| update on traveler's diarrhea. | diarrhea is one of the most common health problems among travelers. although enterotoxigenic escherichia coli is implicated most commonly, enteroaggregative e. coli has recently been described as a major pathogen. shigella, campylobacter, and salmonella organisms are less common causes of acute diarrhea, and intestinal protozoa are typical causes of protracted diarrhea. although education is the mainstay of prevention measures, behavior modification has been shown to be difficult. chemopreventio ... | 2002 | 11853660 |
| shigella flexneri interactions with the basolateral membrane domain of polarized model intestinal epithelium: role of lipopolysaccharide in cell invasion and in activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase erk. | an early step governing shigella flexneri pathogenesis is the invasion of the colonic epithelium from the basolateral surface followed by disruption of the colonic epithelial barrier. despite recent insight into s. flexneri-host interactions, much remains to be determined regarding the nature of the initial contact between s. flexneri and the host epithelial basolateral membrane domain. since the lipopolysaccharide (lps) is located at the outermost part of the bacterial membrane, we considered t ... | 2002 | 11854195 |
| cloned shiga toxin 2 b subunit induces apoptosis in ramos burkitt's lymphoma b cells. | the shiga toxins (stx1 and stx2), produced by shigella dysenteriae type 1 and enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli, consist of one a subunit and five b subunits. the stx1 and stx2 b subunits form a pentameric structure that binds to globotriaosylceramide (gb3-cer) receptors on eukaryotic cells and promotes endocytosis. the a subunit then inhibits protein biosynthesis, which triggers apoptosis in the affected cell. in addition to its gb3-cer binding activity, the data in the following report demons ... | 2002 | 11854211 |
| shigellocidal properties of three nigerian medicinal plants: ocimum gratissimum, terminalia avicennoides, and momordica balsamina. | the prevalence of multidrug-resistant shigellae is an important concern in the treatment of shigellosis in many developing countries, and other therapies, including herbal agents, may provide an important alternative to antimicrobial agents. in this study, three nigerian medicinal plants: ocimum gratissimum, terminalia avicennoides, and momordica balsamina were investigated for their activities against multidrug-resistant shigella species isolated from patients with bacilliary dysentery in lagos ... | 2001 | 11855356 |
| should all stool specimens be routinely tested for clostridium difficile? | objective: to determine the frequency with which clostridium difficile was detected in stool specimens from outpatients and patients hospitalized for less than 4 days to assess the usefulness of routine laboratory screening for detecting this enteric pathogen. methods: seven hundred and forty-one specimens from 398 patients were cultured over a 6-month period for salmonella, shigella, yersinia, escherichia coli o157:h7, campylobacter and clostridium difficile. clostridium difficile culture-posit ... | 1999 | 11856253 |
| [gena types of shigella enterotoxins of s. flexneri 2a]. | to identify homogenous clones of s. flexneri 2a, using gene distribution polymorphism of shigella enterotoxin 1 (set 1) and shigella enterotoxin 2 (set 2) in a shigellosis outbreak caused by s. flexneri 2a. | 2000 | 11860800 |
| [study on diarrhea disease and escherichia coli strains harboring hpi pathogenicity island of yersinia enterolitica in shandong province]. | it was found that some e. coli strains previously identified as entero slts-producing and invasive e. coli (esiec), harboring hpi pathogenicity island of yersinia enterolitica. this research was designed to reveal prevalence, susceptible group and clinical features it caused. | 2001 | 11860844 |
| [investigation of a shigellosis outbreak in a rural zone of senegal]. | the investigation of this outbreak took place in niakhar (ird project study area), a rural area located 150 km east of dakar. covering 30 villages, with a population of about 30,000 inhabitants, the area has been under demographic and epidemiological surveillance. in 1999, the surveillance allowed 973 cases of shigellosis to be recorded out of 1,751 cases of dysenteric diarrhoeas. the outbreak reached a peak during the raining season (73% of the cases in september and october). all the villages ... | 2001 | 11861195 |
| isolation and virulence factors of verocytotoxin-producing escherichia coli in human stool samples. | objective: to evaluate the isolation rate of o157 and non-o157 verocytotoxin-producing escherichia coli (vtec) strains, to study the occurrence of additional virulence factors and to correlate these with clinical symptoms. methods: over more than 5 years, 17 296 unduplicated fecal samples submitted for routine culture were screened for vtec by a single pcr detecting vt1, vt2 and its variants. verocytotoxin b subunit genotypes of the isolates obtained by testing individual colonies in positive sa ... | 1997 | 11864177 |
| cdc42 facilitates invasion but not the actin-based motility of shigella. | the enteric pathogen shigella utilizes host-encoded proteins to invade the gastrointestinal tract. efficient invasion of host cells requires the stimulation of rho-family gtpases and cytoskeletal alterations by shigella-encoded ipac. following invasion and lysis of the phagosome, shigella exploits the host's actin-based polymerization machinery to assemble an actin tail that serves as the propulsive force required for spreading within and between cells. the shigella surface protein icsa stimulat ... | 2002 | 11864577 |
| prevalence of enteric pathogens among international travelers with diarrhea acquired in kenya (mombasa), india (goa), or jamaica (montego bay). | stools from tourists from europe and north america who acquired diarrhea in mombasa (kenya), goa (india), or montego bay (jamaica) were examined for enteric pathogens. enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) was the most common pathogen (25%) identified in the 3 locations. isolation of shigella species was more frequent in goa and mombasa than in montego bay (10%, 9%, and 0.3%, respectively; p <.005). viruses (rotaviruses and enteric adenoviruses) were found in 9% of travelers to the 3 areas. of ... | 2002 | 11865402 |
| rapid and sensitive detection of shigella sonnei in feces by the use of an o-antigen-specific monoclonal antibody in a combined immunomagnetic separation-polymerase chain reaction assay. | objective: the aim of the present work was to develop a rapid, specific and highly sensitive diagnostic method for the detection of shigella sonnei directly from stool samples. design and methods: an immunomagnetic separation-polymerase chain reaction (ims-pcr) combined assay for diagnosis of s. sonnei was developed. for this, a monoclonal antibody (mab) specific for the o-antigen of s. sonnei was coated to magnetic beads for capture, concentration and separation of s. sonnei from feces. bacteri ... | 1996 | 11866812 |
