| isolation and genotyping of clostridium perfringens from free-living south american coati (nasua nasua). | the importance of clostridium perfringens for most wild animal species remains unclear. this study aimed to isolate and genotype c. perfringens in stool samples from free-living south american coati (nasua nasua) in brazil. forty-six free-living n. nasua were trapped and stool samples were collected. two different protocols for c. perfringens isolation were tested: direct plating onto selective agar and pre-enrichment in broth followed by plating in selective agar. clostridium perfringens type a ... | 2016 | 27010297 |
| antibody response to epsilon toxin of clostridium perfringens in captive red deer (cervus elaphus) over a 13-month period. | deer are sensitive to clostridial diseases, and vaccination with clostridial toxoids is the method of choice to prevent these infections in ruminants. the purpose of this study was to evaluate the serologic responses in red deer (cervus elaphus) over a 13-mo period after vaccination with a multivalent clostridial vaccine, containing an aluminium hydroxide adjuvant. antibody production to the clostridium perfringens type d epsilon toxin component of the vaccine was measured using an indirect enzy ... | 2016 | 27010263 |
| netb and necrotic enteritis: the hole movable story. | clostridium perfringens is the primary causative agent of avian necrotic enteritis. our understanding of the pathogenesis of this economically important disease has been enhanced by the discovery of c. perfringens netb toxin, which belongs to the α-haemolysin family of β-pore-forming toxins. in a chicken disease model, the analysis of an isogenic set of strains comprising the wild type, a netb mutant, and its complemented derivative, fulfilled molecular koch's postulates and revealed that netb w ... | 2016 | 27009522 |
| qsar modeling and molecular interaction analysis of natural compounds as potent neuraminidase inhibitors. | different qsar models of 40 natural compounds as neuraminidase inhibitors (nis) are developed to comprehend chemical-biological interactions and predict activities against neuraminidase (na) from clostridium perfringens. based on the constitutional, topological and conformational descriptors, r(2) and q(2) values of the obtained sra model are 0.931 and 0.856. the r(2) and q(2) values of the constructed hqsar and almond models are 0.903 and 0.767, 0.904 and 0.511, respectively. based on the pharm ... | 2016 | 27008437 |
| effects of thymol and carvacrol supplementation on intestinal integrity and immune responses of broiler chickens challenged with clostridium perfringens. | necrotic enteritis caused by clostridium perfringens infection leads to serious economic losses in the global poultry production. in the present study, we investigated the protective effects of essential oils (eo, which contained 25 % thymol and 25 % carvacrol as active components) supplementation on growth performance, gut lesions, intestinal morphology, and immune responses of the broiler chickens infected with c. perfringens. a total of 448 1-day-old male broiler chicks were allocated into ei ... | 2016 | 27006768 |
| perfringolysin o theta toxin as a tool to monitor the distribution and inhomogeneity of cholesterol in cellular membranes. | cholesterol is an essential structural component of cellular membranes in eukaryotes. cholesterol in the exofacial leaflet of the plasma membrane is thought to form membrane nanodomains with sphingolipids and specific proteins. additionally, cholesterol is found in the intracellular membranes of endosomes and has crucial functions in membrane trafficking. furthermore, cellular cholesterol homeostasis and regulation of de novo synthesis rely on transport via both vesicular and non-vesicular pathw ... | 2016 | 27005662 |
| immunogenicity of a trivalent recombinant vaccine against clostridium perfringens alpha, beta, and epsilon toxins in farm ruminants. | clostridium perfringens is an anaerobic bacterium that produces several toxins. of these, the alpha, beta, and epsilon toxins are responsible for causing the most severe c. perfringens-related diseases in farm animals. the best way to control these diseases is through vaccination. however, commercially available vaccines are based on inactivated toxins and have many production drawbacks, which can be overcome through the use of recombinant antigens. in this study, we produced recombinant alpha, ... | 2016 | 27004612 |
| recent breakthroughs have unveiled the many knowledge gaps in clostridium perfringens-associated necrotic enteritis in chickens: the first international conference on necrotic enteritis in poultry. | | 2016 | 27003036 |
| clostridium perfringens enterotoxin: action, genetics, and translational applications. | clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe) is responsible for causing the gastrointestinal symptoms of several c. perfringens food- and nonfood-borne human gastrointestinal diseases. the enterotoxin gene (cpe) is located on either the chromosome (for most c. perfringens type a food poisoning strains) or large conjugative plasmids (for the remaining type a food poisoning and most, if not all, other cpe-producing strains). in all cpe-positive strains, the cpe gene is strongly associated with insert ... | 2016 | 26999202 |
| severe sepsis due to clostridium perfringens bacteremia of urinary origin: a case report and systematic review. | clostridium perfringens bacteremia is an uncommon yet serious clinical syndrome that typically arises from a gastrointestinal source. however, clinicians should consider nongastrointestinal sources as well. we present a rare case of c. perfringens bacteremia of urinary origin that required surgical intervention for definitive treatment. a 61-year-old male presented with acute nausea and vomiting, altered mental status, and chronic diarrhea. his physical exam revealed right costovertebral tendern ... | 2016 | 26998370 |
| antimicrobial activities of six essential oils commonly used as condiments in brazil against clostridium perfringens. | despite recent advances in food production technology, food-borne diseases (fbd) remain a challenging public health concern. in several countries, including brazil, clostridium perfringens is among the five main causative agents of food-borne diseases. the present study determines antimicrobial activities of essential oils of six condiments commonly used in brazil, viz., ocimum basilicum l. (basil), rosmarinus officinalis l. (rosemary), origanum majorana l. (marjoram), mentha × piperita l. var. ... | 2017 | 26991289 |
| matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry for identification of clostridium species isolated from saudi arabia. | the aim of this study was to identify different clostridium spp. isolated from currency notes from the ha'il region of saudi arabia in september 2014 using maldi-tof-ms. clostridium spp. were identified by bruker maldi-tof-ms and compared with vitek 2. the confirmation of the presence of different clostridium spp. was performed by determining the sequence of the 16s ribosomal rna gene. in this study, 144 clostridium spp. were isolated. among these specimens, maldi-tof-ms could identify 88.8% (12 ... | 2016 | 26991272 |
