| translocation of viable aeromonas salmonicida across the intestine of rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum). | the pathogenic bacterium aeromonas salmonicida is the causative agent of the destructive disease furunculosis in salmonids. horizontal transmission in salmonids has been suggested to occur via the skin, gills and/or intestine. previous reports are contradictory regarding the role of the intestine as a route of infection. the present study therefore investigates the possibility of bacterial translocation across intestinal epithelia using ussing chamber technology, in vitro. intestinal segments we ... | 2006 | 16677315 |
| genetic diversity among five t4-like bacteriophages. | bacteriophages are an important repository of genetic diversity. as one of the major constituents of terrestrial biomass, they exert profound effects on the earth's ecology and microbial evolution by mediating horizontal gene transfer between bacteria and controlling their growth. only limited genomic sequence data are currently available for phages but even this reveals an overwhelming diversity in their gene sequences and genomes. the contribution of the t4-like phages to this overall phage di ... | 2006 | 16716236 |
| contribution of the type iii secretion system (ttss) to virulence of aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida. | the recently described type iii secretion system (ttss) of aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida has been linked to virulence in salmonids. in this study, three ttss effector genes, aext, aoph or aopo, were inactivated by deletion, as was ascc, the gene encoding the outer-membrane pore of the secretion apparatus. effects on virulence were assayed by live challenge of atlantic salmon (salmo salar). the deltaascc mutant strain was avirulent by both intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection and immersion ... | 2006 | 16735747 |
| plasticity of the gene functions for dna replication in the t4-like phages. | we have completely sequenced and annotated the genomes of several relatives of the bacteriophage t4, including three coliphages (rb43, rb49 and rb69), three aeromonas salmonicida phages (44rr2.8t, 25 and 31) and one aeromonas hydrophila phage (aeh1). in addition, we have partially sequenced and annotated the t4-like genomes of coliphage rb16 (a close relative of rb43), a. salmonicida phage 65, acinetobacter johnsonii phage 133 and vibrio natriegens phage nt-1. each of these phage genomes exhibit ... | 2006 | 16828113 |
| nano- and microparticles as adjuvants in vaccine design: success and failure is related to host natural antibodies. | bovine serum albumin (bsa) and the surface a-layer protein (ap) of an atypical strain of fish bacterial pathogen aeromonas salmonicida were covalently linked with polymeric nano- and microparticles, and antigenicity of the resulted conjugates was compared in mice and goldfish. distinct albeit different levels of natural bsa and ap antibodies were present in both animal species. significant stimulation of the anti-ap antibody response in mice strikingly contrasted to unresponsiveness or even supp ... | 2006 | 16842893 |
| multiple whole bacterial antigens in polyvalent vaccine may result in inhibition of specific responses in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | the goal of fish vaccination today is to protect fish against multiple bacterial fish pathogens simultaneously using polyvalent vaccines. however, many immunological processes such as antigenic cross-reaction, antigenic competition, affinity maturation and antigen-induced suppression may affect the specificity, avidity and level of antibodies. consequently, the biological function of antibodies may be markedly different from that predicted by conventional serologic tests. here, we investigated t ... | 2007 | 16849036 |
| atypical strains of aeromonas salmonicida contain multiple copies of insertion element isasa4 useful as a genetic marker and a target for pcr assay. | the species aeromonas salmonicida includes a quite complex group of pathogens that cause a variety of diseases in fishes. best studied strains of this species are those of the subspecies salmonicida also referred to as 'typical' a. salmonicida, which cause furunculosis in salmonids. less completely understood are bacteria assigned to other subspecies, e.g. achromogenes and masoucida, or those that cannot be assigned to a recognized subspecies. these strains are referred to collectively as 'atypi ... | 2006 | 16903232 |
| a comparative study of susceptibility and induced pathology of cod, gadus morhua (l.), and halibut, hippoglossus hippoglossus (l.), following experimental infection with moritella viscosa. | in this study experimental challenges with moritella viscosa, the causative agent of winter ulcers in salmonids, were performed on juvenile atlantic cod and atlantic halibut. the challenges involved both intramuscular (i.m.) and intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections and bath with a strain originally isolated from atlantic salmon. cod was found to be significantly more sensitive than halibut to the infection. both fish species were found to be more sensitive to i.m. than i.p. challenges. both challen ... | 2006 | 16911535 |
| differential expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines il-1beta-1, tnfalpha-1 and il-8 in vaccinated pink (oncorhynchus gorbuscha) and chum (oncorhynchus keta) salmon juveniles. | laboratory-reared pink and chum salmon juveniles (approximately 2g) received an intraperitoneal injection with a commercial, unadjuvanted aeromonas salmonicida bacterin or sterile saline. relative to elongation factor-1a, expression levels of genes encoding the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1beta-1 (il-1beta), tumour necrosis factor-alpha-1 (tnfalpha) and interleukin-8 (il-8) in pools of kidney and liver were examined 6- and 24-h after injection. expression of il-1beta was significantly ... | 2007 | 16926099 |
| aopp, a type iii effector protein of aeromonas salmonicida, inhibits the nf-kappab signalling pathway. | aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida contains a functional type iii secretion system that is responsible for the secretion of the adp-ribosylating toxin aext. in this study, the authors identified aopp as a second effector protein secreted by this system. the aopp gene was detected in both typical and atypical a. salmonicida isolates and was found to be encoded on a small plasmid of approximately 6.4 kb. sequence analysis indicates that aopp is a member of the yopj family of effector protein ... | 2006 | 16946275 |
| immune modulation by probiotic strains: quantification of phagocytosis of aeromonas salmonicida by leukocytes isolated from gut of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) using a radiolabelling assay. | a method is described for the rapid and sensitive assay of phagocytosis that utilizes radioactively labelled bacteria. with this method, we observed that phagocytosis of heat-inactivated aeromonas salmonicida by leukocytes isolated from gut of rainbow trout fed with different viable probiotics (lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis, lactobacillus sakei, and leuconostoc mesenteroides) was significantly higher (p<0.05) after 2 weeks of probiotic-feeding than the control group. however, only phagocytosi ... | 2006 | 17034857 |
| structural characterization of the lipid a region of aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida lipopolysaccharide. | the lipid a components of aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida from strains a449, 80204-1 and an in vivo rough isolate were isolated by mild acid hydrolysis of the lipopolysaccharide. structural studies carried out by a combination of fatty acid, electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance analyses confirmed that the structure of lipid a was conserved among different isolates of a. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida. all analyzed strains contained three major lipid a ... | 2006 | 17049500 |