| nuclear, biological, and chemical combined injuries and countermeasures on the battlefield. | the armed forces radiobiological research institute (afrri) has developed a research program to determine the major health risks from exposure to ionizing radiation in combination with biological and chemical warfare agents and to assess the extent to which exposure to ionizing radiation compromises the effectiveness of protective drugs, vaccines, and other biological and chemical warfare prophylactic and treatment strategies. afrri's defense technology objective md22 supports the development of ... | 2002 | 11873528 |
| norwalk virus gastroenteritis among israeli soldiers: lack of evidence for flyborne transmission. | paired sera collected from subjects before and after a fly-control intervention trial conducted in the israel defense force (idf) were tested for seroconversion to norwalk virus (nv) to examine the role of nv as a cause of diarrhea in this population and to ascertain whether flies might also be implicated in transmission. | 2002 | 11876512 |
| low frequency of enteric infections by salmonella, shigella, yersinia and campylobacter in patients with acute leukemia. | several authors found that isolation of salmonella, shigella, yersinia and campylobacter spp. (ssyc) from stool cultures after the 3rd day of hospitalization is a rare event. the significance of enteric infections caused by these pathogens has not been systematically investigated in severely immunosuppressed patients with acute leukemia. | 2002 | 11878289 |
| rate of seizures in children with shigellosis. | | 2002 | 11883810 |
| antimicrobial activity of prenylflavanones. | among two flavanones [ys01, ys02] and eight prenylflavanones [ys03-ys10], preliminary screening with fifteen test bacterial strains showed that ys06 was the most active agent. ys06 exhibited highly significant antimicrobial action when tested against 228 bacterial strains comprising two gram-positive and six gram-negative genera. the in vitro susceptibility test was carried out by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) of ys06 by agar dilution technique. twenty-two out of fifty s ... | 2001 | 11887338 |
| complete genomic sequence of sfv, a serotype-converting temperate bacteriophage of shigella flexneri. | bacteriophage sfv is a temperate serotype-converting phage of shigella flexneri. sfv encodes the factors involved in type v o-antigen modification, and the serotype conversion and integration-excision modules of the phage have been isolated and characterized. we now report on the complete sequence of the sfv genome (37,074 bp). a total of 53 open reading frames were predicted from the nucleotide sequence, and analysis of the corresponding proteins was used to construct a functional map. the gene ... | 2002 | 11889106 |
| origin, originality, functions, subversions and molecular signalling of macropinocytosis. | macropinocytosis refers to the formation of primary large endocytic vesicles of irregular size and shape, generated by actin-driven evaginations of the plasma membrane, whereby cells avidly incorporate extracellular fluid. macropinosomes resemble "empty" phagosomes and show no difference with the "spacious phagosomes" triggered by the enteropathogenic bacteria salmonella and shigella. macropinosomes may fuse with lysosomes or regurgitate their content back to the extracellular space. in multiple ... | 2002 | 11890548 |
| mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance: their clinical relevance in the new millennium. | antimicrobials show selective toxicity. suitable targets for antimicrobials to act at include the bacterial cell wall, bacterial protein and folic acid synthesis, nucleic acid metabolism in bacteria and the bacterial cell membrane. acquired antimicrobial resistance generally can be ascribed to one of five mechanisms. these are production of drug-inactivating enzymes, modification of an existing target, acquisition of a target by-pass system, reduced cell permeability and drug removal from the ce ... | 2002 | 11893225 |
| immunoregulatory functions of interleukin 18 and its role in defense against bacterial pathogens. | interleukin-18 (il-18) is a proinflammatory cytokine that belongs to the il-1 cytokine family, due to its structure, receptor family and signal transduction pathways. similarly to il-1beta, il-18 is synthesized as a precursor requiring caspase-1 for cleavage into an active il-18 molecule. however, with regard to its capacity to induce the production of th1 cytokines and to enhance cell-mediated cytotoxicity, il-18 is also related to il-12. produced mainly by antigen-presenting cells, il-18 is a ... | 2002 | 11894141 |
| phase i evaluation of delta virg shigella sonnei live, attenuated, oral vaccine strain wrss1 in healthy adults. | we conducted a phase i trial with healthy adults to evaluate wrss1, a live, oral delta virg shigella sonnei vaccine candidate. in a double-blind, randomized, dose-escalating fashion, inpatient volunteers received a single dose of either placebo (n = 7) or vaccine (n = 27) at 3 x 10(3) cfu (group 1), 3 x 10(4) cfu (group 2), 3 x 10(5) cfu (group 3), or 3 x 10(6) cfu (group 4). the vaccine was generally well tolerated, although a low-grade fever or mild diarrhea occurred in six (22%) of the vaccin ... | 2002 | 11895966 |
| comparative antibiotic resistance of diarrheal pathogens from vietnam and thailand, 1996-1999. | antimicrobial resistance rates for shigella, campylobacter, nontyphoidal salmonella, and enterotoxigenic escherichia coli were compared for vietnam and thailand from 1996 to 1999. resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline was common. quinolone resistance remains low in both countries, except among campylobacter and salmonella organisms in thailand. nalidixic acid resistance among salmonellae has more than doubled since 1995 (to 21%) in thailand bu ... | 2002 | 11897070 |
| genetic determinants of tetracycline resistance in vibrio harveyi. | isolates of vibrio harveyi, a prawn pathogen, have demonstrated multiple antibiotic resistance to commonly used antimicrobial agents, such as oxytetracycline. in this paper, we describe the cloning and characterization of two tetracycline resistance determinants from v. harveyi strain m3.4l. the first resistance determinant, cloned as a 4,590-bp fragment, was identical to teta and flanking sequences encoded on transposon tn10 from shigella flexneri. the second determinant, cloned as a 3,358-bp f ... | 2002 | 11897587 |
| the escherichia coli k-12 shea gene encodes a 34-kda secreted haemolysin. | haemolytic toxins belong to one of several classes of virulence factors that contribute to bacterial pathogenicity. the non-pathogenic escherichia coli k-12 laboratory strain was considered for years to be non-haemolytic. however, overproduction of several transcriptional regulators induced the appearance of a haemolytic activity that is absent under usual laboratory growth conditions. in this work, we have cloned and characterized an e. coli k-12 gene, shea, whose overexpression results in a ha ... | 1997 | 11902713 |