| efficacy of avilamycin for the prevention of necrotic enteritis caused by a pathogenic strain of clostridium perfringens in broiler chickens. | the efficacy of avilamycin for the prevention of necrotic enteritis (ne) was investigated in a 35-day floor pen study of 2200 broiler cockerels using a clostridium perfringens (cp) feed inoculum challenge model. treatments consisted of (1) nonmedicated, nonchallenged; (2) nonmedicated, challenged; (3) avilamycin at 15 ppm, challenged; (4) avilamycin at 30 ppm, challenged. avilamycin was administered in the feed from day 7 to day 30 of the study. challenge inoculum was administered on day 14 and ... | 2016 | 26981841 |
| pathology and diagnosis of necrotic enteritis: is it clear-cut? | the ability to correctly recognize the disease necrotic enteritis (ne) is important not only to those involved in control and treatment of the disease at farm level, but it is also critically important to the search for virulence factors, since a fundamental part of that process is the correct assignation of strains of clostridium perfringens with respect to virulence. thus, diagnosticians and investigators need to be able to correctly recognize the lesions of ne. to do this, they must be able t ... | 2016 | 26981703 |
| an unusual necrotic myositis by clostridium perfringens in a german shepherd dog: a clinical report, bacteriological and molecular identification. | clostridial myositis, considered to be rare in pet animals, is an acutely fatal toxaemic condition. some species of clostridia are responsible for necrotic myositis. a 2-year-old male german shepherd dog was admitted with non-weight bearing lameness and massive swelling of the left hind limb. clostridium perfringens type a with alpha toxin was diagnosed as a pathogenic agent. based on the history, the bacteria were introduced inside the tissue via contaminated needle following intramuscular inje ... | 2015 | 26973773 |
| genotyping of clostridium perfringens isolated from broiler meat in northeastern of iran. | clostridium perfringens (c. perfringens) is an important cause of bacterial food poisoning worldwide. the disease is caused by c. perfringens enterotoxin (cpe) encoded by cpe gene. the aim of this research was to identify the different types of c. perfringens and the presence of cpe gene in isolated bacteria from broilers' meat marketed in retail meat shops of mashhad city in northeastern of iran. after isolation of c. perfringens using conventional culture method and confirmation by specific 16 ... | 2015 | 26973762 |
| use of allicin as feed additive to enhance vaccination capacity of clostridium perfringens toxoid in rabbits. | the present study assessed the efficacy of clostridium perfringens (c. perfringens) toxoid and/or allicin - as feed additive - in rabbits for preventing or minimizing the severity of infection with locally isolated strain of c. perfringens type a. serum biochemical, immunological and pathological investigations were also done. one hundred rabbits of 6 weeks of age were divided into five equal groups (g1-g5). g1 were kept as normal control. g2 was allocated for c. perfringens type a infection. g3 ... | 2016 | 26973070 |
| transcriptional profile during deoxycholate-induced sporulation in a clostridium perfringens isolate causing foodborne illness. | clostridium perfringens type a is a common source of foodborne illness (fbi) in humans. vegetative cells sporulate in the small intestinal tract and produce the major pathogenic factor c. perfringens enterotoxin. although sporulation plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of fbi, the mechanisms inducing sporulation remain unclear. bile salts were shown previously to induce sporulation, and we confirmed deoxycholate (dca)-induced sporulation in c. perfringens strain nctc8239 cocultured with hu ... | 2016 | 26969700 |
| effects of heat stress on the formation of splenic germinal centres and immunoglobulins in broilers infected by clostridium perfringens type a. | avian necrotic enteritis (ne) induced by clostridium perfringens is a disease that affects mainly the first weeks of poultry's life. the pathogenesis of ne is complex and involves the combination of several factors, such as co-infection with different species of coccidia, immunosuppression and stress. stress is one of the main limiting factors in poultry production. although several studies emphasized the effects of stress on immunity, few works analyzed these effects on immunoglobulins and on g ... | 2016 | 26964716 |
| the gut-brain axis interactions during heat stress and avian necrotic enteritis. | the gut-brain axis is known to modulate behavioral and immune responses in animals; evidence supporting this modulation in chickens, however, is elusive. here, we analyzed the effects of heat stress and/orclostridium perfringens (cp) infection on behavior, intestinal morphology, brain activity, and corticosterone serum levels in chickens. broilers were randomly divided into 5 equal groups: a naïve group (n), a thioglycolate group (t), a thioglycolate heat-stressed group (t/hs35), an infected gro ... | 2016 | 26957631 |
| the role of host genetic factors and host immunity in necrotic enteritis. | the increasing number of legislative restrictions and the voluntary withdrawal of antibiotic growth promoters worldwide will continue to impact poultry health and production. the rising incidence of clostridium infections and development of necrotic enteritis (ne) in commercial chickens has been associated with the withdrawal of antibiotics. high-throughput genomic analysis of intestinal tissues from ne-afflicted chickens showed alterations in the local immunity and gut microbiota. therefore, a ... | 2016 | 26957203 |
| effect of yeast-derived products and distillers dried grains with solubles (ddgs) on growth performance and local innate immune response of broiler chickens challenged with clostridium perfringens. | this study evaluated the effect of yeast-derived products on growth performance, gut lesion score, intestinal population of clostridium perfringens, and local innate immunity of broiler chickens challenged with c. perfringens. one-day-old broiler chickens were randomly assigned to eight dietary treatments providing six replicate pens of 55 birds each per treatment. dietary treatments consisted of control diets without and with c. perfringens challenge, and diets containing bacitracin methylene d ... | 2016 | 26956683 |
| quantitative microbial risk assessment for clostridium perfringens in natural and processed cheeses. | this study evaluated the risk of clostridium perfringens (c. perfringens) foodborne illness from natural and processed cheeses. microbial risk assessment in this study was conducted according to four steps: hazard identification, hazard characterization, exposure assessment, and risk characterization. the hazard identification of c. perfringens on cheese was identified through literature, and dose response models were utilized for hazard characterization of the pathogen. for exposure assessment, ... | 2016 | 26954204 |
