| urinary retinol excretion and kidney function in children with shigellosis. | acute infections, including diarrhea, are associated with an increased risk of vitamin a deficiency. urinary retinol excretion during such infections may contribute to this risk. the mechanism accounting for urinary retinol loss has not been clearly defined. | 1998 | 9808228 |
| antimicrobial susceptibilities and beta-lactamase production of shigella isolates in crete, greece, during the period 1991-1995. | the susceptibility to 11 antibiotics was determined for 52 strains of shigella isolated from patients with diarrheal disease in crete, greece, during the period 1991-1995. forty-six percent of the isolates were resistant to ampicillin, 48% to tetracycline, 44.2% to chloramphenicol, and 28.8% to cotrimoxazole. shigella flexneri was more resistant than s. sonnei to ampicillin (82 vs 4.3%), to tetracycline (82 vs 8.7%) and to cotrimoxazole (42.8 vs 13%). overall, 82% of all s. flexneri isolates wer ... | 1998 | 9808414 |
| western blotting analysis of heat shock proteins of rickettsiales and other eubacteria. | heat shock proteins (hsp) of four rickettsia species, three bartonella species, two ehrlichia species, orientia tsutsugamushi and seventeen other eubacterial species were characterized by the enhanced chemiluminescence western blotting (wb) technique with antibodies raised against recombinant hsp from escherichia coli and purified groes from r. typhi. although e. coli dnak and groel have epitopes that are highly conserved among the homologous proteins found in rickettsia, ehrlichia, o. tsutsugam ... | 1998 | 9809424 |
| protein deficiency in a colony of western lowland gorillas (gorilla g. gorilla) | a syndrome of alopecia and weight loss in a colony of 10 western lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla) in gabon during a 3-yr period was apparently due to a dietary protein deficiency, with nine individuals affected to some extent. the most severely afflicted was a 4-yr-old female who eventually died as a result of acute gastroenteritis caused by shigella flexneri. clinical signs included chronic alopecia, hair discoloration, failure to thrive, and weight loss, and their severity was direct ... | 1998 | 9809596 |
| vaccinia locomotion in host cells: evidence for the universal involvement of actin-based motility sequences abm-1 and abm-2. | vaccinia uses actin-based motility for virion movement in host cells, but the specific protein components have yet to be defined. a cardinal feature of listeria and shigella actin-based motility is the involvement of vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (vasp). this essential adapter recognizes and binds to actin-based motility 1 (abm-1) consensus sequences [(d/e)fppppx(d/e), x = p or t] contained in listeria acta and in the p90 host-cell vinculin fragment generated by shigella infection. vasp, ... | 1998 | 9811901 |
| bacterial enteric pathogens in uncooked foods in thai markets. | in developing countries, the morbidity and mortality rates of gastrointestinal tract infections from food borne bacteria have been difficult to establish. most studies have only been able to gather data prospectively from isolated geographic sources, rather than from large point-source epidemics. this study investigates the types of bacterial enteric pathogens found in food that was collected in a community in western thailand, where sporadic cases of hemolytic uremia syndrome and cholera have b ... | 1994 | 9815313 |
| illness in journalists and relief workers involved in international humanitarian assistance efforts in somalia, 1992-93. | background: journalists and relief workers participating in international relief efforts in somalia following the intervention of outside armed forces in late 1992, were faced with a number of threats to their health. principally these threats were from endemic infectious diseases and trauma. methods: in-patient, emergency clinic, and laboratory records of u.s. military field hospitals, which provided the only available sophisticated medical care in somalia during most of the study period (decem ... | 1995 | 9815365 |
| diarrhea among expatriate residents in thailand: correlation between reduced campylobacter prevalence and longer duration of stay. | background: the etiology of diarrhea among expatriates in thailand was investigated. methods: one hundred and five stool specimens were collected from americans and europeans who had developed diarrhea while residing in thailand. these stools were analyzed for bacterial enteric pathogens. results: enterotoxigenic escherichia coli was isolated from 18 (17%) persons and campylobacter from 10 (10%). shigella and salmonella were each isolated from 8 (8%) persons. vibrio sp., enteroinvasive escherich ... | 1996 | 9815428 |
| drug resistance of shigella strains isolated in ankara, turkey, 1993-1996. | 289 shigella strains were isolated from children at the paediatrics department of ankara university. 75% of the isolates were s. sonnei and 24.8% were s. flexneri. each strain was tested for resistance to 9 antimicrobial agents. 79% of the isolates were resistant to streptomycin (s), 56% to tetracycline (t), 55.7% to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (sxt), 27.7% to ampicillin (am) and 19.7% to chloramphenicol (c). none of the isolates was resistant to ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid, cephalothin, amp ... | 1998 | 9817513 |
| interferon alpha inhibits a src-mediated pathway necessary for shigella-induced cytoskeletal rearrangements in epithelial cells. | shigella flexneri, the causative agent of bacillary dysentery, has the ability to enter nonphagocytic cells. the interferon (ifn) family of cytokines was found to inhibit shigella invasion of cultured epithelial cells. we show here that ifn-alpha inhibits a src-dependent signaling cascade triggered by shigella that leads to the reorganization of the host cell cytoskeleton. immunofluorescence studies showed that ifn-alpha inhibits shigella-induced actin polymerization required for bacterial entry ... | 1998 | 9817757 |
| genetic analysis of shigella sonnei form i antigen: identification of a novel is630 as an essential element for the form i antigen expression. | the form i coding region of shigella sonnei was cloned and shown to have an operon-like rfb organization. it was found that the 11.0 kb hindiii-xbai fragment of phh201 encoding the form i antigen contains 10 contiguous open reading frames (orf), orf1 to orf10. deletions from either end of phh201, within orf1 or orf10, eliminated form i expression. orf1 and orf2 share significant nucleic and amino acids homologies to two orf's of the salmonella typhi vi antigen genes. orf5 in phh201 is identical ... | 1998 | 9817819 |
