| susceptibility of clostridium difficile isolates of varying antimicrobial resistance phenotypes to smt19969 and 11 comparators. | we determined the in vitro activity of smt19969 and 11 comparators, including metronidazole, vancomycin, and fidaxomicin, against 107 c. difficile isolates of different antimicrobial resistance phenotypes. fidaxomicin and smt19969 were the most active. the fidaxomicin and smt19969 geometric mean mics were highest in ribotypes known to show multiple resistance. coresistance to linezolid and moxifloxacin was evident in ribotypes 001, 017, 027, and 356. the high-level ceftriaxone resistance in ribo ... | 2015 | 26552981 |
| cost analysis of hospitalized clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad). | clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) causes heavy financial burden on healthcare systems worldwide. as with all hospital-acquired infections, prolonged hospital stays are the main cost driver. previous cost studies only include hospital billing data and compare the length of stay in contrast to non-infected patients. to date, a survey of actual cost has not yet been conducted. | 2015 | 26550553 |
| a whole new ball game: stem cell-derived epithelia in the study of host-microbe interactions. | recent advances in developmental and stem cell biology have resulted in techniques that enable the generation and maintenance of complex epithelium in vitro. while these models have been utilized to study host development and disease, a renewed appreciation of host-microbe interactions has sparked interest in employing these new techniques to study microbes at the epithelial interface. here we review the current advances in host-microbe interactions that have resulted from experiments using thes ... | 2016 | 26549696 |
| clostridium difficile infection and intestinal microbiota interactions. | clostridium difficile remains the leading cause of healthcare-associated diarrhoea and outbreaks continue to occur worldwide. aside from nosocomial c. difficile infection, the bacterium is also increasingly important as a community pathogen. furthermore, asymptomatic carriage of c. difficile in neonates, adults and animals is also well recognised. the investigation of the gut's microbial communities, in both healthy subjects and patients suffering c. difficile infection (cdi), provides findings ... | 2015 | 26549493 |
| [utility of a simultaneous detection kit for glutamate dehydrogenase and toxin a/b with toxigenic culture in the diagnosis and treatment of clostridium difficile infection]. | we examined how doctors evaluate the results of c. diff quik chek complete (complete) in the diagnosis and treatment of clostridium difficile infection (cdi). a total of 887 stool samples submitted from 2012 to 2013 were examined with complete. requested specimens among samples with discrepant results were inoculated onto ccma plates and incubated under anaerobic conditions for 48 h, then retested by complete if positive culture results were obtained. of the 887 specimens, 198 (22.3%) were gluta ... | 2015 | 26548233 |
| evaluation of a clostridium difficile infection management policy with clinical pharmacy and medical microbiology involvement at a major canadian teaching hospital. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) represents a spectrum of disease and is a significant concern for healthcare institutions. our study objective was to assess whether implementation of a regional cdi management policy with clinical pharmacy and medical microbiology and infection control involvement would lead to an improvement in concordance in prescribing practices to an evidence-based cdi disease severity assessment and pharmacological treatment algorithm. | 2015 | 26547905 |
| small molecules take a big step against clostridium difficile. | effective treatment of clostridium difficile infections demands a shift away from antibiotics towards toxin-neutralizing agents. work by bender et al., using a drug that attenuates toxin action in vivo without affecting bacterial survival, demonstrates the exciting potential of small molecules as a new modality in the fight against c. difficile. | 2015 | 26547239 |
| inactivation of clostridium difficile spores by microwave irradiation. | spores are a potent agent for clostridium difficile transmission. therefore, factors inhibiting spores have been of continued interest. in the present study, we investigated the influence of microwave irradiation in addition to conductive heating for c. difficile spore inactivation in aqueous suspension. the spores of 15 c. difficile isolates from different host origins were exposed to conductive heating and microwave irradiation. the complete inhibition of spore viability at 10(7) cfu/ml was en ... | 2016 | 26546732 |
| antibiotic prophylaxis and risk of clostridium difficile infection after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. | antibiotic use, particularly type and duration, is a crucial modifiable risk factor for clostridium difficile. cardiac surgery is of particular interest because prophylactic antibiotics are recommended for 48 hours or less (vs ≤24 hours for noncardiac surgery), with increasing vancomycin use. we aimed to study associations between antibiotic prophylaxis (duration/vancomycin use) and c difficile among patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. | 2016 | 26545971 |
| investigation of clostridium difficile interspecies relatedness using multilocus sequence typing, multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. | multilocus sequence typing (mlst), multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (mlva) and antimicrobial susceptibility were performed on 37 animal and human c. difficile isolates belonging to 15 different pcr-ribotypes in order to investigate the relatedness of human and animal isolates and to identify possible transmission routes. mlva identified a total of 21 different types while mlst only distinguished 12 types. identical c. difficile strains were detected in the same animal species fo ... | 2015 | 26545846 |
| molecular characterization of nosocomial clostridium difficile infection in pediatric ward in iran. | clostridium difficile is recognized as a major cause of nosocomial acquired antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis. it is a significant financial burden on modern healthcare resources. this study aimed to assess the molecular characterization of c. difficile strains isolated from children under 5 years old suffered from nosocomial diarrhea. one hundred diarrheic and 130 non-diarrheic fecal samples were collected from pediatrics less than 5 years old. samples were cultured an ... | 2015 | 26543762 |