| wild-type intracellular bacteria deliver dna into mammalian cells. | gene transfer in vitro from intracellular bacteria to mammalian phagocytic and non-phagocytic cells and in vivo in mice has been reported. the bacteria used as dna delivery vectors were engineered to lyze upon entry in the cell due to impaired cell wall synthesis for shigella flexneri and invasive escherichia coli, or production of a phage lysin for listeria mono- cytogenes. in vivo gene transfer was obtained with attenuated salmonella typhimurium and resulted in stimulation of mucosal immunity. ... | 2002 | 11906454 |
| f-like plasmid sequences in enteric bacteria of diverse origin, with implication of horizontal transfer and plasmid host range. | seventy-eight bacterial isolates from human, animal, and plant hosts, representing eight species of the family enterobacteriaceae, were screened for f-like plasmid sequences. of the examined human escherichia coli strains, 28% harbored one or two of the three f-like, repfi replication regions, while 35% of the examined animal and all phytopathogenic strains harbored repfia-specific sequences. comparative analysis of salmonella, shigella, erwinia, and e. coli plasmid repfi sequences showed 100% o ... | 2002 | 11910490 |
| markers of inflammation in bacterial diarrhea among travelers, with a focus on enteroaggregative escherichia coli pathogenicity. | the intestinal inflammatory response of traveler's diarrhea acquired in goa, india, and guadalajara, mexico, was studied. fecal lactoferrin was found in stool samples in which enteroaggregative escherichia coli (eaec), enterotoxigenic e. coli, or salmonella or shigella species were isolated, with shigella-positive cases showing the highest level. samples from cases of shigella-associated diarrhea had the highest concentrations of fecal cytokines. travelers to india who had eaec-associated diarrh ... | 2002 | 11920319 |
| rapid detection of shiga toxin-producing bacteria in feces by multiplex pcr with molecular beacons on the smart cycler. | we have developed a rapid (1-h) real-time fluorescence-based pcr assay with the smart cycler thermal cycler (cepheid, sunnyvale, calif.) for the detection of shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec), as well as other shiga toxin-producing bacteria. based on multiple-sequence alignments, we have designed two pairs of pcr primers that efficiently amplify all variants of the shiga toxin genes stx(1) and stx(2), respectively. these primer pairs were combined for use in a multiplex assay. two mo ... | 2002 | 11923369 |
| epidemic strains of shigella sonnei biotype g carrying integrons. | class 2 integrons (tn7) were found in all randomly selected epidemic (n = 27) and preepidemic (n = 13) strains of multiresistant shigella sonnei biotype g. a class 1 integron was also found in two epidemic strains. gene cassettes within these integrons account for resistance to commonly used therapeutic agents. | 2002 | 11923391 |
| prevalence of the sat gene among clinical isolates of shigella spp. causing travelers' diarrhea: geographical and specific differences. | | 2002 | 11923399 |
| effects of buprenorphine on immunogenicity and protective efficacy in the guinea pig keratoconjunctivitis model (sereny test). | shigellosis is a disease of global proportions, with an estimated 164.7 million episodes annually throughout the world as well as an estimated 1.1 million associated mortalities in developing countries. due to increasing incidence, and continued emergence of multi-drug resistant strains, shigella vaccine development is considered a top public health priority. the guinea pig keratoconjunctivitis model, the basis for the sereny test, remains the most reliable in vivo indicator of virulence of shig ... | 2001 | 11924776 |
| development of a p1 phagemid system for the delivery of dna into gram-negative bacteria. | the inability to transform many clinically important gram-negative bacteria has hampered genetic studies addressing the mechanism of bacterial pathogenesis. this report describes the development and construction of a delivery system utilizing the broad-host-range transducing bacteriophage p1. the phagemids used in this system contain a p1 pac initiation site to package the vector, a p1 lytic replicon to generate concatemeric dna, a broad-host-range origin of replication and an antibiotic-resista ... | 2002 | 11932441 |
| a school waterborne outbreak involving both shigella sonnei and entamoeba histolytica. | in an outbreak of gastroenteritis affecting 730 students, shigella sonnei and entamoeba histolytica were isolated from the stool specimens of patients. environmental investigations revealed the source of infection to be contamination of underground well water by sewage from a toilet. the outbreak ended with the closure of the well water supply. to avoid such problems, institutions and other groups that maintain their own wells, including schools and summer camps, need to be vigilant about mainte ... | 2001 | 11936033 |
| modelling and estimation of physical parameters in a sludge drying system. | in this paper is presented the study of a sludge drying system used to kill pathogenic organisms living in sludge. the system is modeled and the physical parameters thermal capacity, thermal resistance and thermal time constant are estimated using conventional estimation methods. | 2002 | 11936658 |
| the infrared spectroscopic gram stain. | the attenuated total reflectance (atr) spectra of bacterial colonies were obtained in situ, without their removal from the agar growth media using the infrared microscope. principal components regression (pcr) analysis was used to obtain a measure of the differentiating potential of the atr spectra obtained on two standard sets consisting of 31 and 44 species, respectively, grown on trypticase soy agar. a quantitative response value of +1 was assigned to gram positive species and -1 was assigned ... | 2001 | 11936876 |
| seasonal distribution of enteropathogens detected from diarrheal stool and water samples collected in kathmandu, nepal. | a total of 334 diarrheal fecal samples (from 210 males and 124 females) collected in kathmandu, nepal, were studied for various kinds of enteropathogens. overall, 33% (111/334) fecal samples were positive for one or more enteropathogens. there was no difference in detection rates between males and females. enteropathogen detection rates in summer, winter, spring, and autumn were 61% (40/66), 52% (45/87), 31% (25/81), and 25% (25/100), respectively. altogether eight species of bacteria, three gen ... | 2001 | 11944710 |
| studies on o-specific polysaccharides of shigella flexneri 1b(i) and its smooth mutant z(iii). | | 1970 | 11947597 |
| [phenomenon of apoptosis in the survival of enterobacteria in the parasite-host system]. | data on the apoptosis phenomenon with enterobacteria used as a model are presented. one of the mechanisms regulating the vital activity of eukaryotic cells is, together with cell proliferation and differentiation, the phenomenon known as "apoptosis". this physiological process of the eukaryotic cells death is used by many parasites in parasite--host relationships in different epitopes. the system known to trigger programmed cell death, is the surface receptor fas, the receptor of tumor necrosis ... | 2002 | 11949266 |
