| occurrence of hepatitis e virus igm, low avidity igg serum antibodies, and viremia in sporadic cases of non-a, -b, and -c acute hepatitis. | serum samples were taken from 57 patients with sporadic non-a, -b, and -c (non a, b, c) acute hepatitis at different times after onset of the disease and tested for the presence of the hepatitis e virus (hev) rna, igm, and low avidity igg antibodies. the viral antibodies were detected using two elisa. one assay (gl) was produced using a mixture of recombinant peptides specified by orf2 and orf3 of the viral genome. the other was produced with an orf2 specified peptide, pe2. the latter occurs nat ... | 2002 | 11748657 |
| high prevalence of hepatitis e antibodies among danish prisoners and drug users. | injecting drug users and prisoners have high prevalences of antibodies to hepatitis a-c. the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis e virus (anti-hev) in two danish high-risk populations and correlate anti-hev with risk factors for transmission. three hundred thirty male prisoners and 137 patients at a drug treatment center were tested for anti-hev with an in-house enzyme-linked immunoassay (eia) utilizing antigens derived from open reading frame 2 (orf2). t ... | 2002 | 11748658 |
| hepatitis e: review of a disease endemic in pakistan. | hepatitis e is enterically transmitted causing a self-limiting illness similar to hepatitis a. however, unlike hepatitis a, immunity to hepatitis e is not life long, hepatitis e is a disease of developing nations with improper sewage disposal and unclean water supplies. it is thought to be the most common cause of acute sporadic hepatitis in pakistan, where it has also caused major epidemics. hepatitis e causes a mild self-limiting illness with no long-term sequelae. however, it is especially se ... | 2001 | 11759503 |
| [development of a diagnostic kit of enzyme-linked immunoassay for detecting serum anti-hepatitis e virus igg]. | to develop a diagnostic kit for detecting serum anti-hepatitis e virus (hev) igg with enzyme-linked immunoassay (elisa). | 2001 | 11769630 |
| prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis e virus in veterinarians working with swine and in normal blood donors in the united states and other countries. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is endemic in many developing and some industrialized countries. it has been hypothesized that animals may be the source of infection. the recent identification of swine hev in u.s. pigs and the demonstration of its ability to infect across species have lent credence to this hypothesis. to assess the potential risk of zoonotic hev infection, we tested a total of 468 veterinarians working with swine (including 389 u.s. swine veterinarians) and 400 normal u.s. blood donors ... | 2002 | 11773103 |
| spread of hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (hev) in the cns of rats inoculated by intranasal route. | | 2001 | 11774456 |
| infection of hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (hev) at the visual pathways of rats. | | 2001 | 11774460 |
| hepatitis e virus infection in haemodialysis patients: a case-control study in saudi arabia. | to determine the prevalence of antibody to hepatitis e virus (igm anti-hev) among haemodialysis patients and evaluate whether there was an increased risk of infection and exposure to hev in an area of endemic viral hepatitis, serum samples obtained from 83 saudi patients on chronic haemodialysis (group 1), 400 sex- and age-matched healthy subjects (group 2) and hospital patients (group 3) were tested for the igm anti-hev and igg anti-hev. the prevalence of anti-hev among the patients (group 1) a ... | 2002 | 11793384 |
| [etiological study on patients with seronegative viral hepatitis]. | to investigate the etiology of hepatitis patients who were seronegative for viral hepatitis a through e. | 2000 | 11798538 |
| [a preliminary study on hepatitis e virus antibody igg and igm for the diagnosis of acute hepatitis e]. | to evaluate the significance of hepatitis e virus antibody (anti-hev) igg and igm for the diagnosis of acute hepatitis e. | 1999 | 11798711 |
| determination of the nucleotide sequences at the extreme 5' and 3' ends of swine hepatitis e virus genome. | the nucleotide sequences at the extreme 5' and 3' ends of swine hepatitis e virus (swine hev) genome were determined, and genomic sequence of swine hev is now complete. sequence analysis revealed that the 3' and 5' non-coding regions (ncrs) of swine hev are closely related to that of the us-1 and us-2 strains of human hev. like the two u.s. strains of human hev, an extra g residue immediately proceeding the poly(a) tail was identified in swine hev. the 5' ncr of swine hev also differed from many ... | 2001 | 11811693 |
| the larger genomic rna of helicoverpa armigera stunt tetravirus encodes the viral rna polymerase and has a novel 3'-terminal trna-like structure. | in this paper we report the complete nucleotide sequence of the larger segment (5312 nucleotides) of the bipartite rna genome of helicoverpa armigera stunt tetravirus (hasv). hasv therefore becomes the first member of the tetraviridae, a virus family with a host range restricted to lepidopteran insects, whose genome has been completely sequenced. hasv rna 1 encodes a 187k protein which includes three domains conserved in rna-dependent rna polymerases of rna viruses in the alpha-like superfamily. ... | 1995 | 11831734 |
| report of a collaborative study to assess the suitability of a reference reagent for antibodies to hepatitis e virus. | several commercial and "in-house" assays have been developed for the detection of antibodies to hepatitis e virus, a major causative agent of enterically transmitted non-a non-b hepatitis. as these kits contain a variety of synthetic peptides or recombinant proteins, greater standardisation is required. a collaborative study was therefore carried out to assess the suitability of a freeze dried preparation designated 95/584 to serve as a reference reagent for hepatitis e virus serum igg. preparat ... | 2002 | 11846429 |