| shigella infection as observed in the experimentally inoculated domestic pig, sus scrofa domestica. | the domestic pig, sus scrofa domestica, was investigated as a potential animal model for shigellosis. we examined the effects of pig age, pig breed and antibiotic pretreatment upon shigella infection. shigella dysenteriae, and shigella flexneri (both virulent and avirulent strains) were utilized. our results indicated that young (4-week-old), conventionally re ared, domestic pigs were routinely, but briefly, colonized (average=3.5+/-2.5 days) following oral or gavage administration ofs. flexneri ... | 1998 | 9817822 |
| [database on nucleotide sequences used as primers of microorganisms]. | the data base (db) "primers of microorganisms" for the accumulation and systematization of information on oligonucleotide sequences, used as primers in polymerase chain reaction, has been created. this db includes data on primers for the laboratory diagnostics of 20 bacterial genera (aerococcus, aeromonas, bartonella, borrelia, burkholderia, chlamydia, clostridium, corynebacterium, escherichia, francisella, helicobacter, legionella, listeria, mycobacterium, mycoplasma, salmonella, shigella, stap ... | 1998 | 9825498 |
| [waterborne epidemics (large outbreaks) of dysentery sonnei--myth or reality?]. | | 1998 | 9825513 |
| [local outbreak of acute intestinal infections among organized preschool children (part 2): author's responses and commentary]. | | 1998 | 9825516 |
| synthesis of tri- and tetrasaccharide fragments of the shigella dysenteriae type 1 o-antigen deoxygenated and fluorinated at position 3 of the methyl alpha-d-galactopyranoside terminus. | the blockwise synthesis of methyl alpha tri- and tetrasaccharide analogs of the biochemical repeating unit of the shigella dysenteriae type 1 o-polysaccharide is described. modifications include deoxygenation and deoxyfluorination at position 3 of the galactopyranoside residue. methyl 4,6-o-benzylidene-3-deoxy-alpha-d-xylo-hexopyranoside (8) and methyl 4,6-o-benzylidene-3-deoxy-3-fluoro-alpha-d-galactopyranoside (9) were condensed with (2,3,4-tri-o-benzoyl-alpha-l-rhamnopyranosyl)-(1-->3) -2,4-d ... | 1998 | 9825517 |
| [sensitivity profiles of enterobacteria isolated at th fann university hospital center, dakar]. | this study concerns 180 strains of enterobacteria isolated at fann university teaching hospital (dakar, senegal). the susceptibility to antibiotics was tested by disc diffusion test (antibiogram) and by dilution method determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (mic). all of the species present more resistant profile to beta-lactams (> 55%); however ceftriaxon and aztreonam present the lower mic 50 (< 0.06 microgram/ml). fluoroquinolon inhibits more than 90% of the strains of e. coli and p ... | 1997 | 9827134 |
| topics in dose-response modeling. | great uncertainty exists in conducting dose-response assessment for microbial pathogens. the data to support quantitative modeling of dose-response relationships are meager. our philosophy in developing methodology to conduct microbial risk assessments has been to rely on data analysis and formal inferencing from the available data in constructing dose-response and exposure models. the probability of illness is a complex function of factors associated with the disease triangle: the host, the pat ... | 1998 | 9829203 |
| structural features, physiological roles, and biotechnological applications of the membrane proteases of the ompt bacterial endopeptidase family: a micro-review. | the proteins of the ompt family represent a new class of integral membrane peptidases showing no sequence homology with other known classes of proteases. the prototype of the family, the escherichia coli k-12 protein ompt (or omptin), is an outer membrane endopeptidase with unusual specificity: it cleaves the peptide bond between two basic amino acids. a second distinct characteristic of ompt is its ability to function even under extreme denaturing conditions (e.g. high concentration of urea). t ... | 1998 | 9829254 |
| shigella-induced apoptosis is dependent on caspase-1 which binds to ipab. | we report here that the shigella invasion plasmid antigen (ipa)b, which is sufficient to induce apoptosis in macrophages, binds to caspase (casp)-1, but not to casp-2 or casp-3. casp-1 is activated and its specific substrate interleukin-1beta is cleaved shortly after shigella infection. macrophages isolated from casp-1 knock-out mice are not susceptible to shigella-induced apoptosis, although they respond normally to other apoptotic stimuli. shigella kills macrophages from casp-3, casp-11, and p ... | 1998 | 9830039 |
| thermoregulation of shigella and escherichia coli eiec pathogenicity. a temperature-dependent structural transition of dna modulates accessibility of virf promoter to transcriptional repressor h-ns. | the expression of plasmid-borne virf of shigella encoding a transcriptional regulator of the arac family, is required to initiate a cascade of events resulting in activation of several operons encoding invasion functions. h-ns, one of the main nucleoid-associated proteins, controls the temperature-dependent expression of the virulence genes by repressing the in vivo transcription of virf only below a critical temperature (approximately 32 degrees c). this temperature-dependent transcriptional re ... | 1998 | 9843508 |
| index of suspicion. case 2. diagnosis: bacillary dysentery and campylobacter infections. | | 1998 | 9849074 |
| low yield of bacterial stool culture in children with nosocomial diarrhea. | to determine whether bacterial stool cultures (bsc) are useful in initial evaluation of children with symptoms of nosocomial diarrhea. to answer this question we performed a retrospective record review to determine the yield of bsc in children who developed diarrhea after the third hospital day (hd-3). | 1998 | 9849989 |
| [vaccination against diarrheal diseases and typhoid fever. current status and prospects]. | diarrheal diseases and typhoid fever are still common in developing countries and there is still a search for effective control measures able to prevent the epidemics they cause from time to time. there are recommended preventive measures based on health education and improvement of sewage and water facilities; however these recommendations given for many years have not reached the expected results for different reasons. antibiotherapy was very effective for many years; unfortunately increasing ... | 1998 | 9853044 |