| neomycin and bacitracin reduce the intestinal permeability in mice and increase the expression of some tight-junction proteins. | tight-junction (tj) proteins regulate paracellular permeability. gut permeability can be modulated by commensal microbiota. manipulation of the gut microbiota with antibiotics like bacitracin and neomycin turned out to be useful for the treatment of diarrhoea induced by clostridium difficile or chemotherapy drugs. | 2015 | 26541656 |
| multidisciplinary performance improvement team for reducing health care-associated clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile is the most frequent cause of health care-associated diarrhea and is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. it is also associated with a considerable financial burden. a concerted multidisciplinary approach is required for prevention. | 2016 | 26541068 |
| outcomes of clostridium difficile infection in pediatric solid organ transplant recipients. | the incidence of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is increasing in the pediatric population. pediatric recipients of solid organ transplantation (sot) may be at a higher risk for cdi in part because of chemotherapy and prolonged hospitalization. | 2016 | 26538348 |
| bugs and guts: practical applications of probiotics for gastrointestinal disorders in children. | probiotics are foods or products that contain live microorganisms that benefit the host when administered. in this clinical review, we evaluate the literature associated with using probiotics in common pediatric gastrointestinal disorders, focusing specifically on antibiotic-associated diarrhea, acute gastroenteritis, clostridium difficile infection (cdi), colic, inflammatory bowel disease, and functional gastrointestinal diseases. meta-analysis of several randomized controlled trials have confi ... | 2015 | 26538058 |
| hospital-based clostridium difficile infection surveillance reveals high proportions of pcr ribotypes 027 and 176 in different areas of poland, 2011 to 2013. | as part of the european clostridium difficile infections (cdi) surveillance network (ecdis-net), which aims to build capacity for cdi surveillance in europe, we constructed a new network of hospital-based laboratories in poland. we performed a survey in 13 randomly selected hospital-laboratories in different sites of the country to determine their annual cdi incidence rates from 2011 to 2013. information on c. difficile laboratory diagnostic testing and indications for testing was also collected ... | 2015 | 26536049 |
| economic evaluation of fecal microbiota transplantation for the treatment of recurrent clostridium difficile infection in australia. | | 2015 | 26533526 |
| the cost of treating recurrent clostridium difficile infection in patients attending infectious disease clinics at four hospitals in sweden. | | 2015 | 26533275 |
| health-economic evaluation of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) and epidemiology in england and merseyside. | | 2015 | 26533270 |
| healthcare associated infections. impact and costs of diagnosis and management of clostridium difficile infections (cdi). the experience of a university hospital in rome. | | 2015 | 26532060 |
| administration of defined microbiota is protective in a murine salmonella infection model. | salmonella typhimurium is a major cause of diarrhea and causes significant morbidity and mortality worldwide, and perturbations of the gut microbiota are known to increase susceptibility to enteric infections. the purpose of this study was to investigate whether a microbial ecosystem therapeutic (met-1) consisting of 33 bacterial strains, isolated from human stool and previously used to cure patients with recurrent clostridium difficile infection, could also protect against s. typhimurium diseas ... | 2015 | 26531327 |
| diagnostic accuracy of loop-mediated isothermal amplification in detection of clostridium difficile in stool samples: a meta-analysis. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) remains a diagnostic challenge for clinicians. more recently, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) has become readily available for the diagnosis of cdi, and many studies have investigated the usefulness of lamp for rapid and accurate diagnosis of cdi. however, the overall diagnostic accuracy of lamp for cdi remains unclear. in this meta-analysis, our aim was to establish the overall diagnostic accuracy of lamp in detection of clostridium difficile ... | 2015 | 26528332 |
| acute infectious and inflammatory enterocolitides. | infectious and inflammatory enterocolitides can present with an acute abdomen. the most common entities are ulcerative colitis, crohn disease, and clostridium difficile colitis. this article reviews the clinical and imaging findings of patients who present acutely with infectious and inflammatory enterocolitides. the acute abdomen can be defined as the sudden onset (generally <24 hours) of severe localized or generalized abdominal pain that prompts the patient to seek immediate medical assistanc ... | 2015 | 26526437 |
| fluoroquinolone and macrolide exposure predict clostridium difficile infection with the highly fluoroquinolone- and macrolide-resistant epidemic c. difficile strain bi/nap1/027. | antibiotics have been shown to influence the risk of infection with specific clostridium difficile strains as well as the risk of c. difficile infection (cdi). we performed a retrospective case-control study of patients infected with the epidemic bi/nap1/027 strain in a u.s. hospital following recognition of increased cdi severity and culture of stools positive by c. difficile toxin immunoassay. between 2005 and 2007, 72% (103/143) of patients with first-episode cdis were infected with the bi st ... | 2015 | 26525793 |