| viral and bacterial diseases of atlantic cod gadus morhua, their prophylaxis and treatment: a review. | this review summarises the state of knowledge of both viral and bacterial diseases of atlantic cod gadus morhua, and their diagnosis, prophylaxis and treatment. the most important losses have been at the larval and juvenile stages, and vibriosis has long been the most important bacterial disease in cod, with listonella (vibrio) anguillarum dominant among pathogenic isolates. vaccination of cod against pathogens such as l. anguillarum and aeromonas salmonicida clearly demonstrates that the cod im ... | 2006 | 17058605 |
| characterization of twin toll-like receptors from rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss): evolutionary relationship and induced expression by aeromonas salmonicida salmonicida. | structure and function of factors contributing to the innate immune system of lower vertebrates, including fish are only sparsely characterized. we retrieved with rt-pcr cdna copies of two closely related toll-like receptors (tlr) from liver rna of the rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). the cdna sequences are homologous to 95.6%. the phylogenetic analysis of their deduced amino acid sequences places these twin factors closely to other known tlrs from fish. the twin factors are equally expresse ... | 2007 | 17070576 |
| epidemiologic cutoff values for antimicrobial agents against aeromonas salmonicida isolates determined by frequency distributions of minimal inhibitory concentration and diameter of zone of inhibition data. | to develop epidemiologic cutoff values by use of frequency distributions for susceptibility to 4 antimicrobial agents when tested against a representative population of a major aquaculture pathogen, aeromonas salmonicida. | 2006 | 17078743 |
| histological changes in intestine of atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.) following in vitro exposure to pathogenic and probiotic bacterial strains. | furunculosis and vibriosis are diseases that cause severe economic losses in the fish-farming industry. the foregut of the atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.) was exposed in vitro to two fish pathogens, aeromonas salmonicida (causative agent of furunculosis) and vibrio anguillarum (causative agent of vibriosis), and to one probiotic strain, carnobacterium divergens, at 6 x 10(4) or 6 x 10(6) viable bacteria per milliliter. histological changes following bacterial exposure were assessed by light and ... | 2007 | 17120052 |
| probiotic properties of lactobacillus and bifidobacterium strains isolated from porcine gastrointestinal tract. | one strain of lactobacillus salivarius, two strains of lactobacillus reuteri and lactobacillus amylovorus, and two strains of bifidobacterium thermacidophilum with antagonistic effect against clostridium perfringens were isolated from porcine gastrointestinal tract. isolates were assayed for their ability to survive in synthetic gastric juice at ph 2.5 and were examined for their ability to grow on agar plate containing porcine bile extract. there was a large variation in the survival of the iso ... | 2007 | 17136367 |
| identification of an antibacterial protein as l-amino acid oxidase in the skin mucus of rockfish sebastes schlegeli. | fish skin mucus contains a variety of antimicrobial proteins and peptides that seem to play a role in self defense. we previously reported an antibacterial protein in the skin secretion of the rockfish, sebastes schlegeli, which showed selective antibacterial activity against gram-negative bacteria. this study aimed to isolate and structurally and functionally characterize this protein. the antibacterial protein, termed ssap (s. schlegeli antibacterial protein), was purified to homogeneity by le ... | 2007 | 17140417 |
| occurrence of n-acyl-l-homoserine lactones in extracts of some gram-negative bacteria evaluated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. | acylated homoserine lactones (ahls) are self-generated signal molecules that mediate population density-dependent gene expression (quorum sensing) in a variety of gram-negative bacteria. these signal molecules diffuse from bacterial cells and accumulate in the medium as a function of cell growth. in selected foods ahls contribute to product spoilage. as different bacterial species produce ahl analogs that differ in length of the n-acyl chain, ranging from 4 to 14 carbons and in the substitution ... | 2007 | 17207763 |
| aeromonas salmonicida toxin aext has a rho family gtpase-activating protein domain. | the n terminus of the aeromonas salmonicida adp-ribosylating toxin aext displays in vitro gtpase-activating protein (gap) activity for rac1, cdc42, and rhoa. hela cells transfected with the aext n terminus exhibit rounding and actin disordering. we propose that the aeromonas salmonicida aext toxin is a novel member of the growing family of bacterial rhogaps. | 2007 | 17237181 |
| a stochastic modelling approach to describing the dynamics of an experimental furunculosis epidemic in chinook salmon, oncorhynchus tshawytscha (walbaum). | a susceptible-infected-removed (sir) stochastic model was compared to a susceptible-latent-infectious-removed (slir) stochastic model in terms of describing and capturing the variation observed in replicated experimental furunculosis epidemics, caused by aeromonas salmonicida. the epidemics had been created by releasing a single infectious fish into a group of susceptible fish (n = 43) and progress of the epidemic was observed for 10 days. this process was replicated in 70 independent groups. th ... | 2007 | 17298564 |
| quantitative detection of aeromonas salmonicida in fish tissue by real-time pcr using self-quenched, fluorogenic primers. | in this study a real-time pcr assay using self-quenched primers labelled with a single fluorophore for the detection of aeromonas salmonicida was developed. probe specificity was confirmed by amplification of 16 a. salmonicida strain templates and by the lack of a pcr product with 26 non-a. salmonicida strains. with a pure culture of a. salmonicida, the assay was linear over a range of 0.5 pg to 50 ng and was able to detect 16 c.f.u. per reaction. a similar sensitivity was observed in dna extrac ... | 2007 | 17314361 |
| vaccination against atypical furunculosis and winter ulcer disease of fish. | atypical furunculosis is a problem in farming of salmonids and various other fish species caused by a heterogeneous group of atypical aeromonas salmonicida strains. winter ulcer is a disease of salmonids and cod caused by moritella viscosa, but a number of fish species are susceptible to the infection. vaccines are available against atypical furunculosis of salmonids, but their efficacy is dependent on the characteristics of the infective strain. vaccines for non-salmonid fish are currently not ... | 2007 | 17367897 |
| bacterial-binding activity and plasma concentration of ladderlectin in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | soluble, defense lectins bind conserved microbial patterns leading to pathogen opsonization, enhanced phagocytosis and activation of complement. these immune functions, however, vary widely among individuals due to genetic and acquired differences affecting binding capacity or plasma concentration. most evidence for the defensive function of soluble lectins is based on mammals, but several functionally homologous, but less well-characterized, lectins have been identified in fish. in this study, ... | 2007 | 17383895 |