| shigella outbreak in a school associated with eating canteen food and person to person spread. | in june 1993 an outbreak of shigella sonnei infection at a primary school in south east england affected 42% of 327 pupils and staff. attack rates of diarrhoea and fever were 33% for children aged 4 to 8 years, and 8% for those aged 8 to 12 years (p < 0.00001). illness was associated with eating canteen food (relative risk 5.9; 95% confidence interval 3.4, -10.3). all strains examined were s. sonnei phage type 3, with the same antibiogram (ttstss), and were indistinguishable using colicin typing ... | 1998 | 9854890 |
| multiresistant shigella species isolated from pediatric patients with acute diarrheal disease. | a total of 57 strains of shigella (36 s sonnei, 21 s flexneri), isolated from children with acute diarrheal disease who presented for treatment at the andes university hospital, merida, venezuela, from june 1993 to june 1995, were tested for their susceptibility to trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole, ampicillin, cefamandole, ceftriaxone, streptomycin, fleroxacin, and nalidixic acid, by the agar dilution method. twenty-seven strains (75%) of s sonnei and eight strains of s flexneri (38.1%) isolates s ... | 1998 | 9856691 |
| surveillance for waterborne-disease outbreaks--united states, 1995-1996. | since 1971, cdc and the u.s. environmental protection agency have maintained a collaborative surveillance system for collecting and periodically reporting data that relate to occurrences and causes of waterborne-disease outbreaks (wbdos). | 1998 | 9859954 |
| inhibition of bacterial pathogens by lactobacilli. | lactobacilli produce many antimicrobial substances including organic acids, hydrogen peroxide and bacteriocins. antagonistic activity of lactobacilli is an important factor in the protection of the vagina of fertile women against infection by certain pathogens. in the present study, we investigated 17 strains of lactobacilli, including 11 strains of vaginal origin. the aim was to investigate in more detail the antibacterial activity of lactobacilli and to attempt to assess substances responsible ... | 1998 | 9861683 |
| peripheral blood cd14(+) cells from healthy subjects carry a circular conformation of latent cytomegalovirus genome. | the majority of the human population harbors latent cytomegalovirus. although cd14(+) peripheral blood mononuclear cells have been implicated as sites of latency, the conformation of the latent viral genome in these cells is unknown. in this study, the conformation of viral genomic dna was assessed in cd14(+) cells from healthy virus seropositive carriers using an electrophoretic separation on native agarose gels in combination with polymerase chain reaction detection. here we show that the vira ... | 1999 | 9864186 |
| establishment of unipolar localization of icsa in shigella flexneri 2a is not dependent on virulence plasmid determinants. | unipolar localization of icsa on the surface of shigella flexneri is required for efficient formation of actin tails and protrusions in infected eucaryotic cells. lipopolysaccharide (lps) mutations have been demonstrated to affect either the establishment or the maintenance of icsa in a unipolar location, although the mechanism is unknown. in order to analyze the contribution of virulence plasmid determinants on the unipolar localization of icsa, we examined the localization of icsa expressed fr ... | 1999 | 9864236 |
| psa causes oncogenic suppression of agrobacterium by inhibiting vire2 protein export. | when coresident with the ti (tumor-inducing) plasmid, the 21-kda product of the osa gene of the plasmid psa can suppress crown gall tumorigenesis incited by agrobacterium tumefaciens. neither t-dna processing nor vir (virulence) gene induction is affected by the presence of osa in the bacterium. we used arabidopsis thaliana root segments and tobacco leaf discs to demonstrate that osa inhibits a. tumefaciens from transforming these plants to the stable phenotypes of tumorigenesis, kanamycin resis ... | 1999 | 9864329 |
| shigella and the fluorinated quinolones. | between july 1996 to june 1997 a total of 531 stool samples from cases of acute diarrhoea, dysentry, colitis admitted to kasturba medical college hospital, manipal were investigated. shigella were isolated from 29 samples (5.46%). out of them, shigella flexneri were 16 (55.17%), shigella boydii 8 (27.58%), shigella dysentriae 3 (10.34%) and shigella sonnei 2 (6.89%). five strains of shigella flexneri and one strain of shigella dysentriae were found to show resistance to nalidixic acid and the ne ... | 1998 | 9866907 |
| novel combination of mutations in the dna gyrase and topoisomerase iv genes in laboratory-grown fluoroquinolone-resistant shigella flexneri mutants. | | 1998 | 9867794 |
| inflammatory bowel disease in saudi arabia: presentation and initial management. | non-specific inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) is infrequently seen in the arabs of the arabian peninsula. this paper documents the presentation and initial management of 101 such arabs treated for inflammatory bowel disease between 1976 and 1994. medical records were examined and patients were classified according to the organisation mondiale de gastroenterologie diagnostic scoring system. sixty-seven patients had mucosal ulcerative colitis, 28 crohn's disease (cd) and six indeterminate colitis; ... | 1998 | 9870799 |
| short-chain fatty acids improve clinical, pathologic, and microbiologic features of experimental shigellosis. | because of the metabolic and antibacterial actions of short-chain fatty acids (scfa), their roles in modifying the clinicopathologic features of shigellosis were evaluated in a rabbit model of shigellosis. acute colitis was induced in adult rabbits by intracolonic administration of shigella flexneri 2a. after 24 h, rabbits were given 6-h colonic infusions of scfa (acetate, propionate, n-butyrate; 60:30:40 mm) or scfa-free solution (control); groups of rabbits were killed in batches of 2 or 3 ani ... | 1999 | 9878023 |
| impact of medium-chain monoglycerides on intestinal colonisation by vibrio cholerae or enterotoxigenic escherichia coli. | although a number of studies have shown that various free fatty acids (ffas) and monoacylglycerides (mgs) have bactericidal properties in vitro, the role of these compounds in vivo has not been determined. this study evaluated the antibacterial properties of medium-chain mgs and ffas for different bacterial enteropathogens with an in-vitro bacterial killing assay and an in-vivo model of intestinal colonisation. incubation of test bacteria with medium-chain mgs for 4 h led to 100-10,000-fold redu ... | 1998 | 9879938 |
