| a colony blot immunoassay to detect enteroinvasive escherichia coli and shigella in water samples. | the aim of the study was to develop a colony blot immunoassay to detect shigella and enteroinvasive escherichia coli (eiec) in water. | 2001 | 11168726 |
| structure and composition of the shigella flexneri "needle complex", a part of its type iii secreton. | type iii secretion systems (ttsss or secretons), essential virulence determinants of many gram-negative bacteria, serve to translocate proteins directly from the bacteria into the host cytoplasm. electron microscopy (em) indicates that the ttsss of shigella flexneri are composed of: (1) an external needle; (2) a transmembrane domain; and (3) a cytoplasmic bulb. em analysis of purified and negatively stained parts 1, 2 and a portion of 3 of the ttss, together termed the "needle complex" (nc), pro ... | 2001 | 11169106 |
| secretion of predicted inc proteins of chlamydia pneumoniae by a heterologous type iii machinery. | chlamydia spp. are strictly intracellular pathogens that grow inside a vacuole, called an inclusion. they possess genes encoding proteins homologous to components of type iii secretion machineries, which, in other bacterial pathogens, are involved in delivery of bacterial proteins within or through the membrane of eukaryotic host cells. inc proteins are chlamydial proteins that are associated with the inclusion membrane and are characterized by the presence of a large hydrophobic domain in their ... | 2001 | 11169118 |
| rational protocols for testing faeces in the investigation of sporadic hospital-acquired diarrhoea. | many recent studies have demonstrated that routine examination of faeces for conventional enteric pathogens such as salmonella, shigella, campylobacter and parasites in patients who develop sporadic hospital-acquired diarrhoea is unnecessary and wasteful. in this paper the advantages and disadvantages of a restricted testing protocol in patients with hospital-acquired diarrhoea are reviewed. practical issues for safe implementation of such a protocol are also discussed. | 2001 | 11170768 |
| microbes and microbial toxins: paradigms for microbial-mucosal interactions iii. shigellosis: from symptoms to molecular pathogenesis. | interaction of shigella flexneri with epithelial cells includes contact of bacteria with the cell surface and release of ipa proteins through a specialized type iii secreton. a complex signaling process involving activation of small gtpases of the rho family and c-src causes major rearrangements of the subcortical cytoskeleton, thereby allowing bacterial entry by macropinocytosis. after entry, shigellae escape to the cell cytoplasm and initiate intracytoplasmic movement through polar nucleation ... | 2001 | 11171613 |
| the insect endosymbiont sodalis glossinidius utilizes a type iii secretion system for cell invasion. | sodalis glossinidius is a maternally transmitted secondary endosymbiont residing intracellularly in tissues of the tsetse flies, glossina spp. in this study, we have used tn5 mutagenesis and a negative selection procedure to derive a s. glossinidius mutant that is incapable of invading insect cells in vitro and is aposymbiotic when microinjected into tsetse. this mutant strain harbors tn5 integrated into a chromosomal gene sharing high sequence identity with a type iii secretion system invasion ... | 2001 | 11172045 |
| salmonella-induced cell death: apoptosis, necrosis or programmed cell death? | over the past several years, it has become apparent that enteropathogens activate cell death programs. for salmonella and shigella species, the induction of cell death is required for pathogenesis, and the mechanisms by which these bacteria induce cell death is an area of intense investigation. although initial studies suggested that salmonella induce cell death through an apoptotic pathway, recent studies demonstrate that cell death occurs through a unique caspase 1-dependent mechanism. | 2001 | 11173244 |
| shigellae control the gates of ll. | | 2001 | 11175842 |
| downregulation of bactericidal peptides in enteric infections: a novel immune escape mechanism with bacterial dna as a potential regulator. | antibacterial peptides are active defense components of innate immunity. several studies confirm their importance at epithelial surfaces as immediate barrier effectors in preventing infection. here we report that early in shigella spp. infections, expression of the antibacterial peptides ll-37 and human beta-defensin-1 is reduced or turned off. the downregulation is detected in biopsies from patients with bacillary dysenteries and in shigella- infected cell cultures of epithelial and monocyte or ... | 2001 | 11175848 |
| a new target for shigellosis: rational design and crystallographic studies of inhibitors of trna-guanine transglycosylase. | eubacterial trna-guanine transglycosylase (tgt) is involved in the hyper-modification of cognate trnas leading to the exchange of g34 at the wobble position in the anticodon loop by preq1 (2-amino-5-(aminomethyl)pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(3h)-one) as part of the biosynthesis of queuine (q). mutation of the tgt gene in shigella flexneri results in a significant loss of pathogenicity of the bacterium, revealing tgt as a new target for the design of potent drugs against shigellosis. the x-ray struct ... | 2001 | 11178905 |
| safety and immunogenicity of improved shigella o-specific polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines in adults in israel. | data suggest that the o-specific polysaccharide (o-sp) domain of the lipopolysaccharide (lps) of shigella species is both an essential virulence factor and a protective antigen and that a critical level of serum immunoglobulin g (igg) to this antigen will confer immunity to shigellosis. because covalent attachment of polysaccharides to proteins increases their immunogenicity, especially in infants and in young children, the o-sp of shigella species were bound to medically useful proteins, and th ... | 2001 | 11179298 |
| identification and characterization of an in vivo regulated d15/oma87 homologue in shigella flexneri using differential display polymerase chain reaction. | shigella genes expressed during infection likely contribute to adaptation and virulence in the host. using differential display pcr (ddpcr), a cdna fragment from shigella flexneri serotype 5 that showed enhanced expression in a murine model was identified, cloned and sequenced. enhanced expression was verified by rna dot blot. the full-length gene was cloned using pcr and sequenced. the complete gene sequence was blast searched against genbank, and exhibited strong homology to genes encoding hae ... | 2001 | 11179681 |