| clostridium difficile secreted pro-pro endopeptidase ppep-1 (zmp1/cd2830) modulates adhesion through cleavage of the collagen binding protein cd2831. | the clostridium difficile cd2830 gene product is a secreted metalloprotease, named pro-pro endopeptidase (ppep-1). ppep-1 cleaves c. difficile cell surface proteins (e.g. cd2831). here, we confirmed that ppep-1 has a unique preference for prolines surrounding the scissile bond. moreover, we show that it exhibits a high preference for an asparagine at the p2 position and hydrophobic residues at the p3 position. using a ppep-1 knockout c. difficile strain, we demonstrate that the removal of the co ... | 2015 | 26522134 |
| impact of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea on acute care length of stay, hospital costs, and readmission: a multicenter retrospective study of inpatients, 2009-2011. | the recent epidemiologic changes of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) have resulted in substantial economic burden to u.s. acute care hospitals. past studies evaluating cdad-attributable costs have been geographically and demographically limited. here, we describe cdad-attributable burden in inpatients, overall, and in vulnerable subpopulations from the premier hospital database, a large, diverse cohort with a wide range of high-risk subgroups. | 2015 | 26521932 |
| an assessment of the aga and ccfa quality indicators in a sample of patients diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease. | inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) is a chronic relapsing disease characterized by activation of the mucosal immune system and inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. management of ibd places a significant burden on the health care system because of the complexity of treatment, variability in patient outcomes, and chronic nature of the disease. | 2015 | 26521118 |
| analysis of norovirus outbreaks reveals the need for timely and extended microbiological testing. | norovirus outbreaks in hospitals remain a substantial threat despite many recommendations for prevention published recently. | 2015 | 26520593 |
| donor species richness determines faecal microbiota transplantation success in inflammatory bowel disease. | faecal microbiota transplantation is a successful therapy for patients with refractory clostridium difficile infections. it has also been suggested as a treatment option for inflammatory bowel disease, given the role of the intestinal microbiota in this disease. we assessed the impact of faecal microbiota transplantation in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and studied predictors of clinical (non-)response in microbial profiles of donors and patients. | 2016 | 26519463 |
| hiv-related opportunistic infections are still relevant in 2015. | the incidence of hiv-related opportunistic infections (ois) has declined in the united states with the increasing use of effective antiretroviral therapy for the treatment of hiv infection. however, the absolute number of patients with ois remains high and there continues to be considerable associated mortality. oi guidelines from the national institutes of health, centers for disease control and prevention, and infectious diseases society of america continue to be updated on a regular basis, se ... | 2015 | 26518395 |
| oral teicoplanin for successful treatment of severe refractory clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile is the leading cause of hospital-acquired diarrhoea. there is no defined protocol for treating severe clostridium difficile infection (cdi) refractory to vancomycin or vancomycin and metronidazole combination therapy. the aim of this study was to evaluate the rate of clinical cure, time to resolution of diarrhoea and recurrence rate in patients with severe refractory cdi treated with oral teicoplanin. | 2015 | 26517480 |
| clinical and microbiologic assessment of cases of pediatric community-associated clostridium difficile infection reveals opportunities for improved testing decisions. | most children with clostridium difficile infection (cdi) experience community onset of cdi symptoms. | 2016 | 26517329 |
| single fluorophore melting curve analysis for detection of hypervirulent clostridium difficile. | this study demonstrates a novel detection assay able to identify and subtype strains of clostridium difficile. primers carefully designed for melting curve analysis amplify dna from three c. difficile genes, tcdb, tcdc and cdtb, during quantitative (q)pcr. the tcdb gene allows for confirmation of organism presence, whilst the tcdc and cdtb genes allow for differentiation of virulence status, as deletions in the tcdc gene and the concurrent presence of the cdtb gene, which produces binary toxin, ... | 2016 | 26516039 |
| natural history of elderly-onset ulcerative colitis: results from a territory-wide inflammatory bowel disease registry. | data on the natural history of elderly-onset ulcerative colitis [uc] are limited. we aimed to investigate clinical features and outcomes of patients with elderly-onset uc. | 2016 | 26512132 |
| differential outcome of an antimicrobial stewardship audit and feedback program in two intensive care units: a controlled interrupted time series study. | antimicrobial decision making in intensive care units (icus) is challenging. unnecessary antimicrobials contribute to the development of resistant pathogens, clostridium difficile infection and drug related adverse events. however, inadequate antimicrobial therapy is associated with mortality in critically ill patients. antimicrobial stewardship programs are increasingly being implemented to improve antimicrobial prescribing, but the optimal approach in the icu setting is unknown. we assessed th ... | 2015 | 26511839 |
| clinical utility of laboratory detection of clostridium difficile strain bi/nap1/027. | clostridium difficile strain bi/nap1/027 is associated with increased c. difficile infection (cdi) rates and severity, and the efficacy of some cdi therapies may be strain dependent. although cultured c. difficile isolates can be reliably subtyped by various methods, the long turnaround times, high cost, and limited availability of strain typing preclude their routine use. nucleic acid amplification tests identify bi/nap1/027 rapidly from stool, but the emergence of closely related strains compr ... | 2016 | 26511742 |
| an update on clostridium difficile toxinotyping. | toxinotyping is a pcr-restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp)-based method for differentiation of clostridium difficile strains according to the changes in the pathogenicity locus (paloc), a region coding for toxins a and b. toxinotypes are a heterogenous group of strains that are important in the development of molecular diagnostic tests and vaccines and are a good basis for c. difficile phylogenetic studies. here we describe an overview of the 34 currently known toxinotypes (i to xxxiv ... | 2016 | 26511734 |