| untreatable infections?--the challenge of the 21st century. | the triumph of antibiotics over bacterial pathogens that has occurred in the latter half of this century looks increasingly threatened as we approach the new millennium. increasing resistance in important pathogens such as mycobacterium tuberculosis, shigella, and streptococcus pneumoniae threatens the lives of millions. the increasing problems with drug resistance in (c. diphtheriae, salmonella typhi and the pneumococcus in vietnam are presented as examples of the challenge confronting tropical ... | 1998 | 9886138 |
| etiologies of acute, persistent, and dysenteric diarrheas in adults in bangui, central african republic, in relation to human immunodeficiency virus serostatus. | a study of the etiologies of diarrhea in adults in relation to their human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) serostatus and number of cd4+ cells was carried out in the central african republic. in cases and controls, multi-parasitism was observed. salmonella spp. were identified mainly during acute diarrhea, with 50% of the s. enteritidis isolated during the study being responsible for septicemia and/or urinary tract infection in immunodeficient patients. enteroaggregative escherichia coli (eaggec) w ... | 1998 | 9886215 |
| intracellular pathogens and the actin cytoskeleton. | many pathogens actively exploit the actin cytoskeleton during infection. this exploitation may take place during entry into mammalian cells after engagement of a receptor and/or as series of signaling events culminating in the engulfment of the microorganism. although actin rearrangements are a common feature of most internalization events (e.g. entry of listeria, salmonella, shigella, yersinia, neisseria, and bartonella), bacterial and other cellular factors involved in entry are specific to ea ... | 1998 | 9891781 |
| shigella at a wake in adelaide, june 1998. | | 1998 | 9893341 |
| bacterial epithelial cell cross talk. | | 1999 | 9893359 |
| bacterial mucosal vaccines: vibrio cholerae as a live attenuated vaccine/vector paradigm. | | 1999 | 9893363 |
| the trithorax group gene osa encodes an arid-domain protein that genetically interacts with the brahma chromatin-remodeling factor to regulate transcription. | the trithorax group gene brahma (brm) encodes the atpase subunit of a chromatin-remodeling complex involved in homeotic gene regulation. we report here that brm interacts with another trithorax group gene, osa, to regulate the expression of the antennapedia p2 promoter. regulation of antennapedia by brm and osa proteins requires sequences 5' to the p2 promoter. loss of maternal osa function causes severe segmentation defects, indicating that the function of osa is not limited to homeotic gene re ... | 1999 | 9895321 |
| characterization of the avian pathogenic escherichia coli hemagglutinin tsh, a member of the immunoglobulin a protease-type family of autotransporters. | we reported earlier that a single gene, tsh, isolated from a strain of avian pathogenic escherichia coli (apec) was sufficient to confer on e. coli k-12 a hemagglutinin-positive phenotype and that the deduced sequence of the tsh protein shared homology to the serine-type immunoglobulin a (iga) proteases of neisseria gonorrhoeae and haemophilus influenzae. in this report we show that e. coli k-12 containing the recombinant tsh gene produced two proteins, a 106-kda extracellular protein and a 33-k ... | 1999 | 9916089 |
| strategy for cross-protection among shigella flexneri serotypes. | based upon the lipopolysaccharide (lps) structure and antigenicity of shigella group b, a strategy for broad cross-protection against 14 shigella flexneri serotypes was designed. this strategy involves the use of two s. flexneri serotypes (2a and 3a), which together bear the all of the major antigenic group factors of this group. the novel attenuated strains used in these studies were s. flexneri 2a strain cvd 1207 (deltaguab-a deltavirg deltaset1 deltasen) and s. flexneri 3a strain cvd 1211 (de ... | 1999 | 9916090 |
| antibodies to shiga toxin in the serum of children with shigella-associated haemolytic uraemic syndrome. | antibodies to shiga toxin (stx) were measured in the sera of 49 children with shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 infection, of whom 17 had haemolytic uraemic syndrome (hus) and 32 had no complications (uncomplicated shigellosis, ucs). children with hus had lower levels of total igg and igm and lower igm titres to stx than those with ucs. the number of children with neutralising antibodies was similar in the two groups. of the children with hus, 11 had hus on enrolment and six developed hus subseque ... | 1999 | 9920120 |
| protein-protein interactions in the assembly of shigella flexneri invasion plasmid antigens ipab and ipac into protein complexes. | shigella flexneri is a facultative intracellular bacterial pathogen that invades human colonic epithelial cells by a process called pathogen-induced phagocytosis. pathogen entry requires three virulence plasmid-encoded proteins called invasion plasmid antigens (ipa) b, c and d which are secreted upon bacterial contact with a host cell. following their secretion, ipab and ipac are found within a complex of proteins that may also contain ipaa and ipad. previous work has shown that exogenously adde ... | 1998 | 9920383 |
| functional analysis of a rickettsial ompa homology domain of shigella flexneri icsa. | shigella flexneri is a gram-negative bacterium that causes diarrhea and dysentery by invasion and spread through the colonic epithelium. bacteria spread by assembling actin and other cytoskeletal proteins of the host into "actin tails" at the bacterial pole; actin tail assembly provides the force required to move bacteria through the cell cytoplasm and into adjacent cells. the 120-kda s. flexneri outer membrane protein icsa is essential for actin assembly. icsa is anchored in the outer membrane ... | 1999 | 9922250 |
| effect of wzx (rfbx) mutations on a-band and b-band lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis in pseudomonas aeruginosa o5. | the wbp cluster of pseudomonas aeruginosa o5 encodes a number of proteins involved in biosynthesis of the heteropolymeric and wzy-dependent b-band o antigen, including wzy, the o-antigen polymerase, and wzz, the regulator of o-antigen chain length. a gene (formerly wbpf), contiguous with wzy in the wbp cluster, is predicted to encode a highly hydrophobic protein with multiple membrane-spanning domains. this secondary structure is consistent with that of wzx (rfbx), the putative o-antigen unit tr ... | 1999 | 9922263 |
