subunit of the enzyme) but the undissociated 40-kda heterodimer was never observed even in crude extrac ... | 2003 | 12709055 |
| purification and properties of two type-b alpha-l-arabinofuranosidases produced by penicillium chrysogenum. | two distinct extracellular alpha-l-arabinofuranosidases (afases; ec 3.2.1.55) were purified from the culture filtrate of penicillium chrysogenum 31b. the molecular masses of the enzymes were estimated to be 79 kda (afq1) and 52 kda (afs1) by sds-page. both enzymes had their highest activities at 50 degrees c and were stable up to 50 degrees c. enzyme activities of afq1 and afs1 were highest at ph 4.0 to 6.5 and ph 3.3 to 5.0, respectively. addition of 10 mg/ml arabinose to the reaction mixture d ... | 2003 | 12726996 |
| metabolic flux and metabolic network analysis of penicillium chrysogenum using 2d [13c, 1h] cosy nmr measurements and cumulative bondomer simulation. | at present two alternative methods are available for analyzing the fluxes in a metabolic network: (1) combining measurements of net conversion rates with a set of metabolite balances including the cofactor balances, or (2) leaving out the cofactor balances and fitting the resulting free fluxes to measured (13)c-labeling data. in this study these two approaches are applied to the fluxes in the glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway of penicillium chrysogenum growing on either ammonia or nitrate ... | 2003 | 12740935 |
| ecology of dermatophytes and other keratinophilic fungi in swimming pools and polluted and unpolluted streams. | the biodiversity and richness of keratinophilic fungal communities including dermatophytes were assessed in three stream sites and three swimming pools in the nablus district in palestine, using hair baiting (hbt) and surface dilution plate (sdp) techniques, over 8- and 6-month periods, respectively. the effect of wastewater effluent and selected ecological factors on these fungi in relation to species diversity and population densities were also considered. fifty keratinophilic fungal species w ... | 2002 | 12749584 |
| influence of the adipate and dissolved oxygen concentrations on the beta-lactam production during continuous cultivations of a penicillium chrysogenum strain expressing the expandase gene from streptomyces clavuligerus. | the influence of adipate concentration and dissolved oxygen on production of adipoyl-7-aminodeacetoxycephalosporanic acid (ad-7-adca) by a recombinant strain of penicillium chrysogenum expressing the expandase gene from streptomyces clavuligerus was studied in glucose-limited continuous cultures. operating conditions were maintained constant but the adipate and dissolved oxygen concentrations (doc) were varied separately in a range from 1 to 37.5gl(-1) and from 2% to 125% air saturation (%as), r ... | 2003 | 12749843 |
| determination of fungal spore release from wet building materials. | the release and transport of fungal spores from water-damaged building materials is a key factor for understanding the exposure to particles of fungal origin as a possible cause of adverse health effects associated to growth of fungi indoors. in this study, the release of spores from nine species of typical indoor fungi has been measured under controlled conditions. the fungi were cultivated for a period of 4-6 weeks on sterilized wet wallpapered gypsum boards at a relative humidity (rh) of appr ... | 2003 | 12756008 |