| obesity is independently associated with infection in hospitalised patients with end-stage liver disease. | infection is the most common cause of mortality in end-stage liver disease (esld). the impact of obesity on infection risk in esld is not established. | 2015 | 26510540 |
| association between outpatient antibiotic prescribing practices and community-associated clostridium difficile infection. | background. antibiotic use predisposes patients to clostridium difficile infections (cdi), and approximately 32% of these infections are community-associated (ca) cdi. the population-level impact of antibiotic use on adult ca-cdi rates is not well described. methods. we used 2011 active population- and laboratory-based surveillance data from 9 us geographic locations to identify adult ca-cdi cases, defined as c difficile-positive stool specimens (by toxin or molecular assay) collected from out ... | 2015 | 26509182 |
| defective mutations within the translocation domain of clostridium difficile toxin b impair disease pathogenesis. | the clostridium difficile toxin b is one of the main virulence factors and plays an important role in the pathogenesis of c. difficile infection (cdi). we recently revealed crucial residues in the translocation domain of tcdb for the pore formation and toxin translocation. in this study, we investigated the effects of mutating a critical site involved in pore formation, leu-1106, to residues that differ in size and polarity (phe, ala, cys, asp). we observed a broad range of effects on tcdb funct ... | 2016 | 26507679 |
| molecular characterization and antimicrobial susceptibility of clostridium difficile isolated from rabbits raised for meat production. | clostridium difficile is an important cause of enteric disease in humans and animals. recent studies demonstrated a genetic overlap between c. difficile isolated from animals and humans suggesting animals as possible reservoir for human pathogenic strains. this study was a preliminary investigation on the occurrence of c. difficile in rabbits raised in industrial holdings for food production and aimed to characterise isolates and estimate their antimicrobial susceptibility. c. difficile isolates ... | 2015 | 26507420 |
| clinical significance of direct cytotoxicity and toxigenic culture in clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is the leading cause of hospital-acquired diarrhoea in developed countries. although an optimal diagnosis is crucial, laboratory diagnostics remain challenging. currently, the reference methods are direct cytotoxicity assay and toxigenic culture; however there is controversy in the interpretation of discordant results of these tests. | 2016 | 26505927 |
| immunogenic properties of the surface layer precursor of clostridium difficile and vaccination assays in animal models. | clostridium difficile is an opportunistic pathogen causing gut inflammation generally associated with an intestinal dysbiosis due to antibiotics. several virulence factors have been identified as playing a key role in gut colonization. the surface-layer proteins, comprised of two proteins, the high molecular weight slpa (hmw-slp) and the low molecular weight slpa (lmw-slp), are the most abundant proteins on the c. difficile surface. these two proteins are derived from the cwp84-mediated cleavage ... | 2016 | 26505926 |
| cadazolid does not promote intestinal colonization of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in mice. | the promotion of colonization with vancomycin-resistant enterococci (vre) is one potential side effect during treatment of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad), resulting from disturbances in gut microbiota. cadazolid (cdz) is an investigational antibiotic with potent in vitro activity against c. difficile and against vre and is currently in clinical development for the treatment of cdad. we report that cdz treatment did not lead to intestinal vre overgrowth in mice. | 2015 | 26503650 |
| multimorbidity in elderly hospitalised patients and risk of clostridium difficile infection: a retrospective study with the cumulative illness rating scale (cirs). | to identify the role of chronic comorbidities, considered together in a literature-validated index (cumulative illness rating scale, cirs), and antibiotic or proton-pump inhibitor (ppi) treatments as risk factors for hospital-acquired clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in elderly multimorbid hospitalised patients. | 2015 | 26503394 |
| memory b cells encode neutralizing antibody specific for toxin b from the clostridium difficile strains vpi 10463 and nap1/bi/027 but with superior neutralization of vpi 10463 toxin b. | secreted toxin b (tcdb) substantially contributes to the pathology observed during clostridium difficile infection. to be successfully incorporated into a vaccine, tcdb-based immunogens must stimulate the production of neutralizing antibody (ab)-encoding memory b cells (bmem cells). despite numerous investigations, a clear analysis of bmem cellular responses following vaccination against tcdb is lacking. b6 mice were therefore used to test the ability of a nontoxigenic c-terminal domain (ctd) fr ... | 2015 | 26502913 |
| serum 25-hydroxyvitamin d levels are not associated with adverse outcomes in clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is a significant source of healthcare-associated morbidity and mortality. this study investigated whether serum 25-hydroxyvitamin d is associated with adverse outcomes from cdi. patients with cdi were prospectively enrolled. charts were reviewed and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin d was measured. the primary outcome was a composite definition of severe disease: fever (temperature >38°c), acute organ dysfunction, or serum white blood cell count >15,000 cells/µl withi ... | 2015 | 26500740 |
| decreasing clostridium difficile health care-associated infections through use of a launderable mattress cover. | the annual incidence of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in the united states is estimated to be 330,000 cases. we evaluated the impact of using a launderable mattress and bed deck cover on the incidence of hospital-onset cdi in 2 long-term acute care hospitals (ltachs). | 2015 | 26498703 |