| sonographic findings in shigella colitis. | we present a case of colitis caused by shigella sonnei in which abdominal sonography helped in the early diagnosis, leading to successful conservative management. sonography showed diffuse wall thickening and layer stratification in the descending and sigmoid colon. although shigella colitis is relatively rare, the possibility must be considered when patients have diffuse wall thickening with distinct layer stratification in the left colon. | 2001 | 11180185 |
| etiology of bloody diarrhea among patients presenting to united states emergency departments: prevalence of escherichia coli o157:h7 and other enteropathogens. | escherichia coli o157:h7 and other shiga toxin-producing e. coli (stec) infections have been associated with bloody diarrhea. the prevalence of enteropathogens among patients with bloody diarrhea was determined by a prospective study at 11 us emergency departments. eligible patients had bloody stools, > or =3 loose stool samples per 24-h period, and an illness lasting <7 days. among 873 patients with 877 episodes of bloody diarrhea, stool samples for culture were obtained in 549 episodes (62.6%) ... | 2001 | 11181120 |
| changes in agent variability and time course of disease incidence during a year (as exemplified by dysentery). | the vulnerability of epidemic process during the period of minimum annual incidence of the disease is validated. biological properties of shigella sonnei are studied and their variability examined using the index for evaluation of the mean number of variations for a sign. minimum agent heterogeneity coincides with minimum incidence of disease and maximum heterogeneity with its seasonal rises. | 2000 | 11182825 |
| [a shigella sonnei outbreak in nagasaki]. | we have experienced an outbreak of dysentery in nagasaki. shigella sonnei were positively cultured from 467 patients out of suspected 821 cases, and 346 patients were admitted. 121 patients were treated with oral antimicrobials in the outpatient clinic. five patients were diagnosed as secondary infection. we treated a total of 96 patients in nagasaki municipal medical center, and studied the clinical and bacterial features in these 96 patients. chief complaints included fever, abdominal pain and ... | 2000 | 11193551 |
| microbiological survey of retail herbs and spices from mexican markets. | in the present study, 304 samples of herbs and spices (garlic powder, cumin seeds, black pepper, oregano, and bay leaves) widely used in mexico were analyzed for the presence of bacillus cereus, salmonella typhi, shigella dysenteriae, escherichia coli, total and fecal coliforms, total mesophilic aerobic organisms, and fungi. samples were nonpackaged or packaged in polyethylene bags or glass containers. high levels (10(5) to 10(7) cfu/g) of mesophilic aerobic microorganisms were found in most of ... | 2001 | 11198448 |
| phyloproteomics: species identification of enterobacteriaceae using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. | to evaluate matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms) as a tool for rapid identification of common clinical bacterial isolates, we analyzed 25 carefully selected isolates of pathogenic escherichia coli (e. coli) and additional enterobacteriaceae members. organisms were prepared according to clinical microbiological protocols and analyzed with minimal additional processing. spectra were reproducible from preparation to preparation and comprised 40 ... | 2001 | 11200222 |
| inhibition of shigella flexneri-induced transepithelial migration of polymorphonuclear leucocytes by cadaverine. | dysentery caused by shigella species is characterized by infiltration of polymorphonuclear leucocytes (pmns) into the colonic mucosa. shigella spp. evolved into pathogens by the acquisition of virulence genes and by the deletion of 'antivirulence' genes detrimental to its pathogenic lifestyle. an example is cada (encoding lysine decarboxylase), which is uniformly absent in shigella spp., whereas it is present in nearly all isolates of the closely related non-pathogen escherichia coli. here, usin ... | 1999 | 11207548 |
| the secreted ipab and ipac invasins and their cytoplasmic chaperone ipgc are required for intercellular dissemination of shigella flexneri. | invasion of epithelial cells by shigella flexneri involves entry and dissemination. the main effectors of entry, ipab and ipac, are also required for contact haemolytic activity and escape from the phagosome in infected macrophages. these proteins are stored in the cytoplasm in association with the chaperone ipgc, before their secretion by a type iii secretion apparatus is activated by host cells. we used a his-tagged ipgc protein to purify ipgc-containing complexes and showed that only ipab and ... | 1999 | 11207551 |
| cd44 binds to the shigella ipab protein and participates in bacterial invasion of epithelial cells. | shigella entry into epithelial cells is characterized by a transient reorganization of the host cell cytoskeleton at the site of bacterial interaction with the cell membrane, which leads to bacterial engulfment in a macropinocytic process. using affinity chromatography on hela cell extracts, we show here that the hyaluronan receptor cd44 associates with ipab, a shigella protein that is secreted upon cell contact. overlay and solid-phase assays indicated that ipab binds directly to the extracellu ... | 2000 | 11207560 |
| bacterial signals and cell responses during shigella entry into epithelial cells. | shigella invades epithelial cells by inducing cytoskeletal reorganization localized at the site of bacterial-host cell interaction. during entry, the shigella type iii secretion apparatus allows the insertion of a pore that contains the ipab and ipac proteins into cell membranes. insertion of this complex is thought to allow translocation of the carboxy-terminus moiety of ipac, but also of other shigella effectors, such as ipaa, into the cell cytosol. ipac triggers actin polymerization and the f ... | 2000 | 11207575 |
| actin-based motility of pathogens: the arp2/3 complex is a central player. | bacterial actin-based motility has provided cell biologists with tools that led to the recent discovery that, in many forms of actin-based motilities, a key player is a protein complex named the arp2/3 complex. the arp2/3 complex is evolutionally conserved and made up of seven polypeptides involved in both actin filament nucleation and organization. interestingly, this complex is inactive by itself and recent work has highlighted the fact that its activation is achieved differently in the differ ... | 2000 | 11207576 |
| pathogen-induced apoptosis of macrophages: a common end for different pathogenic strategies. | microbe-macrophage interactions play a central role in the pathogenesis of many infections. several bacterial pathogens induce apoptosis specifically in macrophages, but the mechanisms by which it occurs differ, and the resulting pathology can take different courses. macrophage death caused by shigella flexneri and salmonella spp. has been shown to result in the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. conversely, yersinia spp. induce apoptosis by suppressing the signalling pathways that lead to t ... | 2000 | 11207583 |