| acute viral hepatitis in hong kong: a study of recent incidences. | acute hepatitis patients admitted to a referral centre from january 1995 through december 1995 were studied to determine the seroprevalence of the hepatitis viruses and related risk factors. of the 434 patients with acute viral hepatitis, the episodes due to hepatitis a, b, c, d, and non-a, non-b, non-c, (non-abc) were 214 (49.3%), 163 (37.6%), 7 (1.6%), 0 (0%), and 50 (11.5%), respectively. acute hepatitis a and non-abc hepatitis commonly occur in late spring and early summer and are probably r ... | 1997 | 11847370 |
| use of a swine bioassay and a rt-pcr assay to assess the risk of transmission of swine hepatitis e virus in pigs. | the objective of this study was to assess the risk of transmission of swine hepatitis e virus (swine hev) to naïve pigs by inoculation with tissues or feces collected from pigs infected experimentally with swine hev. seventy-five, 3-week-old pigs were assigned randomly to 24 groups of 3-4 pigs and inoculated with homogenates of tissues (liver, heart, pancreas, or skeletal muscle) or a suspension of feces from swine hev-infected pigs collected at 3, 7, 14, 20, 27, or 55 days post inoculation (dpi ... | 2002 | 11849685 |
| development of a molecular method to identify hepatitis e virus in water. | hepatitis e virus (hev) causes an infectious form of hepatitis associated with contaminated water. by analyzing the sequence of several hev isolates, a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction method was developed and optimized that should be able to identify all of the known hev strains. when tested under laboratory conditions, this method was able to detect low levels of five diverse hev variants. in addition, internal controls were constructed so that any pcr inhibition could be detect ... | 2002 | 11849696 |
| spread of hepatitis e virus among different-aged pigs: two-year survey in taiwan. | swine are reservoirs of hepatitis e virus (hev). in this study, a 2-year survey of hev in feces and sera of swine was conducted to determine if: 1) hev has circulated among pigs for some time in taiwan; 2) the spread of hev among different-aged pigs; and 3) there exists hev strains possibly imported through trading. from 1998-2000, 521 serum samples and 54 fecal specimens from pigs were examined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. none of the 11 pigs in suckling stage (< 2 months ... | 2002 | 11857526 |
| [study on the hepatitis virus infection among medical professionals]. | in order to find out the present situation of hepatitis virus infection among medical professionals. | 2000 | 11860766 |
| human and swine hepatitis e viruses from western india belong to different genotypes. | hepatitis e is endemic in india. earlier, we showed prevalence of igg antibodies to hepatitis e virus (igg-anti-hev) in different animal species and inability of at least one human hepatitis e virus (hev) strain to infect pigs. in the us where hepatitis e is not endemic in humans, zoonotic spread of hev was suspected as swine and human hev were closely related and cross-species infection was documented. the present study attempts to identify and partially characterize swine hev from india. | 2002 | 11867187 |
| role of travel as a risk factor for hepatitis e virus infection in a disease-endemic area. | we undertook epidemiologic and laboratory studies during an epidemic of acute hepatitis in sindri town, in district dhanbad, bihar in 1998. | 2002 | 11871830 |
| prevalence of hepatitis e virus (hev) antibody in pregnant women of karachi. | this study was aimed at determining the prevalence of hev in karachi. | 2001 | 11873396 |
| functional expression and membrane fusion tropism of the envelope glycoproteins of hendra virus. | hendra virus (hev) is an emerging paramyxovirus first isolated from cases of severe respiratory disease that fatally affected both horses and humans. understanding the mechanisms of host cell infection and cross-species transmission is an important step in addressing the risk posed by such emerging pathogens. we have initiated studies to characterize the biological properties of the hev envelope glycoproteins. recombinant vaccinia viruses encoding the hev f and g open reading frames were generat ... | 2001 | 11882997 |
| chimeric recombinant hepatitis e virus-like particles as an oral vaccine vehicle presenting foreign epitopes. | many viral and bacterial pathogens establish infections through mucosal surfaces in their initial stage. however, only a few nonreplicating molecules successfully induce strong mucosal immune reaction without the addition of adjuvants by oral administration. to overcome this difficulty, we investigated whether hepatitis e virus-like particles (hev-vlps) could be utilized as a carrier molecule for foreign antigenic epitopes and to stimulate mucosal immunity without the need for adjuvants. to acco ... | 2002 | 11886247 |
| hepatitis e, g, and tt virus. | | 2001 | 11910971 |
| detection by reverse transcription-pcr and genetic characterization of field isolates of swine hepatitis e virus from pigs in different geographic regions of the united states. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is an important public health concern in many developing countries. hev is also endemic in some industrialized counties, including the united states. with our recent discovery of swine hev in pigs that is genetically closely related to human hev, hepatitis e is now considered a zoonotic disease. human strains of hev are genetically heterogenic. so far in the united states, only one strain of swine hev has been identified and characterized from a pig. to determine the exte ... | 2002 | 11923352 |
| overview of hepatitis e virus. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is an enterically transmitted virus usually presenting as an acute self-limiting disease. however, mortality increases dramatically from around 1% to 20% in pregnant women. hev has been the cause of very large outbreaks of hepatitis in developing countries and is also responsible for a significant number of sporadic cases. it is clear that cases occur outside the endemic areas, and new isolates have been identified. hev-like viruses have also been found in various animal ... | 2002 | 11927042 |
