| pertussis toxin, an inhibitor of g(αi) pcr, inhibits bile acid- and cytokine-induced apoptosis in primary rat hepatocytes. | excessive hepatocyte apoptosis is a common event in acute and chronic liver diseases leading to loss of functional liver tissue. approaches to prevent apoptosis have therefore high potential for the treatment of liver disease. g-protein coupled receptors (gpcr) play crucial roles in cell fate (proliferation, cell death) and act through heterotrimeric g-proteins. g(αi)pcrs have been shown to regulate lipoapoptosis in hepatocytes, but their role in inflammation- or bile acid-induced apoptosis is u ... | 2012 | 22900098 |
| identification in silico and experimental validation of novel phosphodiesterase 7 inhibitors with efficacy in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice. | a neural network model has been developed to predict the inhibitory capacity of any chemical structure to be a phosphodiesterase 7 (pde7) inhibitor, a new promising kind of drugs for the treatment of neurological disorders. the numerical definition of the structures was achieved using codes program. through the validation of this neural network model, a novel family of 5-imino-1,2,4-thiadiazoles (itdzs) has been identified as inhibitors of pde7. experimental extensive biological studies have dem ... | 2012 | 23077723 |
| brain leukocyte infiltration initiated by peripheral inflammation or experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis occurs through pathways connected to the csf-filled compartments of the forebrain and midbrain. | cerebrospinal fluid (csf) has been considered as a preferential pathway of circulation for immune cells during neuroimmune surveillance. in order to evaluate the involvement of csf-filled spaces in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (eae), a model of multiple sclerosis, we performed a time-course analysis of immune cell association with the csf-containing ventricles, velae, and cisterns in two active models of this disease. | 2012 | 22870891 |
| strategies to alleviate original antigenic sin responses to influenza viruses. | original antigenic sin is a phenomenon wherein sequential exposure to closely related influenza virus variants reduces antibody (ab) response to novel antigenic determinants in the second strain and, consequently, impairs the development of immune memory. this could pose a risk to the development of immune memory in persons previously infected with or vaccinated against influenza. here, we explored strategies to overcome original antigenic sin responses in mice sequentially exposed to two closel ... | 2012 | 22869731 |
| a novel 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase from rahnella aquatilis with significantly reduced glyphosate sensitivity. | the 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (epsps; ec 2.5.1.19) is a key enzyme in the shikimate pathway for the production of aromatic amino acids and chorismate-derived secondary metabolites in plants, fungi, and microorganisms. it is also the target of the broad-spectrum herbicide glyphosate. natural glyphosate resistance is generally thought to occur within microorganisms in a strong selective pressure condition. rahnella aquatilis strain gr20, an antagonist against pathogenic agrobacte ... | 2012 | 22870190 |
| routine use of microbial whole genome sequencing in diagnostic and public health microbiology. | | 2012 | 22876174 |
| reversal of paralysis and reduced inflammation from peripheral administration of β-amyloid in th1 and th17 versions of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. | β-amyloid 42 (aβ42) and β-amyloid 40 (aβ40), major components of senile plaque deposits in alzheimer's disease, are considered neurotoxic and proinflammatory. in multiple sclerosis, aβ42 is up-regulated in brain lesions and damaged axons. we found, unexpectedly, that treatment with either aβ42 or aβ40 peptides reduced motor paralysis and brain inflammation in four different models of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (eae) with attenuation of motor paralysis, reduction of inflammatory le ... | 2012 | 22855462 |
| lot-to-lot consistency study of the fully liquid pentavalent dtwp-hepb-hib vaccine quinvaxem (®) demonstrating clinical equivalence, suitability of the vaccine as a booster and concomitant administration with measles vaccine. | this double-blind, randomized study evaluated the immunogenicity and safety of three production lots of the fully liquid combination dtwp-hep-hib vaccine, quinvaxem (®) (crucell, the netherlands) in 360 healthy infants aged 42-64 d old given at 6, 10 and 14 weeks of age (core study). the core study was followed by an open-label booster phase evaluating immunogenicity and safety of a booster dose of quinvaxem (®) given with either concomitant or deferred measles vaccine in 227 infants who complet ... | 2012 | 22854660 |
| vaccination issues in patients with inflammatory bowel disease receiving immunosuppression. | treatment regimens for crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis increase susceptibility to infections, many of which can be prevented by vaccinations. increased awareness concerning vaccine-preventable diseases has led to several studies investigating the immunologic responses to vaccines in immunosuppressed patients with inflammatory bowel disease. this review provides an overview of the evidence-based rationale for currently accepted recommendations regarding the use of both inactivated and live ... | 2012 | 23293563 |
| regulation of toll-like receptor 4-mediated immune responses through pasteurella multocida toxin-induced g protein signalling. | lipopolysaccharide (lps)-triggered toll-like receptor (tlr) 4-signalling belongs to the key innate defence mechanisms upon infection with gram-negative bacteria and triggers the subsequent activation of adaptive immunity. there is an active crosstalk between tlr4-mediated and other signalling cascades to secure an effective immune response, but also to prevent excessive inflammation. many pathogens induce signalling cascades via secreted factors that interfere with tlr signalling to modify and p ... | 2012 | 22852877 |
| population diversity among bordetella pertussis isolates, united states, 1935-2009. | since the 1980s, pertussis notifications in the united states have been increasing. to determine the types of bordetella pertussis responsible for these increases, we divided 661 b. pertussis isolates collected in the united states during 1935-2009 into 8 periods related to the introduction of novel vaccines or changes in vaccination schedule. b. pertussis diversity was highest from 1970-1990 (94%) but declined to ≈ 70% after 1991 and has remained constant. during 2006-2009, 81.6% of the strains ... | 2012 | 22841154 |
| vaccine-type human papillomavirus and evidence of herd protection after vaccine introduction. | the aims of this study were to compare prevalence rates of human papillomavirus (hpv) in young women before and after hpv vaccine introduction to determine the following: (1) whether vaccine-type hpv infection decreased, (2) whether there was evidence of herd protection, and (3) whether there was evidence for type-replacement (increased prevalence of nonvaccine-type hpv). | 2012 | 22778297 |