| the regulatory protein phop controls susceptibility to the host inflammatory response in shigella flexneri. | the phop/phoq two-component regulatory system controls transcription of several key virulence genes essential for salmonella survival in the host cell phagosome. here, we determine that the phop/phoq system also regulates virulence in the aetiological agent of bacillary dysentery, shigella flexneri, even though this pathogen escapes from the phagosome into the cytoplasm of the host cell. a phop mutant of shigella established infections and induced an acute inflammatory response in two different ... | 2000 | 11207599 |
| targeting of an enteropathogenic escherichia coli (epec) effector protein to host mitochondria. | many gram-negative pathogens use a type iii secretion apparatus to deliver effector molecules into host cells to subvert cellular processes in favour of the pathogen. enteropathogenic escherichia coli (epec) uses such a system to deliver the tir effector molecule into host cells. in this paper, we show that the gene upstream of tir, orf19, encodes an additional type iii secreted effector protein. orf19 is delivered into host cells by a mechanism independent of endocytosis, but dependent on espb. ... | 2000 | 11207610 |
| functional role for the class ix myosin myr5 in epithelial cell infection by shigella flexneri. | efficient control of shigella-induced, rho-dependent cytoskeletal rearrangements seems to be required to shape the delicate cellular structures associated with bacterial invasion of epithelial cells. we therefore studied a class ix myosin and rho antagonist, the gtpase-activating protein (gap) myr5, for a potential role in the bacterial entry process. we show that myr5 is recruited into bacterial entry spots. the recruitment pattern resembled that of rhoc or ezrin, but not rhoa, rac or cdc42, wh ... | 2000 | 11207612 |
| periplasmic transit and disulfide bond formation of the autotransported shigella protein icsa. | the shigella outer membrane protein icsa belongs to the family of type v secreted (autotransported) virulence factors. members of this family mediate their own translocation across the bacterial outer membrane: the carboxy-terminal beta domain forms a beta barrel channel in the outer membrane through which the amino-terminal alpha domain passes. icsa, which is localized at one pole of the bacterium, mediates actin assembly by shigella, which is essential for bacterial intracellular movement and ... | 2001 | 11208794 |
| [outbreak of acute enteric infections in a children boarding-school: iceberg phenomenon (part 1)]. | | 2000 | 11210619 |
| [outbreak of acute enteric infections in a children boarding school: iceberg phenomenon (part 2). answers to questions and authors' commentary]. | | 2000 | 11210621 |
| [diagnostic value of a novel nutrient medium for isolation and cultivation of pathogens causing enteric yersiniosis and pseudotuberculosis]. | a new nutrient medium for isolation and cultivation of the causative agents of enteric yersiniosis and pseudotuberculosis was found to have advantages over endo medium in its differentiating and inhibiting properties. this medium permitted the easy differentiation of yersinia pseudotuberculosis from y. enterocolitica, as well as from escherichia coli, shigella flexneri, klebsiella pneumoniae, k. rhinoscleromatis, hafnia, enterobacter and citrobacter by color; from proteus inconstans by swarming. ... | 2000 | 11210625 |
| [effect of hydroxylamine hydrochloride on lipopolysaccharide fatty acid composition in shigella dysenteriae 1]. | changes in the fatty acid composition of s. dysenteriae 1 lipid a after the treatment of lipopolysaccharide (lps) with hydrosylamine hydrochloride (hh) and 4 degrees c, 37 degrees c and 56 degrees c were studied with the use of gas-liquid chromatographicmass-spectrometry. the treatment with hh led to a decrease in the toxicity of lps, but produced no changes in the content of the main fatty acid components of lipid a (lauric, myristic, oxymyristic and palmitic acids). at the same time the total ... | 2000 | 11210628 |
| [bactericidal properties of hemo-cytolysin from vibrio cholerae non o1 p-11702 strain in a panel of indicator cultures for detection of vibriocins]. | the influence of the preparation of hemo-cytolysin, obtained from v. cholerae non o1 strain p-11702 and inducing lysis of both red blood cells and v. cholerae cultures using a panel of indicator cultures for the detection of vibriocins, was studied. the set of indicator cultures contained 2 shigella flexneri strains, 1 s. dysenteriae strain, 3 s. sonnei strains, 3 escherichia coli strains and 2 v. cholerae strains, one of them being atypical. hemo-cytolysin exhibited lytic activity with respect ... | 2000 | 11210647 |
| type iii secretion systems and pathogenicity islands. | some bacterial pathogens have evolved by acquiring pathogenicity islands (pis), which are clusters of genes encoding virulence traits. pis encoding the secretion of effector molecules via type iii secretion (tts) systems have been discovered in several gram-negative pathogens. tts systems are involved in contact-dependent secretion of virulence factors and can facilitate delivery of toxins directly into target cells. the expanding list of bacteria found to contain clusters of tts genes includes ... | 2001 | 11211218 |
| shigella sonnei peritonitis in a patient on capd. | | 2000 | 11216587 |
| a community waterborne outbreak of gastro-enteritis attributed to shigella sonnei. | an outbreak of gastro-enteritis occurred in a community of 2213 persons located near the city of ioannina, in north-western greece. two hundreds and eighty-eight inhabitants of the village of eleoussa, suffered from gastro-enteritis between 11 and 22 october. the peak of the epidemic occurred during the first 3 days (11-13 october). the highest risk of developing gastro-enteritis was observed in the age group 0-14 years (41.4%) and decreased significantly with age (p < 0.01). patients over 65 ye ... | 2000 | 11218200 |
| molecular characterization of global regulatory rna species that control pathogenicity factors in erwinia amylovora and erwinia herbicola pv. gypsophilae. | rsmb(ecc) specifies a nontranslatable rna regulator that controls exoprotein production and pathogenicity in soft rot-causing erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora. this effect of rsmb(ecc) rna is mediated mostly by neutralizing the function of rsma(ecc), an rna-binding protein of e. carotovora subsp. carotovora, which acts as a global negative regulator. to determine the occurrence of functional homologs of rsmb(ecc) in non-soft-rot-causing erwinia species, we cloned the rsmb genes of e. amylovo ... | 2001 | 11222584 |