| identification of a novel lipoprotein regulator of clostridium difficile spore germination. | clostridium difficile is a gram-positive spore-forming pathogen and a leading cause of nosocomial diarrhea. c. difficile infections are transmitted when ingested spores germinate in the gastrointestinal tract and transform into vegetative cells. germination begins when the germinant receptor cspc detects bile salts in the gut. cspc is a subtilisin-like serine pseudoprotease that activates the related cspb serine protease through an unknown mechanism. activated cspb cleaves the pro-slec zymogen, ... | 2015 | 26496694 |
| use of probiotics in pediatric infectious diseases. | we summarize current evidence and recommendations for the use of probiotics in childhood infectious diseases. probiotics may be of benefit in treating acute infectious diarrhea and reducing antibiotic-associated diarrhea. potential benefits of probiotic on prevention of traveler's diarrhea,clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea, side effects of triple therapy in helicobacter pylori eradication, necrotizing enterocolitis, acute diarrhea, acute respiratory infections and recurrent urinary tract ... | 2015 | 26496433 |
| a rare cause of reversible renal hemosiderosis. | kidney failure secondary to renal hemosiderosis has been reported in diseases with intravascular hemolysis, like paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, and valvular heart diseases. we present here a case of hemosiderin induced acute tubular necrosis secondary to intravascular hemolysis from clostridium difficile infection with possible role of supratherapeutic inr. we discuss the pathophysiology, causes, and prognosis of acute tubular injury from hemosiderosis. | 2015 | 26491580 |
| evaluation of a bedside scoring system for predicting clinical cure and recurrence of clostridium difficile infections. | the accuracy of a bedside scoring system, atlas, for predicting clinical cure and recurrence of clostridium difficile infections (cdis) was evaluated. | 2015 | 26490821 |
| predominance of clostridium difficile ribotypes 012, 027 and 046 in a university hospital in chile, 2012. | in a 1-year survey at a university hospital we found that 20·6% (81/392) of patients with antibiotic associated diarrohea where positive for c. difficile. the most common pcr ribotypes were 012 (14·8%), 027 (12·3%), 046 (12·3%) and 014/020 (9·9). the incidence rate was 2·6 cases of c. difficile infection for every 1000 outpatients. | 2016 | 26489717 |
| evaluating the use of the case mix index for risk adjustment of healthcare-associated infection data: an illustration using clostridium difficile infection data from the national healthcare safety network. | background case mix index (cmi) has been used as a facility-level indicator of patient disease severity. we sought to evaluate the potential for cmi to be used for risk adjustment of national healthcare safety network (nhsn) healthcare-associated infection (hai) data. methods nhsn facility-wide laboratory-identified clostridium difficile infection event data from 2012 were merged with the fiscal year 2012 inpatient prospective payment system (ipps) impact file by cms certification number (ccn) t ... | 2016 | 26486597 |
| transmission of clostridium difficile during hospitalization for allogeneic stem cell transplant. | objective to determine the role of unit-based transmission that accounts for cases of early clostridium difficile infection (cdi) during hospitalization for allogeneic stem cell transplant. setting stem cell transplant unit at a tertiary care cancer center. methods serially collected stool from patients admitted for transplant was screened for toxigenic c. difficile through the hospital stay and genotyping was performed by multilocus sequence typing. in addition, isolates retrieved from cases of ... | 2016 | 26486102 |
| clostridium difficile infection after subarachnoid hemorrhage: a nationwide analysis. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is an important cause of hospital-acquired morbidity and mortality. | 2016 | 26485334 |
| [the hunt for the toxicant from clostridium difficile]. | | 2015 | 26485133 |
| ursodeoxycholic acid inhibits clostridium difficile spore germination and vegetative growth, and prevents the recurrence of ileal pouchitis associated with the infection. | to test whether ursodeoxycholic acid (udca) is inhibitory to clostridium difficile and can be used in the treatment of c. difficile-associated ileal pouchitis. | 2016 | 26485102 |
| hospital-onset clostridium difficile infection among solid organ transplant recipients. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is a considerable health issue in the united states and represents the most common healthcare-associated infection. solid organ transplant recipients are at increased risk of cdi, which can affect both graft and patient survival. however, little is known about the impact of cdi on health services utilization posttransplantation. we examined hospital-onset cdi from 2012 to 2014 among transplant recipients in the university healthsystem consortium, which inclu ... | 2015 | 26484839 |
| from the hospital to the home--the rise and rise of clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) has emerged as a serious worldwide public health threat. although c. difficile has always been a cause of diarrhoeal disease in patients presenting to general practice, the rates of community-associated cdi (ca cdi) have increased. | 2015 | 26484484 |
| clinical characteristics and risk factors for community-acquired clostridium difficile infection: a retrospective, case-control study in a tertiary care hospital in japan. | the epidemiology of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) has changed in the past decade. the incidence, prevalence, and severity of community-acquired cdi (ca-cdi) have increased. however, the epidemiology of ca-cdi in japan has not been investigated. to evaluate the clinical characteristics and risk factors for ca-cdi in japan, we conducted a retrospective, case-control study of ca-cdi at the national hospital organization tokyo medical center between january 2010 and december 2014. two age- a ... | 2015 | 26482373 |