| a large outbreak of shigella sonnei gastroenteritis associated with consumption of fresh pasteurised milk cheese. | a large outbreak of shigella sonnei gastroenteritis occurred in murcia region (southeast spain) in the winter of 1995-1996. more than 200 people were affected. epidemiological investigations implicated a regionally manufactured fresh pasteurised milk cheese as the vehicle of infection. a case-control study showed a statistically significant association between the illness and consumption of the suspect cheese. the dispersed sale of the cheese resulted in a regional dissemination of the organism ... | 2001 | 11949725 |
| neural wiskott-aldrich syndrome protein (n-wasp) is the specific ligand for shigella virg among the wasp family and determines the host cell type allowing actin-based spreading. | shigella, the causative agent of bacillary dysentery, is capable of directing its movement within host cells by forming an actin comet tail. the virg (icsa) pro-tein expressed at one pole of the bacterium recruits neural wiskott-aldrich syndrome protein (n-wasp), a member of the wasp family, which in turn stimulates actin-related protein (arp) 2/3 complex-mediated actin polymerization. as all the wasp family proteins induce actin polymerization by recruiting arp2/3 complex, we investigated their ... | 2002 | 11952639 |
| feasibility of introducing rejection criteria for stool cultures in a teaching hospital in portugal. | the possible introduction of rejection criteria for stool cultures (<or= 3 days hospitalization and <or= 2 specimens) were investigated in a teaching hospital in portugal. during 12 months, 854 specimens from 537 patients (37% of them adults) were observed. sixteen percent of inpatients had a positive stool culture (adults 9.7%, pediatric 21.7%). eighty-five percent had <or= 3 days of hospitalization. application of the '3-day-rule' would have led to 12 missed cases. only in three cases would pr ... | 2002 | 11952727 |
| spa15 of shigella flexneri, a third type of chaperone in the type iii secretion pathway. | the type iii secretion (tts) pathway is used by numerous gram-negative pathogens to inject virulence factors into eukaryotic cells. in addition to a functional tts apparatus, secretion of effector proteins depends upon specific chaperones. using a two-hybrid screen in yeast and a co-purification assay in shigella flexneri, we demonstrated that spa15, which is encoded by an operon for components of the tts apparatus, is associated in the cytoplasm with three proteins that are secreted by the tts ... | 2002 | 11952903 |
| ordinary and opportunistic enteropathogens associated with diarrhea in senegalese adults in relation to human immunodeficiency virus serostatus. | a survey was conducted in dakar, senegal, to identify major types and prevalences of bacteria, parasites, fungi, and rotaviruses associated with diarrhea in relation to human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) serostatus with the goal to provide guidance to physicians for case management. | 2001 | 11953215 |
| host-pathogen interactions: the seduction of molecular cross talk. | bacterial pathogens have evolved two major strategies to colonise the intestinal epithelium. adherent microorganisms bind to the apical pole of the intestinal epithelium, whereas invasive microorganisms disrupt and invade the epithelium. recognition of the genetic bases of bacterial pathogenicity and analysis of the molecular cross talks established between pathogens and their mammalian target cells have illuminated this diversity of interactions. we have compared the strategies of enteroinvasiv ... | 2002 | 11953325 |
| studies on enteric campylobacteriosis in tikur anbessa and ethio-swedish children's hospital, addis ababa, ethiopia. | between february 1992 and january 1993 different campylobacter spp. were isolated from 86 (13.7%) of 630 patients with diarrhoea at tikur anbessa and ethio-swedish children's hospital, addis ababa, ethiopia. in the same study population, shigella spp. were found in 11.7% and salmonella spp. in 3.8%. campylobacter spp. were found in all age groups, but the majority were isolated from children less than five years of age (68.6%). only 2 (0.9%) of 220 controls had campylobacter in their stools. of ... | 1999 | 11957308 |
| development of oligonucleotide primers for the specific pcr-based detection of the most frequent enterobacteriaceae species dna using wec gene templates. | oligonucleotide primers were designed for the pcr-based detection of the wec gene cluster involved in the biosynthetic pathway leading to the production of enterobacterial common antigen (eca). escherichia coli dna was detected using wec a, wec e, and wec f gene primers. the wec a primers were specific for e. coli. the wec e and wec f primers enabled the detection of the most frequent species of the enterobacteriaceae found in blood and urine specimens as well as in water. the sensitivity of the ... | 2002 | 11958564 |
| tropical diarrhoea: new developments in traveller's diarrhoea. | traveller's diarrhoea is the most common illness acquired by visitors to developing countries, affecting 20-50% of the 35 million people who travel from industrialized countries each year. important risk factors include point of origin and destination of the traveller, host factors, and exposure to contaminated food and water. the most common causes of traveller's diarrhoea in adults in developing countries include infection with escherichia coli, shigella spp., salmonella spp., campylobacter sp ... | 2001 | 11964874 |
| global aspects of antimicrobial-resistant enteric bacteria. | antibiotics have been considered to be safe and effective 'magic bullets', with no disadvantages to their widespread use. this has been proven to be a complacent attitude, with ever-increasing prevalences of resistance now evident. the present review covers aspects of the development, mechanisms and genetics of antimicrobial resistance in enteric commensals and pathogens. | 2001 | 11964879 |
| delayed and reduced adaptive humoral immune responses in children with shigellosis compared with in adults. | we hypothesized that increased susceptibility to shigella infection, increased severity of disease and high mortality in children compared with adults were consequences of insufficient adaptive immune responses. antigen-specific immune responses were studied in paediatric patients (n = 38, 2-10 years) with shigellosis and compared with those of adult patients (n = 30, 18-45 years). peak frequencies of antigen (invasion plasmid coded antigen b, ipa-b; lipopolysaccharide, lps)-specific immunoglobu ... | 2002 | 11967124 |
| regulation of transcription by the activity of the shigella flexneri type iii secretion apparatus. | the virulence plasmid-encoded type iii secretion system of shigella flexneri consists of the mxi-spa secretion apparatus, secreted proteins ipaa-d and ipgd involved in entry of bacteria into epithelial cells,cytoplasmic chaperones ipgc and ipge and 15 other secreted proteins of unknown function, including vira and members of the ipah family. the activity of the mxi-spa apparatus is regulated by external signals, and transcription of vira and ipah genes is specifically induced in conditions of ac ... | 2002 | 11971264 |