| complete genomic sequence of the lytic bacteriophage phiyeo3-12 of yersinia enterocolitica serotype o:3. | phiyeo3-12 is a t3-related lytic bacteriophage of yersinia enterocolitica serotype o:3. the nucleotide sequence of the 39,600-bp linear double-stranded dna (dsdna) genome was determined. the phage genome has direct terminal repeats of 232 bp, a gc content of 50.6%, and 54 putative genes, which are all transcribed from the same dna strand. functions were assigned to 30 genes based on the similarity of the predicted products to known proteins. a striking feature of the phiyeo3-12 genome is its ext ... | 2001 | 11222590 |
| elicitation of predictable immune responses by using live bacterial vectors. | there is an increasing need for novel vaccines able to stimulate efficient and long-lasting responses, which have also low production costs. to confer protective immunity following vaccination, the adequate type of response should be elicited. vaccines based on attenuated bacterial carriers have contained production and delivery costs, and are able to stimulate more potent immune responses than non-replicating formulations. the improved knowledge on carrier physiology and host response, the avai ... | 2001 | 11222981 |
| diversity in phagocytic signalling. | | 2001 | 11228148 |
| molecular epidemiology of a shigella flexneri outbreak in a mountainous township in taiwan, republic of china. | an outbreak of shigellosis occurred in a township of nantou conuty in central taiwan from august to october in 1996. the infections extended to two neighboring townships and continued to the end of 1996. forty cases were confirmed during the period, in contrast to only one confirmed case in nantou county in 1996 before the outbreak. all of these 41 cases in 1996 were identified as infections with shigella flexneri serotype 2a. in order to trace the source of the infections, the 41 isolates recov ... | 2001 | 11230426 |
| pathogen evolution: how good bacteria go bad. | recent findings suggest that dysentery-causing shigella strains have arisen several times from escherichia coli via plasmid acquisition and phenotypic convergence. similarly, three bacillus strains with distinct pathogenic properties are derivatives of a single species whose behavior is profoundly altered by acquired plasmids. | 2001 | 11231141 |
| increased nitrite and nitrate concentrations in sera and urine of patients with cholera or shigellosis. | nitric oxide (no) is an important regulator of cell function. in the intestine, no regulates blood flow, peristalsis, secretion, and is associated with inflammation and tissue injury. the objectives of this study were to assess and compare the role of no in cholera, a noninflammatory enteric infection, and in shigellosis, a bacterial inflammation of the colon. | 2001 | 11232692 |
| an outbreak of dysentery in a rural district of zimbabwe: the role of personal hygiene at public gatherings. | to characterize the nature and extent of the outbreak; to determine the risk factors associated with contracting shigellosis; and to institute disease control and preventive measures. | 2000 | 11235056 |
| a sensitive seminested pcr method for the detection of shigella in spiked environmental water samples. | a rapid seminested polymerase chain reaction (pcr) method for the specific, sensitive detection of virulent shigella spp. in spiked environmental water samples was developed. a set of primers specific for the invasion plasmid antigen gene (ipah) of virulent shigella spp. and enteroinvasive escherichia coli produced a 620-bp fragment that was used as template for the seminested primer pair delineating a 401-bp fragment. by using agarose gel electrophoresis for detection of the seminested pcr-ampl ... | 2001 | 11235881 |
| bovine milk antibodies for health. | the immunoglobulins of bovine colostrum provide the major antimicrobial protection against microbial infections and confer a passive immunity to the newborn calf until its own immune system matures. the concentration in colostrum of specific antibodies against pathogens can be raised by immunising cows with these pathogens or their antigens. immune milk products are preparations made of such hyperimmune colostrum or antibodies enriched from it. these preparations can be used to give effective sp ... | 2000 | 11242458 |
| [role of the microbiology laboratory in the diagnosis of nosocomial diarrhea]. | diarrhea that occurs in hospitalized patients is frequent and may be due to infectious or noninfectious causes. in adults with nosocomial diarrhea, the most commonly detected agent is clostridium difficile; in children, rotaviruses are predominant. various studies have shown that bacterial enteric pathogens (e.g. salmonella spp., shigella spp., campylobacter spp...) or parasites are common causes of community-acquired diarrhea but rarely cause nosocomial enteritis. stool cultures for these patho ... | 2000 | 11244602 |
| [nosocomial diarrhea in adults due to microorganisms other than clostridium difficile]. | nosocomial diarrhea of the adult is to the largest extend caused by clostridium difficile. however, one must not underestimate the importance of other bacteria such as salmonella or shigella, which are most common in developing countries. other viruses and parasites can equally be responsible for causing such infections. | 2000 | 11244604 |
| [pediatric nosocomial diarrhea]. | nosocomial diarrhea are an important cause of childhood morbidity and mortality. rotavirus has been recognized as the most important cause of nosocomial gastroenteritidis particularly in infants during winter months. nosocomial diarrhea are also, caused by bacterial pathogen like clostridium difficile, salmonella, shigella, campylobacter. clostridium difficile toxin assay should be considered for patients who are receiving antibiotics. modifications of hygiene procedures and preventive measures ... | 2000 | 11244605 |
| etiology of acute diarrhea among children in ribeirão preto-sp, brazil. | to study the main enteropathogens causing diarrhea in the region of ribeirão preto regarding serogroups and serotypes, the feces of 1836 children under 10 years old, from both sexes, attack of acute gastroenteritis, were analysed during a period of 4 years in adolfo lutz institute - ribeirão preto, sp. the pathogens identified by standard methods were the following: escherichia coli, salmonella spp., shigella spp., campylobacter spp., yersinia spp., and cryptosporidium spp. positive samples were ... | 2001 | 11246278 |
| frequency of triggering bacteria in patients with reactive arthritis and undifferentiated oligoarthritis and the relative importance of the tests used for diagnosis. | reactive arthritis (rea) triggered by chlamydia trachomatis or enteric bacteria such as yersinia, salmonella, campylobacter jejuni, or shigella is an important differential diagnosis in patients presenting with the clinical picture of an undifferentiated oligoarthritis (uoa). this study was undertaken to evaluate the best diagnostic approach. | 2001 | 11247862 |