| heat production and energy efficiency of broilers infected with necrotic enteritis. | necrotic enteritis (ne) in poultry is the most important bacterial disease in terms of economic losses. the present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of an experimental challenge with necrotic enteritis on respiration and heat production in birds pretreated with dietary acylated starch or antibiotics (ab) zinc bacitracin (50 mg/kg) plus salinomycin (60 mg/kg). in total, 48 1-day-old ross 308 male broilers were assigned to floor pens until day 10. on day 11, birds were randomly placed in ... | 2016 | 26953943 |
| association of beta2-positive clostridium perfringens type a with focal duodenal necrosis in egg-laying chickens in the united states. | focal duodenal necrosis (fdn) is a poorly understood intestinal disease of egg layers, and has been associated with drops in egg production and decreased egg weights. the etiology of this disease is still unknown, but the condition has been associated with clostridium colinum and clostridium perfringens. in order to investigate the etiology, duodenal samples were taken from hens with fdn. the hens originated from table egg layer farms in three states. the samples were examined by histopathology, ... | 2016 | 26953942 |
| pathology in practice. clostridium perfringens. | | 2016 | 26953912 |
| molecular characterization of clostridium perfringens strains isolated from diseased turkeys in italy. | one hundred and six clostridium perfringens field strains, isolated from diseased turkeys in italy between 2006 and 2015, were toxinotyped by polymerase chain reaction. strains were derived from intestines (87), livers (17) and subcutaneous tissues (2). in addition to the four major toxins, strains were also screened for netb toxin, enterotoxin and beta2 toxin encoding genes. the intestinal gross lesions of turkeys with enteric disorders were statistically studied with respect to the presence of ... | 2016 | 26950690 |
| poultry management: a useful tool for the control of necrotic enteritis in poultry. | the intestinal ecosystem of poultry has been inevitably changed as a result of the ban of antimicrobial growth promoters. the re-emergence of necrotic enteritis has been the most significant threat for the poultry industry, which, in clinical form, causes high mortality and in subclinical forms, affects growth and feed conversion. it is one of the most common and economically devastating bacterial diseases in modern broiler flocks in terms of performance, welfare and mortality. necrotic enteriti ... | 2016 | 26950433 |
| microbial shifts associated with necrotic enteritis. | an outbreak of necrotic enteritis (ne) is a complex process requiring one or a number of predisposing factors rather than just the presence of pathogenic clostridium perfringens. examples are dietary influences, such as high levels of non-starch polysaccharides and fishmeal, and factors that evoke epithelial cell damage, such as fusarium mycotoxins in feed and eimeria infections. recent studies have shown that different predisposing factors induce similar shifts in the intestinal microbiota comp ... | 2016 | 26950294 |
| genomic diversity of necrotic enteritis-associated strains of clostridium perfringens: a review. | the investigation of genomic variation between clostridium perfringens isolates from poultry has been an important tool to enhance our understanding of the genetic basis of strain pathogenicity and the epidemiology of virulent and avirulent strains within the context of necrotic enteritis (ne). the earliest studies used whole genome profiling techniques such as pulsed-field gel electrophoresis to differentiate isolates and determine their relative levels of relatedness. dna sequencing has been u ... | 2016 | 26949841 |
| vaginal and rectal clostridium sordellii and clostridium perfringens presence among women in the united states. | to characterize the presence of clostridium sordellii and clostridium perfringens in the vagina and rectum, identify correlates of presence, and describe strain diversity and presence of key toxins. | 2016 | 26942366 |
| rearing room affects the non-dominant chicken cecum microbiota, while diet affects the dominant microbiota. | the combined effect of environment and diet in shaping the gut microbiota remains largely unknown. this knowledge, however, is important for animal welfare and safe food production. for these reasons, we determined the effect of experimental units on the chicken cecum microbiota for a full factorial experiment where we tested the combined effect of room, diet, and antimicrobial treatment. by illumina deep sequencing of the 16s rrna gene, we found that diet mainly affected the dominant microbiota ... | 2016 | 26942187 |
| timing of predisposing factors is important in necrotic enteritis models. | since the ban of antimicrobial growth promotors, the importance of necrotic enteritis in broilers increases. reliable and reproducible infection models are required for pathogenesis studies and product screening. two major predisposing factors in necrotic enteritis models are fishmeal supplementation to feed and eimeria infection. however, many unsolved issues regarding these predisposing factors still exist. therefore, the influence of timepoint of fishmeal administration (onset on day 8 or day ... | 2016 | 26927291 |
| necrotic enteritis predisposing factors in broiler chickens. | necrotic enteritis in chickens develops as a result of infection with pathogenic strains of clostridium perfringens and the presence of predisposing factors. predisposing factors include elements that directly change the physical properties of the gut, either damaging the epithelial surface, inducing mucus production, or changing gut transit times; factors that disrupt the gut microbiota; and factors that alter the immune status of birds. in the past research into necrotic enteritis predisposing ... | 2016 | 26926926 |
| mechanism of action of a novel recombinant peptide, mp1102, against clostridium perfringens type c. | this work is the first to report the antibacterial characteristics and antibacterial mechanisms of mp1102, which is a variant of nz2114, against pathogenic clostridium perfringens. mp1102 exhibited strong antimicrobial activity against c. perfringens strains cvcc 61, cvcc 1163, and cvcc 2032 at a low minimal inhibitory concentration (mic) of 0.91 μm. mp1102 showed anti-c. perfringens activity over a wide ph range of 2.0 and 10.0, high thermal stability from 20 to 80 °c, and remarkable resistance ... | 2016 | 26921181 |
| clostridium perfringens and its arsenal of toxins. | | 2016 | 26917838 |