| cytokine expression in the intestine of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) during infection with aeromonas salmonicida. | gene expression of a number of cytokines in the intestine of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) was investigated after challenge with a pathogenic strain of aeromonas salmonicida. fish were exposed to a. salmonicida by immersion in a bacterial suspension (bath challenge) and tissue samples of the distal and proximal intestine were collected at days 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 post-exposure. head kidney tissue was also collected to assess the effect in a systemic immune tissue. a classic profile of pro-inf ... | 2007 | 17434320 |
| global trade in ornamental fish from an australian perspective: the case for revised import risk analysis and management strategies. | over 1 billion ornamental fish comprising more than 4000 freshwater and 1400 marine species are traded internationally each year, with 8-10 million imported into australia alone. compared to other commodities, the pathogens and disease translocation risks associated with this pattern of trade have been poorly documented. the aim of this study was to conduct an appraisal of the effectiveness of risk analysis and quarantine controls as they are applied according to the sanitary and phytosanitary ( ... | 2007 | 17485126 |
| protection against atypical aeromonas salmonicida infection in carp (cyprinus carpio l.) by oral administration of humus extract. | humic substances are formed during the decomposition of organic matter in humus, and are found in many natural environments in which organic materials and microorganisms have been present. in the present study, oral administration of humus extract to common carp (cyprinus carpio l.) induced effective protection against experimental atypical aeromonas salmonicida infection. mortality of fish and development of skin lesions such as hemorrhages and ulcers were significantly suppressed in carp treat ... | 2007 | 17485929 |
| atypical aeromonas salmonicida infection in naturally- and laboratory-challenged farmed haddock, melanogrammus aeglefinus (l.). | | 2007 | 17501741 |
| recombinant prostate-specific antigen proaerolysin shows selective protease sensitivity and cell cytotoxicity. | native proaerolysin is a channel-forming bacterial protoxin that binds to cell-surface receptors and then is activated by furin or furin-like proteases. we genetically engineered proaerolysin by replacing the furin-cleavage sequence with a prostate-specific antigen-selective sequence. the recombinant modified proaerolysin was expressed and purified from aeromonas salmonicida in good yields and purity. recombinant modified proaerolysin had no furin sensitivity and markedly increased prostate-spec ... | 2007 | 17581303 |
| detection of the causative agent of furunculusis, aeromonas salmonicida in salmonids of the krka river. | in this paper we describe the bacterial community associated with salmonids from the krka river. diversity analysis demonstrated that majority of the recovered bacteria were related to aeromonadaceae group. bacterial analysis also revealed the presence of shigella spp. and pseudomonas fluorescens. isolation of aeromonas salmonicida from trout, presents first isolation of this bacteria croatian rivers. | 2008 | 17624808 |
| further characterization of a type iii secretion system (t3ss) and of a new effector protein from a clinical isolate of aeromonas hydrophila--part i. | a type iii secretion system (t3ss)-associated cytotoxin, aext, with adp-ribosyltransferase activity and homology to pseudomonas aeruginosa bifuncational toxins exot/s, was recently identified from a fish pathogen aeromonas salmonicida. in this study, we reported the molecular characterization of an aext-like toxin gene (designated as aexu) from a diarrheal isolate ssu of a. hydrophila. the aexu gene was 1539bp in length and encoded a protein of 512 amino acid (aa) residues. the nh(2)-terminus of ... | 2007 | 17644303 |
| enhancement of the immune response and protection induced by probiotic lactic acid bacteria against furunculosis in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | we analysed the effect of probiotic strains on the cellular and humoral immune responses of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss), and their capacity to prevent furunculosis during a challenge trial. probiotic strains (lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis clfp 100, leuconostoc mesenteroides clfp 196, and lactobacillus sakei clfp 202) were administered orally to fish for 2 weeks at 10(6) cfu g(-1) of feed. in comparison to untreated control fish, the phagocytic activity of head kidney leukocytes and the ... | 2007 | 17645738 |
| aeromonas exoenzyme t of aeromonas salmonicida is a bifunctional protein that targets the host cytoskeleton. | type iii protein secretion has been shown recently to be important in the virulence of the fish pathogen aeromonas salmonicida. the adp-ribosylating toxin aeromonas exoenzyme t (aext) is one effector protein targeted for secretion via this system. in this study, we identified muscular and nonmuscular actin as substrates of the adp-ribosylating activity of aext. furthermore, we show that aext also functions as a gtpase-activating protein (gap), displaying gap activity against monomeric gtpases of ... | 2007 | 17656370 |
| carbohydrate analysis and serological classification of typical and atypical isolates of aeromonas salmonicida: a rationale for the lipopolysaccharide-based classification of a. salmonicida. | the cell envelope of aeromonas salmonicida contains a lipopolysaccharide (lps) essential for the physical integrity and functioning of bacterial cell membrane. using a recently developed in-source fragmentation technique, we screened 39 typical and atypical isolates of a. salmonicida and established their o-chain polysaccharide structure by capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (ce-ms), compositional and linkage analyses and comparison to the previously determined o-chain polysaccharide st ... | 2007 | 17658271 |
| function and molecular architecture of the yersinia injectisome tip complex. | by quantitative immunoblot analyses and scanning transmission electron microscopy (stem), we determined that the needle of the yersinia enterocolitica e40 injectisome consists of 139 +/- 19 yscf subunits and that the tip complex is formed by three to five lcrv monomers. a pentamer represented the best fit for an atomic model of this complex. the n-terminal globular domain of lcrv forms the base of the tip complex, while the central globular domain forms the head. hybrids between lcrv and its ort ... | 2007 | 17697254 |
| the early response of atlantic salmon (salmo salar) macrophages exposed in vitro to aeromonas salmonicida cultured in broth and in fish. | aeromonas salmonicida is a fish pathogen that causes furunculosis. virulent strains of this bacterium are able to infect salmonid macrophages and survive within them, although mechanisms favouring intracellular survival are not completely understood. it is known that a. salmonicida cultured in vivo in the peritoneal cavity of the host undergoes changes in gene expression and surface architecture compared with cultures grown in vitro in broth. therefore, in this study, the early macrophage respon ... | 2008 | 17825909 |
| the development of probiotics for the control of multiple bacterial diseases of rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum). | jb-1 and gc2, which were equated with bacillus sp. and aeromonas sobria respectively, were recovered from the digestive tract of rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss and ghost carp, cyprinus sp. respectively, and demonstrated effectiveness as probiotics for the control of infections caused by aeromonas salmonicida, lactococcus garvieae, streptococcus iniae, vibrio anguillarum, vibrio ordalii and yersinia ruckeri. when administered to rainbow trout (average weight = 12 g) for 14 days in feed dosed ... | 2007 | 17850573 |
| analysis of type iii effector genes in typical and atypical aeromonas salmonicida. | | 2007 | 17958615 |