| regulating cellular actin assembly. | cellular actin assembly is tightly regulated. the study of pathogen motility has led to the identification of several cellular factors that are critical for controlling this process. pathogens such as listeria require ena/vasp and arp2/3 proteins to translate actin polymerization into movement. recent work has extended these observations and uncovered some similarities and surprising differences in the way cells and pathogens utilize the actin cytoskeleton. | 2001 | 11248549 |
| shigella and salmonella strains isolated from children under 5 years in gaborone, botswana, and their antibiotic susceptibility patterns. | we isolated shigella from 43/221 (21%) and salmonella 8/221 (3%) rectal swabs from children under 5 years with diarrhoea, and found shigella in two of 100 specimens from children without diarrhoea. sh. boydii (13%) was the most prevalent shigella species followed by sh. flexneri (6%) and sh. sonnei (2%). the prevalence of various types of sh. boydii was type 7, 5%; type 9, 3%; type 12 and 16, 2%; and type 18, 1%. other shigella serotypes encountered were sh. flexneri type 6 (4%), type 4 (2%), wi ... | 2001 | 11251896 |
| impaired imipenem uptake associated with alterations in outer membrane proteins and lipopolysaccharides in imipenem-resistant shigella dysenteriae. | three imipenem-resistant mutants were obtained from a clinical isolate (c152) of shigella dysenteriae by selection with increasing concentrations of imipenem. resistance to imipenem was associated with resistance to several other beta-lactam antibiotics. the penicillin-binding protein (pbp) patterns of the resistant and the wild-type strains were comparable. the permeability of the outer membrane proteins (omps) of the most resistant mutant, im16, was lower than that of the parent strain c152 wh ... | 1999 | 11252324 |
| pcr primers designed from malic acid dehydrogenase gene and their use for detection of escherichia coli in water and milk samples. | escherichia coli has been the appropriate focus for monitoring of potential enteric pathogens in water and foods. although several methods have been used for the detection or enumeration of e. coli cells in water and foods, the time and accuracy limitations of these methods suggest the need of a rapid and specific method. by comparison of the gene sequences coding for malic acid dehydrogenase (mdh) of e. coli and non-e. coli strains, two oligonucleotides were designed and their possible use as e ... | 2001 | 11252491 |
| spa33, a cell surface-associated subunit of the mxi-spa type iii secretory pathway of shigella flexneri, regulates ipa protein traffic. | the mxi-spa type iii secretion system of shigella flexneri directs the host cell contact-induced secretion of a set of invasins, referred to as ipas. in this study, we examined the role of spa33 in ipa secretion. a spa33-null mutant was both noninvasive and unable to translocate the ipas from inner membrane to outer membrane (om) positions of the mxi-spa transmembrane channel. spa33 was found to be a mxi-spa substrate that is translocated to the bacterial cell surface upon the induction of ipa s ... | 2001 | 11254573 |
| shigella spp. surveillance in indonesia: the emergence or reemergence of s. dysenteriae. | from june 1998 through november 1999, shigella spp. were isolated in 5% of samples from 3,848 children and adults with severe diarrheal illness in hospitals throughout indonesia. s. dysenteriae has reemerged in bali, kalimantan, and batam and was detected in jakarta after a hiatus of 15 years. | 2001 | 11266305 |
| antimicrobial activity of honokiol and magnolol isolated from magnolia officinalis. | the antimicrobial activity of honokiol and magnolol, the main constituents of magnolia officinalis was investigated. the antimicrobial activity was assayed by the agar dilution method using brain heart infusion medium and the minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) were determined for each compound using a twofold serial dilution assay. the results showed that honokiol and magnolol have a marked antimicrobial effect (mic = 25 microg/ml) against actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, porphyromonas ... | 2001 | 11268114 |
| synthesis of mannich bases of some 2,5-disubstituted 4-thiazolidinones and evaluation of their antimicrobial activities. | 5-phenyl/methyl-5-morpholinomethyl/pyrrolidinomethyl-2-(5- aryl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)imino]-4-thiazolidinones (5a-m) were synthesized by the reaction of 5-phenyl/methyl-2-[(5-aryl-1,3,4-oxadiazol -2-yl)imino]-4-thiazolidinones (4a-j) with formaldehyde and morpholine or pyrrolidine. the structures of the compounds were determined by analytical and spectral (ir, 1h-nmr, eims) methods. the antibacterial activities of the novel compounds against staphylococcus aureus atcc 6538, staphylococcus epider ... | 2001 | 11268772 |
| re-evaluating criteria for peritoneal dialysis in "classical" (d+) hemolytic uremic syndrome. | indications for peritoneal dialysis in children with post-dysenteric hemolytic uremic syndrome (d+ hus) have not been thoroughly evaluated. although early institution of dialysis may reduce mortality, the procedure has attendant complications. | 2001 | 11269677 |
| computer identification of shigella species by rrna gene restriction patterns. | we describe a mlui ribotyping scheme for shigella which approaches correlation with serotyping. one hundred and seventeen reference strains and previously serotyped clinical isolates representing the 57 shigella serotypes and biotypes were included in this study. a total of 51 distinct ribotypes were obtained and a database was built with them. the number of bands composing each ribotype varied from 9 to 15. the fragments ranged in size from 1.6 to 18.8 kbp. one hundred and eleven clinical isola ... | 2001 | 11281325 |
| type iv o antigen modification genes in the genome of shigella flexneri nctc 8296. | the genes encoding type iv o antigen glucosylation were characterized from both escherichia coli and shigella flexneri. the putative o antigen modification genes from e. coli, o120 o306 o443, were pcr-amplified and introduced into s. flexneri serotype y strain sfl124. immunogold labelling and phage sensitivity indicated the presence of both serotype y and serotype 4a o antigens on the cell surface of the resulting recombinant sfl124 strains, suggesting that only partial serotype conversion was c ... | 2001 | 11283281 |
| campylobacter jejuni infections: update on emerging issues and trends. | infection with campylobacter jejuni is one of the most common causes of gastroenteritis worldwide; it occurs more frequently than do infections caused by salmonella species, shigella species, or escherichia coli o157:h7. in developed countries, the incidence of campylobacter jejuni infections peaks during infancy and again during early adulthood. most infections are acquired by the consumption and handling of poultry. a typical case is characterized by diarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramps. obta ... | 2001 | 11283810 |