| molecular motions as a drug target: mechanistic simulations of anthrax toxin edema factor function led to the discovery of novel allosteric inhibitors. | edema factor (ef) is a component of bacillus anthracis toxin essential for virulence. its adenylyl cyclase activity is induced by complexation with the ubiquitous eukaryotic cellular protein, calmodulin (cam). ef and its complexes with cam, nucleotides and/or ions, have been extensively characterized by x-ray crystallography. those structural data allowed molecular simulations analysis of various aspects of ef action mechanism, including the delineation of ef and cam domains through their associ ... | 2012 | 23012649 |
| the evolutionary consequences of blood-stage vaccination on the rodent malaria plasmodium chabaudi. | malaria vaccine developers are concerned that antigenic escape will erode vaccine efficacy. evolutionary theorists have raised the possibility that some types of vaccine could also create conditions favoring the evolution of more virulent pathogens. such evolution would put unvaccinated people at greater risk of severe disease. here we test the impact of vaccination with a single highly purified antigen on the malaria parasite plasmodium chabaudi evolving in laboratory mice. the antigen we used, ... | 2012 | 22870063 |
| a tale of three next generation sequencing platforms: comparison of ion torrent, pacific biosciences and illumina miseq sequencers. | next generation sequencing (ngs) technology has revolutionized genomic and genetic research. the pace of change in this area is rapid with three major new sequencing platforms having been released in 2011: ion torrent's pgm, pacific biosciences' rs and the illumina miseq. here we compare the results obtained with those platforms to the performance of the illumina hiseq, the current market leader. in order to compare these platforms, and get sufficient coverage depth to allow meaningful analysis, ... | 2012 | 22827831 |
| burkholderia pseudomallei transcriptional adaptation in macrophages. | burkholderia pseudomallei is a facultative intracellular pathogen of phagocytic and non-phagocytic cells. how the bacterium interacts with host macrophage cells is still not well understood and is critical to appreciate the strategies used by this bacterium to survive and how intracellular survival leads to disease manifestation. | 2012 | 22823543 |
| airborne transmission of bordetella pertussis. | pertussis is a contagious, acute respiratory illness caused by the bacterial pathogen bordetella pertussis. although it is widely believed that transmission of b. pertussis occurs via aerosolized respiratory droplets, no controlled study has ever documented airborne transmission of pertussis. we set out to determine if airborne transmission occurs between infected and naive animals, utilizing the baboon model of pertussis. our results showed that 100% of exposed naive animals became infected eve ... | 2012 | 22807521 |
| environmental conditioning in the control of macrophage thrombospondin-1 production. | thrombospondin-1 (tsp-1) is a multifunctional protein which is secreted into the extracellular matrix during inflammation, where it modulates numerous components of the immune infiltrate. macrophages are a source of tsp-1, which they produce in response to tlr4 mediated signals. their production of tsp-1 is regulated by environmental signals that establish a threshold for the level of protein secretion that can be induced by lps stimulation. th1 and th2 cytokines raise this threshold which leads ... | 2012 | 22803005 |
| h(1)r expression by cd11b(+) cells is not required for susceptibility to experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. | the histamine h(1) receptor (hrh1/h(1)r) was identified as an autoimmune disease gene in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (eae), the principal autoimmune model of multiple sclerosis (ms). previously, we showed that selective re-expression of h(1)r by endothelial cells or t cells in h(1)rko mice significantly reduced or complemented eae severity and cytokine responses, respectively. h(1)r regulates innate immune cells, which in turn influences peripheral and central nervous system cd4(+) t ... | 2012 | 23121973 |
| pertussis vaccination in child care workers: room for improvement in coverage, policy and practice. | the "staying healthy in child care" australian guidelines provide for illness and disease exclusions and encourage vaccination of staff in child care settings, however these requirements are not subject to accreditation and licensing, and their level of implementation is unknown. this study aimed to describe pertussis vaccination coverage in child care workers in a regional area of northern nsw during 2010; review current staff pertussis vaccination practices; and explore barriers to vaccination ... | 2012 | 22794120 |
| binding of regulatory subunits of cyclic amp-dependent protein kinase to cyclic cmp agarose. | the bacterial adenylyl cyclase toxins cyaa from bordetella pertussis and edema factor from bacillus anthracis as well as soluble guanylyl cyclase α(1)β(1) synthesize the cyclic pyrimidine nucleotide ccmp. these data raise the question to which effector proteins ccmp binds. recently, we reported that ccmp activates the regulatory subunits riα and riiα of camp-dependent protein kinase. in this study, we used two ccmp agarose matrices as novel tools in combination with immunoblotting and mass spect ... | 2012 | 22808067 |
| bacillus anthracis edema factor substrate specificity: evidence for new modes of action. | since the isolation of bacillus anthracis exotoxins in the 1960s, the detrimental activity of edema factor (ef) was considered as adenylyl cyclase activity only. yet the catalytic site of ef was recently shown to accomplish cyclization of cytidine 5'-triphosphate, uridine 5'-triphosphate and inosine 5'-triphosphate, in addition to adenosine 5'-triphosphate. this review discusses the broad ef substrate specificity and possible implications of intracellular accumulation of cyclic cytidine 3':5'-mo ... | 2012 | 22852066 |
| the role of clonal interference in the evolutionary dynamics of plasmid-host adaptation. | promiscuous plasmids replicate in a wide range of bacteria and therefore play a key role in the dissemination of various host-beneficial traits, including antibiotic resistance. despite the medical relevance, little is known about the evolutionary dynamics through which drug resistance plasmids adapt to new hosts and thereby persist in the absence of antibiotics. we previously showed that the incompatibility group p-1 (incp-1) minireplicon pms0506 drastically improved its stability in novel host ... | 2012 | 22761390 |
| janus-like opposing roles of cd47 in autoimmune brain inflammation in humans and mice. | comparison of transcriptomic and proteomic data from pathologically similar multiple sclerosis (ms) lesions reveals down-regulation of cd47 at the messenger rna level and low abundance at the protein level. immunohistochemical studies demonstrate that cd47 is expressed in normal myelin and in foamy macrophages and reactive astrocytes within active ms lesions. we demonstrate that cd47(-/-) mice are refractory to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (eae), primarily as the result of failure o ... | 2012 | 22734047 |
| taxonomic and functional microbial signatures of the endemic marine sponge arenosclera brasiliensis. | the endemic marine sponge arenosclera brasiliensis (porifera, demospongiae, haplosclerida) is a known source of secondary metabolites such as arenosclerins a-c. in the present study, we established the composition of the a. brasiliensis microbiome and the metabolic pathways associated with this community. we used 454 shotgun pyrosequencing to generate approximately 640,000 high-quality sponge-derived sequences (∼150 mb). clustering analysis including sponge, seawater and twenty-three other metag ... | 2012 | 22768320 |