| risk factors and outcomes for bloodstream infections secondary to clostridium difficile infection. | we determined the incidence, risk factors, and outcomes of bloodstream infections (bsi) subsequent to clostridium difficile infection (cdi). we performed a retrospective study of all patients with definite diagnosis of cdi admitted from january 2014 to december 2014 in two large hospitals in rome. two groups of patients were analyzed: those with cdi and subsequent bsi (cdi/bsi(+)) and those with cdi and no evidence of primary bsi (cdi/bsi(-)). data about clinical features, microbiology, treatmen ... | 2015 | 26482315 |
| gastroenterologist perceptions of faecal microbiota transplantation. | to explore gastroenterologist perceptions towards and experience with faecal microbiota transplantation (fmt). | 2015 | 26478682 |
| a qualitative analysis of implementation of antimicrobial stewardship at 3 academic hospitals: understanding the key influences on success. | inappropriate use of antimicrobials is linked to the development and spread of drug-resistant pathogens and is associated with increased morbidity, mortality, lengths of hospital stay, and health care costs. "antimicrobial stewardship" is the umbrella term for an evidence-based knowledge translation strategy involving comprehensive quality improvement activities to optimize the use of antimicrobials, improve patient outcomes, reduce the development of antimicrobial resistance and hospital-acquir ... | 2017 | 26478585 |
| evaluating risk factors for clostridium difficile infection in adult and pediatric hematopoietic cell transplant recipients. | although hematopoietic cell transplant (hct) recipients are routinely exposed to classic risk factors for clostridium difficile infection (cdi), few studies have assessed cdi risk in these high-risk patients, and data are especially lacking for pediatric hct recipients. we aimed to determine incidence and risk factors for cdi in adult and pediatric allogeneic hct recipients. | 2015 | 26473030 |
| universal vs risk factor screening for methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus in a large multicenter tertiary care facility in canada. | objective to assess the clinical effectiveness of a universal screening program compared with a risk factor-based program in reducing the rates of nosocomial methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) among admitted patients at the ottawa hospital. design quasi-experimental study. setting ottawa hospital, a multicenter tertiary care facility with 3 main campuses, approximately 47,000 admissions per year, and 1,200 beds. methods from january 1, 2006 through december 31, 2007 (24 months), ... | 2016 | 26470820 |
| scientific evidence for the use of current traditional systemic therapies in patients with hidradenitis suppurativa. | traditional systemic therapies are frequently prescribed for the treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa (hs). clinicians consider antibiotics, retinoids, antiandrogens, immunosuppressants, and less common treatment, such as fumarates, in the management of hs. different classes of medications have been selected to treat hs based on their ability to target various pathways of the condition. concerns about infection, such as infection with clostridium difficile, necessitates switching therapy or sho ... | 2015 | 26470615 |
| a gut odyssey: the impact of the microbiota on clostridium difficile spore formation and germination. | | 2015 | 26468647 |
| the effect of polydextrose and probiotic lactobacilli in a clostridium difficile-infected human colonic model. | clostridium difficile is a natural resident of the intestinal microbiota; however, it becomes harmful when the normal intestinal microbiota is disrupted, and overgrowth and toxin production occurs. the toxins can cause bloating and diarrhoea, which may cause severe disease and have the potential to cause outbreaks in hospitals and other healthcare settings. normally, antibiotic agents are used for treatment, although for some of the patients, these treatments provide only a temporary relief with ... | 2015 | 26468159 |
| clostridium difficile screening in cirrhosis: one for all, or some for one? | | 2015 | 26467702 |
| [the most common acute gastrointestinal infections]. | acute gastrointestinal infections and diarrhea with vomiting as its main presentation are a frequently encountered entity in an outpatient setting. due to a mostly self-limiting disease course a diagnostic work-up is often futile. viral infections caused by noro- or rotavirus are most frequent, while bacterial infections are second line due to high hygienic standards in developed countries. in an inpatient setting and after a precedent antibiotic treatment one should think of clostridium diffici ... | 2015 | 26463905 |
| effects of proton pump inhibitors and histamine-2 receptor antagonists on response to fidaxomicin or vancomycin in patients with clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea. | it has been established that use of proton pump inhibitors (ppis) is associated with an increased risk of acquiring clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (cdad). however, it is not known whether the use of ppis or histamine-2 receptor antagonists (h2ras) concurrently with cdad-targeted antibiotic treatment affects clinical response or recurrence rates. | 2015 | 26462279 |
| the non-toxigenic clostridium difficile cd37 protects mice against infection with a bi/nap1/027 type of c. difficile strain. | clostridium difficile cd37, a clinical isolate from the usa, does not produce toxin a, b or binary toxin. the aim of this study was to determine whether strain cd37 can protect mice against infection from a challenge with a toxigenic c. difficile strain. three groups of mice (n = 10) were pretreated with a antibiotics cocktail for 5 days, switched to sterile water for 2 days, and given one dose of clindamycin (10 mg/kg) one day (day-1) before challenge (day 0) with a toxigenic c. difficile strai ... | 2015 | 26461425 |
| preparation and preliminary application of monoclonal antibodies to the receptor binding region of clostridium difficile toxin b. | a previous nationwide chinese epidemiological study revealed through isolation of a‑b+ clostridium difficile strains, which produce toxin b (tcdb), but not toxin a tcda, that the strains are widespread and more frequent in east asian countries,. the development of a process capable of detecting tcdb is required in microbiological laboratories in order to facilitate the control of the a‑b+ c. difficile strains, however, no diagnostic reagents have been developed to date. the aim of the present st ... | 2015 | 26459027 |