| the phosphorylated form of the orf3 protein of hepatitis e virus interacts with its non-glycosylated form of the major capsid protein, orf2. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is a human rna virus containing three open reading frames. of these, orf1 encodes the viral nonstructural polyprotein; orf2 encodes the major capsid protein, which exists in a glycosylated and non-glycosylated form; and orf3 codes for a phosphoprotein of undefined function. using fluorescence-based colocalization, yeast two-hybrid experiments, transiently transfected cos-1 cell co-immunoprecipitation, and cell-free coupled transcription-translation techniques, we have sho ... | 2002 | 11934888 |
| global epidemiology and medical aspects of hepatitis e. | hepatitis e is a self-limited enterically transmitted acute viral hepatitis that occurs frequently in epidemic outbreaks and as sporadic hepatitis in the indian sub-continent, southeast and central asia, the middle east, parts of africa, and mexico. hepatitis e virus (hev) is excreted in faeces and is transmitted predominantly by the faecal-oral route, usually through contaminated water. the reservoir of the virus during the inter-epidemic periods in disease-endemic countries may reside in the e ... | 2001 | 11948361 |
| prevalence of hepatitis virus infections in kosovar refugees. | to assess the prevalence of viral hepatitis infections in a sample of kosovar refugees having arrived in southern italy as a result of the 1999 war in the balkans. | 2001 | 11953219 |
| the hepatitis viruses. rationales for treatment, occupation health issues and current guidelines for best practice. | nurses are likely to come across any one, or all, of the hepatitis viruses a, b, c, d, e, (f) and g at some point in their career. it is important, therefore, that they are familiar with basic details concerning the viruses, such as their mode of transmission, methods of diagnosis and the prognosis for those who are infected. it is also important that they are aware of the implications for the health of individuals and the communities in which they live. hepatitis b virus remains a global proble ... | 2001 | 11966287 |
| correlation of histology, viral load, and in situ viral detection in hepatic biopsies from patients with liver transplants secondary to hepatitis c infection. | the diagnosis of hepatitis c infection in the setting of liver transplantation in based on several variables, including histopathologic changes and the presence of viral rna in the serum. it may be difficult to differentiate acute rejection from recurrent viral hepatitis in liver biopsies from patients who received liver transplants for end-stage hepatitis c infection. the purpose of this study was to analyzed the histologic features, viral load, and in situ viral detection in 37 biopsies taken ... | 2002 | 11979367 |
| quantitation of immunoglobulin to hepatitis e virus by enzyme immunoassay. | we developed a quantitative enzyme immunoassay (eia) for antibody to hepatitis e virus (hev) by using truncated hev capsid protein expressed in the baculovirus system to improve seroepidemiology, to contribute to hepatitis e diagnosis, and to enable vaccine evaluations. five antigen lots were characterized; we used a reference antiserum to standardize antigen potency. we defined walter reed antibody units (wr u) with a reference antiserum by using the four-parameter logistic model, established o ... | 2002 | 11986273 |
| [pathological and virological studies of the liver tissues from the patients with sporadic hepatitis e]. | to study the pathological feature, viral distribution and replication in the liver tissue of sporadic hepatitis e(he), and to explore the mechanism of the liver injury induced by hepatitis e virus(hev). | 2001 | 11986684 |
| [detection of anti-hav, anti-hbv, anti-hcv and anti-hev antibodies in the patients with sporadic acute hepatitis in beijing during 1995-2000]. | to investigate distribution of acute hepatitis a, hepatitis b, hepatitis c and hepatitis e in beijing area. | 2001 | 11986727 |
| [expression of thermal stable, soluble hepatitis e virus recombinant antigen]. | to obtain thermal stable, soluble, biologically active hepatitis e virus recombinant antigen using thioredoxin fusion expression system. | 2002 | 11986738 |
| [immunogenicity of recombinant hev orf2 protein expressed in pichia pastoris]. | to study to immunogenicity of recombinant hev orf2 protein expressed in pichia pastoris. | 2002 | 11986739 |
| [preliminary evidence that a hepatitis e virus (hev) orf2 recombinant protein protects cynomolgus macaques against challenge with wild-type hev]. | to observe the protective effect of hepatitis e virus (hev) orf2 recombinant protein expressed in prokaryote cell cynomolgus macaques (cynos) against challenging with wild-type hev. | 2002 | 11986741 |
| genetic heterogeneity of hepatitis e virus recovered from japanese patients with acute sporadic hepatitis. | the recent discovery of a presumably japan-indigenous hepatitis e virus (hev) strain (jra1) spurred analysis of additional isolates from 7 cases of acute sporadic hepatitis e infection. comparison of a 326-nucleotide region from open-reading frame 1 indicated that 1, 3, and 3 isolates segregated to genotypes i, iii, and iv, respectively. six patients had not traveled abroad recently. one patient had traveled to hawaii 1 month before becoming ill, and the nucleotide sequence of the hev isolate in ... | 2002 | 12001054 |
| [prevalence of hepatitis a and e virus infection in school children of an amazonian municipality in mato grosso state]. | the prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis a anti-hav total and e viruses anti-hev igg was assessed in 487 children ranging from 2 to 9 years old who were students of nurseries and public schools in a county of the amazonian region, in mato grosso state, brazil. the anti-hav and anti-hev prevalence were 86.4% (ci 95% 83 - 89.3) and 4.5% (ci95% 2.9 - 6.9), respectively. the anti-hav prevalence was high in all ages, suggesting that this is an area of high endemicity for hav infection. there was no ... | 2002 | 12011924 |
| [sero-epidemiological study of the hepatitis epidemic in mitrovica in the aftermath of the war in kosovo (1999)]. | in july 1999, after the return of the kosovar refugees to their country, an outbreak of acute hepatitis a (hav) and e (hev) occurred. epidemic hepatitis and diarrhoea are closely monitored communicable diseases which had been singled out as priorities by the health authorities of the former republic of yougoslavia. several field surveys were undertaken: description of reported cases, serological study of clinical patients, study of anti-hav seroprevalence in a school and a case control study to ... | 2002 | 12012960 |