| infection-induced il-10 and jak-stat: a review of the molecular circuitry controlling immune hyperactivity in response to pathogenic microbes. | generation of effective immune responses against pathogenic microbes depends on a fine balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory responses. interleukin-10 (il-10) is essential in regulating this balance and has garnered renewed interest recently as a modulator of the response to infection at the jak-stat signaling axis of host responses. here, we examine how il-10 functions as the "master regulator" of immune responses through jak-stat, and provide a perspective from recent insights on bacteria ... | 2012 | 24058765 |
| towards improved accuracy of bordetella pertussis nucleic acid amplification tests. | in many clinical microbiology laboratories, nucleic acid amplification tests such as pcr have become the routine methods for the diagnosis of pertussis. while pcr has greatly increased the ability of laboratories to detect bordetella pertussis infections, it has also been associated with false-positive results that can, given the tendency of b. pertussis to cause outbreaks, result in unnecessary and costly control measures. the species specificity of bordetella gene targets and their number of c ... | 2012 | 22442315 |
| comparison of the luminex xtag rvp fast assay and the idaho technology filmarray rp assay for detection of respiratory viruses in pediatric patients at a cancer hospital. | respiratory viruses are increasingly recognized as serious causes of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients. the rapid and sensitive detection of respiratory viruses is essential for the early diagnosis and administration of appropriate antiviral therapy, as well as for the effective implementation of infection control measures. we compared the performance of two commercial assays, xtag rvp fast (luminex diagnostics, toronto, canada) and filmarray rvp (fa rvp; idaho technology, sa ... | 2012 | 22518855 |
| transmission of bordetella holmesii during pertussis outbreak, japan. | we describe the epidemiology of a pertussis outbreak in japan in 2010-2011 and bordetella holmesii transmission. six patients were infected; 4 patients were students and a teacher at the same junior high school. epidemiologic links were found between 5 patients. b. holmesii may have been transmitted from person to person. | 2012 | 22709586 |
| afebrile pneumonia (whooping cough) syndrome in infants at hospital universitario del valle, cali, 2001-2007. | afebrile pneumonia syndrome in infants, also called infant pneumonitis, pneumonia caused by atypical pathogens or whooping cough syndrome is a major cause of severe lower respiratory infection in young infants, both in developing countries and in developed countries. | 2012 | 24893051 |
| invasive non-typhoidal salmonella disease: an emerging and neglected tropical disease in africa. | invasive strains of non-typhoidal salmonellae have emerged as a prominent cause of bloodstream infection in african adults and children, with an associated case fatality of 20-25%. the clinical presentation of invasive non-typhoidal salmonella disease in africa is diverse: fever, hepatosplenomegaly, and respiratory symptoms are common, and features of enterocolitis are often absent. the most important risk factors are hiv infection in adults, and malaria, hiv, and malnutrition in children. a dis ... | 2012 | 22587967 |
| potential impact of parental tdap immunization on infant pertussis hospitalizations. | we estimated the potential impact of parental tdap immunization before delivery, at delivery and at the 2-week newborn visit on u.s. infant pertussis hospitalizations. we used published data for pertussis hospitalization rates among u.s. infants aged 0-4 months, the tdap vaccine efficacy in adults, and the proportion of infants with pertussis <6 months of age in which either parent was the source (16-40% from mothers and 16-20% from fathers). immunizing parents before pregnancy or ≥ 2 weeks prio ... | 2012 | 22749592 |
| aminoimidazole carboxamide ribonucleotide ameliorates experimental autoimmune uveitis. | to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of an adenosine monophosphate (amp) analog, aminoimidazole carboxamide ribonucleotide (aicar), in experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (eau). | 2012 | 22562518 |
| the seroepidemiology of immunoglobulin g antibodies against pertussis toxin in china: a cross sectional study. | pertussis is a reported vaccine-preventable respiratory disease in china. because the routine laboratory methods for diagnosis are not in use, the reported cases are mainly in infants with classical paroxysmal cough and the true incidence related to pertussis is most likely under estimated. in china, however, few studies have attempted to address this issue. the purpose of this cross sectional study was to estimate the incidence rates using the method of sero-epidemiology of immunoglobulin (ig) ... | 2012 | 22892100 |
| detection of bordetella pertussis in infants suspected to have whooping cough. | even with high coverage of vaccination programs, bordetella pertussis is still reported in various countries. it causes a high rate of mortality and morbidity in infants while it could be asymptomatic in adults. at the present study, we are going to evaluate the frequency of b. pertussis among received specimens. | 2012 | 22754598 |
| manipulation of costimulatory molecules by intracellular pathogens: veni, vidi, vici!! | some of the most successful pathogens of human, such as mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb), hiv, and leishmania donovani not only establish chronic infections but also remain a grave global threat. these pathogens have developed innovative strategies to evade immune responses such as antigenic shift and drift, interference with antigen processing/presentation, subversion of phagocytosis, induction of immune regulatory pathways, and manipulation of the costimulatory molecules. costimulatory molecul ... | 2012 | 22719245 |
| immunogenicity, immunologic memory, and safety following measles revaccination in hiv-infected children receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. | response rates and immunologic memory following measles vaccination are reduced in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected children in the absence of highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart). | 2012 | 22693229 |
| the second type vi secretion system of pseudomonas aeruginosa strain pao1 is regulated by quorum sensing and fur and modulates internalization in epithelial cells. | the genome of pseudomonas aeruginosa pao1 contains three type vi secretion systems (t6sss) called h1-, h2-, and h3-t6ss. the h1-t6ss secretes three identified toxins that target other bacteria, providing a fitness advantage for p. aeruginosa, and likely contributes to bacterial pathogenesis in chronic infections. however, no specific substrates or defined roles have been described for the two other systems. here, we demonstrate that the expression of h2-t6ss genes of strain pao1 is up-regulated ... | 2012 | 22665491 |