| beta lactamase producing clostridium perfringens bacteremia in an elderly man with acute pancreatitis. | clostridium perfringens bacteremia is associated with adverse outcomes. known risk factors include chronic kidney disease, malignancy, diabetes mellitus, and gastrointestinal disease. we present a 74-year-old man admitted with confusion, vomiting, and abdominal pain. exam revealed tachycardia, hypotension, lethargy, distended abdomen, and cold extremities. he required intubation and aggressive resuscitation for septic shock. laboratory data showed leukocytosis, metabolic acidosis, acute kidney i ... | 2016 | 26904307 |
| diets enriched with cranberry beans alter the microbiota and mitigate colitis severity and associated inflammation. | common beans are rich in phenolic compounds and nondigestible fermentable components, which may help alleviate intestinal diseases. we assessed the gut health priming effect of a 20% cranberry bean flour diet from two bean varieties with differing profiles of phenolic compounds [darkening (dc) and nondarkening (ndc) cranberry beans vs. basal diet control (bd)] on critical aspects of gut health in unchallenged mice, and during dextran sodium sulfate (dss)-induced colitis (2% dss wt/vol, 7 days). ... | 2016 | 26878790 |
| an 86-year-old man with acute abdominal pain. | an 86-year-old man presented with severe pain in the upper abdomen along with fever. on physical examination, we found an arterial blood pressure of 84/43 mm hg, a heart rate of 80 bpm and a temperature of 38.3°c. the abdomen was painful and peristalsis was absent. empiric antibiotic therapy for sepsis was started with amoxicillin/clavulanate and gentamicin. ct scan of the abdomen revealed an emphysematous cholecystitis. percutaneous ultrasound-guided cholecystostomy was applied. bile cultures r ... | 2016 | 26869625 |
| plasmid characterization and chromosome analysis of two netf+ clostridium perfringens isolates associated with foal and canine necrotizing enteritis. | the recent discovery of a novel beta-pore-forming toxin, netf, which is strongly associated with canine and foal necrotizing enteritis should improve our understanding of the role of type a clostridium perfringens associated disease in these animals. the current study presents the complete genome sequence of two netf-positive strains, jfp55 and jfp838, which were recovered from cases of foal necrotizing enteritis and canine hemorrhagic gastroenteritis, respectively. genome sequencing was done us ... | 2016 | 26859667 |
| a novel hsp70 inhibitor prevents cell intoxication with the actin adp-ribosylating clostridium perfringens iota toxin. | hsp70 family proteins are folding helper proteins involved in a wide variety of cellular pathways. members of this family interact with key factors in signal transduction, transcription, cell-cycle control, and stress response. here, we developed the first hsp70 low molecular weight inhibitor specifically targeting the peptide binding site of human hsp70. after demonstrating that the inhibitor modulates the hsp70 function in the cell, we used the inhibitor to show for the first time that the str ... | 2016 | 26839186 |
| netf-positive clostridium perfringens in neonatal foal necrotising enteritis in kentucky. | | 2016 | 26829965 |
| hepatic abscess-associated clostridial bacteraemia presenting with intravascular haemolysis and severe hypertension. | clostridium perfringens bacteraemia is a potentially fatal condition, and its early identification is paramount to maximise chances of survival. prompt recognition of intravascular haemolysis, a known complication of c. perfringens bacteraemia, can help guide clinical decision-making before microbiology data becomes available. we present a novel finding of severe hypertension in a fatal case of clostridial bacteraemia with massive haemolysis. a 58-year-old man with no known medical history prese ... | 2016 | 26823354 |
| experimental reproduction of necrotic enteritis in chickens: a review. | this review discusses key factors important in successful experimental reproduction of necrotic enteritis (ne) in chickens, and how these factors can be adjusted to affect the severity of the lesions induced. the critical bacterial factor is the need to use virulent, netb-positive, strains of clostridium perfringens; disease severity can be enhanced by using netb-positive c. perfringens strains that are also tpel-positive, by the use of young rather than old broth cultures, and by the number of ... | 2016 | 26813025 |
| the pathogenesis of necrotic enteritis in chickens: what we know and what we need to know: a review. | this review summarizes advances in understanding the pathogenesis of necrotic enteritis of chickens caused by netb-positive clostridium perfringens. the discovery of netb as the essential toxin trigger for the disease was followed by recognition that it forms part of a large plasmid-encoded 42 kb pathogenicity locus (neloc-1). while the locus is critical for toxin production, it likely has additional functions related to colonization and degradation of the mucus barrier, which are essential both ... | 2016 | 26813023 |
| clostridium perfringens delta-toxin induces rapid cell necrosis. | clostridium perfringens delta-toxin is a β-pore-forming toxin and a putative pathogenic agent of c. perfringens types b and c. however, the mechanism of cytotoxicity of delta-toxin remains unclear. here, we investigated the mechanisms of cell death induced by delta-toxin in five cell lines (a549, a431, mdck, vero, and caco-2). all cell lines were susceptible to delta-toxin. the toxin caused rapid atp depletion and swelling of the cells. delta-toxin bound and formed oligomers predominantly in pla ... | 2016 | 26807591 |
| direct dynamic kinetic analysis and computer simulation of growth of clostridium perfringens in cooked turkey during cooling. | this research applied a new 1-step methodology to directly construct a tertiary model that describes the growth of clostridium perfringens in cooked turkey meat under dynamically cooling conditions. the kinetic parameters of the growth models were determined by numerical analysis and optimization using multiple dynamic growth curves. the models and kinetic parameters were validated using independent growth curves obtained under various cooling conditions. the results showed that the residual err ... | 2016 | 26801359 |
| generation and characterization of recombinant bivalent fusion protein r-cpib for immunotherapy against clostridium perfringens beta and iota toxemia. | clostridium perfringens beta (cpb) and iota (cpi) toxaemias result in some of the most lethal forms of haemorrhagic and necrotic enteritis and sudden death syndrome affecting especially neonates. while cpb enterotoxemia is one of the most common forms of clostridial enterotoxemia, cpi enterotoxemia though putatively considered to be rare is an emerging cause of concern. the similarities in clinical manifestation, gross and histopathology findings of both types of toxaemias coupled to the infrequ ... | 2016 | 26774054 |