| isolation of aeromonas salmonicida from sea lamprey (petromyzon marinus) with furuncle-like lesions in lake ontario. | for the past six decades, parasitic sea lampreys (petromyzon marinus) have caused devastating losses to salmonid fisheries in the great lakes. to reduce the number of sea lampreys, the great lakes fishery commission began a large-scale program based on trapping male sea lampreys, sterilizing them, and releasing sterile males back into streams to compete with fertile males for spawning females. the transfer of lampreys among lakes can potentially lead to the transfer of various pathogens, and thi ... | 2007 | 17984256 |
| development of a pcr protocol for the detection of aeromonas salmonicida in fish by amplification of the fsta (ferric siderophore receptor) gene. | the aims of the study were to evaluate a new pcr protocol designed to detect aeromonas salmonicida in fish tissues and to develop a non-destructive method for the diagnosis of furunculosis. a set of primers (fer3, fer4), flanking a fragment of the fsta gene (coding for the ferric-siderophore receptor) was designed, showing to be sensitive and specific. when compared to pcr methods previously reported, the new protocol recognized all the 69 a. salmonicida strains evaluated, with no cross-reaction ... | 2008 | 18035507 |
| in vitro studies of lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis in atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.) foregut: tissue responses and evidence of protection against aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida epithelial damage. | probiotic bacteria increase the host health status and protect mucosal tissue against pathogen-caused damage in mammalian models. using an in vitro (intestinal sac) method this study aimed to address (a) the in vitro ability of lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis to remain in the gastrointestinal tract of atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.) and (b) its ability to prevent cellular damage caused by successive incubation with aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida the causative agent of furuncul ... | 2008 | 18054448 |
| antibacterial action of l-amino acid oxidase from the skin mucus of rockfish sebastes schlegelii. | l-amino acid oxidase (lao) shows broadly antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria by h(2)o(2) generated in the oxidative process of l-amino acids. however, lao (termed ssap) isolated from the rockfish sebastes schlegelii skin mucus acted selectively on gram-negative bacteria. therefore, this study was undertaken to clarify the antibacterial action of ssap as compared with h(2)o(2). ssap inhibited potently the growth of aeromonas salmonicida, photobacterium damselae ... | 2008 | 18055243 |
| cortisol response and immune-related effects of atlantic salmon (salmo salar linnaeus) subjected to short- and long-term stress. | it is generally considered that stress causes decreased immune function in fish. in this study we examined in atlantic salmon (salmo salar linnaeus) the effects of both short- (a single 15s out of water) and long-term (4 weeks of daily handling 15s out of water) stress on plasma cortisol (free and total) and glucose levels, expression of interleukin-1beta (il-1beta) and survival of head kidney (hk) macrophages under culture with aeromonas salmonicida. in the short-term study, samples were collec ... | 2008 | 18065240 |
| temperate bacteriophage phio18p from an aeromonas media isolate: characterization and complete genome sequence. | a group of 74 aeromonas isolates from surface water of three ponds in bielefeld, germany was screened for prophage induction after uv irradiation. the phage phio18p was induced from the aeromonas media isolate o18. phio18p belongs to the myoviridae phage family. the complete nucleotide sequence of the double stranded dna genome of bacteriophage phio18p consists of 33,985 bp. the genome has 5' protruding cohesive ends of 16 bases. on the phio18p genome 46 open reading frames (orfs) were identifie ... | 2008 | 18096197 |
| contribution of type iv pili to the virulence of aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida in atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.). | aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, a bacterial pathogen of atlantic salmon, has no visible pili, yet its genome contains genes for three type iv pilus systems. one system, tap, is similar to the pseudomonas aeruginosa pil system, and a second, flp, resembles the actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans flp pilus, while the third has homology to the mannose-sensitive hemagglutinin pilus of vibrio cholerae. the latter system is likely nonfunctional since eight genes, including the gene encoding ... | 2008 | 18212071 |
| the involvement of aeromonas salmonicida virulence factors in bacterial translocation across the rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), intestine. | the pathogenic bacterium aeromonas salmonicida is the causative agent of furunculosis, a lethal disease in salmonids. the mode of lateral transmission has not been conclusively defined, but a. salmonicida is able to translocate across the intestinal epithelium of salmonids, making the intestinal route a probable candidate. this study investigated some of the virulence mechanisms used by the bacteria to promote translocation. intestinal segments were placed in modified ussing chambers to investig ... | 2008 | 18234022 |
| recombinant production and characterization of the carbohydrate recognition domain from atlantic salmon c-type lectin receptor c (sclrc). | the atlantic salmon c-type lectin receptor c (sclrc) locus encodes a potential oligomeric type ii receptor. c-type lectins recognize carbohydrates in a ca(2+)-dependent manner through structurally conserved, yet functionally diverse, c-type lectin-like domains (ctlds). many conserved amino acids in animal ctlds are present in sclrc, with the notable exception of an asparagine crucially involved in ca(2+)- and carbohydrate-binding, which is tyrosine in sclrc. sclrc also contains six cysteines tha ... | 2008 | 18272393 |
| quorum sensing signals are produced by aeromonas salmonicida and quorum sensing inhibitors can reduce production of a potential virulence factor. | many pathogens control production of virulence factors by self-produced signals in a process called quorum sensing (qs). we demonstrate that acyl homoserine lactone (ahl) signals, which enable bacteria to express certain phenotypes in relation to cell density, are produced by a wide spectrum of aeromonas salmonicida strains. all 31 typical strains were ahl producers as were 21 of 26 atypical strains, but on a strain population basis, production of virulence factors such as protease, lipase, a-la ... | 2007 | 18286807 |
| identification of siderophore biosynthesis genes essential for growth of aeromonas salmonicida under iron limitation conditions. | aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, the etiological agent of furunculosis in fish, produces a catechol-type siderophore under iron-limiting conditions. in this study, the fur titration assay (furta) was used to identify a cluster of six genes, asbg, asbf, asbd, asbc, asbb, and asbi, encoding proteins similar to components of the siderophore biosynthetic machinery in other bacteria. reverse transcriptase pcr analyses showed that this cluster consists of four iron-regulated transcriptional u ... | 2008 | 18296539 |
| transferable, multiple antibiotic and mercury resistance in atlantic canadian isolates of aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida is associated with carriage of an inca/c plasmid similar to the salmonella enterica plasmid psn254. | the aim of this study was to examine the molecular basis for multiple antibiotic and mercury resistance in canadian isolates of aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida. | 2008 | 18375380 |