| the spi-3 pathogenicity island of salmonella enterica. | pathogenicity islands are chromosomal clusters of pathogen-specific virulence genes often found at trna loci. we have determined the molecular genetic structure of spi-3, a 17-kb pathogenicity island located at the selc trna locus of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. the g+c content of spi-3 (47.5%) differs from that of the salmonella genome (52%), consistent with the notion that these sequences have been horizontally acquired. spi-3 harbors 10 open reading frames organized in six transcr ... | 1999 | 9922266 |
| evaluation of methods for isolation of salmonella species using modified semisolid rappaport-vassiliadis medium and salmonella-shigella agar. | a total of 197 salmonella strains were isolated from 1717 stool samples on salmonella-shigella agar and modified semisolid rappaport-vassiliadis medium before and after enrichment in selenite broth. better sensitivity was obtained with salmonella-shigella agar than in direct plating (89.2% vs. 64.4%, p<0.0001) and after broth enrichment (96.4% vs. 88.1%, p<0.01). the incidence of false-positive results using modified semisolid rappaport-vassiliadis medium was higher than that obtained using salm ... | 1998 | 9923522 |
| update on media for isolation of enterobacteriaceae from foods. | testing for 'total' enterobacteriaceae, coliforms and escherichia coli as marker organisms in foods and detection of specific pathogens of the family enterobacteriaceae, including pathogenic e. coli, salmonella, shigella and yersinia spp. is widely applied in many food control laboratories. this review describes some recent developments in culture media for these organisms. methods for enumeration of e. coli include the standard mpn technique, a membrane-filter method and the use of media contai ... | 1998 | 9923624 |
| shigellosis in children: a clinico-epidemiological comparison between shigella dysenteriae type i and shigella flexneri. | we reviewed the clinical and epidemiological features of 390 children under 5 years of age infected with either shigella dysenteriae type i or shigella flexneri attending a diarrhoea treatment centre from 1993 to 1995 in dhaka, bangladesh. older age (24 months or more), underweight and wasting but not stunting were the host factors significantly more associated with shigella dysenteriae type i infection than in shigella flexneri-infected children. moreover, use of antibiotics at home, use of wat ... | 1998 | 9924557 |
| central nervous system manifestations of childhood shigellosis: prevalence, risk factors, and outcome. | alterations in consciousness, including seizures, delirium, and coma, are known to occur during shigella infection. previous reports have suggested that febrile convulsions and altered consciousness are more common during shigellosis than with other childhood infections. those reports, however, have been from locations where s dysenteriae type 1 was not common, thus making it difficult to assess the specific contribution that s dysenteriae type 1 infection, and shiga toxin, might make to the pat ... | 1999 | 9925864 |
| the gastrointestinal bacteria of mink (mustela vison l): influence of age and diet. | total numbers of aerotolerant and anaerobic bacteria, and densities of enterobacteriaceae, lactobacilli, staphylococci, salmonella and shigella, and campylobacteria were enumerated in the contents of the stomach, small intestine (and the associated mucosa), and colon of mink beginning at 2 weeks of age to adulthood, and in adults that were fed diets with different levels and types of fiber or food deprived. highest densities of all bacterial groups were found in the colon at all ages (up to 10(8 ... | 1998 | 9926461 |
| [resistance of respiratory and enteral bacteria to antibiotics]. | | 1998 | 9927887 |
| interaction of microorganisms, epithelium, and lymphoid cells of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue. | differentiation of specific epithelial cell lineages during development, as well as epithelial plasticity in response to heterologous cell-to-cell cross talk during adult life, accounts for the large variety of functions which are performed by the mucosal surfaces found in the human body. among its functions, the digestive mucosa is able to sample antigens and microorganisms through m cells of peyer's patches' follicle-associated epithelium, in order to trigger the development of either toleranc ... | 1998 | 9928370 |
| aetiological agents: their molecular biology and phagocyte-host interaction. | inflammatory joint disease can develop following an extra-articular infection. the term reactive arthritis was coined in order to differentiate this arthritis, which is often characterized by lack of culturable organisms in the joint, from septic arthritides. bacteria known to trigger reactive arthritis include campylobacter, chlamydia, salmonella, shigella and yersinia. demonstration of bacteria or bacterial macromolecules in the joint has elicited the idea that reactive arthritis is a sterile ... | 1998 | 9928497 |
| induction of cytokines in a human colon epithelial cell line by shiga toxin 1 (stx1) and stx2 but not by non-toxic mutant stx1 which lacks n-glycosidase activity. | stx1 and stx2 produced by shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli are cytotoxic due to their n-glycosidase activity on 28s rrna. in this study, we have shown that proinflammatory cytokine mrnas, especially il-8, were induced by stx1 and stx2 in caco-2 cells. a non-toxic mutant of stxl which lacks n-glycosidase activity did not induce cytokine mrnas. il-8 production at the protein level was enhanced by stx1 and stx2, but not by the mutant stx1. these results demonstrate that shiga toxins induce ex ... | 1999 | 9929007 |
| access to essential drugs in poor countries: a lost battle? | drugs offer a simple, cost-effective solution to many health problems, provided they are available, affordable, and properly used. however, effective treatment is lacking in poor countries for many diseases, including african trypanosomiasis, shigella dysentery, leishmaniasis, tuberculosis, and bacterial meningitis. treatment may be precluded because no effective drug exists, it is too expensive, or it has been withdrawn from the market. moreover, research and development in tropical diseases ha ... | 1999 | 9929090 |
| lymphocyte subset profile of young healthy children residing in a rural area: possible role of recurrent gastrointestinal infections. | lymphocyte subsets in healthy children are currently characterized by age-related standards. because antigenic stimuli play a role in maturation of the immune system after birth, there is a question of whether cellular immune development differs in infants whose living conditions entail extensive antigenic exposure and infants growing up in a more protected environment. | 1999 | 9932845 |