| case-control study of pathogens involved in piglet diarrhea. | diarrhea in piglets directly affects commercial swine production. the disease results from the interaction of pathogens with the host immune system and is also affected by management procedures. several pathogenic agents such as campylobacter spp., clostridium perfringens, escherichia coli, salmonella spp., group a rotavirus (rv-a), coronaviruses (transmissible gastroenteritis virus; porcine epidemic diarrhea virus), as well as nematode and protozoan parasites, can be associated with disease cas ... | 2016 | 26754836 |
| multidrug resistance in clostridium perfringens isolated from diarrheal neonatal piglets in thailand. | clostridium perfringens causes diarrhea in neonatal piglets, thereby affecting commercial swine farming. the objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and characterize antimicrobial resistance in c. perfringens isolated from diarrheal neonatal piglets in thailand. a total of 260 rectal swab samples were collected from 13 farms and were subjected to c. perfringens isolation. a total of 148 samples were pcr-positive for c. perfringens toxin genes, from which 122 were recovered. all i ... | 2016 | 26752714 |
| occurrence of human-associated bacteroidetes genetic source tracking markers in raw and treated wastewater of municipal and domestic origin and comparison to standard and alternative indicators of faecal pollution. | this was a detailed investigation of the seasonal occurrence, dynamics, removal and resistance of human-associated genetic bacteroidetes faecal markers (gebam) compared with iso-based standard faecal indicator bacteria (sfib), human-specific viral faecal markers and one human-associated bacteroidetes phage in raw and treated wastewater of municipal and domestic origin. characteristics of the selected activated sludge wastewater treatment plants (wwtps) from austria and germany were studied in de ... | 2016 | 26745175 |
| variable protection against experimental broiler necrotic enteritis after immunization with the c-terminal fragment of clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin and a non-toxic netb variant. | necrotic enteritis toxin b (netb) is a pore-forming toxin produced by clostridium perfringens and has been shown to play a key role in avian necrotic enteritis, a disease causing significant costs to the poultry production industry worldwide. the aim of this work was to determine whether immunization with a non-toxic variant of netb (netb w262a) and the c-terminal fragment of c. perfringens alpha-toxin (cpa247-370) would provide protection against experimental necrotic enteritis. immunized birds ... | 2016 | 26743457 |
| bacterial quality and prevalence of foodborne pathogens in edible offal from slaughterhouses in korea. | edible offal meats have recently received significant attention worldwide. however, studies evaluating the microbial quality of diverse edible offal and specifically investigating contamination by pathogens that cause foodborne illnesses are rare. our study was conducted to investigate the microbiological quality of six kinds of edible offal produced from 11 pigs and 8 cattle slaughterhouses in the republic of korea and the prevalence of pathogenic microorganisms such as salmonella, clostridium ... | 2016 | 26735045 |
| implications of decreased nitrite concentrations on clostridium perfringens outgrowth during cooling of ready-to-eat meats. | increased popularity of natural and organic processed meats can be attributed to the growing consumer demand for preservative-free foods, including processed meats. to meet this consumer demand, meat processors have begun using celery juice concentrate in place of sodium nitrite to create products labeled as no-nitrate or no-nitrite-added meat products while maintaining the characteristics unique to conventionally cured processed meats. because of flavor limitations, natural cures with celery co ... | 2016 | 26735043 |
| predictive model for growth of staphylococcus aureus on raw pork, ham, and sausage. | recent staphylococcus aureus outbreaks linked to meat and poultry products underscore the importance of understanding the growth kinetics of s. aureus in these products at different temperatures. raw pork, ham, and sausage (each 10 ± 0.3 g) were inoculated with a three-strain cocktail of s. aureus, resulting in an initial level of ca. 3 log cfu/g. samples were stored isothermally at 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40°c, and s. aureus was enumerated at appropriate time intervals. the square root mode ... | 2016 | 26735039 |
| roles of asp179 and glu270 in adp-ribosylation of actin by clostridium perfringens iota toxin. | clostridium perfringens iota toxin is a binary toxin composed of the enzymatically active component ia and receptor binding component ib. ia is an adp-ribosyltransferase, which modifies arg177 of actin. the previously determined crystal structure of the actin-ia complex suggested involvement of asp179 of actin in the adp-ribosylation reaction. to gain more insights into the structural requirements of actin to serve as a substrate for toxin-catalyzed adp-ribosylation, we engineered saccharomyces ... | 2015 | 26713879 |
| selection for pro-inflammatory mediators produces chickens more resistant to clostridium perfringens-induced necrotic enteritis. | we developed a novel selection method based on an inherently high and low phenotype of pro-inflammatory mediators and produced "high" and "low" line chickens. we have shown high line birds are more resistant to salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis and eimeria tenella compared to the low line. clostridium perfringens is the fourth leading cause of bacterial-induced foodborne illness, and is also an economically important poultry pathogen and known etiologic agent of necrotic enteritis (ne). th ... | 2016 | 26706357 |
| successful treatment of aortic root abscess in a patient with pulmonary arterial hypertension. | continuous prostanoid infusion is an established treatment for pulmonary arterial hypertension that has led to improvements in symptoms, exercise tolerance, and survival. patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (pah) who develop sepsis frequently experience clinical and hemodynamic deterioration associated with poor outcomes. successful management of sepsis involves identification of the source of infection, early antimicrobial administration, judicious fluid resuscitation, and continuatio ... | 2015 | 26697181 |
| presence and characterization of pig group a and c rotaviruses in feces of belgian diarrheic suckling piglets. | the importance of group a and c rotaviruses (rva and rvc) in the pathogenesis of diarrhea in belgian suckling pigs is poorly investigated, and it is not known which strains are circulating in the belgian suckling pig population. obtaining better insights in the occurrence of both viral species in the swine population is essential in order to develop accurate diagnostic, therapeutic and prophylactic strategies to protect suckling pigs against diarrhea in a durable manner. in the present study, vi ... | 2016 | 26677793 |