| assessment of immunity against avian colibacillosis induced by an aroa mutant containing increased serum survival gene in broilers. | colibacillosis is an important disease in the poultry industry which causes serious economic damages. as it is suggested that vaccination is one of the means to control colibacillosis, we tried to investigate the vaccine potential of a ∆aroa derivative of an o78:k80 avian pathogenic escherichia coli containing increased serum survival gene. 490 chicks were selected as follows: for assessment of virulence of ∆aroa mutant, 30 chicks were divided into three groups and injected with 0.5ml of pbs or ... | 2012 | 24031840 |
| combinatorial roles for histamine h1-h2 and h3-h4 receptors in autoimmune inflammatory disease of the central nervous system. | multiple sclerosis (ms) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system in which histamine (ha) and its receptors have been implicated in disease pathogenesis. ha exerts its effects through four different g protein-coupled receptors designated h(1)-h(4). we previously examined the effects of traditional single ha receptor (hr) knockouts (kos) in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (eae), the autoimmune model of ms. our results revealed that h(1) r and h(2) r are ... | 2012 | 22678907 |
| preventing urinary tract infection: progress toward an effective escherichia coli vaccine. | uncomplicated urinary tract infections (utis) are common, with nearly half of all women experiencing at least one uti in their lifetime. this high frequency of infection results in huge annual economic costs, decreased workforce productivity and high patient morbidity. at least 80% of these infections are caused by uropathogenic escherichia coli (upec). upec can reside side by side with commensal strains in the gastrointestinal tract and gain access to the bladder via colonization of the urethra ... | 2012 | 22873125 |
| cellular and physiological effects of anthrax exotoxin and its relevance to disease. | bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax, secretes a tri-partite exotoxin that exerts pleiotropic effects on the host. the purification of the exotoxin components, protective antigen, lethal factor, and edema factor allowed the rapid characterization of their physiologic effects on the host. as molecular biology matured, interest focused on the molecular mechanisms and cellular alterations induced by intoxication. only recently have researchers begun to connect molecular and cellular k ... | 2012 | 22919667 |
| new drugs/drug news. | | 2012 | 22876092 |
| does tetanus-diphtheria-acellular pertussis vaccination interfere with serodiagnosis of pertussis infection? | an anti-pertussis toxin (pt) igg enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was analytically validated for the diagnosis of pertussis at a cutoff of 94 elisa units (eu)/ml. little was known about the performance of this elisa in the diagnosis of adults recently vaccinated with tetanus-diphtheria-acellular pertussis (tdap) vaccine, which contains pt. the goal of this study was to determine when the assay can be used following tdap vaccination. a cohort of 102 asymptomatic health care personnel (hc ... | 2012 | 22539469 |
| macrolide-resistant bordetella pertussis infection in newborn girl, france. | a macrolide antimicrobial drug was administered to a newborn with cough. on day 23 of hospitalization, macrolide-resistant bordetella pertussis was isolated from nasopharyngeal aspirates. dna sequencing and pcr-restriction fragment length polymorphism showed a 2047 a-to-g mutation in the 3 copies of the 23s rrna gene. monitoring for macrolide resistance is essential in infants <6 months of age. | 2012 | 22608348 |
| an elderly case of acute cerebellitis after alleged vaccination. | acute cerebellitis (ac) is a benign and self-limiting inflammatory disease. it typically occurs as a primary infectious or postinfectious disorder. although ac mostly presents in early childhood, it can appear in adult. a 66-year-old man admitted to our hospital because of limb and gait ataxia. three weeks ago, he took an influenza vaccination. there was no abnormality on brain mri with contrast enhancement, but technetium-99m hexamethyl propylene amine oxime-single photon emission computed tomo ... | 2012 | 24868409 |
| synthetic human monoclonal antibodies toward staphylococcal enterotoxin b (seb) protective against toxic shock syndrome. | staphylococcal enterotoxin b (seb) is a potent toxin that can cause toxic shock syndrome and act as a lethal and incapacitating agent when used as a bioweapon. there are currently no vaccines or immunotherapeutics available against this toxin. using phage display technology, human antigen-binding fragments (fabs) were selected against seb, and proteins were produced in escherichia coli cells and characterized for their binding affinity and their toxin neutralizing activity in vitro and in vivo. ... | 2012 | 22645125 |
| a generalised module for the selective extracellular accumulation of recombinant proteins. | it is widely believed that laboratory strains of escherichia coli, including those used for industrial production of proteins, do not secrete proteins to the extracellular milieu. | 2012 | 22640772 |
| immunopathological patterns from eae and theiler's virus infection: is multiple sclerosis a homogenous 1-stage or heterogenous 2-stage disease? | multiple sclerosis (ms) is a disease which can presents in different clinical courses. the most common form of ms is the relapsing-remitting (rr) course, which in many cases evolves into secondary progressive (sp) disease. autoimmune models such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (eae) have been developed to represent the various clinical forms of ms. these models along with clinico-pathological evidence obtained from ms patients have allowed us to propose '1-stage' and '2-stage' disea ... | 2012 | 22633747 |
| immunopathological patterns from eae and theiler's virus infection: is multiple sclerosis a homogenous 1-stage or heterogenous 2-stage disease? | multiple sclerosis (ms) is a disease which can presents in different clinical courses. the most common form of ms is the relapsing-remitting (rr) course, which in many cases evolves into secondary progressive (sp) disease. autoimmune models such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (eae) have been developed to represent the various clinical forms of ms. these models along with clinico-pathological evidence obtained from ms patients have allowed us to propose '1-stage' and '2-stage' disea ... | 2012 | 22633747 |
| transcriptional regulation of murine il-33 by tlr and non-tlr agonists. | il-33, a member of the il-1 family of cytokines, is produced by many cell types, including macrophages, yet its regulation is largely unknown. treatment of primary murine macrophages with a panel of tlr (e.g., tlr2, tlr3, tlr4, and tlr9) agonists and non-tlr (e.g., mda5, rig-i) agonists revealed a pattern of gene and protein expression consistent with a role for ifn regulatory factor-3 (irf-3) in the expression of il-33. accordingly, induction of il-33 mrna was attenuated in irf-3(-/-) macrophag ... | 2012 | 22634618 |
| pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin y is a promiscuous cyclase that increases endothelial tau phosphorylation and permeability. | exotoxin y (exoy) is a type iii secretion system effector found in ~ 90% of the pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates. although it is known that exoy causes inter-endothelial gaps and vascular leak, the mechanisms by which this occurs are poorly understood. using both a bacteria-delivered and a codon-optimized conditionally expressed exoy, we report that this toxin is a dual soluble adenylyl and guanylyl cyclase that results in intracellular camp and cgmp accumulation. the enzymatic activity of exoy c ... | 2012 | 22637478 |
| bacterial effector binds host cell adenylyl cyclase to potentiate gαs-dependent camp production. | subversion of host organism camp signaling is an efficient and widespread mechanism of microbial pathogenesis. bartonella effector protein a (bepa) of vasculotumorigenic bartonella henselae protects the infected human endothelial cells against apoptotic stimuli by elevation of cellular camp levels by an as yet unknown mechanism. here, adenylyl cyclase (ac) and the α-subunit of the ac-stimulating g protein (gαs) were identified as potential cellular target proteins for bepa by gel-free proteomics ... | 2012 | 22635269 |
| fasciola hepatica is associated with the failure to detect bovine tuberculosis in dairy cattle. | bovine tuberculosis (btb) is a significant and intractable disease of cattle caused by mycobacterium bovis. in the united kingdom, despite an aggressive eradication programme, the prevalence of btb is increasing with an unexplained, exponential rise in cases year on year. here we show in a study involving 3,026 dairy herds in england and wales that there is a significant negative association between exposure to the common, ubiquitous helminth parasite, fasciola hepatica and diagnosis of btb. the ... | 2012 | 22617293 |
| septal localization of the mycobacterium tuberculosis mtrb sensor kinase promotes mtra regulon expression. | the mechanisms responsible for activation of the mtrab two-component regulatory signal transduction system, which includes sensor kinase mtrb and response regulator mtra, are unknown. here, we show that an mtrb-gfp fusion protein localized to the cell membrane, the septa, and the poles in mycobacterium tuberculosis and mycobacterium smegmatis. this localization was independent of mtrb phosphorylation status but dependent upon the assembly of ftsz, the initiator of cell division. the m. smegmatis ... | 2012 | 22610443 |
| therapeutic potential of semi-mature dendritic cells for tolerance induction. | dendritic cells (dcs) are major players in the control of adaptive tolerance and immunity. therefore, their specific generation and adoptive transfer into patients or their in vivo targeting is attractive for clinical applications. while injections of mature immunogenic dcs are tested in clinical trials, tolerogenic dcs still are awaiting this step. besides the tolerogenic potential of immature dcs, also semi-mature dcs can show tolerogenic activity but both types also bear unfavorable features. ... | 2012 | 22629255 |
| therapeutic strategies based on polymeric microparticles. | the development of the field of materials science, the ability to perform multidisciplinary scientific work, and the need for novel administration technologies that maximize therapeutic effects and minimize adverse reactions to readily available drugs have led to the development of delivery systems based on microencapsulation, which has taken one step closer to the target of personalized medicine. drug delivery systems based on polymeric microparticles are generating a strong impact on preclinic ... | 2012 | 22665988 |
| surgical face masks worn by patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: impact on infectivity of air on a hospital ward. | drug-resistant tuberculosis transmission in hospitals threatens staff and patient health. surgical face masks used by patients with tuberculosis (tb) are believed to reduce transmission but have not been rigorously tested. | 2012 | 22323300 |
| mechanistic insight into pertussis toxin and lectin signaling using t cells engineered to express a cd8α/cd3ζ chimeric receptor. | mammalian cell-surface receptors typically display n- or o-linked glycans added post-translationally. plant lectins such as phytohemagluttinin (pha) can activate the t cell receptor (tcr) and other cell-surface receptors by binding to glycans and initiating receptor cross-linking. pathogenic microorganisms such as bordetella pertussis also express proteins with lectin-like activities. similar to plant lectins, pertussis toxin (ptx) can activate the tcr and bind to a variety of glycans. however, ... | 2012 | 22551306 |
| co-stimulation of pafr and cd36 is required for oxldl-induced human macrophages activation. | the oxidative process of ldl particles generates molecules which are structurally similar to platelet-activating factor (paf), and some effects of oxidized ldl (oxldl) have been shown to be dependent on paf receptor (pafr) activation. in a previous study, we showed that pafr is required for upregulation of cd36 and oxldl uptake. in the present study we analyzed the molecular mechanisms activated by oxldl in human macrophages and the contribution of pafr to this response. human adherent monocytes ... | 2012 | 22570732 |
| tumour necrosis factor-mediated macrophage activation in the target organ is critical for clinical manifestation of uveitis. | clinically available anti-tumour necrosis factor (tnf) biologics, which inhibit both soluble (stnf) and transmembrane forms (tmtnf) of tnf, eliminating all tnf signalling, have successfully treated autoimmune diseases including uveitis. these have potentially serious side effects such as reactivation of latent mycobacterium tuberculosis and, therefore, more specific inhibition of tnf signalling pathways may maintain clinical efficacy while reducing adverse effects. to determine the effects of sp ... | 2012 | 22471277 |
| molecular and biological characterization of streptococcal spya-mediated adp-ribosylation of intermediate filament protein vimentin. | the gram-positive bacterial pathogen streptococcus pyogenes produces a c3 family adp-ribosyltransferase designated spya (s. pyogenes adp-ribosyltransferase). our laboratory has identified a number of eukaryotic protein targets for spya, prominent among which are the cytoskeletal proteins actin and vimentin. because vimentin is an unusual target for modification by bacterial adp-ribosyltransferases, we quantitatively compared the activity of spya on vimentin and actin. vimentin was the preferred ... | 2012 | 22549780 |
| temporal trends in bordetella pertussis populations, denmark, 1949-2010. | we used multilocus variable-number tandem repeat analysis and multiple antigen sequence typing to characterize isolates of bordetella pertussis strains circulating in denmark during periods with and without pertussis vaccination coverage. our results show substantial shifts in the b. pertussis population over time and a reduction in genetic diversity. these changes might have resulted from the introduction of pertussis vaccines in denmark and other parts of europe. the predominant strains curren ... | 2012 | 22515990 |
| increased population prevalence of low pertussis toxin antibody levels in young children preceding a record pertussis epidemic in australia. | cross-sectional serosurveys using igg antibody to pertussis toxin (igg-pt) are increasingly being used to estimate trends in recent infection independent of reporting biases. | 2012 | 22558249 |