| cloning, binding properties, and tissue localization of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) ladderlectin. | the present paper describes the primary structure, expression and immunohistochemical localization of rainbow trout ladderlectin (rtll), a multimeric serum lectin that binds sepharose and lps of aeromonas salmonicida. two rainbow trout cdnas (504 and 546bp) and a genomic sequence (2kb) were amplified using ladderlectin-specific primers. the sequences were identified as group vii mannose-binding c-type lectins from predicted amino acid sequences and showed highest identity with the atlantic salmo ... | 2008 | 18407519 |
| comparison of atypical furunculosis vaccines in spotted wolffish (anarhicas minor o.) and atlantic halibut (hippoglossus hippoglossus l.). | atypical furunculosis caused by atypical aeromonas salmonicida is a problem in farming of atlantic halibut (hippoglossus hippoglossus) and spotted wolffish (anarhicas minor) in norway, and vaccines for marine fish species are not available. susceptibility to atypical a. salmonicida infection and efficacy of furunculosis vaccines in various fish species indicate that the host responses differ. here, spotted wolffish was shown to be highly susceptible to intraperitoneal challenge with atypical a. ... | 2008 | 18450337 |
| identification of mhc class iibeta resistance/susceptibility alleles to aeromonas salmonicida in brook charr (salvelinus fontinalis). | pathogen-driven selection is believed to be important in the evolution and maintenance of the polymorphism of the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) genes but have been tested for very few vertebrates. in this study, we first investigate by sscp (single strand conformational polymorphism) the diversity found at the mhc class iibeta gene in a population of brook charr (salvelinus fontinalis) from the rupert river (québec, canada). secondly, to explore the survival performances conferred by sp ... | 2008 | 18455800 |
| distribution of small plasmids in aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida strains isolated from nw spain and portugal: evidence of clonality in strains isolated from turbot, psetta maxima (l.). | | 2008 | 18471103 |
| aeromonas salmonicida peritonitis after eating fish in a patient undergoing capd. | | 2008 | 18474929 |
| development of multiplex pcr assay for simultaneous detection of five bacterial fish pathogens. | a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr) method was designed for the simultaneous detection of the five major fish pathogens, aeromonas hydrophila, aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, flavobacterium columnare, renibacterium salmoninarum, and yersinia ruckeri. each of the five pairs of oligonucleotide primers exclusively amplified the targeted gene of the specific microorganism. the detection limits of the multiplex pcr was in the range of 2, 1, 1, 3, and 1cfu for a. hydrophila, a. salmo ... | 2008 | 18499358 |
| identification of heme uptake genes in the fish pathogen aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida. | aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, the causative agent of furunculosis in fish, can use heme as the sole iron source. we applied the fur titration assay to isolate a cluster including six genes hutazxbcd that showed similarity to heme uptake genes of other gram-negative bacteria, and three genes orf123 of unknown function. the spatial organization of these nine genes, arranged in five transcriptional units, was similar to that of a homologous cluster in a. hydrophila. when a tonb system w ... | 2008 | 18535817 |
| insight into the plasmid metagenome of wastewater treatment plant bacteria showing reduced susceptibility to antimicrobial drugs analysed by the 454-pyrosequencing technology. | wastewater treatment plants (wwtps) are a reservoir for bacteria harbouring antibiotic resistance plasmids. to get a comprehensive overview on the plasmid metagenome of wwtp bacteria showing reduced susceptibility to certain antimicrobial drugs an ultrafast sequencing approach applying the 454-technology was carried out. one run on the gs 20 system yielded 346,427 reads with an average read length of 104 bases resulting in a total of 36,071,493 bases sequence data. the obtained plasmid metagenom ... | 2008 | 18586057 |
| a micro-dilution method for detecting oxytetracycline-resistant bacteria in marine sediments from salmon and mussel aquaculture sites and an urbanized harbour in atlantic canada. | a micro-dilution technique with changes in optical density (od) used to measure bacterial growth over 72 h in culture media containing 0, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80 and 160 microg otc (oxytetracycline)ml(-1) was applied to determine growth inhibition (gi) in mixed bacterial strains cultured from samples of marine sediments and salmon feed pellets. growth of control cultures (aeromonas salmonicida) was inhibited at all otc concentrations. some feed pellet samples and under-cage sediments from salmon aquac ... | 2008 | 18589456 |
| isolation of putative probionts from cod rearing environment. | survival problems are encountered at early stages of intensive fish rearing and antibiotics are widely used to remedy the situation. probiotics may provide a potential alternative method to protect larvae from opportunistic and pathogenic bacteria and promote a balanced environment. this study was designed to search for new probiotics to target this critical period in cod rearing. potential probionts were selected from the natural microbiota of cod aquacultural environment. the selection was bas ... | 2008 | 18599226 |
| contribution of food deprivation to the immune response in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) vaccinated against cryptobia salmositica and aeromonas salmonicida. | the aims of the present study were to determine (a) the effectiveness of an attenuated live cryptobia salmositica vaccine; (b) the effects of food deprivation on the immune response and its duration in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) immunised with a live c. salmositica vaccine or with a killed aeromonas salmonicida vaccine. the fish were divided into three groups (i, ii and iii; 14 fish per group), those in groups i and ii were under food deprivation (0.40% of body weight), while group iii ... | 2008 | 18669247 |
| identification of iron regulated genes in the fish pathogen aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida: genetic diversity and evidence of conserved iron uptake systems. | in this study we applied the fur titration assay (furta) to isolate iron regulated genes in aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, the causative agent of furunculosis in fish. we have identified genes for siderophore biosynthesis and for ferri-siderophore transport, some of which have been previously described in this species. a gene for a hitherto uncharacterized functional hemin receptor hute was identified, but its inactivation did not affect significantly the use of hemin as sole iron sou ... | 2009 | 18774242 |
| polymerase chain reaction amplification of repetitive intergenic consensus and repetitive extragenic palindromic sequences for molecular typing of pseudomonas anguilliseptica and aeromonas salmonicida. | the aim of this study was to evaluate the use of two molecular techniques, repetitive extragenic palindromic polymerase chain reaction (rep-pcr) and repetitive intergenic consensus pcr (eric-pcr), as epidemiological tools with which to discriminate among genetically distinct strains within two bacterial fish pathogens, pseudomonas anguilliseptica and aeromonas salmonicida. a total of 30 a. salmonicida and 52 p. anguilliseptica were analyzed. for p. anguilliseptica, three different major fingerpr ... | 2008 | 18783128 |