| abdominal infections in patients with acute leukaemia: a prospective study applying ultrasonography and microbiology. | a prospective study of 62 chemotherapy-induced neutropenic episodes in patients with acute leukaemia was conducted to determine the incidence and causes of abdominal infections, and to assess the diagnostic value of the combined use of ultrasonography (us) and microbiology. each patient underwent us of liver, gallbladder and complete bowel before chemotherapy, on days 2-4 after the end of chemotherapy and in cases of fever, diarrhoea or abdominal pain. us was combined with a standardized clinica ... | 2002 | 11972517 |
| genomic subtraction to identify and characterize sequences of shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli o91:h21. | to identify shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli genes associated with severe human disease, a genomic subtraction technique was used with hemolytic-uremic syndrome-associated o91:h21 strain ch014 and o6:h10 bovine strains. the method was adapted to the shiga toxin-producing e. coli genome: three rounds of subtraction were used to isolate dna fragments specific to strain ch014. the fragments were characterized by genetic support analysis, sequencing, and hybridization to the genome of a collec ... | 2002 | 11976103 |
| rapid detection of shigella species in environmental sewage by an immunocapture pcr with universal primers. | in the present study, we developed a quick, highly specific method for detection of shigella species by combining immunocapturing of the bacteria and a universal primer pcr. the method drastically enhances test sensitivity, and it can be used not only for identification of shigella species in the environment but also for rapid detection of other pathogens. | 2002 | 11976139 |
| characterization of pecl18 and pkpn2: a proposed pathway for the evolution of two plasmids that carry identical genes for a type ii restriction-modification system. | the primary structures of the plasmids pecl18 (5571 bp) and pkpn2 (4196 bp) from escherichia coli and klebsiella pneumoniae, respectively, which carry genes for a type ii restriction-modification system (rms2) with the specificity 5'-ccngg-3', were determined in order to elucidate the structural relationship between them. the data suggest a possible role for recombination events at bom (basis of mobility) regions and the sites of resolution of multimer plasmid forms (so-called cer sequences) in ... | 2002 | 11976960 |
| quantification of shigella icsa required for bacterial actin polymerization. | shigella move through the cytoplasm of host cells by active polymerization of host actin to form an "actin tail." actin tail assembly is mediated by the shigella protein icsa. the process of shigella actin assembly has been studied extensively using icsa-expressing escherichia coli in cytoplasmic extracts of xenopus eggs. however, for reasons that have been unclear, wild type shigella does not assemble actin in these extracts. we show that the defect in actin assembly in xenopus extracts by shig ... | 2002 | 11977093 |
| cytotoxicity and interleukin-1beta processing following shigella flexneri infection of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. | shigella flexneri infection of macrophages (mphi) leads to activation of caspase-1 by the ipab virulence factor, which induces rapid cell death and release of mature il-1beta. here we show that s. flexneri infection of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (dc) also results in rapid ipab-dependent death. cytotoxicity is only partially blocked by the caspase-1 inhibitor yvad, but completely blocked by the pan-caspase inhibitor z-vad. cytotoxicity is also partially blocked by glycine without affe ... | 2002 | 11981835 |
| development of an oral prime-boost strategy to elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies against hiv-1. | given the increasing incidence of hiv-1 infection world-wide, an affordable, effective vaccine is probably the only way that this virus will be contained. accordingly, our group is developing an oral prime-boost strategy with the primary goal of eliciting broadly neutralizing antibodies against hiv-1 to provide sterilizing immunity for this virus. our secondary goal is to elicit broadly cross-reactive anti-viral cd8(+) t cells by this strategy to blunt any breakthrough infections that occur afte ... | 2002 | 11983256 |
| bromoperoxidase activity of vanadate-substituted acid phosphatases from shigella flexneri and salmonella enterica ser. typhimurium. | vanadium haloperoxidases and the bacterial class a nonspecific acid phosphatases have a conserved active site. it is shown that vanadate-substituted recombinant acid phosphatase from shigella flexneri (phon-sf) and salmonella enterica ser. typhimurium (phon-se) in the presence of h2o2 are able to oxidize bromide to hypobromous acid. vanadate is essential for this activity. the kinetic parameters for the artificial bromoperoxidases have been determined. the km value for h2o2 is about the same as ... | 2002 | 11985594 |
| two msbb genes encoding maximal acylation of lipid a are required for invasive shigella flexneri to mediate inflammatory rupture and destruction of the intestinal epithelium. | shigella flexneri is a gram-negative pathogen that invades and causes inflammatory destruction of the human colonic epithelium, thus leading to bloody diarrhea and dysentery. a type iii secretion system that delivers effector proteins into target eukaryotic cells is largely responsible for cell and tissue invasion. however, the respective role of this invasive phenotype and of lipid a, the endotoxin of the shigella lps, in eliciting the inflammatory cascade that leads to rupture and destruction ... | 2002 | 11994481 |
| commonly conserved genetic fragments revealed by genome profiling can serve as tracers of evolution. | we developed a method to produce, identify and analyze dna fragments for the purpose of taxonomic classification. genome profiling (gp) is a strategy that identifies genomic dna fragments common to closely related species without prior knowledge of the dna sequence. random pcr, one of the key technologies of gp, is used to produce fragments and may be used even when there are mutations at the priming site. these fragments can then be distinguished based on the information of mobility and melting ... | 2002 | 12000847 |
| antibiotic resistance and sero-groups of shigella among paediatric out-patients in southwest ethiopia. | to determine the prevalence of shigella sero-groups and resistance pattern of isolates to commonly used antibiotics in jimma. | 2001 | 12002106 |
| incidence and molecular analysis of vibrio cholerae associated with cholera outbreak subsequent to the super cyclone in orissa, india. | an epidemiological study was carried out to find out the aetiological agent for diarrhoeal disorders in the cyclone and flood affected areas of orissa, india. rectal swabs collected from 107 hospitalized diarrhoea patients were bacteriologically analysed to isolate and identify the various enteropathogens. detection of toxic genes among e. coli and v. cholerae was carried out by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay. of the 107 rectal swabs analysed, 72.3% were positive for v. cholerae o1 ogawa, ... | 2002 | 12002529 |