| behavioral, pharmacological, and immunological abnormalities after streptococcal exposure: a novel rat model of sydenham chorea and related neuropsychiatric disorders. | group a streptococcal (gas) infections and autoimmunity are associated with the onset of a spectrum of neuropsychiatric disorders in children, with the prototypical disorder being sydenham chorea (sc). our aim was to develop an animal model that resembled the behavioral, pharmacological, and immunological abnormalities of sc and other streptococcal-related neuropsychiatric disorders. male lewis rats exposed to gas antigen exhibited motor symptoms (impaired food manipulation and beam walking) and ... | 2012 | 22534626 |
| nlrp10 is a nod-like receptor essential to initiate adaptive immunity by dendritic cells. | nlrs (nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich-repeat-containing receptors; nod-like receptors) are a class of pattern recognition receptor (prr) that respond to host perturbation from either infectious agents or cellular stress. the function of most nlr family members has not been characterized and their role in instructing adaptive immune responses remains unclear. nlrp10 (also known as pynod, nalp10, pan5 and nod8) is the only nlr lacking the putative ligand-binding leucine-rich-repeat domain, ... | 2012 | 22538615 |
| laurdan generalized polarization fluctuations measures membrane packing micro-heterogeneity in vivo. | cellular membranes are heterogeneous in composition, and the prevailing theory holds that the structures responsible for this heterogeneity in vivo are small structures (10-200 nm), sterol- and sphingolipid-enriched, of different sizes, highly dynamic denominated rafts. rafts are postulated to be platforms, which by sequestering different membrane components can compartmentalize cellular processes and regulate signaling pathways. despite an enormous effort in this area, the existence of these do ... | 2012 | 22529342 |
| construction of bordetella pertussis strains with enhanced production of genetically-inactivated pertussis toxin and pertactin by unmarked allelic exchange. | acellular pertussis vaccines against whooping cough caused by bordetella pertussis present a much-improved safety profile compared to the original vaccine of killed whole cells. the principal antigen of acellular pertussis vaccine, pertussis toxin (pt), must be chemically inactivated to obtain the corresponding toxoid (ptd). this process, however, results in extensive denaturation of the antigen. the development of acellular pertussis vaccines containing ptd or recombinant pt (rpt) with inactiva ... | 2012 | 22524455 |
| proteomics characterization of cytoplasmic and lipid-associated membrane proteins of human pathogen mycoplasma fermentans m64. | mycoplasma fermentans is a potent human pathogen which has been implicated in several diseases. notably, its lipid-associated membrane proteins (lamps) play a role in immunomodulation and development of infection-associated inflammatory diseases. however, the systematic protein identification of pathogenic m. fermentans has not been reported. from our recent sequencing results of m. fermentans m64 isolated from human respiratory tract, its genome is around 1.1 mb and encodes 1050 predicted prote ... | 2012 | 22536369 |
| regulation of th17 cell differentiation by innate immune signals. | upon antigen stimulation, naive t helper cells differentiate into distinct lineages to attain specialized properties and effector functions. t(h)17 cells, a recently identified lineage of cd4(+) effector t cells, play a key role in the immune defense against fungi and extracellular bacteria, but also contribute to the pathogenesis of many autoimmune conditions. the differentiation of t(h)17 cells is orchestrated by an intricate network of signaling pathways and transcriptional regulators in t ce ... | 2012 | 22504954 |
| classical imaging triad in a very young child with swyer-james syndrome. | swyer-james syndrome (sjs) or swyer-james-macleod syndrome is a rare disorder characterized by roentgenographical hyperlucency of one lung, lobe, or part of a lobe. as originally described, it shows a unilateral small lung with hyperlucency and air trapping on radiographs. it is postinfectious obliterative bronchiolitis due to childhood respiratory infection. in sjs, the involved lung or portion of the lung does not grow normally. the characteristic radiologic appearance is that of pulmonary hyp ... | 2012 | 24900044 |
| comparative study on the therapeutic potential of neurally differentiated stem cells in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. | transplantation of neural stem cells (nscs) is a promising novel approach to the treatment of neuroinflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis (ms). nscs can be derived from primary central nervous system (cns) tissue or obtained by neural differentiation of embryonic stem (es) cells, the latter having the advantage of readily providing an unlimited number of cells for therapeutic purposes. using a mouse model of ms, we evaluated the therapeutic potential of nscs derived from es cells by tw ... | 2012 | 22514711 |
| characterization of th17 responses to streptococcus pneumoniae in humans: comparisons between adults and children in a developed and a developing country. | intranasal exposure to streptococcus pneumoniae as well as mucosal or parenteral immunization with a recently developed killed pneumococcal whole cell vaccine, confer th17-mediated protection against subsequent s. pneumoniae colonization in mice. given our interest in the function of th17 cells and the ongoing efforts to develop this vaccine for use in infants and children in developing countries, we analyzed th17 responses to the whole cell antigen (wca) and individual pneumococcal antigens in ... | 2012 | 22504663 |
| non-invasive ventilation in acute respiratory failure in children. | the aim of this paper is to assess the clinical efficacy of non-invasive ventilation (niv) in avoiding endotracheal intubation (eti), to demonstrate clinical and gasometric improvement and to identify predictive risk factors associated with niv failure. an observational prospective clinical study was carried out. included patients with acute respiratory disease (ard) treated with niv, from november 2006 to january 2010 in a pediatric intensive care unit (picu). niv was used in 151 patients with ... | 2012 | 22802994 |
| an essential role for death receptor 3 in experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis. | | 2012 | 22486262 |
| both cd4⁺ and cd8⁺ lymphocytes participate in the ifn-γ response to filamentous hemagglutinin from bordetella pertussis in infants, children, and adults. | infant cd4⁺ t-cell responses to bacterial infections or vaccines have been extensively studied, whereas studies on cd8⁺ t-cell responses focused mainly on viral and intracellular parasite infections. here we investigated cd8⁺ t-cell responses upon bordetella pertussis infection in infants, children, and adults and pertussis vaccination in infants. filamentous hemagglutinin-specific ifn-γ secretion by circulating lymphocytes was blocked by anti-mhc-i or -mhc-ii antibodies, suggesting that cd4⁺ an ... | 2012 | 22550536 |
| calcium influx rescues adenylate cyclase-hemolysin from rapid cell membrane removal and enables phagocyte permeabilization by toxin pores. | bordetella adenylate cyclase toxin-hemolysin (cyaa) penetrates the cytoplasmic membrane of phagocytes and employs two distinct conformers to exert its multiple activities. one conformer forms cation-selective pores that permeabilize phagocyte membrane for efflux of cytosolic potassium. the other conformer conducts extracellular calcium ions across cytoplasmic membrane of cells, relocates into lipid rafts, translocates the adenylate cyclase enzyme (ac) domain into cells and converts cytosolic atp ... | 2012 | 22496638 |