| surveillance of health status on eight marine rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), farms in denmark in 2006. | the health status of eight marine rainbow trout farms was followed from mid-june to mid-september 2006 by sampling both dead and healthy fish approximately every 2 weeks for bacteriological and virological investigation. no fish pathogenic viruses were detected, but all farms experienced disease and mortality as a result of various bacterial infections. yersinia ruckeri was found on four and renibacterium salmoninarum on five of the farms, but only during the first part of the surveillance perio ... | 2008 | 18786028 |
| the genome of aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida a449: insights into the evolution of a fish pathogen. | aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida is a gram-negative bacterium that is the causative agent of furunculosis, a bacterial septicaemia of salmonid fish. while other species of aeromonas are opportunistic pathogens or are found in commensal or symbiotic relationships with animal hosts, a. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida causes disease in healthy fish. the genome sequence of a. salmonicida was determined to provide a better understanding of the virulence factors used by this pathogen to infect ... | 2008 | 18801193 |
| expressed sequence tags (ests) from immune tissues of turbot (scophthalmus maximus) challenged with pathogens. | the turbot (scophthalmus maximus; scophthalmidae; pleuronectiformes) is a flatfish species of great relevance for marine aquaculture in europe. in contrast to other cultured flatfish, very few genomic resources are available in this species. aeromonas salmonicida and philasterides dicentrarchi are two pathogens that affect turbot culture causing serious economic losses to the turbot industry. little is known about the molecular mechanisms for disease resistance and host-pathogen interactions in ... | 2008 | 18817567 |
| chinese herbs (astragalus radix and ganoderma lucidum) enhance immune response of carp, cyprinus carpio, and protection against aeromonas hydrophila. | the effect of chinese herbs (astragalus radix and ganoderma lucidum) on immune response of carp was investigated. fish were fed diets containing astragalus (0.5%), ganoderma (0.5%) and combination of two herbs (astragalus 0.5% and ganoderma 0.5%) for 5 weeks. other groups of fish were vaccinated (i.p.) against aeromonas hydrophila/aeromonas salmonicida (shering plough, essex, u.k.) at the beginning of the experiment and fed the same diets as described above. control fish (negative control) and f ... | 2009 | 18817878 |
| isolation of mannose-binding c-type lectin from sea lamprey (petromyzon marinus) plasma and binding to aeromonas salmonicida. | the sea lamprey (petromyzon marinus) is a parasitic cartilaginous fish of the north american great lakes and a predator of many bony fish species of commercial importance to the fishing industry. mannose-binding c-type lectin (mbl) was isolated by mannan-agarose affinity chromatography from sea lamprey plasma. mannose-binding lectin has not before been identified and quantitated in the plasma of this sea lamprey species. the affinity-purified and 2-me reduced lamprey mbl showed two bands of 35kd ... | 2008 | 18937980 |
| atypical furunculosis vaccines for atlantic cod (gadus morhua); vaccine efficacy and antibody responses. | atypical furunculosis caused by atypical aeromonas salmonicida, is an emerging problem in farming of atlantic cod (gadus morhua) in norway, and vaccines are needed. atypical a. salmonicida comprises a heterogeneous group of bacteria differing in surface antigens such as the a-layer protein and lipopolysaccharides (lps). except for one of the experimental oil-adjuvanted whole cell vaccines based on various isolates they all resulted in moderate protection. no clear correlation between vaccine eff ... | 2008 | 18951938 |
| expression profiles of cytokines released in intestinal epithelial cells of the rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss, in response to bacterial infection. | to determine whether fish intestinal epithelial cells (iecs) contribute to mucosal immunity, we established a method for isolating iecs from the rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss and examined cytokine production in these cells. components of the intestinal epithelium were released by incubation of intestinal pieces with 1mm dithiothreitol (dtt)/ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (edta). the iec-rich fraction (purity >90%; survival rate approximately 95%) was obtained by centrifugation on a 35%/40% ... | 2009 | 18952122 |
| the asap1 peptidase of aeromonas salmonicida subsp. achromogenes is a highly conserved deuterolysin metalloprotease (family m35) and a major virulence factor. | infections by the bacterium aeromonas salmonicida subsp. achromogenes cause significant disease in a number of fish species. in this study, we showed that asap1, a toxic 19-kda metallopeptidase produced by a. salmonicida subsp. achromogenes, belongs to the group of extracellular peptidases (aeromonas type) (merops id m35.003) of the deuterolysin family of zinc-dependent aspzincin endopeptidases. the structural gene of asap1 was sequenced and found to be highly conserved among gram-negative bacte ... | 2009 | 18952802 |
| isolation and functional characterization of neutrophil-like cells, from goldfish (carassius auratus l.) kidney. | neutrophils are one of the first cells to arrive at the site of inflammation and are central cells of innate immunity of vertebrates. upon activation, neutrophils are capable of producing an intense respiratory burst response, they rapidly degranulate in the presence of pathogens, and deploy neutrophil extracellular traps that efficiently remove infections agents. we report on the isolation, cultivation and characterization of neutrophil-like cells isolated from the goldfish kidney. neutrophil-l ... | 2009 | 19046985 |
| comparison of antibody responses in atlantic cod (gadus morhua l.) to vibrio anguillarum, aeromonas salmonicida and francisella sp. | bacterial diseases such as vibriosis, atypical furunculosis and francisellosis, are registered as an increasing problem in cod farming in norway. in order to develop efficient vaccines against diseases it is of interest to investigate if the cod immune system differentiates between various serotypes of vibrio anguillarum and variants of aeromonas salmonicida associated with the diseases by raising specific antibody responses. cod of the same origin were shown to raise significant responses to v. ... | 2009 | 19084603 |
| characterization and comparative analyses of zebrafish intelectins: highly conserved sequences, diversified structures and functions. | intelectin family, also called the x-lectin family, is a newly discovered gene family involved in development and innate immunity. however, no research was carried out for this gene family in the model organism zebrafish. here we present the first characterization of seven zebrafish intelectins (zintls) and the first systematic comparative analysis of intelectins from various species in order to provide some clues to the function and evolution of this gene family. we examined the expression patt ... | 2009 | 19100836 |
| genetics and proteomics of aeromonas salmonicida lipopolysaccharide core biosynthesis. | comparison between the lipopolysaccharide (lps) core structures of aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida a450 and aeromonas hydrophila ah-3 shows great similarity in the inner lps core and part of the outer lps core but some differences in the distal part of the outer lps core (residues ld-hep, d-gal, and d-galnac). the three genomic regions encoding lps core biosynthetic genes in a. salmonicida a450, of which regions 2 and 3 have genes identical to those of a. hydrophila ah-3, were fully seq ... | 2009 | 19151135 |