| occupational risk for hepatitis a and hepatitis e among health care professionals? | since transmission routes of hepatitis e virus (hev) and hepatitis a virus (hav) are believed to be similar, comparable risk factors and a correlation between the two seroprevalence rates may be assumed. | 2002 | 12018477 |
| [hepatitis e]. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is the second most frequent hepatotropic virus transmitted via fecal-oral route, following closely behind hepatitis a virus. the great epidemics of hepatitis described during the 50s and 60s, in india, were caused by this virus. epidemic bursts have also been described in central africa, latin america, middle east and in the independent republics of the ex-soviet union. the clinical features of the disease do not differ from those reported for other viral hepatitides. the ... | 2002 | 12045819 |
| [propagation of hepatitis e virus in an endemic and nonendemic regions]. | the role of hepatitis e (he) in sporadic morbidity at an endemic territory (southern uzbekistan) and the incidence of anti-hev in different populations of a nonendemic region (russia) were evaluated. antibodies to hev were detected in 22.1% of patients with acute he, including mixed infections (+ ha or hb), in the dekhkanabad district of kashkadarya region in 1993. the estimated incidence of acute he was 51.7 per 100,000 population. analysis of monthly incidence of acute he demonstrated a season ... | 2002 | 12046461 |
| hepatitis e: an overview. | the hepatitis e virus (hev) is a non-enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded rna virus with icosahedral symmetry. although it is related to the alpha-virus superfamily, the hev is classified as a separate hepatitis e-like viruses genus. infection in humans occurs in sporadic and epidemic forms and can cause an acute, self-limited, icteric hepatitis. recent studies indicate the existence of a reservoir in animals. | 2002 | 12048035 |
| prevalence of hepatitis e virus antibodies among different groups in the amazonian basin. | | 2002 | 12055819 |
| reduced efficacy of hemorrhagic enteritis virus vaccine in turkeys exposed to avian pneumovirus. | avian pneumovirus (apv) is an immunosuppressive respiratory pathogen of turkeys. we examined the effect of apv infection on the vaccine efficacy of hemorrhagic enteritis virus (hev) vaccines. apv was inoculated in 2-wk-old turkeys. two or four days later, an attenuated hev vaccine (hevp30) or marble spleen disease virus (msdv) vaccine were administered. virulent hev challenge was given 19 days after hev vaccination. apv exposure compromised the ability of hevp30 and msdv to protect turkeys again ... | 2002 | 12061644 |
| seroprevalence of antibodies to hepatitis a and e viruses in pediatric age groups in turkey. | hepatitis a and hepatitis e are enteric transmitted viral diseases occurring in epidemic and sporadic forms especially in developing countries. previous studies in turkey showed that most residents are infected with hav by the second decade of life. since hev is generally transmitted by the same route as hav we conducted a community-based seroprevalence study for hav and hev infection in ahatli area in antalya, turkey where socioeconomic conditions are low. anti-hav total immunoglobulin was test ... | 2002 | 12073829 |
| open reading frame sequence of an asian enterovirus 73 strain reveals that the prototype from california is recombinant. | phylogenetic analysis within the vp1 region now enables molecular typing of enteroviruses consistent with neutralization results. three untypable isolates, 2776/82, 57/99 and 22/00, from korea, north india and bangladesh, respectively, showed within this region 98.0-99.0% amino acid identities. these were less than 77% to the previous enterovirus prototypes, but 91.5-92.5% to ca55-1988, the recently identified enterovirus 73 (ev73) prototype from california. all three strains were, however, most ... | 2002 | 12075091 |
| reevaluation of a north india isolate of hepatitis e virus based on the full-length genomic sequence obtained following long rt-pcr. | the genomic cloning and sequence of hepatitis e virus (hev) from an epidemic in north india is reported. we describe here a simple method wherein the viral rna was reverse transcribed and then amplified in a single step using an extra long polymerase chain reaction procedure. the full genome nucleotide sequence of this hev isolate (called yam-67) was made up of 7191 nucleotides, excepting the poly(a) tail and had three open reading frames: orf1 coding for 1693 amino acids (aa), orf2 coding for 6 ... | 2002 | 12076829 |
| polymerase chain reaction-based prevalence of hepatitis a, hepatitis e and tt viruses in sewage from an endemic area. | hepatitis a and e viruses (hav, hev) are transmitted enterically and are highly endemic in india. this study aims to evaluate prevalence of these and tt virus (ttv) in the sewage. | 2002 | 12076872 |
| changing scenario of hepatitis a virus and hepatitis e virus exposure among the primitive tribes of andaman and nicobar islands, india over the 10-year period 1989-99. | the andaman and nicobar islands, union territory of india, are home to six primitive tribes. studies carried out earlier among these tribes revealed very high rates of hepatitis b infection. we have now studied hepatitis a and e infection among them. a total of 951 serum samples were collected from four accessible tribes (nicobarese, shompens, onges and great andamanese) and tested for antibodies against hepatitis a and e viruses. in addition, 240 serum samples collected a decade earlier from ag ... | 2002 | 12081610 |
| clinical spectrum of acute sporadic hepatitis e and possible benefit of glycyrrhizin therapy. | the aim of the present study was to record the spectrum of sporadic hepatitis due to hepatitis e virus infection with special reference to moderate and severe liver disease, described as sub-acute hepatitis. further, efficacy of glycyrrhizin therapy was studied as an open trial. sixty-two consecutive patients were registered for the study. the clinical and laboratory profile of the patients was recorded on a preplanned proforma. moderate and severe hepatitis was arbitrarily defined on the basis ... | 2002 | 12084556 |