| the use of an ipac-specific elisa to identify enteroinvasive escherichia coli strains of unusual serogroups. | twenty five escherichia coli isolates expressing o antigens different from the conventionally recognized enteroinvasive e. coli were tested in the sereny test, with an invasion plasmid-specific dna probe, and by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay recognizing the secreted ipac antigen. these results indicate that the ipac enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay is a sensitive method to recognize enteroinvasive e. coli, irrespective of their serogroups. | 1998 | 9934541 |
| [importance of the eradication of the focus of infection and the synchronized correction of disturbed intestinal microflora in shigellosis patients]. | the dynamic study of the characteristics of serum specific shigella endotoxinemia was carried out in 60 patients with s.flexneri infection by eia techniques. in addition, the level of re-glycolipid in the blood of patients was determined in eia with the use of re-antibodies with the simultaneous study of the rectal microbiocenosis. the degree of dysbiotic disturbances in the intestine was found to be directly related to the levels of lps of s.flexneri 2a o-antigens and re-glycolipid of gram-nega ... | 1998 | 9949508 |
| [effect of hydroxylamine hydrochloride on the bacterium shigella dysenteriae 1 and antigens isolated from them]. | | 1998 | 9949513 |
| [modern views on the molecular biological foundations of the pathogenesis of shigella infections]. | | 1998 | 9949517 |
| comparison of survival of diarrhoeagenic agents in two local weaning foods (ogi and koko). | the ph values of both cooked and uncooked ogi and koko samples were determined and the survival rate of four diarrhoeagenic agents, enteroinvasive escherichia coli, salmonella typhi, shigella flexneri, and vibrio cholerae were studied after they were seeded into cooked ogi and koko. analysis of the ph of the cooked inoculated samples showed that there was a slight increase in ph (decrease in acidity) during storage for 48 h and 37 degrees c (from 3.5 to 3.7 for ogi and from 3.7 to 4.1 for koko). ... | 1998 | 9972074 |
| contamination of weaning foods: organisms, channels, and sequelae. | a study was carried out to identify the microbial contaminants of weaning foods in an egyptian village and the sources of contamination. all 300 households containing infants (< 24 months) were visited. information regarding food preparation and household sanitation was gathered. samples of weaning foods (270) were collected and analysed for the presence of escherichia coli, bacillus cereus, shigella and parasites. the first two pathogens were detected in 43.7 per cent and 21.4 per cent of sampl ... | 1998 | 9972075 |
| impact of either elevated or decreased levels of cytochrome bd expression on shigella flexneri virulence. | shigella spp. are the major cause of bacillary dysentery worldwide. the pathogenic process involves bacterial invasion and lysis of the phagocytic vacuole, followed by replication and movement within the cell cytoplasm and, ultimately, spread directly into adjacent cells. this study demonstrates that s. flexneri cytochrome bd expression is necessary for normal intracellular survival and virulence. cytochrome bd is one of two terminal oxidases in the bacterial respiratory chain that reduce molecu ... | 1999 | 9973350 |
| mucosal dna vaccine immunization against measles with a highly attenuated shigella flexneri vector. | an intranasal vaccine vector would elicit protective immunity at the respiratory mucosa, the portal of entry and the primary site for replication for measles virus (mv) and other respiratory viruses. in a murine model of pulmonary shigella, we demonstrate here that a candidate-attenuated shigella vaccine vector is safely tolerated in ifn-gamma deficient mice at an inoculum that is 1 million-fold higher than the inoculum of the wild-type parent strain that would be lethal for greater than 90% of ... | 1999 | 9973419 |
| tetranucleotide repeats identify novel virulence determinant homologues in neisseria meningitidis. | numerous outer membrane components of neisseria meningitidis and n. gonorrhoeae exhibit phase variable expression (the rapid, reversible on/off switching of phenotypic expression). many of the genes encoding these outer membrane components contain simple repetitive dna motifs (mononucleotides, dinucleotides, tetranucleotides and other repeats) which mediate this variation. one such repeat motif, the tetranucleotide 5;-(gcaa)n-3;, is associated with phase-variable lps biosynthetic genes in the pa ... | 1999 | 9973577 |
| identification of shigella flexneri subserotype 1c in rural egypt. | in a population-based study of diarrhea in rural, northern egypt, 60 shigella flexneri strains were identified, of which 10 could not be definitively serotyped. serological analysis with commercial reagents suggested that they were serotype 1, but the strains failed to react with subserotype 1a- or 1b-specific antibodies. all 10 strains reacted with masf 1c, a monoclonal antibody specific for a provisional s. flexneri subserotype, 1c, first identified in bangladesh and not previously detected ou ... | 1999 | 9986881 |
| ebola outbreak in kikwit, democratic republic of the congo: discovery and control measures. | the ebola epidemic in kikwit, democratic republic of the congo, was recognized because of a nosocomial outbreak in kikwit general hospital. initially, a diagnosis of shigella infection was suspected because many patients presented with bloody diarrhea. on 4 may 1995, blood samples from 14 acutely ill patients were sent to the centers for disease control and prevention (atlanta), and on 9 may, a diagnosis of ebola hemorrhagic fever was confirmed. the major disease control measures that were under ... | 1999 | 9988192 |
| tyrosine phosphorylation is required for actin-based motility of vaccinia but not listeria or shigella. | studies of the actin-based motility of pathogens have provided important insights into the events occurring at the leading edge of motile cells [1] [2] [3]. to date, several actin-cytoskeleton-associated proteins have been implicated in the motility of listeria or shigella: vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (vasp), vinculin and the actin-related protein complex of arp2 and arp3 [4] [5] [6] [7]. to further investigate the underlying mechanism of actin-tail assembly, we examined the localizati ... | 1999 | 10021367 |