| genetic characterization of pasa6, a new plasmid from aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida that encodes a type iii effector protein aoph homolog. | a new plasmid designated pasa6 from an aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida strain isolated from diseased turbot has been characterized. pasa6 consists of 18536bp, has a g+c content of 53.8% and encodes 20 predicted open-reading frames (orfs). eight orfs showed homology to transposases, of which six are complete and two are partial is sequences. two orfs showed homology to replication proteins, and six orfs showed homology to hypothetical proteins. two orfs are truncated homologs of putative ... | 2009 | 19195484 |
| [taxonomic characteristics and physiological properties of microorganisms from the gut of pike (esox lucius)]. | the taxonomic composition and distribution of microorganisms differing in the degree of association with the intestinal mucosa of the pike (lucius lucius) has been studied. microorgansism of the families enterobacteriaceae, aeromonadaceae, and vibrionaceae dominate in the gut microflora. numerically prevailing bacterial species are characterized by high proteolytic and amylolytic enzyme activities as well as by high persistence accounted for by antilysozyme and antihistone activities. the result ... | 2008 | 19198074 |
| identification and analysis of differentially expressed genes in immune tissues of atlantic cod stimulated with formalin-killed, atypical aeromonas salmonicida. | physiological changes, elicited in animal immune tissues by exposure to pathogens, may be studied using functional genomics approaches. we created and characterized reciprocal suppression subtractive hybridization (ssh) cdna libraries to identify differentially expressed genes in spleen and head kidney tissues of atlantic cod (gadus morhua) challenged with intraperitoneal injections of formalin-killed, atypical aeromonas salmonicida. of 4,154 ests from four cdna libraries, 10 genes with immune-r ... | 2009 | 19240301 |
| purification, virulence and characterization of an extracellular peptidase produced by aeromonas salmonicida ssp. masoucida isolated from cultured sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus. | strain h1, aeromonas salmonicida ssp. masoucida isolated from an ulcer on the sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus proved to be virulent toward this holothurian at 12 degrees c. extracellular products (ecp) of strain h1 were prepared, and an extracellular peptidase of 42 kda was purified from the ecp using sephadex g-100 gel filtration chromatography and diethylaminoethyl sepharose ion exchange chromatography. stepwise virulence tests on sea cucumbers indicated that the 42 kda peptidase was the v ... | 2008 | 19244974 |
| myxinidin, a novel antimicrobial peptide from the epidermal mucus of hagfish, myxine glutinosa l. | fish epidermal mucus contains innate immune components that provide a first line of defense against various infectious pathogens. this study reports the bioassay-guided fractionation and characterization of a novel antimicrobial peptide, myxinidin, from the acidic epidermal mucus extract of hagfish (myxine glutinosa l.). edman sequencing and mass spectrometry revealed that myxinidin consists of 12 amino acids and has a molecular mass of 1,327.68 da. myxinidin showed activity against a broad rang ... | 2009 | 19330556 |
| quantitative analysis of bacterial adhesion to fish tissue. | adhesion to host tissue represents a first crucial step in most bacterial infections. both specific adhesion-ligand as well as hydrophobic interactions may be involved. the adhesion of aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, lactococcus garvieae, and yersinia ruckeri strains to fish tissue cells was assessed. to determine whether the observed bacterial adhesion to fish tissue cells was caused by non-specific interactions, adhesion to bovine serum albumin (bsa) and polystyrene was also tested. ... | 2009 | 19349152 |
| isolation and cdna cloning of an antibacterial l-amino acid oxidase from the skin mucus of the great sculpin myoxocephalus polyacanthocephalus. | the skin mucus of the great sculpin myoxocephalus polyacanthocephalus showed both antibacterial and l-amino acid oxidase (lao) activities. antibacterial laos were purified from the skin mucus of the m. polyacanthocephalus by column chromatography and named mplao1, mplao2, and mplao3, based on the order of elution by ion-exchange high performance liquid chromatography. cdna cloning of mplao3 revealed that the full-length cdnawas 2659 bp and encoded the signal peptide (met1-ala26) and the mature p ... | 2009 | 19447190 |
| differences in the antibody response and survival of genetically different varieties of common carp (cyprinus carpio l.) vaccinated with a commercial aeromonas salmonicida/a. hydrophila vaccine and challenged with a. hydrophila. | males of two strains of carp, wild duna (d), and inbred szarvas 22 (22), were selected for high and low stress response. two purebreds of d and 22, from randomly chosen parents and four crosses, 22 x 22-l (low stress response), 22 x 22-h (high stress response), 22 x d-l (low stress response) and 22 x d-h (high stress response) from selected stress response parents were produced and vaccinated with a commercial aeromonas salmonicida/aeromonas hydrophila vaccine and their circulating antibody resp ... | 2009 | 19449165 |
| application of an immunoaffinity-based preconcentration method for mass spectrometric analysis of the o-chain polysaccharide of aeromonas salmonicida from in vitro- and in vivo-grown cells. | in this study, application of magnetic beads (dynabeads) coated with aeromonas salmonicida lipopolysaccharide-specific polyclonal antisera to ms-based characterization of bacterial lipopolysaccharides has been evaluated. the results showed that the affinity-based preconcentration strategy resulted in at least a 100-fold increase in the detection of sensitivity, affording direct capillary electrophoresis (ce)-ms analysis of a. salmonicida lipopolysaccharide o-chain polysaccharide from in vitro-cu ... | 2009 | 19456871 |
| the effect of hyperoxygenation and reduced flow in fresh water and subsequent infectious pancreatic necrosis virus challenge in sea water, on the intestinal barrier integrity in atlantic salmon, salmo salar l. | in high intensive fish production systems, hyperoxygenation and reduced flow are often used to save water and increase the holding capacity. this commonly used husbandry practice has been shown to be stressful to fish and increase mortality after infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (ipnv) challenge, but the cause and effect relationship is not known. salmonids are particularly sensitive to stress during smoltification and the first weeks after seawater (sw) transfer. this work aimed at investig ... | 2009 | 19500205 |
| a novel packaging method with a dissolving co(2) headspace combined with organic acids prolongs the shelf life of fresh salmon. | the aim of this study was to evaluate a novel packaging method for fresh fish and to determine its effect on the bacterial growth in fresh salmon. fresh salmon was packed with a small amount of 100% co(2) (gas/product ratio 0.2/1.0 v/v) and a brine solution containing various combinations of citric acid (3% w/w, ph 5), acetic acid (1% w/w, ph 5) and cinnamaldehyde (200 microg/ml). total bacterial counts, counts of sulphur reducing bacteria, lactic acid bacteria and enterobacteriaceae as well as ... | 2009 | 19523706 |
| plasma ladderlectin concentration following sterile inflammation and aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida infection. | plasma samples obtained from rainbow trout either experimentally infected with aeromonas salmonicida or injected with either a. salmonicida lipopolysaccharide (lps) or a commercial a. salmonicida vaccine (lipogen) were analysed by enzyme immunoassay to evaluate changes in rainbow trout ladderlectin (rtll) concentrations during the acute phase response (apr). plasma rtll concentrations in fish injected with a. salmonicida lps, vaccine or live a. salmonicida varied over a 10 day period, but did no ... | 2009 | 19538251 |