| cloning, characterization, and production of three α-l-fucosidases from clostridium perfringens atcc 13124. | α-l-fucosidases are key enzymes for the degradation of intestinal glycans by gut microbes. in this work, three putative α-l-fucosidases (afc1, afc2, and afc3) genes from clostridium perfringens atcc 13124 were cloned and expressed in escherichia coli. afc1 had the α-l-fucosidase domain of glycoside hydrolase (gh) 29 family but showed no enzyme activity toward all the substrates examined. the putative acid/base residue of afc1, ser205, was replaced by a glutamic acid which is conserved in gh29-b ... | 2016 | 26663202 |
| single molecule compression reveals intra-protein forces drive cytotoxin pore formation. | perfringolysin o (pfo) is a prototypical member of a large family of pore-forming proteins that undergo a significant reduction in height during the transition from the membrane-assembled prepore to the membrane-inserted pore. here, we show that targeted application of compressive forces can catalyze this conformational change in individual pfo complexes trapped at the prepore stage, recapitulating this critical step of the spontaneous process. the free energy landscape determined from these mea ... | 2015 | 26652734 |
| alternatives to antibiotics to prevent necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens: a microbiologist's perspective. | since the 2006 european ban on the use of antibiotics as growth promoters in animal feed, numerous studies have been published describing alternative strategies to prevent diseases in animals. a particular focus has been on prevention of necrotic enteritis in poultry caused by clostridium perfringens by the use of microbes or microbe-derived products. microbes produce a plethora of molecules with antimicrobial properties and they can also have beneficial effects through interactions with their h ... | 2015 | 26648920 |
| in vitro fermentation of xylooligosaccharides produced from miscanthus × giganteus by human fecal microbiota. | purified xylooligosaccharides from miscanthus × giganteus (m×g xos) were used in an in vitro fermentation experiment inoculated with human fecal microbiota. a commercial xos product and pectin were used as controls. decreases in ph by 2.3, 2.4, and 2.0 units and production of short-chain fatty acids (scfa; acetic acid, 7764.2, 6664.1, and 6387.9 μmol/g; propionic acid, 1006.7, 1089.5, and 661.5 μmol/g; and butyric acid, 955.5, 1252.9, and 917.7 μmol/g) were observed in m×g xos, commercial xos, a ... | 2016 | 26648520 |
| the effect of cold stress on the pathogenesis of necrotic enteritis in broiler chicks. | cold stress is a physical environmental stressor with significant effect on the poultry industry. the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of cold stress as a predisposing factor for necrotic enteritis in broiler chicks. the experimental challenge model included an oral inoculation with 10-fold dose of attenuated anticoccidial vaccine and multiple oral inoculations with a specific strain of clostridium perfringens. birds were either challenged or not as described above, and eit ... | 2015 | 26642742 |
| evaluation of a multiplex pcr assay for detection of cytomegalovirus in stool samples from patients with ulcerative colitis. | to evaluate a multiplex pcr assay for the detection of bacterial and viral enteropathogens in stool samples from patients with ulcerative colitis (uc). | 2015 | 26640344 |
| membrane-binding mechanism of clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin. | clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin is a key mediator of gas gangrene, which is a life-threatening infection that manifests as fever, pain, edema, myonecrosis, and gas production. alpha-toxin possesses phospholipase c and sphingomyelinase activities. the toxin is composed of an n-terminal domain (1-250 aa, n-domain), which is the catalytic site, and a c-terminal domain (251-370 aa, c-domain), which is the membrane-binding site. immunization of mice with the c-domain of alpha-toxin prevents the g ... | 2015 | 26633512 |
| protection against necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens by regulated delayed lysis salmonella vaccines. | necrotic enteritis (ne), caused by gram-positive clostridium perfringens type a strains, has gained more attention in the broiler industry due to governmental restrictions affecting the use of growth-promoting antibiotics in feed. to date, there is only one commercial ne vaccine available, based on the c. perfringens alpha toxin. however, recent work has suggested that the netb toxin, not alpha toxin, is the most critical virulence factor for causing ne. these findings notwithstanding, it is cle ... | 2015 | 26629620 |
| evaluation of three full-scale stormwater treatment systems with respect to water yield, pathogen removal efficacy and human health risk from faecal pathogens. | in this study, three full-scale, operational stormwater harvesting systems located in melbourne, australia were evaluated with respect to water yields; pathogen removal performance by analysis of native surrogate data (escherichiacoli, somatic coliphages and clostridium perfringens); and potential human health risk associated with exposures to faecal pathogens using quantitative microbial risk assessment (qmra). the water yield assessment confirmed variation between design and measured yields. f ... | 2016 | 26615487 |
| diversity of clostridium perfringens isolates from various sources and prevalence of conjugative plasmids. | clostridium perfringens is an important pathogen, causing food poisoning and other mild to severe infections in humans and animals. some strains of c. perfringens contain conjugative plasmids, which may carry antimicrobial resistance and toxin genes. we studied genomic and plasmid diversity of 145 c. perfringens type a strains isolated from soils, foods, chickens, clinical samples, and domestic animals (porcine, bovine and canine), from different geographic areas in the united states between 199 ... | 2016 | 26608548 |
| integration of an innovative biological treatment with physical or chemical disinfection for wastewater reuse. | in the present paper, the effectiveness of a sequencing batch biofilter granular reactor (sbbgr) and its integration with different disinfection strategies (uv irradiation, peracetic acid) for producing an effluent suitable for agricultural use was evaluated. the plant treated raw domestic sewage, and its performances were evaluated in terms of the removal efficiency of a wide group of physical, chemical and microbiological parameters. the sbbgr resulted really efficient in removing suspended so ... | 2016 | 26584070 |