| an asymmetry-to-symmetry switch in signal transmission by the histidine kinase receptor for tmao. | the osmoregulator trimethylamine-n-oxide (tmao), commonplace in aquatic organisms, is used as the terminal electron acceptor for respiration in many bacterial species. the tmao reductase (tor) pathway for respiratory catalysis is controlled by a receptor system that comprises the tmao-binding protein tort, the sensor histidine kinase tors, and the response regulator torr. here we study the tors/tort sensor system to gain mechanistic insight into signaling by histidine kinase receptors. we determ ... | 2012 | 22483119 |
| the delicate balance between secreted protein folding and endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation in human physiology. | protein folding is a complex, error-prone process that often results in an irreparable protein by-product. these by-products can be recognized by cellular quality control machineries and targeted for proteasome-dependent degradation. the folding of proteins in the secretory pathway adds another layer to the protein folding "problem," as the endoplasmic reticulum maintains a unique chemical environment within the cell. in fact, a growing number of diseases are attributed to defects in secretory p ... | 2012 | 22535891 |
| specimen collection for the diagnosis of pediatric pneumonia. | diagnosing the etiologic agent of pneumonia has an essential role in ensuring the most appropriate and effective therapy for individual patients and is critical to guiding the development of treatment and prevention strategies. however, establishing the etiology of pneumonia remains challenging because of the relative inaccessibility of the infected tissue and the difficulty in obtaining samples without contamination by upper respiratory tract secretions. here, we review the published and unpubl ... | 2012 | 22403227 |
| the early divisome protein ftsa interacts directly through its 1c subdomain with the cytoplasmic domain of the late divisome protein ftsn. | in escherichia coli, ftsn localizes late to the cell division machinery, only after a number of additional essential proteins are recruited to the early ftsz-ftsa-zipa complex. ftsn has a short, positively charged cytoplasmic domain (ftsn(cyto)), a single transmembrane domain (ftsn(tm)), and a periplasmic domain that is essential for ftsn function. here we show that ftsa and ftsn interact directly in vitro. ftsn(cyto) is sufficient to bind to ftsa, but only when it is tethered to ftsn(tm) or to ... | 2012 | 22328664 |
| nonhuman primate model of pertussis. | pertussis is a highly contagious, acute respiratory illness caused by the bacterial pathogen bordetella pertussis. despite nearly universal vaccine coverage, pertussis rates in the united states have been rising steadily over the last 20 years. our failure to comprehend and counteract this important public health concern is due in large part to gaps in our knowledge of the disease and the mechanisms of vaccine-mediated protection. important questions about pertussis pathogenesis and mechanisms o ... | 2012 | 22252879 |
| age-related differences in patterns of increased bordetella pertussis antibodies. | during the period 2008 to 2010, we identified 11,386 serum samples with increased (positive) levels of antibodies recognizing bordetella pertussis antigens. we sought to characterize the distribution of positive antibody result patterns in relation to patient age. igg and iga antibodies recognizing pertussis toxin (pt) and filamentous hemagglutinin (fha) were quantified using a multianalyte immunodetection assay. four mutually exclusive positive result patterns were observed: increased fha antib ... | 2012 | 22357646 |
| after the bottleneck: genome-wide diversification of the mycobacterium tuberculosis complex by mutation, recombination, and natural selection. | many of the most virulent bacterial pathogens show low genetic diversity and sexual isolation. accordingly, mycobacterium tuberculosis, the deadliest human pathogen, is thought to be clonal and evolve by genetic drift. yet, its genome shows few of the concomitant signs of genome degradation. we analyzed 24 genomes and found an excess of genetic diversity in regions encoding key adaptive functions including the type vii secretion system and the ancient horizontally transferred virulence-related r ... | 2012 | 22377718 |
| adaptor protein meca is a negative regulator of the expression of late competence genes in streptococcus thermophilus. | in streptococcus thermophilus, the comrs regulatory system governs the transcriptional level of comx expression and, hence, controls the early stage of competence development. the present work focuses on the posttranslational control of the activity of the sigma factor comx and, therefore, on the late stage of competence regulation. in silico analysis performed on the s. thermophilus genome revealed the presence of a homolog of meca (meca(st)), which codes for the adaptor protein that is involve ... | 2012 | 22287513 |
| leukotoxin (leukothera®) targets active leukocyte function antigen-1 (lfa-1) protein and triggers a lysosomal mediated cell death pathway. | leukotoxin (ltxa) is a protein toxin that is secreted from the oral bacterium, aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. ltxa targets specifically the β(2) integrin, leukocyte function antigen-1 (lfa-1) on white blood cells (wbcs) and causes cell death. ltxa preferentially targets activated wbcs and is being developed as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of wbc diseases such as hematologic malignancies and autoimmune/inflammatory diseases. however, the mechanism by which interaction between ltx ... | 2012 | 22467872 |
| aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans leukotoxin cytotoxicity occurs through bilayer destabilization. | the gram-negative bacterium, aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, is a common inhabitant of the human upper aerodigestive tract. the organism produces an rtx (repeats in toxin) toxin (ltxa) that kills human white blood cells. ltxa is believed to be a membrane-damaging toxin, but details of the cell surface interaction for this and several other rtx toxins have yet to be elucidated. initial morphological studies suggested that ltxa was bending the target cell membrane. because the ability of a ... | 2012 | 22309134 |
| deletion of gαz protein protects against diet-induced glucose intolerance via expansion of β-cell mass. | insufficient plasma insulin levels caused by deficits in both pancreatic β-cell function and mass contribute to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. this loss of insulin-producing capacity is termed β-cell decompensation. our work is focused on defining the role(s) of guanine nucleotide-binding protein (g protein) signaling pathways in regulating β-cell decompensation. we have previously demonstrated that the α-subunit of the heterotrimeric g(z) protein, gα(z), impairs insulin secretion by suppr ... | 2012 | 22457354 |