| prevalence, isolation, and partial sequence analysis of hepatitis e virus from domestic animals in china. | evidence that hepatitis e is zoonotic is accumulating. serum samples were collected from pigs, cattle, and goats from various regions of china to determine whether they had been infected with hepatitis e virus (hev). an in-house enzyme immunoassay (eia) and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) with primers from open reading frame (orf) 2 were used to detect anti-hev antibodies and hev rna. the mean positivity rates of anti-hev antibody for pigs and cattle were 78.8% and 6.3% ... | 2002 | 12115997 |
| identification of two distinct genotypes of hepatitis e virus in a japanese patient with acute hepatitis who had not travelled abroad. | two distinct hepatitis e virus (hev) isolates, designated he-ji3 and he-ji4, were identified in a single patient with acute hepatitis in japan, who had not travelled abroad. the hev load of he-ji3 at admission was 10(2) copies/ml, but that of he-ji4 was tenfold higher at 10(3) copies/ml. the viraemia of he-ji4 persisted for up to 16 days from admission, whereas he-ji3 disappeared at 9 days after admission. the entire nucleotide sequence of the he-ji4 isolate and partial nucleotide sequences of o ... | 2002 | 12124457 |
| [hepatitis e igg antibodies seroprevalence in a peruvian risk group] | we study the seroprevalence and risk factors on hepatitis e virus infection in 191 healthy subjects, which are workers of the drinking water and sewerage system of lima city, and the main activity of them was to handle sewage at present or early past. we tested for igg hepatitis e antibodies (anti-hev igg) a two recombinant antigen based enzyme immunoassay (abbott il usa).anti-hev igg were positive in 20 subjects (10.47%) and the only one variate that we can consider related to hev infection was ... | 2000 | 12140593 |
| hepatitis e virus superinfection in patients with chronic liver disease. | infection with hepatitis a virus (hav) can cause severe illness in adult patients with chronic liver disease (cld) caused by hepatitis c. in endemic areas such as south asia, however, most adult patients already have been exposed to hav but could still be susceptible to hepatitis e virus (hev) infection. we document that hev superinfection in 4 of our cld patients caused severe liver decompensation. we then determined the seroprevalence of hav and hev in 233 patients with stable cld, with the go ... | 2002 | 12143058 |
| genotyping of hepatitis e virus from vietnam. | to identify the genotype of vietnamese isolates of human hepatitis e virus (hev), phylogenetic analysis was performed for the open reading frame (orf) 1 and orf2 nucleotide sequences of the viral genome. hev was detected by rt-pcr in 9 out of 141 sera collected from patients with a diagnosis of acute sporadic hepatitis in hanoi, vietnam. all of them had sequences related most closely to genotype 4. in addition, the vietnamese isolate had a single nucleotide insertion in the orf 3 region, a chara ... | 2002 | 12145542 |
| new perspectives on hepatitis e. | the infectious agent causing epidemic non-a, non-b hepatitis was identified in 1983 from a human challenge experiment. the novel hepatitis e virus (hev) subsequently was cloned in 1990 and the genome sequenced. hev transmission is highly endemic in asia, the middle east, and africa. fecal contamination of drinking water is the most common mode of spread. although usually asymptomatic, hev infection can cause fulminant hepatitis. recent studies indicate that hepatitis e may be a zoonotic disease, ... | 2002 | 12149176 |
| partial nucleotide sequencing of hepatitis e viruses detected in sera of patients with hepatitis e from 14 cities in china. | to investigate the genotypes of hepatitis e viruses (hev) detected in sera of patients from different regions of china. | 2002 | 12150743 |
| antibody levels to hepatitis e virus in north carolina swine workers, non-swine workers, swine, and murids. | in a cross-sectional serosurvey, eastern north carolina swine workers (n = 165) were compared with non-swine workers (127) for the presence of antibodies to hepatitis e virus as measured by a quantitative immunoglobulin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. using a cutoff of 20 walter reed u/ml, swine-exposed subjects had a 4.5-fold higher antibody prevalence (10.9%) than unexposed subjects (2.4%). no evidence of past clinical hepatitis e or unexplained jaundice could be elicited. swine (84) and mi ... | 2002 | 12164292 |
| chronic infection with hepatitis and herpes viruses in patients with sjogren's disease. | the prevalence of hepatitis b, c, e, and g viruses, epstein-barr virus, and type 6 herpesvirus was studied in russian and norwegian patients with sjogren's disease. the incidence of hbv, hcv, hev, and hgv markers in russian patients was higher than in donors. the incidence of serological markers of epstein-barr and type 6 herpesvirus was virtually the same in the patients with sjogren's disease and donors. epstein-barr virus dna was less frequently detected in patients with sjogren's disease tha ... | 2002 | 12170307 |
| the putative capsid protein of the newly identified avian hepatitis e virus shares antigenic epitopes with that of swine and human hepatitis e viruses and chicken big liver and spleen disease virus. | we recently identified a novel virus, designated avian hepatitis e virus (avian hev), from chickens with hepatitis-splenomegaly (hs) syndrome in the usa. we showed that avian hev is genetically related to swine and human hevs. here we report the antigenic cross-reactivity of the putative open reading frame 2 (orf2) capsid protein of avian hev with those of swine and human hevs and the australian chicken big liver and spleen disease virus (blsv). the region encoding the c-terminal 268 amino acid ... | 2002 | 12185274 |