| microbiome as mediator: do systemic infections start in the gut? | the intestinal microbiome is emerging as a crucial mediator between external insults and systemic infections. new research suggests that our intestinal microorganisms contribute to critical illness and the development of non-gastrointestinal infectious diseases. common pathways include a loss of fecal intestinal bacterial diversity and a disproportionate increase in toxogenic bacterial species. therapeutic interventions targeting the microbiome - primarily probiotics - have yielded limited resul ... | 2015 | 26457009 |
| a potential cellular explanation for the increased risk of clostridium difficile infection due to hypoalbuminemia: reply di bella et al. | | 2015 | 26456896 |
| the protective role of albumin in clostridium difficile infection: a step toward solving the puzzle. | | 2015 | 26456662 |
| distribution and characterization of clostridium difficile isolated from dogs in japan. | we collected 204 nondiarrhoeic canine fecal samples and isolated 68 clostridium difficile strains from 62 of these samples. strains were grouped into 29 pcr ribotypes. only 47% of the strains were toxigenic. | 2016 | 26456188 |
| performance management of clostridium difficile infection in hospitals - the carrot or stick approach? | public and political pressure for healthcare quality indicator monitoring, specifically healthcare-associated infection (hai) has intensified the debate regarding the merits of public reporting and target setting as policy approaches. this paper reviews the evidence for these approaches with a focus on hai, including clostridium difficile infection (cdi). healthcare key performance indicators (kpis) and associated targets have been used widely with little evaluation. while targets are associated ... | 2016 | 26456187 |
| the effectiveness of probiotics in reducing the incidence of clostridium difficile associated diarrhea in elderly patients: a systematic review protocol. | | 2015 | 26455937 |
| interleukin-23 (il-23), independent of il-17 and il-22, drives neutrophil recruitment and innate inflammation during clostridium difficile colitis in mice. | our objective was to determine the role of the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-23 (il-23) in promoting neutrophil recruitment, inflammatory cytokine expression and intestinal histopathology in response to clostridium difficile infection. wild-type (wt) and p19(-/-) (il-23ko) mice were pre-treated with cefoperazone in their drinking water for 5 days, and after a 2-day recovery period were challenged with spores from c. difficile strain vpi 10463. interleukin-23 deficiency was associated with si ... | 2016 | 26455347 |
| racial and ethnic disparities in health care-associated clostridium difficile infections in the united states: state of the science. | among health care-associated infections (hais), clostridium difficile infections (cdis) are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the united states. as national progress toward cdi prevention continues, it will be critical to ensure that the benefits from cdi prevention are realized across different patient demographic groups, including any targeted interventions. | 2016 | 26454749 |
| complete genome sequence of the clostridium difficile type strain dsm 1296t. | in this study, we sequenced the complete genome of the clostridium difficile type strain dsm 1296(t). a combination of single-molecule real-time (smrt) and illumina sequencing technology revealed the presence of one chromosome and two extrachromosomal elements, the bacteriophage phicdif1296t and a putative plasmid-like structure harboring genes of another bacteriophage. | 2015 | 26450746 |
| identification of population at risk for future clostridium difficile infection following hospital discharge to be targeted for vaccine trials. | efforts to develop a clostridium difficile vaccine are underway; identification of patients at risk for c. difficile infection (cdi) is critical to inform vaccine trials. we identified groups at high risk of cdi ≥ 2 8 days after hospital discharge. | 2015 | 26450660 |
| [campylobacteriosis at the department of infectious diseases of the university hospital brno in 2011-2013: a retrospective study]. | to provide basic clinical, laboratory, and microbiological characteristics of adult patients with campylobacteriosis admitted to the department of infectious diseases university hospital brno (uhb), in 2011-2013. | 2015 | 26448303 |
| recommendations for probiotic use--2015 update: proceedings and consensus opinion. | this paper describes the consensus opinion of the participants in the 4th triennial yale/harvard workshop on probiotic recommendations. the recommendations update those of the first 3 meetings that were published in 2006, 2008, and 2011. recommendations for the use of probiotics in necrotizing enterocolitis, childhood diarrhea, inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome and clostridium difficile diarrhea are reviewed. in addition, we have added recommendations for liver disease for the ... | 2016 | 26447969 |
| fecal microbiota transplant: respice, adspice, prospice. | respice, adspice, prospice, look to the past, look to the present, look to the future, is one of life's valuable axioms; for it is only if one knows where one has been can one intelligently prepare for the future. i have used this approach here to review fecal microbiota transplant (fmt). first used in fourth-century china to treat an assortment of gastrointestinal (gi) symptoms, today fmt is primarily used for recurrent clostridium difficile infection (rcdi). in the future, however, it is likel ... | 2015 | 26447968 |
| clostridium difficile infection in rural ontario: a retrospective multisite population-based study. | we conducted a retrospective, population-based study to assess the prevalence of clostridium difficile infections and the associated risk factors among inpatients and outpatients in our region. | 2015 | 26447730 |