| characterization of probiotic carnobacteria isolated from rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) intestine. | to characterize two probiotic carnobacterial isolates, carnobacterium maltaromaticum (b26) and c. divergens (b33), derived from rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) intestine. | 2008 | 19552776 |
| aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida type strain does not possess a type iii secretion system. | | 2009 | 19553573 |
| effect of lactococcus lactis clfp 100 and leuconostoc mesenteroides clfp 196 on aeromonas salmonicida infection in brown trout (salmo trutta). | aeromonas salmonicida is the etiological agent of furunculosis in salmonid fish. this pathogen is important from an epizootic perspective because fish surviving an outbreak can remain lifelong asymptomatic carriers, serving as reservoirs of infection. as a result, the early detection and the control of infection are essential to prevent the spread of new furunculosis outbreaks. we have thus analyzed the effect of probiotic administration on the incidence of a. salmonicida in brown trout (salmo t ... | 2009 | 19556745 |
| aeromonas piscicola sp. nov., isolated from diseased fish. | four aeromonas strains (s1.2(t), eo-0505, tc1 and ti 1.1) isolated from moribund fish in spain showed a restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) pattern related to strains of aeromonas salmonicida and aeromonas bestiarum but their specific taxonomic position was unclear. multilocus sequence analysis (mlsa) of housekeeping genes rpod, gyrb, reca and dnaj confirmed the allocation of these isolates to an unknown genetic lineage within the genus aeromonas with a. salmonicida, a. bestiarum and ... | 2009 | 19570633 |
| crystallization and preliminary x-ray diffraction studies of asap1_e294a and asap1_e294q, two inactive mutants of the toxic zinc metallopeptidase asap1 from aeromonas salmonicida subsp. achromogenes. | two mutants of the toxic extracellular zinc endopeptidase asap1 (asap1_e294q and asap1_e294a) of aeromonas salmonicida subsp. achromogenes were expressed in escherichia coli and crystallized by the vapour-diffusion method. crystals were obtained using several precipitants and different protein concentrations. protein crystals were found in a monoclinic (c2) as well as an orthorhombic (p2(1)2(1)2(1)) space group. the crystals belonging to the monoclinic space group c2 had unit-cell parameters a = ... | 2009 | 19574642 |
| transcription factor gata-3 in atlantic salmon (salmo salar): molecular characterization, promoter activity and expression analysis. | gata-3 is a t cell-specific transcription factor and is essential for the development of the t cell lineage and differentiation of t helper type 2 cells. we have identified and characterized the full-length atlantic salmon gata-3 cdna (3074bp), having two zinc finger domains which are fully conserved within teleosts and higher vertebrates. rt-pcr analysis revealed that the atlantic salmon gata-3 (asgata-3) is strongly expressed in gills, thymus, and brain. moreover, the involvement of gata-3 in ... | 2009 | 19576635 |
| in vivo modulation of immune response and antioxidant defense in atlantic cod, gadus morhua following oral administration of oxolinic acid and florfenicol. | oxolinic acid and florfenicol are the commonly used antibiotics for the treatment of bacterial diseases in atlantic cod, gadus morhua. the changes in selected innate humoral immune response of the fish, bacterial proliferation in serum and transcriptional activity of selected immune and antioxidant defense-related genes following oral administration of these antimicrobial compounds were evaluated. juvenile cod (75-100 g) were fed commercial feed coated with either florfenicol (10 mg kg(-1) fish, ... | 2009 | 19596082 |
| tri-trophic linkages in disease: pathogen transmission to rainbow trout through stonefly prey. | relationships between macroinvertebrates and microorganisms in aquatic environments are only poorly understood despite the fact that many aquatic macroinvertebrates feed on microbial biofilms during some life stage. better understanding of trophic interactions between microbial biofilms, macroinvertebrates, and fish may also help control fish diseases and loss of natural resources. it has also been suggested that pollution, habitat fragmentation, and poor water quality may contribute to increase ... | 2009 | 19689880 |
| atypical furunculosis vaccines for atlantic cod gadhus morhua: impact of reattached aeromonas salmonicida a-layer protein on vaccine efficacy. | atypical furunculosis caused by atypical aeromonas salmonicida bacteria is reported as an increasing problem in farmed atlantic cod gadus morhua in norway. at present, furunculosis vaccines adapted for cod or other marine fish species are not available. to identify bacterial components important for inducing protection in cod, we compared oil-adjuvanted vaccines based on a. salmonicida isolates phenotypically differing in their major cell surface constituents, such as the a-layer protein and lip ... | 2009 | 19694171 |
| interleukin-17d in atlantic salmon (salmo salar): molecular characterization, 3d modelling and promoter analysis. | il-17 is a proinflammatory cytokine that plays an important role in the clearance of extracellular bacteria and contributes to the pathology of many autoimmune and allergic conditions. much work on il-17 has been done in humans and higher vertebrates while little work has been conducted in lower vertebrates including fish. in this study, we have cloned and characterized the full-length cdna and genomic sequence of il-17d from atlantic salmon. the atlantic salmon il-17d (asil-17d) cdna possessed ... | 2009 | 19716422 |
| mutations in the aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida type iii secretion system affect atlantic salmon leucocyte activation and downstream immune responses. | deletion mutants of aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida were used to determine the effect of the type three secretion system (ttss) on atlantic salmon anterior head kidney leucocytes (ahkl). one strain had a deletion in the outer membrane pore gene, ascc; and the other in three effector genes: aopo, aoph and aext (we call this strain deltaaop3). host cell invasion success and 24h survival were depressed in deltaascc, as was 24h survival of deltaaop3, when compared to the wild type strain. c ... | 2009 | 19751835 |
| a bifunctional enzyme in a single gene catalyzes the incorporation of glcn into the aeromonas core lipopolysaccharide. | the core lipopolysaccharide (lps) of aeromonas hydrophila ah-3 and aeromonas salmonicida a450 is characterized by the presence of the pentasaccharide alpha-d-glcn-(1-->7)-l-alpha-d-hep-(1-->2)-l-alpha-d-hep-(1-->3)-l-alpha-d-hep-(1-->5)-alpha-kdo. previously it has been suggested that the waha protein is involved in the incorporation of glcn residue to outer core lps. the waha protein contains two domains: a glycosyltransferase and a carbohydrate esterase. in this work we demonstrate that the in ... | 2009 | 19805547 |
| design and performance of a turbot (scophthalmus maximus) oligo-microarray based on ests from immune tissues. | an expressed sequence tag database from immune tissues was used to design the first high-density turbot (scophthalmus maximus) oligo-microarray with the aim of identifying candidate genes for tolerance to pathogens. specific oligonucleotides (60 mers) were successfully designed for 2,716 out of 3,482 unique sequences of the database. an agilent custom oligo-microarray 8 x 15 k (five replicates/gene; eight microarrays/slide) was constructed. the performance of the microarray and the sources of va ... | 2010 | 19844759 |