| identification and characterization of a new enterotoxin produced by clostridium perfringens isolated from food poisoning outbreaks. | there is a strain of clostridium perfringens, w5052, which does not produce a known enterotoxin. we herein report that the strain w5052 expressed a homologue of the iota-like toxin components sa and sb of c. spiroforme, named clostridium perfringens iota-like enterotoxin, cpile-a and cpile-b, respectively, based on the results of a genome sequencing analysis and a systematic protein screening. in the nicotinamide glyco-hydrolase (nadase) assay the hydrolysis activity was dose-dependently increas ... | 2015 | 26584048 |
| effects of supplemental mannanoligosaccharides on growth performance, faecal characteristics and health in dairy calves. | twenty holstein calves were used to investigate the effects of mannanoligosaccharides (mos) supplementation in the whole milk on growth performance, faecal score, faecal ph, selected faecal bacterial populations and health during the preweaning period. healthy calves selected by clinical examination were allocated to one of the two groups (control [cg] and experimental [eg]) at 5 days old. each group consisted of 5 male and 5 female calves. each calf in eg was supplemented with 7 g/d of a mos pr ... | 2015 | 26580284 |
| an epidemiological review of gastrointestinal outbreaks associated with clostridium perfringens, north east of england, 2012-2014. | an anecdotal increase in c. perfringens outbreaks was observed in the north east of england during 2012-2014. we describe findings of investigations in order to further understanding of the epidemiology of these outbreaks and inform control measures. all culture-positive (>105 c.f.u./g) outbreaks reported to the north east health protection team from 1 january 2012 to 31 december 2014 were included. epidemiological (attack rate, symptom profile and positive associations with a suspected vehicle ... | 2016 | 26567801 |
| effect of clostridium perfringens infection and antibiotic administration on microbiota in the small intestine of broiler chickens. | the etiological agent of necrotic enteritis (ne) is clostridium perfringens (cp), which is an economically significant problem for broiler chicken producers worldwide. traditional use of in-feed antibiotic growth promoters to control ne disease have resulted in the emergence of antibiotic resistance in cp strains. identification of probiotic bacteria strains as an alternative to antibiotics for the control of intestinal cp colonization is crucial. two experiments were conducted to determine chan ... | 2016 | 26567176 |
| growth and physiology of clostridium perfringens wild-type and δazoc knockout: an azo dye exposure study. | clostridium perfringens, a strictly anaerobic micro-organism and inhabitant of the human intestine, has been shown to produce the azoreductase enzyme azoc, an nad(p)h-dependent flavin oxidoreductase. this enzyme reduces azo dyes to aromatic amines, which are carcinogenic in nature. a significant amount of work has been completed that focuses on the activity of this enzyme; however, few studies have been completed that focus on the physiology of azo dye reduction. dye reduction studies coupled wi ... | 2016 | 26566621 |
| tcpm: a novel relaxase that mediates transfer of large conjugative plasmids from clostridium perfringens. | conjugative transfer of toxin and antibiotic resistance plasmids in clostridium perfringens is mediated by the tcp conjugation locus. surprisingly, neither a relaxase gene nor an origin of transfer (orit) has been identified on these plasmids, which are typified by the 47 kb tetracycline resistance plasmid pcw3. the tcpm gene (previously called intp) encodes a potential tyrosine recombinase that was postulated to be an atypical relaxase. mutagenesis and complementation studies showed that tcpm w ... | 2016 | 26560080 |
| comparison of vaginal microbial community structure in healthy and endometritis dairy cows by pcr-dgge and real-time pcr. | the normal vaginal microflora provides protection against infections of the reproductive tract. previous studies have focused on the isolation and screening of probiotic strains from the vagina of cows; however, the vaginal microflora of postpartum cows is poorly characterized. the present study was conducted to evaluate and characterize the vaginal microflora of healthy postpartum cows in relation to postpartum cows with endometritis by using pcr followed by denaturing gradient gel electrophore ... | 2016 | 26551525 |
| septic arthritis due to clostridium ramosum. | clostridium species are anaerobic bacilli that are rarely reported as etiologic agents of infectious arthritis. previous cases of arthritis caused by clostridium ramosum have not been reported. we describe the first 2 cases of c. ramosum arthritis. | 2016 | 26546506 |
| physiological role of fold (methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase), fcha (methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase) and fhs (formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase) from clostridium perfringens in a heterologous model of escherichia coli. | most organisms possess bifunctional fold [5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate (5,10-ch2-thf) dehydrogenase-cyclohydrolase] to generate nadph and 10-formyltetrahdrofolate (10-cho-thf) required in various metabolic steps. in addition, some organisms including clostridium perfringens possess another protein, fhs (formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase), to synthesize 10-cho-thf. here, we show that unlike the bifunctional fold of escherichia coli (ecofold), and contrary to its annotated bifunctional nature, c ... | 2016 | 26531681 |
| evaluation of an ultrafiltration-based procedure for simultaneous recovery of diverse microbes in source waters. | in this study, hollow-fiber ultrafiltration (uf) was assessed for recovery of escherichia coli, clostridium perfringens spores, cryptosporidium parvum oocysts, echovirus 1, and bacteriophages ms2 and φx174 from ground and surface waters. microbes were seeded into twenty-two 50-l water samples that were collected from the southeastern united states and concentrated to ∼500 ml by uf. secondary concentration was performed for c. parvum by centrifugation followed by immunomagnetic separation. second ... | 2015 | 26530003 |
| identification of a bacteria-specific binding protein from the sequenced bacterial genome. | novel and specific recognition elements are of central importance in the development of a pathogen detection method. here, we describe a simple method for identifying the cell-wall binding domain (cbd) from a sequenced bacterial genome employing homology search for phage lysin genes. a putative cbd (cpf369_cbd) was identified from a genome of clostridium perfringens type strain atcc 13124, and its function was studied with the cbdgfp fusion protein recombinantly expressed in escherichia coli. fl ... | 2016 | 26528533 |