| low-level resistance to fluoroquinolones among salmonella and shigella. | | 2000 | 11284932 |
| a new home for infection research. | | 2001 | 11286190 |
| influence of infection of cells with bacteria associated with reactive arthritis on the peptide repertoire presented by hla-b27. | reactive arthritis (rea) after infections with various gram-negative bacteria is strongly associated with the mhc class i molecule hla-b27. it is supposed that the b27 molecule itself plays a role in the pathogenesis of rea by presenting antigenic peptides to cytotoxic t lymphocytes. the peptide repertoires presented by salmonella-, shigella- and non-infected cells were compared to identify such peptides. from the peptides isolated from the b27 molecules of these cells, profiles were generated b ... | 2001 | 11289525 |
| multicenter evaluation of resistance patterns of klebsiella pneumoniae, escherichia coli, salmonella spp and shigella spp isolated from clinical specimens in brazil: resistnet surveillance program. | surveillance programs are essential to detect the increase of antimicrobial resistance, and several different programs are being conducted in many countries. the resistnet is a surveillance program for bacterial resistance against several antimicrobial agents initiated in 1998 among latin american countries. in brazil, several centers were invited to join this surveillance and a total of 11 centers (6 from são paulo and 5 from other states) participated in the study. all results were analyzed us ... | 2001 | 11290309 |
| attenuated shigella flexneri 2a delta guaba strain cvd 1204 expressing enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) cs2 and cs3 fimbriae as a live mucosal vaccine against shigella and etec infection. | to construct a prototype hybrid vaccine against shigella and enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec), the genes encoding the production of etec cs2 and cs3 fimbriae were isolated and expressed in attenuated shigella flexneri 2a guaba strain cvd 1204. the cs2 cota to -d genes, isolated from etec strain c91f, and the cs3 csta to -h genes, subcloned from plasmid pcs100, were cloned into ~15-copy-number-stabilized pga1 behind the osmotically regulated ompc promoter, resulting in high expression of b ... | 2001 | 11292735 |
| shigella infection in a scid mouse-human intestinal xenograft model: role for neutrophils in containing bacterial dissemination in human intestine. | shigellae infect human intestine and cause intense inflammation and destruction of colonic and rectal mucosa. to model the interactions of shigella with human intestine in vivo, we have studied shigella infection in human intestinal xenografts in severe combined immunodeficient mice (scid-hu-int mice). inoculation of shigella into human intestinal xenografts caused severe inflammation and mucosal damage, which was apparent as soon as 4 h following infection. shigella infection was associated wit ... | 2001 | 11292746 |
| complete dna sequence and analysis of the large virulence plasmid of shigella flexneri. | the complete sequence analysis of the 210-kb shigella flexneri 5a virulence plasmid was determined. shigella spp. cause dysentery and diarrhea by invasion and spread through the colonic mucosa. most of the known shigella virulence determinants are encoded on a large plasmid that is unique to virulent strains of shigella and enteroinvasive escherichia coli; these known genes account for approximately 30 to 35% of the virulence plasmid. in the complete sequence of the virulence plasmid, 286 open r ... | 2001 | 11292750 |
| high pressure increases bactericidal activity and spectrum of lactoferrin, lactoferricin and nisin. | we have studied the inactivation of a panel of eight test bacteria (two escherichia coli strains, salmonella enteritidis, salmonella typhimurium, shigella sonnei, shigella flexneri, pseudomonas fluorescens and staphylococcus aureus) by high pressure in the presence of bovine lactoferrin (500 microg/ml), pepsin hydrolysate of lactoferrin (500 microg/ml), lactoferricin (20 microg/ml) and nisin (100 iu/ml). none of these compounds, at the indicated dosage, were bactericidal when applied at atmosphe ... | 2001 | 11294354 |
| microbial growth modelling with artificial neural networks. | there is a growing interest in modelling microbial growth as an alternative to time-consuming, traditional, microbiological enumeration techniques. several statistical models have been reported to describe the growth of different microorganisms, but there are accuracy problems. an alternate technique 'artificial neural networks' (ann) for modelling microbial growth is explained and evaluated. published data were used to build separate general regression neural network (grnn) structures for model ... | 2001 | 11294356 |
| [immunosuppressive properties of virulent shigella strains]. | the review presents data which show the existence of significant difference between the virulent and avirulent shigella species. this difference is displayed in the virulent shigella's ability to inhibit immune memory and secondary immune response. the existance of immunosuppressive activity in virulent shigella has been demonstrated in the case of experimental shigella infection in animals as well as natural infection in humans. the immunosuppressive property of shigella sonnei is determined by ... | 2000 | 11300086 |
| prospective cohort studies of shigellosis during military field training. | epidemiological and clinical features of shigellosis occurring among cohorts of israeli recruits followed-up for 3-6 months during the summer field training of years 1993-1997 were studied. the incidence rate of culture-proven shigellosis was the highest (78 cases per 1,000 recruits) in 1996 and the lowest (13 cases per 1,000 recruits) in 1995. shigella sonnei (152 isolates) and shigella flexneri (151 isolates) were the most common species. fifty percent of the patients with shigellosis had feve ... | 2001 | 11305466 |
| glutaraldehyde-induced colitis. | to describe the etiology and clinical course of acute colitis occurring after flexible endoscopy. | 2001 | 11308232 |
| campylobacteriosis, salmonellosis, and shigellosis in free-ranging human-habituated mountain gorillas of uganda. | for conservation purposes and due to growing ecotourism, free-ranging mountain gorillas (gorilla gorilla beringei) have been habituated to humans. fecal specimens (n = 62) collected in january 1999 from mountain gorillas of the bwindi and mgahinga national parks, uganda, were tested for campylobacter spp., salmonella spp., and shigella spp., and the overall prevalence of infection was 19%, 13%, and 6%, respectively. the prevalence of positive specimens was not related to the year of habituation ... | 2001 | 11310873 |