| longitudinal study of clostridium difficile shedding in raccoons on swine farms and conservation areas in ontario, canada. | clostridium difficile is an important enteropathogen affecting humans, domestic animals, and wildlife. the objectives of this study were to 1) compare the prevalence and characteristics of c. difficile isolated from the feces of raccoons trapped on swine farms and conservation sites, and 2) investigate the role of raccoons as potential reservoirs for host-adapted strains of c. difficile using a longitudinal study. fecal swabs were collected from raccoons at 5 conservation sites and 5 swine farms ... | 2015 | 26446591 |
| clostridium difficile: new insights into the evolution of the pathogenicity locus. | the major virulence factors of clostridium difficile are toxins a and b. these toxins are encoded by tcda and tcdb genes, which form a pathogenicity locus (paloc) together with three additional genes that have been implicated in regulation (tcdr and tcdc) and secretion (tcde). to date, the paloc has always been found in the same location and is replaced in non-toxigenic strains by a highly conserved 75/115 bp non-coding region. here, we show new types of c. difficile pathogenicity loci through t ... | 2015 | 26446480 |
| indication of acid suppression therapy and predictors for the prophylactic use of protonpump inhibitors vs. histamine-2 receptor antagonists in a malaysian tertiary hospital. | proton-pump inhibitors (ppi) and histamine-2 receptor antagonists (h2ra) are common acid suppressants used in gastrointestinal disorders. the trend of usage in malaysia has changed from predominantly h2ra to ppi from 2007 to 2008, 3.46 versus 2.87 and 2.99 versus 3.24 ddd (defined daily dose)/1000 population/day respectively. this raises concerns as ppi overutilization amounts to higher cost expenditure and are associated with various untoward consequences such as clostridium difficile-associate ... | 2017 | 26445624 |
| tracing the spread of clostridium difficile ribotype 027 in germany based on bacterial genome sequences. | we applied whole-genome sequencing to reconstruct the spatial and temporal dynamics underpinning the expansion of clostridium difficile ribotype 027 in germany. based on re-sequencing of genomes from 57 clinical c. difficile isolates, which had been collected from hospitalized patients at 36 locations throughout germany between 1990 and 2012, we demonstrate that c. difficile genomes have accumulated sequence variation sufficiently fast to document the pathogen's spread at a regional scale. we de ... | 2015 | 26444881 |
| efficacy and safety of metronidazole monotherapy versus vancomycin monotherapy or combination therapy in patients with clostridium difficile infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) has become a global epidemiological problem for both hospitalized patients and outpatients. the most commonly used drugs to treat cdi are metronidazole and vancomycin. the aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of metronidazole monotherapy with vancomycin monotherapy and combination therapy in cdi patients. | 2015 | 26444424 |
| bacterial glycosyltransferase toxins. | mono-glycosylation of host proteins is a common mechanism by which bacterial protein toxins manipulate cellular functions of eukaryotic target host cells. prototypic for this group of glycosyltransferase toxins are clostridium difficile toxins a and b, which modify guanine nucleotide-binding proteins of the rho family. however, toxin-induced glycosylation is not restricted to the clostridia. various types of bacterial pathogens including escherichia coli, yersinia, photorhabdus and legionella sp ... | 2015 | 26445410 |
| increasing incidence of and increased mortality associated with clostridium difficile-associated megacolon. | | 2016 | 26445319 |
| erratum for boudry et al., function of the crispr-cas system of the human pathogen clostridium difficile. | | 2015 | 26443462 |
| scientific evidence for health effects attributed to the consumption of probiotics and prebiotics: an update for current perspectives and future challenges. | probiotics and prebiotics, mainly commercialised as food ingredients and also as supplements, are considered highly profitable niche markets. however, in recent years, the food industry has suffered from a series of health claim restrictions on probiotics and prebiotics in many parts of the world, including those made by the european food safety authority. therefore, we reviewed the core benefits of probiotic and prebiotic consumption on health. a number of studies have examined the prevention a ... | 2015 | 26443321 |
| integration of erm(b)-containing elements through large chromosome fragment exchange in clostridium difficile. | in clostridium difficile, erm(b) genes are located on mobile elements like tn5398 and tn6215. in previous studies, some of these elements were transferred by conjugation-like mechanisms, mobilized in trans by helper conjugative systems. in this study, we analyzed the genomes of several recipient strains that acquired either tn5398 or tn6215-like elements. we demonstrated that the integration of the transposons in the genome of the recipient cell was always due to homologous recombination events, ... | 2017 | 26442177 |
| on lactococcus lactis ul719 competitivity and nisin (nisaplin(®)) capacity to inhibit clostridium difficile in a model of human colon. | clostridium difficile is the most frequently identified enteric pathogen in patients with nosocomially acquired, antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis. although metronidazole and vancomycin were effective, an increasing number of treatment failures and recurrence of c. difficile infection are being reported. use of probiotics, particularly metabolically active lactic acid bacteria, was recently proposed as an alternative for the medical community. the aim of this study was ... | 2015 | 26441942 |
| isolation and characterization of clostridium difficile in farm animals from slaughterhouse to retail stage in isfahan, iran. | to determine the prevalence of clostridium difficile in farm animals from slaughterhouse through to retail stage, a total of 750 samples of feces, posteviscerated and washed carcass were collected from cattle, camels, goats, and sheep in isfahan, iran. the overall prevalence of c. difficile in feces, posteviscerated and washed carcass were 20 (13.3%), 23 (15.3%), and 11 (7.3%), respectively; while c. difficile was isolated from 79 (26.3%) retail samples. twenty-nine (3.8%) isolates were toxigeni ... | 2015 | 26440207 |