| the virulence plasmid-encoded impcab operon enhances survival and induced mutagenesis in shigella flexneri after exposure to uv radiation. | upon exposure to uv radiation, shigella flexneri sa100 displayed survival and mutation frequencies comparable to those of escherichia coli ab1157, which contains a functional umudc error-prone dna repair system. survival of sa100 after uv irradiation was associated with the presence of the 220-kb virulence plasmid, pvp. this plasmid encodes homologues of impa and impb, which comprise an error-prone dna repair system encoded on plasmid tp110 that was initially identified in salmonella typhimurium ... | 1999 | 10024589 |
| involvement of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-1beta in enhancement of pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures caused by shigella dysenteriae. | neurologic manifestations, mainly convulsions, are the most frequent extraintestinal complications of shigellosis. we used an animal model to study the roles of tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-alpha) and interleukin-1 beta (il-1beta) in shigella-related seizures. administration of shigella dysenteriae 60r sonicate enhanced the sensitivity of mice to the proconvulsant pentylenetetrazole (ptz) within 7 h. this was indicated by a significantly higher mean convulsion score and an increased number o ... | 1999 | 10024595 |
| interleukin-8 controls bacterial transepithelial translocation at the cost of epithelial destruction in experimental shigellosis. | in shigellosis, the network of cellular interactions mediated by a balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines or chemokines is clearly tipped toward acute destructive inflammation of intestinal tissues by the bacterial invader. this work has addressed the role played by interleukin-8 (il-8) in a rabbit model of intestinal invasion by shigella flexneri. il-8, which is largely produced by the epithelial cells themselves, appears to be a major mediator of the recruitment of polymorphonuclear l ... | 1999 | 10024597 |
| identification of shigella boydii in colonic malacoplakia by universal bacterial 16s ribosomal dna-based amplification in a human immunodeficiency virus-infected patient. | | 1999 | 10028087 |
| relationship between o-serogroup and presence of pathogenic factor genes in escherichia coli. | a total of 383 isolates of serogroup-based enteropathogenic and enteroinvasive escherichia coli (310 strains of epec and 73 strains of eiec) were examined for the presence of corresponding pathogenic genes. the serogroup-based epec consisted of 232 strains isolated from diarrhea patients and of 78 strains from healthy carriers. the gene encoding intimin, eaea, was detected in 42 of the 232 epec strains from patients (18.1%) and 9 of the 78 strains from carriers (11.5%). the difference was not si ... | 1998 | 10037219 |
| mechanism of shigella entry into epithelial cells. | shigella, the causative agent of bacillary dysentery, invades epithelial cells by reorganizing the cell cytoskeleton during bacterial entry. this entry process requires the shigella ipa proteins that are secreted by a type iii secretion apparatus and that act in concert to fine tune cell responses. actin polymerization at the site of entry is dependent on the ipab and ipac proteins, whereas ipaa further modulates cytoskeletal rearrangements by binding to vinculin. | 1999 | 10047558 |
| regulatory action criteria for filth and other extraneous materials. iii. review of flies and foodborne enteric disease. | forty-seven species of flies have been reliably associated with filthy conditions that might allow the spread of foodborne pathogens. these are categorized as "filth flies." of that 47, only 21 species represent a potential threat to human health as scientifically proven causative agents of foodborne myiasis or as carriers of enteropathogenic escherichia coli, salmonella, shigella, and other foodborne pathogens. these 21 species are categorized as "disease-causing flies" based on strict scientif ... | 1998 | 10049791 |
| the salmonella invasin sipb induces macrophage apoptosis by binding to caspase-1. | recently, salmonella spp. were shown to induce apoptosis in infected macrophages. the mechanism responsible for this process is unknown. in this report, we establish that the inv-spa type iii secretion apparatus target invasin sipb is necessary and sufficient for the induction of apoptosis. purified sipb microinjected into macrophages led to cell death. binding studies show that sipb associates with the proapoptotic protease caspase-1. this interaction results in the activation of caspase-1, as ... | 1999 | 10051653 |
| antibiotic susceptibilities and plasmid profiles of shigella flexneri isolates from children with diarrhoea in islamabad, pakistan. | | 1998 | 10052914 |
| enterobacteria in reactive arthritis: yersinia, shigella, and salmonella. | | 1999 | 10063518 |
| vaccination against enteric pathogens: from science to vaccine trials. | recent advances in scientific research and clinical trials have shown promise for vaccine development against enteric pathogens. identification of new virulence factors, such as the two distinct shigella enterotoxins, has allowed the development of new immunogen or new attenuated strains. improved knowledge facilitated the development of safer attenuated live microorganism and construction of multivalent vaccines. finally, an important advantage is the use of nonreplicating plasmid dna vectors t ... | 1998 | 10066464 |
| characterization of shigella dysenteriae type 1 capsular polysaccharide by immunochemical methods. | we have isolated the capsular polysaccharide from the strain of shigella dysenteriae type 1 8337. the product was purified by ultracentrifugation, treated with enzymes (proteinase k, dna-rnaase) and analyzed by immunochemical methods. polyclonal antibodies were obtained from rabbits immunized by whole cell antigens prepared from shigella by ultrasonic treatment and by purified capsular polysaccharide. crossed immunoelectrophoresis, page and western blot analysis showed that this product containi ... | 1998 | 10069017 |
| [distribution of salmonella spp. serotypes isolated in spain during a 4-year period (1993-1996)]. | knowledge of the epidemiology of salmonellosis over time is the main tool for public health care control of this disease which is the main cause of alimentary toxic infections in spain. the epidemiologic marker of choice in this genus is the stable, simple technique of serotyping, which, given its wide use allows the follow up of the main serotypes over the years. this study analyzes the seasonal trends of the main serotypes of salmonella received in the national reference laboratory of salmonel ... | 1999 | 10069106 |
| laboratory surveillance of shigella dysenteriae type 1 in kwazulu-natal. | to collect data on the antimicrobial susceptibility of shigella dysenteriae type 1 in kwazulu-natal, including the testing of newer therapeutic agents, and to evaluate the ability of laboratories to participate in a provincial surveillance programme. | 1999 | 10070415 |