| polyphyletic strains of hepatitis e virus are responsible for sporadic cases of acute hepatitis in japan. | among 87 patients who were previously treated for acute hepatitis of unknown etiology between 1992 and 2001 at five hospitals in japan, 11 (13%) patients were positive for immunoglobulin m-class antibodies to hepatitis e virus (hev) by enzyme immunoassay and had detectable hev rna by reverse transcription-pcr with two independent sets of primers derived from well-conserved genomic areas in open reading frames 1 and 2. clinical hev infection was significantly associated with male sex (9 of 11 ver ... | 2002 | 12202555 |
| clinical and epidemiological relevance of quantitating hepatitis e virus-specific immunoglobulin m. | diagnosis of acute hepatitis e by detection of hepatitis e virus (hev)-specific immunoglobulin m (igm) is an established procedure. we investigated whether quantitation of hev igm and its ratio to hev total ig furnished more information than conventional igm tests that are interpreted as positive or negative. a previously described indirect immunoassay for total ig against a baculovirus-expressed hev capsid protein was modified to quantitate hev-specific igm in walter reed (wr) antibody units by ... | 2002 | 12204962 |
| recombinant vaccine against hepatitis e: duration of protective immunity in rhesus macaques. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is an enterically transmitted virus that causes acute hepatitis. a candidate vaccine containing recombinant hev capsid protein (56kda) expressed in insect cells was shown previously to be highly immunogenic when administered in two doses to rhesus monkeys and to protect them from hepatitis e when challenged with a large intravenous dose of homologous or heterologous hev. in the present study, the effect of a third dose of the same vaccine lot was evaluated and more import ... | 2002 | 12213398 |
| seroepidemiological markers of enterically transmitted viral hepatitis a and e in individuals living in a community located in the north area of rio de janeiro, rj, brazil. | we investigated the seroprevalence of hepatitis a virus (hav) and hepatitis e virus (hev) infection in subjects living in the community of manguinhos, rio de janeiro, brazil, and assisted at the health unit of escola nacional de saúde pública, fundação oswaldo cruz. after formal consent, individuals were submitted to an interview using a standardized questionnaire. anti-hav and anti-hev antibodies were detected by elisa. statistical analysis was carried out using the epi-info 6.04b software, to ... | 2002 | 12219125 |
| hepatitis e virus infection in fulminant hepatitis patients and an apparently healthy population in bangladesh. | this is the first study comparing hepatitis e virus (hev) infection in bangladesh in fulminant hepatitis (fh) patients presumed to have a viral cause and in the apparently healthy population. sera from 22 fh patients were analyzed for antibodies to hepatitis a virus (hav), hepatitis b virus (hbv), hepatitis c and d viruses, and hev and for hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag). anti-hev immunoglobulin m (igm) was detected in the sera of 63.6% of patients, whereas 35.7% were positive for hbsag. a h ... | 2002 | 12224580 |
| sequence of the 3'-terminal end (8.1 kb) of the genome of porcine haemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus: comparison with other haemagglutinating coronaviruses. | a cytopathogenic coronavirus, serologically identified as porcine haemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (hev), has recently been associated with acute outbreaks of wasting and encephalitis in nursing piglets from pig farms in southern québec and ontario, canada. the 3'-terminal end of the genome of the prototype hev-67n strain and that of the recent québec iaf-404 field isolate, both propagated in hrt-18 cells, were sequenced. overall, sequencing data indicated that hev has remained antigeni ... | 2002 | 12237422 |
| vaccination against hepatitis a virus may not be required for schoolchildren in northern india: results of a seroepidemiological survey. | to evaluate the current seroprevalence of antibodies against hepatitis a virus (hav) in a sample of schoolchildren above 10 years of age and to determine the prevalence of hav-induced hepatitis in adults at a tertiary care hospital in northern india between january 1992 and december 2000. | 2002 | 12378291 |
| [the study of aggregate of the orf2 peptide of hepatitis e virus expressed in escherichia coli]. | a fragment of hepatitis e virus open reading frame-2(orf2), located from amino acid residues 394 to 604, was expressed in e. coli. the recombinant protein ne2 was found to form homodimer mostly in sds-page, which can be dissociated to monomers when treated with urea, and it was recognized more strongly in its dimeric form than the monomer by hev reactive human serum in western blotting. besides, many aggregated form of ne2 from dimer to at least hexamer can be seen in maldi-tof-ms. and when the ... | 2002 | 12385244 |
| immunity to hepatitis e virus: new insights and future challenges. | | 2002 | 12385539 |
| evidence for activation of cellular immune responses in patients with acute hepatitis e. | although acute hepatitis e virus (hev) infection is known to induce igm and igg humoral host immune responses, little is known about occurrence of cellular responses in this infection. we looked for evidence of lymphocyte sensitization to hev peptides in patients with acute hev infection. | 2002 | 12385543 |
| membrane fusion tropism and heterotypic functional activities of the nipah virus and hendra virus envelope glycoproteins. | nipah virus (niv) and hendra virus (hev) are novel paramyxoviruses from pigs and horses, respectively, that are responsible for fatal zoonotic infections of humans. the unique genetic and biological characteristics of these emerging agents has led to their classification as the prototypic members of a new genus within the paramyxovirinae subfamily called henipavirus: these viruses are most closely related to members of the genus morbillivirus and infect cells through a ph-independent membrane fu ... | 2002 | 12388678 |
| [construction of specifically targeted chimeric hepatitis e virus dna vaccine and its efficacy assessment]. | to design chimeric dna vaccine targeted to antigen-presenting cells (apcs) with enhanced efficacy to induce immunization. | 2002 | 12390797 |