| il-23 contributes to control of chronic helicobacter pylori infection and the development of t helper responses in a mouse model. | the immune response to helicobacter pylori involves a mixed t helper-1, t helper-2, and t helper-17 response. it has been suggested that t helper cells contribute to the gastric inflammatory response during infection, and that t helper 1 (th1) and t helper 17 (th17) subsets may be required for control of h. pylori colonization in the stomach. the relative contributions of these subsets to gastritis and control of infection are still under investigation. il-23 plays a role in stabilizing and expa ... | 2012 | 22566937 |
| clinical definitions of pertussis: summary of a global pertussis initiative roundtable meeting, february 2011. | existing clinical case definitions of pertussis are decades old and based largely on clinical presentation in infants and children, yet an increasing burden is borne by adolescents and adults who may manifest distinct signs/symptoms. therefore, a "one-size-fits-all" clinical case definition is no longer appropriate. seeking to improve pertussis diagnosis, the global pertussis initiative (gpi) developed an algorithm that delineates the signs/symptoms of pertussis most common to 3 age groups: 0-3 ... | 2012 | 22431797 |
| atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome in children: complement mutations and clinical characteristics. | mutations in complement factor h (cfh), factor i (cfi), factor b (cfb), thrombomodulin (thbd), c3 and membrane cofactor protein (mcp), and autoantibodies against factor h (αfh) with or without a homozygous deletion in cfh-related protein 1 and 3 (∆cfhr1/3) predispose development of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (ahus). | 2012 | 22410797 |
| bystander-mediated stimulation of proteolipid protein-specific regulatory t (treg) cells confers protection against experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (eae) via tgf-β. | to assess the potency of regulatory t (treg) cells induced against an irrelevant ag, mice were orally vaccinated with salmonella expressing escherichia coli colonization factor antigen i fimbriae. isolated cd25⁺ and cd25⁻cd4⁺ t cells were adoptively transferred to naive mice, and treg cells effectively protected against experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (eae), unlike treg cells from salmonella vector-immunized mice. this protection was abrogated upon in vivo neutralization of tgf-β, resu ... | 2012 | 22418032 |
| classic and new diagnostic approaches to childhood tuberculosis. | tuberculosis in childhood differs from the adult clinical form and even has been suggested that it is a different disease due to its differential signs. however, prevention, diagnostics, and therapeutic efforts have been biased toward adult clinical care. sensibility and specificity of new diagnostic approaches as genexpert, electronic nose (e-nose), infrared spectroscopy, accelerated mycobacterial growth induced by magnetism, and flow lateral devices in children populations are needed. adequate ... | 2012 | 22529869 |
| stimulation of the neurotrophin receptor trkb on astrocytes drives nitric oxide production and neurodegeneration. | neurotrophin growth factors support neuronal survival and function. in this study, we show that the expression of the neurotrophin receptor trkb is induced on astrocytes in white matter lesions in multiple sclerosis (ms) patients and mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (eae). surprisingly, mice lacking trkb specifically in astrocytes were protected from eae-induced neurodegeneration. in an in vitro assay, astrocytes stimulated with the trkb agonist brain-derived neurotrophic fact ... | 2012 | 22393127 |
| hmgb1 promotes recruitment of inflammatory cells to damaged tissues by forming a complex with cxcl12 and signaling via cxcr4. | after tissue damage, inflammatory cells infiltrate the tissue and release proinflammatory cytokines. hmgb1 (high mobility group box 1), a nuclear protein released by necrotic and severely stressed cells, promotes cytokine release via its interaction with the tlr4 (toll-like receptor 4) receptor and cell migration via an unknown mechanism. we show that hmgb1-induced recruitment of inflammatory cells depends on cxcl12. hmgb1 and cxcl12 form a heterocomplex, which we characterized by nuclear magnet ... | 2012 | 22370717 |
| identification of cellular infiltrates during early stages of brain inflammation with magnetic resonance microscopy. | a comprehensive view of brain inflammation during the pathogenesis of autoimmune encephalomyelitis can be achieved with the aid of high resolution non-invasive imaging techniques such as microscopic magnetic resonance imaging (μmri). in this study we demonstrate the benefits of cryogenically-cooled rf coils to produce μmri in vivo, with sufficient detail to reveal brain pathology in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (eae) model. we could visualize inflammatory infiltrates in detail w ... | 2012 | 22427887 |
| kidney-tonifying recipe can repair alterations in adrenal medullary chromaffin cells in asthmatic rats. | traditional chinese medicine suggests that renal deficiency is a causative factor of asthma, and tonifying kidney drugs are believed to be an appropriate and beneficial treatment. the adrenal medullary chromaffin cells (amcc) transition to the neuronal phenotype is known to occur in asthma, as evidenced by degranulation of chromaffin granules, decline of epinephrine (epi) and phenylethanolamine-n-methyl transferase (pnmt), and obvious alterations in cellular architecture. in this study, rats wer ... | 2012 | 22474509 |
| immunization with structural and non-structural proteins of theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus alters demyelinating disease. | theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (tmev) causes a demyelinating disease similar to multiple sclerosis in the central nervous system (cns) of susceptible sjl/j mice. immune responses to tmev contribute to viral clearance as well as to demyelination. we constructed recombinant vaccinia viruses (vv) that encode each or all of the capsid proteins (vv(vp1), vv(vp2), vv(vp3), vv(vp4), and vv(all)) or non-structural proteins (vv(p2), vv(p2p3), and vv(3'p3)) of the daniels strain of tmev. to dete ... | 2012 | 22403027 |
| complete genome sequencing and analysis of saprospira grandis str. lewin, a predatory marine bacterium. | saprospira grandis is a coastal marine bacterium that can capture and prey upon other marine bacteria using a mechanism known as 'ixotrophy'. here, we present the complete genome sequence of saprospira grandis str. lewin isolated from la jolla beach in san diego, california. the complete genome sequence comprises a chromosome of 4.35 mbp and a plasmid of 54.9 kbp. genome analysis revealed incomplete pathways for the biosynthesis of nine essential amino acids but presence of a large number of pep ... | 2012 | 22675601 |
| preclinical evidence for implementing a prime-boost vaccine strategy for tuberculosis. | in this review, published peer-reviewed preclinical studies using prime-boost tuberculosis (tb) vaccine regimens in animal challenge models for tuberculosis have been evaluated. these studies have been divided into groups that describe prime-boost vaccine combinations that performed better than, equivalent to, or worse than the currently used bcg vaccine. review of the data has revealed interesting findings, including that more than half of the published studies using bcg as a prime combined wit ... | 2012 | 22387630 |