| rhamnose-binding lectins from steelhead trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) eggs recognize bacterial lipopolysaccharides and lipoteichoic acid. | the interaction between bacteria and three l-rham-nose-binding lectins, named stl1, stl2, and stl3, from steelhead trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) eggs was investigated. although stls bound to most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, they agglutinated only escherichia coli k-12 and bacillus subtilis among the bacteria tested. the binding was inhibited by l-rhamnose. stls bound to distinct serotypes of lipopolysaccharides (lpss), and showed much higher binding activities to smooth-type lpss of ... | 2002 | 12005056 |
| enhancement of pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures by shigella dysenteriae in lps-resistant c3h/hej mice: role of the host response. | convulsions and encephalopathy are common complications of shiga toxin (stx)-producing shigella and enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli infections. in previous studies, we demonstrated that stx and lipopolysaccharide (lps) act in concert to enhance mice sensitivity to pentylenetetrazole (ptz)-induced seizures via mechanisms involving tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnfalpha), interleukinl beta and nitric oxide. to further elucidate the role of the host response in shigella-related seizures, we studi ... | 2002 | 12005330 |
| [salmonella spp. serotypes isolated at the hospital universitario reina sofía in córdoba during an 8-year period, 1993-2000]. | as a producer of gastro-enteritis and other symptoms, salmonella spp. remains an important problem for world public health. epidemiological knowledge at both general and local level by means of serotypification is considered one of the fundamental aspects for its control. | 2002 | 12006258 |
| delivery of dangerous goods: type iii secretion in enteric pathogens. | type iii secretion systems (ttsss) of gram-negative pathogens are molecular syringes that inject bacterial virulence factors directly into host cells. these virulence factors manipulate host cell pathways to aid bacterial survival within the host. four important enteric pathogens use ttsss to colonize and persist within the intestinal environment. the following is a brief review of the way in which ttsss and their effectors contribute to the pathogenic nature of the prototypic diarrheal pathogen ... | 2002 | 12008913 |
| regulation of the overlapping pic/set locus in shigella flexneri and enteroaggregative escherichia coli. | most strains of shigella flexneri 2a and enteroaggregative escherichia coli carry a highly conserved chromosomal locus which encodes a 109-kda secreted mucinase (called pic) and, on the opposite strand in overlapping fashion, an oligomeric enterotoxin called shet1, encoded by the seta and setb genes. here, we characterize the genetic regulation of these overlapping genes. our data suggest that pic and the setba loci are transcribed as complementary 4-kb mrna species. the major pic promoter is ma ... | 2002 | 12010980 |
| construction, characterization, and animal testing of wrsd1, a shigella dysenteriae 1 vaccine. | wrsd1 is a shigella dysenteriae 1 vaccine containing deletions of the virg(icsa) gene required for intercellular spreading and a 20-kb chromosomal region encompassing the shiga toxin genes (stxab). wrsd1 was constructed from s. dysenteriae 1 strain 1617 that was originally isolated during the 1968 to 1969 epidemic of shiga dysentery in guatemala. the virg(icsa) deletion was constructed from a streptomycin-resistant (str(r)) mutant of 1617 by a filter mating procedures using a virg(icsa) deletion ... | 2002 | 12010984 |
| apoptosis in acute shigellosis is associated with increased production of fas/fas ligand, perforin, caspase-1, and caspase-3 but reduced production of bcl-2 and interleukin-2. | shigella dysenteriae type 1-induced apoptotic cell death in rectal tissues from patients infected with shigella dysenteriae type 1 was studied by the terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dutp-biotin nick end labeling (tunel) technique and annexin v staining. expression of proteins and cytokines participating in the apoptotic process (caspase-1, caspase-3, fas [cd95], fas ligand [fas-l], perforin, granzyme a, bax, waf-1, bcl-2, interleukin-2 [il-2], il-18, and granulocyte-macrophage colo ... | 2002 | 12011015 |
| pathogenicity islands of shigella. | | 2002 | 12014181 |
| the dynamics of actin-based motility depend on surface parameters. | in cells, actin polymerization at the plasma membrane is induced by the recruitment of proteins such as the arp2/3 complex, and the zyxin/vasp complex. the physical mechanism of force generation by actin polymerization has been described theoretically using various approaches, but lacks support from experimental data. by the use of reconstituted motility medium, we find that the wiskott aldrich syndrome protein (wasp) subdomain, known as vca, is sufficient to induce actin polymerization and move ... | 2002 | 12015607 |
| epidemiological applications: a case report of a village epidemic of gastroenteritis. | this is a case report of an epidemic of gastroenteritis which was investigated and controlled by epidemiological methods only, before laboratory investigations could be done to confirm the original epidemiological conclusions--from contaminated home made ice-cubes. the case and process are reported in order to encourage similar uses of epidemiology by field public health practitioners, especially within the district or primary health care systems and particularly in places where laboratory suppo ... | 2001 | 12017811 |
| death from multi-resistant shigellosis in fiji islands. | death from shigellosis is rare in developed countries, however it causes over a million deaths in developing countries worldwide annually. death from shigellosis is rare in fiji. however, the global problem of emerging multidrug resistance raises some issues about the management of shigellosis in this country. within fiji, shigella is a notifiable disease. the fiji ministry of health recorded 68 cases of shigella in 1996, 173 cases in 1997 and 334 cases in 1998 (no data available for 1999). ther ... | 2001 | 12017845 |
| neutrophil elastase targets virulence factors of enterobacteria. | shigellae cause bacillary dysentery, a bloody form of diarrhoea that affects almost 200 million people and causes nearly 2 million deaths per year. shigella invades the colonic mucosa, where it initiates an acute inflammation, rich in neutrophils, that initially contributes to tissue damage and eventually resolves the infection. neutrophils are phagocytic cells that kill microorganisms but it is unclear how neutrophils control pathogenic bacteria expressing virulence factors that manipulate host ... | 2002 | 12018205 |