| identification of indigenous hepatitis e virus from a japanese patient who contracted sporadic acute hepatitis in 1982. | | 2002 | 12404177 |
| genetic characterization and sequence heterogeneity of a canadian isolate of swine hepatitis e virus. | swine hepatitis e virus (hev) is a newly identified potentially zoonotic agent that is possibly transmitted to humans from pigs. swine hev is prevalent in pig populations and does not cause abnormal clinical symptoms in infected pigs, further implicating a likelihood of a risk of transmission to humans by normal contact. to date in north america, only one strain of swine hev (strain us swine) has been fully sequenced. in the present study, we identified a swine hev isolate from pigs in canada, d ... | 2002 | 12409369 |
| heterogeneity and seroprevalence of a newly identified avian hepatitis e virus from chickens in the united states. | we recently identified and characterized a novel virus, designated avian hepatitis e virus (avian hev), from chickens with hepatitis-splenomegaly syndrome (hs syndrome) in the united states. avian hev is genetically related to but distinct from human and swine hevs. to determine the extent of genetic variation and the seroprevalence of avian hev infection in chicken flocks, we genetically identified and characterized 11 additional avian hev isolates from chickens with hs syndrome and assessed th ... | 2002 | 12409397 |
| fulminant hepatitis e in japan. | | 2002 | 12409557 |
| spectrum of viral hepatitis in thalassemic children receiving multiple blood transfusions. | to investigate the prevalence of infection with hepatitis viruses in children with thalassemia receiving multiple blood transfusions. | 2002 | 12416747 |
| [epidemiology of infection by hepatitis e virus--from the view as a import infection to japan]. | | 1995 | 12442500 |
| [molecular study of hepatitis e virus]. | | 1995 | 12442501 |
| prevalence study of antibody to ratborne pathogens and other agents among patients using a free clinic in downtown los angeles. | norway rats (rattus norvegicus) are hosts for various microbes. homeless people who have contact with rats may be at risk of infection by them. the los angeles county department of health services initiated a seroepidemiologic study among patients who used a free clinic in downtown los angeles; 200 serum specimens obtained for other routine assays were tested for antibodies to ratborne pathogens and other agents. the seroprevalence of antibody to hepatitis e virus in this population was 13.6%; t ... | 2002 | 12447746 |
| evidence that rodents are a reservoir of hepatitis e virus for humans in nepal. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is an important cause of enterically transmitted hepatitis in developing countries. sporadic autochthonous cases of hepatitis e have been reported recently in the united states and other industrialized countries. the source of hev infection in these cases is unknown; zoonotic transmission has been suggested. antibodies to hev have been detected in many animals in areas where hev is endemic and in domestic swine and rats in the united states. there is evidence supporting h ... | 2002 | 12454141 |
| hepatitis e virus (hev) capsid antigens derived from viruses of human and swine origin are equally efficient for detecting anti-hev by enzyme immunoassay. | the recombinant truncated orf2 (capsid) antigen derived from the meng strain of swine hepatitis e virus (hev) differs from that of the sar-55 strain of human hev by approximately 5% at the amino acid level. serial serum samples from two chimpanzees and six rhesus monkeys experimentally infected with hev were tested with one enzyme immunoassay (eia) based on the sar-55 antigen and with a second eia based on the meng antigen. we obtained 98% agreement (kappa = 0.952) by direct comparison. the virt ... | 2002 | 12454155 |
| etiopathogenesis of acute hepatic failure: eastern versus western countries. | etiopathogenesis of acute hepatic failure (ahf) in eastern and western countries is distinct. in the east hepatitis viruses cause ahf in more than 95% of such cases, while causes of ahf in the west are quite heterogenous. hepatitis e virus is the major etiological agent of ahf in countries like india where the virus is hyperendemic. occult hbv infection may also be causing ahf in a sizable proportion of cases in areas where chronic hbv infection frequency is high. paracetamol causes ahf in about ... | 2002 | 12472948 |
| a new enzyme immunoassay for the detection of antibody to hepatitis e virus. | the purpose of the present study was to develop enzyme immunoassay (eia) for the detection of igg anti-hepatitis e virus (hev) activity using two new recombinant proteins as antigenic targets, and to evaluate these eia with the aid of statistical methods. | 2002 | 12472964 |
| dna vaccination against hepatitis e virus infection in cynomolgus macaques. | : the feasibility of dna vaccination against hepatitis e in non-human primates has not been evaluated. in the present study a full-length hepatitis e virus (hev) open reading frame (orf)2 (burmese strain) was assembled, cloned, and used for genetic immunization of cynomolgus macaques (cynos), which were subsequently challenged with a heterologous hev strain (mexico). | 2002 | 12472965 |
| [hepatitis a and hepatitis e seroprevalence in adults in the ankara area]. | in this study, between the period of september 2000 to july 2001, hepatitis a virus (hav) igg antibodies and hepatitis e virus (hev) total (igg + igm) antibodies have been searched by using commercially provided enzyme immunoassay kits (axsym, abbott usa), in 1046 adults aged between 15-75 years old (mean age: 32.3 years), who were admitted to the outpatient clinics of internal medicine and infectious diseases department of ankara university medical school, with no acute hepatitis signs and symp ... | 2002 | 12476770 |
| hepatitis agents with enteric transmission--an epidemiological analysis. | viral hepatitis is characterized by special clinical, biochemical and serological findings. this study was planned to determine the seroprevalence, epidemiological characteristics and clinical and biochemical findings of hepatitis a virus (hav) and hepatitis e virus (hev) infections during an outbreak of jaundice. | 2002 | 12478320 |