| a synaptojanin-homologous region of salmonella typhimurium sigd is essential for inositol phosphatase activity and akt activation. | the ser-thr kinase akt is activated in epithelial cells by salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. the bacterial effector sigd, which is translocated into host cells via the specialized type iii secretion system, is essential for akt activation. here, we investigated the inositol phospholipid substrate preferences of sigd. recombinant sigd preferentially dephosphorylated phosphatidylinositol 3,5-biphosphate and phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-triphosphate over other phosphatidylinositol lipids. phos ... | 2001 | 11311241 |
| vaccination with the glycoprotein d gene of pseudorabies virus delivered by nonpathogenic escherichia coli elicits protective immune responses. | attenuated intracellular bacteria, such as salmonella and shigella, have been exploited to act as gene delivery vectors. in this study, we report that nonpathogenic, live escherichia coli can be used for the delivery of dna vaccines in vivo, leading to generation of immune responses against plasmid-encoded foreign antigens. the pseudorabies virus (prv) dna vaccine carrying the glycoprotein d (gd) gene delivered by e. coli was able to induce protective immune responses in mice against a lethal pr ... | 2001 | 11312026 |
| probiotic activities of lactobacillus casei rhamnosus: in vitro adherence to intestinal cells and antimicrobial properties. | the interest of probiotics as remedies for a broad number of gastrointestinal and other infectious diseases has gained wide interest over the last few years, but little is known about their underlying mechanism of action. in this study, the probiotic activities of a human isolate of lactobacillus casei subsp. rhamnosus strain (lcr35) were investigated. using intestinal caco-2 cell line in an in vitro model, we demonstrated that this strain exhibited adhesive properties. the inhibitory effects of ... | 2001 | 11316370 |
| sequencing and analysis of the edwardsiella ictaluri plasmids. | to determine possible functions of the edwardsiella ictaluri plasmids, pei1 and pei2, we analyzed the sequence of both plasmids. plasmid pei1 is 4807 bp, with 51% g + c, and 23 possible open reading frames of 40 amino acids or greater. plasmid pei2 is 5643 bp, with 51% g + c, and 24 possible reading frames. database searches indicated that pei1 contains an insertion element and a rom analog. in addition, pei1 possesses an open reading frame with strong homology to slrp, ssph1, and ssph2 of salmo ... | 2001 | 11319932 |
| pulsenet standardized protocol for subtyping listeria monocytogenes by macrorestriction and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. | pulsenet is a national network of pubic health and food regulatory laboratories established in the us to detect clusters of foodborne disease and respond quickly to foodborne outbreak investigations. pulsenet laboratories currently subtype escherichia coli o157:h7, non-typhoidal salmonella, and shigella isolates by a highly standardized 1-day pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge), and exchange normalized dna "fingerprint" patterns via the internet. we describe a standardized molecular subtypin ... | 2001 | 11322701 |
| shv-type extended-spectrum beta-lactamase in a shigella flexneri clinical isolate. | a shigella flexneri isolate resistant to oxyimino-cephalosporins was recovered from a stool sample of a 16 month-old algerian child hospitalized in paris, france. this isolate harboured an shv-2 beta-lactamase gene located on a c. 80 kb self-transferable plasmid. this is the first report of an ambler class a extended-spectrum beta-lactamase from shigella spp. | 2001 | 11328785 |
| [immunologic properties of coli surface antigen 6(cs6) of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli and cholera toxin subunit b expressed in shigella flexneri 2a strain t32]. | a host-plasmid balancing system composed with a delta asd mutant (fad) of an avirulent strain (t32) of shigella flexneri 2a and plasmid harboring asd gene was used to express enterotoxigenic e. coli surface antigen 6(cs6) and v. cholerae toxin subunit b (ctb). the results of western blotting and elisa showed that all of recombinant plasmids (pyx201, pyx202 and pyx203) could be maintained stably and expressed cs6 and ctb respectively in t32 without any antibiotic selection. all the recombinant ba ... | 2001 | 11330183 |
| wip regulates n-wasp-mediated actin polymerization and filopodium formation. | induction of filopodia is dependent on activation of the small gtpase cdc42 and on neural wiskott-aldrich-syndrome protein (n-wasp). here we show that wasp-interacting protein (wip) interacts directly with n-wasp and actin. wip retards n-wasp/cdc42-activated actin polymerization mediated by the arp2/3 complex, and stabilizes actin filaments. microinjection of wip into nih 3t3 fibroblasts induces filopodia; this is inhibited by microinjection of anti-n-wasp antibody. microinjection of anti-wip an ... | 2001 | 11331876 |
| [immunosuppressive effects of pathogenic gram-negative bacteria]. | the review deals with the immunosuppressive effects of virulent gram-negative bacteria (salmonella, shigela, pseudomonas aeruginosa), with the importance of these effects for the bacteria to survive in the infected body. the above bacteria affect the immunity system in a different way, yet have common features. they are characterized by the occurrence of endotoxin shock, by the suppression of the phagocytic system and cell-mediated immunity. a significant role in suppressing a cellular immune re ... | 2001 | 11338500 |
| novel helicobacter species isolated from rhesus monkeys with chronic idiopathic colitis. | chronic, idiopathic diffuse colitis is a well recognised clinical and pathological entity in captive rhesus monkeys. six rhesus monkeys were diagnosed with clinically debilitating, chronic diarrhoea. histologically, colonic tissues were characterised as chronic, moderate to severe colitis and typhlitis, with diffuse mononuclear inflammation of lamina propria, reactive lymphoid hyperplasia and multifocal micro-abscesses. colonic tissues were cultured for salmonella spp. and shigella spp.; all res ... | 2001 | 11339249 |
| antimicrobial-resistant bacterial diarrhea in rural western kenya. | bacterial diarrheal diseases cause substantial morbidity and mortality in sub-saharan africa, but data on the epidemiology and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of enteric bacterial pathogens are limited. between may 1997 and april 1998, a clinic-based surveillance for diarrheal disease was conducted in asembo, a rural area in western kenya. in total, 729 diarrheal specimens were collected, and 244 (33%) yielded >or=1 bacterial pathogen, as determined by standard culture techniques; 107 (44% ... | 2001 | 11343224 |