| distinct recent lineages of the stra- strb streptomycin-resistance genes in clinical and environmental bacteria. | we report the linkage of the stra-strb streptomycin-resistance genes with class 1 integron sequences on pstr1, a 75-kb multiple antibiotic-resistance plasmid from shigella flexneri. stra-strb had previously been detected only within tn 5393, a tn 3-family transposon, and on small nonconjugative broad-host-range plasmids such as rsf1010. the geographic range of tn 5393 was also extended to pseudomonas spp. isolated from apple trees in new zealand and soil in the usa. comparative sequence analyses ... | 2002 | 12029529 |
| [shigella boydii strains possessing a new serovar (sm00-27) isolated from diarrhea of overseas travelers in japan]. | five shigella strains isolated from stool cultures of five sporadic imported diarrheal cases in japan during 1999-2001, did not react to any antisera of the established shigella serovars. these strains had the typical biochemical characteristics of shigella boydii, and were biochemically identical. all strains were positive in a pcr assay and a cultured-cell invasion test for invasiveness; these indicate that they can cause shigellosis in humans. the results of antigenic analysis revealed that t ... | 2002 | 12030026 |
| the effect of nacl on survival of shigella flexneri in broth as affected by temperature and ph. | shigella, a major foodborne pathogen, survives well in salt-containing environments. however, systematic data are scarce. we studied the behavior of shigella flexneri 5348 in brain heart infusion broth (ph 4 to 6) containing 0.5 to 8% nacl. stationary-phase cells were inoculated into sterile media at initial concentrations of 6 to 7 log10 cfu/ml and incubated at 12 to 37 degrees c. bacterial population sizes were determined periodically by plate counts. survivor curves were derived from plate co ... | 2002 | 12030287 |
| inorganic polyphosphate is essential for long-term survival and virulence factors in shigella and salmonella spp. | the importance of inorganic polyphosphate (poly p) and poly p kinase (ppk), the enzyme principally responsible for its synthesis, has been established previously for stationary-phase survival of escherichia coli and virulence in pseudomonas aeruginosa. the gene (ppk) that encodes ppk is highly conserved among many bacterial pathogens, including shigella and salmonella spp. in view of the phylogenetic similarity of the enteropathogens and the frequency with which virulence factors are expressed i ... | 2002 | 12032342 |
| mucosal dna vaccination with highly attenuated shigella is superior to attenuated salmonella and comparable to intramuscular dna vaccination for t cells against hiv. | an immunization strategy using attenuated bacteria to deliver dna vaccine plasmids to mucosal sites may induce protective t cell responses against sexual hiv transmission. in a murine intranasal (i.n.) immunization model, we demonstrate that transiently persistent deltaasd shigella flexneri strain 15d harboring dna vaccines induces hiv- and siv-specific gamma interferon (ifn-gamma) producing cd8+ t cells among splenocytes more efficiently than either a longer persisting deltaarod salmonella typh ... | 2002 | 12036602 |
| acute diarrhea and malnutrition: lethality risk in hospitalized infants. | acute diarrhea is a very frequent disease in developing countries and is the first cause of death in infants under two years of age. this study was designed to evaluate the clinical and epidemiological factors associated to the death of 17 out of 511 infants hospitalized due to severe acute diarrhea between january 1989 and december 1995. | 1999 | 12038472 |
| survivability of shigella dysenteriae type 1 & s. flexneri 2a in laboratory conditions simulating aquatic environment. | information about the duration of survival of shigellae in water is speculative. the present study was undertaken to assess the duration of survival of shigella dysenteriae type 1 and s. flexneri type 2a in the laboratory conditions simulating the aquatic environment, their invasive property and the association of different physico-chemical parameters in the survival process. | 2001 | 12040763 |
| antimicrobial resistance of shigella spp isolated from diarrheal patients between 1989 and 1998 in vietnam. | shigellosis is an important cause of infectious diarrhea in vietnam, caused mainly by shigella flexneri. this study provides for the first time in the international literature, data on the development of antimicrobial resistance in shigella between 1988 to 1998, including data reported to the national program for surveillance of antimicrobial resistance (npsar). our studies show that about 80% of the shigella strains tested were resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, oxytetracycline, trimetho ... | 2001 | 12041563 |
| protozoan enteric infection in aids related diarrhea in thailand. | the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of enteric protozoa and other pathogens in aids patients with diarrhea in bangkok, thailand. of 288 consecutive patients screened in the 10 month period between november 1999-august 2000 inclusive, 55 (19.2%) had cryptosporidium spp, 13 (4.5%) had isospora oocyst, 11 (3.8%) had giardia lamblia, 3 (0.9%) had entamoeba histolytica, and 1 (0.3%) had iodamoeba butschlii infection. the prevalence of microsporidia was 11% in this study. of 251 pati ... | 2001 | 12041580 |
| [diversity within a population of shigella sonnei according to markers of medicinal preparations]. | as revealed in this study, s. sonnei population is represented by two clusters with respect to the sensitivity to different antibiotics. a higher degree of diversity was observed with respect to the action of streptomycin, kefzol, ampicillin, chloramphenicol and kanamycin in comparison with the action of gentamicin, nevigramon, rafampicin, tetracycline and polymyxin. the level of diversity of s. sonnei with respect to the sensitivity to antibiotics under study underwent essential changes during ... | 2002 | 12043156 |
| [clinical and morphological aspects of shigellosis flexneri in patients with an aggravated premorbid state]. | the analysis of 10 fatal outcomes in patients with acute shigellosis during the period of 1999-2000 made it possible to find out that most of deceased shigellosis patients belonged to the group inclined to alcohol abuse and having initial alimentary disturbances. in 6 cases of acute shigellosis with fatal outcome the causative agent was s. flexneri 2a, in 2 cases--s. flexneri 3a, in 1--s. flexneri 4b. the main cause of fatal outcomes was accompanying double pneumonia. lesions of the intestinal t ... | 2002 | 12043161 |
| [molecular characterization of resistance mechanisms to chloramphenicol in shigella flexneri strains isolated from chilean children with acute diarrhea]. | chloramphenicol is one of the therapeutic options for shigellosis, but resistance to this antimicrobial is increasing. | 2002 | 12043369 |
| representational difference analysis uncovers a novel is10-like insertion element unique to pathogenic strains of yersinia enterocolitica. | the method of suppressive subtractive hybridization was employed to map out genomic differences between the highly pathogenic yersinia enterocolitica (ye) biogroup 1b, serotype o:8 strain (wa-314) and the closely related apathogenic y. enterocolitica biogroup 1a, serotype o:5 strain (nf-o). a novel is10-like element, is1330, uncovered by this technique was found to be uniquely present in high copy numbers among the highly pathogenic y. enterocolitica 1b strains, while a single copy of the elemen ... | 2002 | 12044683 |