| [the effects of hepatitis e virus superinfection on patients with chronic hepatitis b: a clinico-pathological study]. | to observe the effect of hepatitis e virus (hev) superinfection on hepatic lesion and hepatitis b virus (hbv) replication in patients with chronic hepatitis b (chb). | 2002 | 12485528 |
| a c-terminal hydrophobic region is required for homo-oligomerization of the hepatitis e virus capsid (orf2) protein. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is the causative agent of hepatitis e, an acute form of viral hepatitis. the open reading frame 2 (orf2) of hev encodes the viral capsid protein, which can self-oligomerize into virus-like particles. to understand the domains within this protein important for capsid biogenesis, we have carried out in vitro analyses of association and folding patterns of wild type and mutant orf2 proteins. when expressed in vitro or in transfected cells, the orf2 protein assembled as dimer ... | 2001 | 12488605 |
| [hepatitis viruses: mother to child transmission]. | the infection by the hepatitis viruses, when appearing during the pregnancy, could result in damages for the infant. however, risks differ according to the implicated virus. hepatitis b virus infection, for which prevalence varies according to areas, is injurious when the mother is chronic hbsag carrier. risk consists of neonate's contamination during the labour, and if contaminated, the neonate becomes a chronic carrier himself in 80 to 90% of cases. when the mother is positive for viral dna in ... | 2002 | 12490422 |
| cluster of cases of acute hepatitis associated with hepatitis e virus infection acquired in the netherlands. | increasing evidence suggests that hepatitis e virus (hev) infection may occur in developed countries and that swine may act as a reservoir. we report a cluster of 2 confirmed cases and 1 presumptive case of hepatitis associated with hev. the typed strain from 1 case was related to hev strains found in north america and europe, and it was also related to a cluster of swine hev strains found in the netherlands. our findings indicate that locally acquired hev infections in industrialized countries ... | 2003 | 12491198 |
| first documented outbreak of hepatitis e virus transmission in java, indonesia. | a suspected hepatitis outbreak occurred in bondowoso district, east java province, indonesia, in march-may 1998. an investigation was initiated in april 1998, involving a retrospective review of hospital records, a community-based cross-sectional study, and a health service-based case detection and household follow-up. sera and epidemiological information were collected from 962 individuals: 235 from 3 outbreak-affected communities along the same rural stretch of river, 101 from community contro ... | 2002 | 12497976 |
| purification and diagnostic utility of a recombinant hepatitis e virus capsid protein expressed in insect larvae. | we report here the expression and purification of a truncated form of the hepatitis e virus orf2 protein (orf2delta111/deltatm), from the fat bodies of spodoptera litura larvae infected with a recombinant baculovirus. the purified protein migrated as a doublet of approximately 56 kda on sds-page and was found to be glycosylated by staining with concanavalin a-linked horseradish peroxidase. the protein was used in a sensitive and specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for the detectio ... | 2003 | 12509981 |
| [chimpanzee model of hepatitis e virus infection]. | for the study of the hepatitis e virus infection animal model, two chimpanzee were inoculated with hepatitis e virus. after one month of the inoculation, the animal got typical hepatitis profile. alt, anti virus-igm, antivirus-igg, were detected in detail. the results showed solid hev infection evidence of typical hepatitis within one month after the inoculation. | 1998 | 12515160 |
| [genome shift of hepatitis e virus in asia]. | dideoxy chain termination method was applied to sequence hepatitis e virus structure gene of asia isolates, cdna sequence and amino acid residues were determined. the results showed that among asia countries: indian, burma, china, pakistan and kirghiz republic, hepatitis e virus genome shifted within the range of 5% and amino acid residues shifted within 1% compared with mexico isolate. asia hepatitis e virus isolates have limited genome shift, which suggests recombinant hepatitis e vaccine base ... | 1998 | 12515182 |
| [cloning, sequencing and expression of hepatitis e virus structural gene in e. coli and application of the recombinant products for diagnosis]. | the prokaryotic expression vector pegx-3x was used to express hepatitis e virus (hev) open reading frame 2(orf2 402-660). the recombinant protein was soluble in pbs buffer and was purified by the glutathione sepharose 4b affinity column. when the purified recombinant protein was applied to detect hev antibodies in sera of clinical patients, the results were quite consistent with the hev diagnostic kit from diagnostic biotechnology ltd(dbl), singapore. the recombinant protein was more reactive wi ... | 1998 | 12515200 |
| epidemic of hepatitis e in a military unit in abbotrabad, pakistan. | an outbreak of hepatitis caused by hepatitis e virus (hev) in abbottabad, pakistan was traced to fecal contamination of a water system. of 109 men hospitalized with hepatitis, 104 (95%) had serologic evidence of acute hepatitis e (igm antibody to hev [anti-hev]), three (3%) probably had acute hepatitis e (high titers of igg anti-hev without igm), and two had acute hepatitis a. among a subset of 44 men with acute hepatitis e from whom three serum specimens were obtained over a four-month period, ... | 2002 | 12518859 |
| swine hev infection in south india and phylogenetic analysis (1985-1999). | hepatitis e is endemic in india. it was recently noted that although all the indian human hepatitis e virus (hev) isolates (1976-2001) were placed in genotype i, the swine hev recovered from western india (2000) belonged to genotype iv. this was in contrast to reports from the united states and taiwan wherein both human and swine hev belonged to the same genotype, i.e., genotypes iii and iv, respectively. in order to validate these findings further, we retrospectively examined serum samples coll ... | 2003 | 12526050 |