| interactions between vaccinia virus iev membrane proteins and their roles in iev assembly and actin tail formation. | the intracellular enveloped form of vaccinia virus (iev) induces the formation of actin tails that are strikingly similar to those seen in listeria and shigella infections. in contrast to the case for listeria and shigella, the vaccinia virus protein(s) responsible for directly initiating actin tail formation remains obscure. however, previous studies with recombinant vaccinia virus strains have suggested that the iev-specific proteins a33r, a34r, a36r, b5r, and f13l play an undefined role in ac ... | 1999 | 10074134 |
| [the role of bacterial diarrhea in developing countries]. | bacterial diarrheas in developing countries remain a major public health problem. cholera is endemo-endemic since 1970. clusters of shigella infections are commonly observed during the rainy season. other enteropathogen cause nosocomial infections and foodborne diseases. the hiv epidemic determined the emergence of a new trend of enteric diseases caused by opportunistic bacteria such as salmonella enteritidis, s. typhimurium. the risk factors associated with these infections remains almost unkno ... | 1998 | 10078374 |
| [vaccines inf the prevention of fecal hazards]. | in addition to the imperative improvement of hygiene standards, vaccines can also be used for the prevention of diseases transmitted by the feco-oral route. vaccination is essential to protect against poliomyelitis, the eradication of which is targeted through vaccination campaigns using the live, attenuated vaccine in countries where the disease is still endemic and the inactivated vaccine or a combination of both vaccines (mixed schedule) in countries where the disease is under control. the in ... | 1998 | 10078383 |
| [principles and management of the ambulatory treatment of traveller's diarrhea]. | traveller's diarrhea (td, turista) is the most common health disturbance in travellers, affecting 20-50% of two-week travellers depending on their origin, destination and eating habits. the etiological agents most frequently isolated from the stools are enterotoxinogenic escherichia coli (etec), salmonella spp., shigella spp., but the rate of isolation of campylobacter spp. and non cholera vibrios is also high in asia. preventive measures in eating habits should in principle be able to curb the ... | 1998 | 10078385 |
| [traveller's diarrhea: which vaccines?]. | diarrheal diseases are a major cause of child morbidity and mortality, particularly in developing countries. it is estimated that diarrheal diseases and typhoid fever cause around 2.5 million deaths per year in the world. four bacteria and one virus share this responsibility: shigella spp, escherichia coli etec, vibrio cholerae, salmonella typhi and rotavirus. people travelling in countries with high endemicity of diarrhoeal diseases risk facing these four bacteria or the less common rotavirus, ... | 1998 | 10078386 |
| bacterial diarrheal pathogens. | | 1999 | 10079856 |
| molecular bases of epithelial cell invasion by shigella flexneri. | the pathogenesis of shigellosis is characterized by the capacity of the causative microorganism, shigella, to invade the epithelial cells that compose the mucosal surface of the colon in humans. the invasive process encompasses several steps which can be summarized as follows: entry of bacteria into epithelial cells involves signalling pathways that elicit a macropinocitic event. upon contact with the cell surface, s. flexneri activates a mxi/spa secretory apparatus encoded by two operons compri ... | 1998 | 10081579 |
| the mxi-spa type iii secretory pathway of shigella flexneri requires an outer membrane lipoprotein, mxim, for invasin translocation. | invasion of epithelial cells by shigella flexneri is mediated by a set of translocated bacterial invasins, the ipa proteins, and its dedicated type iii secretion system, called mxi-spa. we show here that mxim, part of the mxi-spa locus in the s. flexneri virulence plasmid, encodes an indispensable type iii secretion apparatus component, required for both ipa translocation and tissue culture cell invasion. we demonstrated that mature mxim, first identified as a putative lipoprotein, is lipidated ... | 1999 | 10085046 |
| adaptive immune response to shigella flexneri 2a cydc in immunocompetent mice and mice lacking immunoglobulin a. | shigella flexneri cydc, which is deficient in cytochrome bd, was rapidly cleared from the lungs of intranasally inoculated mice and was sereny negative, yet it induced 93% protection against challenge with wild-type s. flexneri. mice that lack immunoglobulin a (iga) were fully protected, suggesting that iga may not be required for adaptive immunity in this model system. | 1999 | 10085048 |
| a study on transferable r-plasmids among shigella species at lucknow. | a total of 500 shigella strains were included in the present study out of which 233 were isolated at national shigella centre of postgraduate department of microbiology, k.g. medical college, lucknow during last 5 years and 267 strains were received from different parts of the country. predominent serotypes were sheigella flexneri 292 (48.4%) followed by shigella dysenteriae 153 (30.6%), shigella boydii 32 (6.4%) and shigella sonnei 23 (4.6%). all the strains were sensitive to nalidix acid, gent ... | 1997 | 10085641 |
| [bacillary dysentery, ekiri]. | | 1999 | 10088448 |
| the penicillins. | the penicillin family of antibiotics remains an important part of our antimicrobial armamentarium. in general, these agents have bactericidal activity, excellent distribution throughout the body, low toxicity, and efficacy against infections caused by susceptible bacteria. the initial introduction of aqueous penicillin g for treatment of streptococcal and staphylococcal infections was an important pharmacologic landmark. the emergence of penicillinase-producing staphylococcus aureus prompted the ... | 1999 | 10090000 |
| shigella infection in macaque colonies: case report of an eradication and control program. | a primate colony comprising three distinct but interrelated units had long-term history of undiagnosed diarrhea and associated deaths for many years. in 1989, the clinical problem was recognized as a confounding factor for the experimental work, and steps were taken to eradicate the disease. this was done by a combined approach involving improved sample collection techniques and microbiological methods, treatment of all animals in the colony, and improvement in management. these management chang ... | 1998 | 10090037 |