| chvd, a chromosomally encoded atp-binding cassette transporter-homologous protein involved in regulation of virulence gene expression in agrobacterium tumefaciens. | a yeast two-hybrid screen searching for chromosomally encoded proteins that interact with the agrobacterium tumefaciens virb8 protein was carried out. this screen identified an interaction candidate homologous to the partial sequence of a gene that had previously been identified in a transposon screen as a potential regulator of virg expression, chvd. in this report, the cloning of the entire chvd gene is described and the gene is sequenced and characterized. insertion of a promoterless lacz gen ... | 2001 | 11344138 |
| identification and functional characterization of arylamine n-acetyltransferases in eubacteria: evidence for highly selective acetylation of 5-aminosalicylic acid. | arylamine n-acetyltransferase activity has been described in various bacterial species. bacterial n-acetyltransferases, including those from bacteria of the gut flora, may be involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics, thereby exerting physiopathological effects. we characterized these enzymes further by steady-state kinetics, time-dependent inhibition, and dna hybridization in 40 species, mostly from the human intestinal microflora. we report for the first time n-acetyltransferase activity in 11 ... | 2001 | 11344150 |
| espg, a novel type iii system-secreted protein from enteropathogenic escherichia coli with similarities to vira of shigella flexneri. | the function of the rorf2 gene located on the locus of enterocyte effacement (lee) pathogenicity island of enteropathogenic escherichia coli (epec) has not been described. we report that rorf2 encodes a novel protein, named espg, which is secreted by the type iii secretory system and which is translocated into host epithelial cells. espg is homologous with shigella flexneri protein vira, and the cloned espg (rorf2) gene can rescue invasion in a shigella vira mutant, indicating that these protein ... | 2001 | 11349072 |
| genetic trees reveal disease origins. | | 2001 | 11352059 |
| epidemiology of postshigellosis persistent diarrhea in young children. | dysentery accounts for 20% of the 4.6 million diarrhea-associated deaths among children in developing countries, with the risk from death in dysenteric persistent diarrhea 10-fold higher than that in acute dysentery. although shigella accounts for the majority of dysenteric episodes, very little is known about the epidemiology of postshigellosis persistent diarrhea. | 2001 | 11368112 |
| the shus protein of shigella dysenteriae is a heme-sequestering protein that also binds dna. | the ability of shigella dysenteriae to utilize heme as an iron source is dependent on the iron-regulated expression of a number of genes including the outermembrane receptor shua and the cytoplasmic protein shus. the shus protein has no sequence homology with any proteins of known function and its role in heme acquisition has not been determined. in this paper we describe the purification and characterization of shus. the soluble oligomeric protein (650 kda) is composed of a single type of subun ... | 2001 | 11368175 |
| cloning and characterization of aspergillus nidulans vpsa gene which is involved in vacuolar biogenesis. | in saccharomyces cerevisiae, vacuoles play very important roles in ph and osmotic regulation, protein degradation and storage of amino acids, small ions as well as polyphosphates. in filamentous fungi, however, little is known about vacuolar functions at a molecular level. in this paper, we report the isolation of the vpsa gene from the filamentous fungus aspergillus nidulans as a homologue of the vps1 gene of s. cerevisiae which encodes a dynamin-related protein. the vpsa gene encodes a polypep ... | 2001 | 11368897 |
| hypothalamic hypopituitarism following shigella encephalopathy. | | 1999 | 11370123 |
| reconstitution of acetosyringone-mediated agrobacterium tumefaciens virulence gene expression in the heterologous host escherichia coli. | the ability to utilize escherichia coli as a heterologous system in which to study the regulation of agrobacterium tumefaciens virulence genes and the mechanism of transfer dna (t-dna) transfer would provide an important tool to our understanding and manipulation of these processes. we have previously reported that the rpoa gene encoding the alpha subunit of rna polymerase is required for the expression of lacz gene under the control of virb promoter (virbp::lacz) in e. coli containing a constit ... | 2001 | 11371534 |
| etiology of children's diarrhea in montevideo, uruguay: associated pathogens and unusual isolates. | we studied microorganisms associated with infant diarrhea in a group of 256 children admitted to a public pediatric hospital in montevideo, uruguay. diagnostic procedures were updated to optimize detection of potential pathogens, which were found in 63.8% of cases, and to be able to define their characteristics down to molecular or antigenic type. coinfection with two or more agents was detected in more than one-third of positive studies. escherichia coli enteric virotypes, especially enteropath ... | 2001 | 11376047 |
| effect of shiga toxin and shiga-like toxins on eukaryotic cells. | shigella dysenteriae and shiga-toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec) elaborate the ab holotoxins, shiga or shiga-like toxins (stx). stx play a major role in the pathogenesis of haemorrhagic colitis and haemolytic uremic syndrome. this review provides an overview of the mechanisms of action of stx and a model of the pathogenesis of stx-induced disease. | 2001 | 11377211 |
| phenotypic variability of beta-glucoside utilization and its correlation to pathogenesis process in a few enteric bacteria. | utilization of beta-glucosides is markedly variable in the members of the family enterobacteriaceae. the results presented here provide molecular clues for evolutionary events that resulted in the phenotypic variability seen amongst the members of these species. the genomic hybridization of selected enterobacteriaceae members with the escherichia coli bgl and cel genes resulted in detection of a complete homolog of the bgl and cel operons in shigella sonnei, a member that is evolutionarily close ... | 2001 | 11377874 |
| mechanism of actin-based motility. | spatially controlled polymerization of actin is at the origin of cell motility and is responsible for the formation of cellular protrusions like lamellipodia. the pathogens listeria monocytogenes and shigella flexneri, which undergo actin-based propulsion, are acknowledged models of the leading edge of lamellipodia. actin-based motility of the bacteria or of functionalized microspheres can be reconstituted in vitro from only five pure proteins. movement results from the regulated site-directed t ... | 2001 | 11379633 |