| [studies on the actin-based spreading of shigella]. | | 2002 | 12048885 |
| expression of colonization factor antigen i of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli in shigella flexneri 2a t32. | a host-plasmid lethal balancing system was constructed based on asd gene in an avirulent strain of s.flexneri to express colonization factor antigen i(cfa-i) of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli.the results of western blotting suggested that avirulant strain of s.flexneri fwl01 expressed cfa-i steadily. examination of negatively-stained preparation of cultures by electron microscopy showed that s.flexneri fwl01 carrying the plasmid pzhy21 had thick pili on its surface. antibodies against cfa-i we ... | 2001 | 12050785 |
| bacillus dysentericus (sic) 1897 was the first taxonomic rather than bacillus dysenteriae 1898. | the basonym of shigella dysenteriae (shiga 1898) castellani and chalmers 1919 was first and officially proposed in 1897 as bacillus dysentericus (sic) in saikingaku zasshi, published in japan. in accordance with section 6 (citation of authors and names) of the bacteriological code (1990 revision), the year of the first proposal of shigella dysenteriae has to be corrected from bacillus dysenteriae 1898 to bacillus dysentericus (sic) 1897. | 2002 | 12054222 |
| spa32 regulates a switch in substrate specificity of the type iii secreton of shigella flexneri from needle components to ipa proteins. | type iii secretion systems (ttss) are essential virulence determinants of many gram-negative bacteria and serve, upon physical contact with target cells, to translocate bacterial proteins directly across eukaryotic cell membranes. the shigella ttss is encoded by the mxi/spa loci located on its virulence plasmid. by electron microscopy secretons are visualized as tripartite with an external needle, a transmembrane domain, and a cytoplasmic bulb. in the present study, we generated a shigella spa32 ... | 2002 | 12057936 |
| shigella deliver an effector protein to trigger host microtubule destabilization, which promotes rac1 activity and efficient bacterial internalization. | shigella deliver a subset of effectors into the host cell via the type iii secretion system, that stimulate host cell signal pathways to modulate the actin dynamics required for invasion of epithelial cells. here we show that one of the shigella effectors, called vira, can interact with tubulin to promote microtubule (mt) destabilization, and elicit protrusions of membrane ruffling. under in vitro conditions, vira inhibited polymerization of tubulin and stimulated mt destabilization. upon microi ... | 2002 | 12065406 |
| human monocytes kill shigella flexneri but then die by apoptosis associated with suppression of proinflammatory cytokine production. | shigella flexneri infection of human macrophages is followed by rapid bacterial escape into the cytosol and secretion of ipab, which activates caspase-1 to mediate cell death and release of mature interleukin (il)-1 beta. here we report a different outcome following infection of human peripheral blood monocytes. s. flexneri infects monocytes inefficiently in the absence of complement and, following complement-dependent uptake, cannot escape the endosomal compartment. consequently, bacteria are k ... | 2002 | 12065527 |
| shigella flexneri regulates tight junction-associated proteins in human intestinal epithelial cells. | shigella spp. are a group of gram-negative enteric bacilli that cause acute dysentery in humans. we demonstrate that shigella flexneri has evolved the ability to regulate functional components of tight junctions after interaction at the apical and basolateral pole of model intestinal epithelia. in the regulation of tight junctional protein assemblies, s. flexneri can engage serotype-specific mechanisms, which targets not only expression, but also cellular distribution and membrane association of ... | 2002 | 12067320 |
| shiga toxin genes in avian escherichia coli. | the purpose of this study was to determine the presence of stx genes in avian pathogenic escherichia coli (apec). we examined 97 apec isolates: 34 from lesions of avian cellulitis, 31 from avian septicemia, 13 from swollen head syndrome (shs) in chickens, and 19 from diseased turkeys. we also examined five isolates from the feces of healthy chickens. all 102 e. coli isolates were tested for the presence of stx genes by pcr amplification and by colony blots using probes specific for stx1 and stx2 ... | 2002 | 12069771 |
| purification of lactoperoxidase from creek-water buffalo milk and investigation of kinetic and antibacterial properties. | water buffalo lactoperoxidase (wblp) was purified with amberlite cg 50 h+ resin, cm sephadex c-50 ion-exchange chromatography, and sephadex g-100 gel filtration chromatography from skim milk. all purification steps of the wblp were shown with sds-page and rz (a412/a280) controlled the purification degree of the enzyme. rz value for the purified wblp was 0.8. to determine purification steps and kinetic properties, the activity of enzyme was measured by using 2,2-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6 ... | 2002 | 12071645 |
| [the current status of infectious enteritis in japan--reports of the "research group for infectious enteric diseases, japan" in the last 5 years (1996-2000)]. | the patients or carriers with infectious enteritis admitted to the hospitals for infectious diseases in the last 5 years (1996-2000) were studied. the total number of cases admitted in each year were 969, 1,113, 981, 637 and 573 respectively. a total of 1,527 shigella spp. strains including 1,078 strains from overseas travelers' cases were isolated. the isolates of salmonella spp. excluding s. typhi and s. paratyphi a were 562 in number. a total of 61 vibrio cholerae o1 strains including 44 stra ... | 2002 | 12073571 |
| [development of vaccine for enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli infection]. | efforts on the development of vaccines against enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli (ehec) infection has been described in this review. two kinds of vaccines were developed and these have been targeted for in humans and cattle. one vaccine candidate is toxoid, which uses an inactive form of shiga toxin(stx). a part of b subunit, each b or a subunit or one or two amino acid mutated holotoxin were developed as a toxoid vaccine candidate. the other candidate was bacterial surface antigen such as a li ... | 2002 | 12078077 |
| [effect of cytokines on the expression of shiga toxin toxicity]. | shiga toxins(stxs), which are produced by enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli and shigella dysenteriae serotype i, induce proinflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin(il)-1 beta, il-6, interferon-gamma, and chemokines such as il-8 in intestinal epithelial cells, vascular endothelial cells, and monocytes/macrophages in vitro and in kidneys and spleen in vivo. cytokines induced by stxs and lipopolysaccharide enhance the toxicity of stxs via up-regulation of the expre ... | 2002 | 12078078 |