| the antimicrobial peptide sublancin ameliorates necrotic enteritis induced by clostridium perfringens in broilers. | sublancin is an antimicrobial peptide produced by 168 containing 37 amino acids. the objective of this study was to investigate its inhibitory efficacy against both in vitro and in vivo. in the in vitro study, we determined that sublancin had a minimum inhibitory concentration of 8 μm against , which was much higher than the antibiotic lincomycin (0.281 μm). scanning electron microscopy showed that sublancin damaged the morphology of . the in vivo study was conducted on broilers for a 28-d perio ... | 2015 | 26523568 |
| intestinal microbiota profiles of healthy pre-school and school-age children and effects of probiotic supplementation. | this study aims to establish the baseline profile of intestinal microbiota in pre-school and school-age japanese children and to investigate the effects of a probiotic on the microbiota. | 2015 | 26496372 |
| changes in microbial community during biohydrogen production using gamma irradiated sludge as inoculum. | the changes in microbial community structures during fermentative hydrogen production process were investigated by analyzing 16s rdna gene sequences using gamma irradiated sludge as inoculum. the experimental results showed that the microbial community structure of untreated sludge was very rich in diversity. after gamma irradiation, lots of species were inhibited, and species with high survival rates under radiation conditions became dominant. after fermentation, clostridium butyrium and a sequ ... | 2016 | 26492174 |
| massive pneumatosis without necrosis: a case report of clostridium perfringens sepsis in an extremely low birth weight infant. | pneumatosis intestinalis and free intraperitoneal air on abdominal radiographs are considered pathognomonic signs of necrotizing enterocolitis (nec). we report a unique case of late-onset fulminant sepsis due to clostridium perfringens presenting with shock, extensive pneumatosis intestinalis and free intraperitoneal air in an extremely low birth weight infant without histopathological evidence of bowel necrosis or nec. | 2015 | 26485548 |
| sensitive quantification of clostridium perfringens in human feces by quantitative real-time pcr targeting alpha-toxin and enterotoxin genes. | clostridium perfringens is a widespread pathogen, but the precise quantification of this subdominant gut microbe remains difficult due to its low fecal count (particularly in asymptomatic subjects) and also due to the presence of abundant polymerase-inhibitory substances in human feces. also, information on the intestinal carriage of toxigenic c. perfringens strains in healthy subjects is sparse. therefore, we developed a sensitive quantitative real-time pcr assays for quantification of c. perfr ... | 2015 | 26482797 |
| pathogen surveillance in wild bottlenose dolphins tursiops truncatus. | the number and prevalence of diseases is rapidly increasing in the marine ecosystem. although there is an increase in the number of marine diseases observed world-wide, current understanding of the pathogens associated with marine mammals is limited. an important need exists to develop and apply platforms for rapid detection and characterization of pathogenic agents to assess, prevent and respond to disease outbreaks. in this study, a broad-spectrum molecular detection technology capable of dete ... | 2015 | 26480911 |
| necrotic enteritis in chickens associated with clostridium sordellii. | three outbreaks of necrotic enteritis-like disease associated with clostridium sordelii were diagnosed in commercial broiler chicken flocks with 18,000 to 31,000 birds between 18 and 26 days old. clinical signs in the affected flocks included high mortality up to 2% a day, depression, and diarrhea. the main gross changes included segmental dilation of the small intestine with watery contents, gas, mucoid exudate, and roughened and uneven mucosa, occasionally covered with a pseudomembrane. micros ... | 2015 | 26478166 |
| effects of digestate on soil chemical and microbiological properties: a comparative study with compost and vermicompost. | anaerobic digestion has become increasingly popular as an alternative for recycling wastes from different origins. consequently, biogas residues, most of them with unknown chemical and biological composition, accrue in large quantities and their application into soil has become a widespread agricultural practise. the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of digestate application on the chemical and microbiological properties of an arable soil in comparison with untreated manure, compost ... | 2016 | 26476314 |
| clostridium perfringens infections - a diagnostic challenge. | | 2015 | 26475898 |
| clostridium perfringens liver abscess complicated by bacteremia. | | 2015 | 26465182 |
| binding of clostridium perfringens to collagen correlates with the ability to cause necrotic enteritis in chickens. | this study investigated the ability of clostridium perfringens isolates derived from chickens to bind to collagen types i-v and gelatin. in total 21 strains from three distinct backgrounds were studied: (i) virulent strains isolated from birds suffering from necrotic enteritis, (ii) avirulent strains isolated from birds suffering from necrotic enteritis and (iii) strains isolated from healthy birds. all strains isolated from diseased birds had been assessed for virulence in a disease induction m ... | 2015 | 26455806 |
| [toxins of clostridium perfringens as a natural and bioterroristic threats]. | clostridium perfringens is absolutely anaerobic rod-shaped, sporeforming bacterium. the morbidity is connected with producing toxins. depending on the type of toxin produced clostridium perfringens can be divided into five serotypes:a-e. under natural conditions, this bacterium is responsible for local outbreaks of food poisoning associated with eating contaminated food which which was improperly heat treated. some countries with lower economic level are endemic foci of necrotizing enteritis cau ... | 2015 | 26449576 |
| rationale design of quorum-quenching peptides that target the virsr system of clostridium perfringens. | in clostridium perfringens, a 5-membered thiolactone peptide acts as an autoinducing peptide (aipcp) to activate the virsr two-component signal transduction system, which in turn controls the expression of genes encoding multiple toxins, including α, θ and κ. to develop anti-pathogenic agents against virulent c. perfringens, quorum-quenching peptides were rationally designed based on the structure-activity relationship (sar) data on aipcp. alanine scanning study of aipcp suggested that trp(3) an ... | 2015 | 26443835 |
| clostridium perfringens type-d enterotoxaemia in cattle: the diagnostic significance of intestinal epsilon toxin. | the aims of this study were to describe 42 cases of clostridium perfringens type-d enterotoxaemia in cattle seen between 2003 and 2014 and to determine the diagnostic value of detecting epsilon toxin in bovine intestinal content. all cases in the series had histological brain changes considered pathognomonic for c. perfringens type-d enterotoxaemia in sheep and goats and the epsilon toxin of c. perfringens was concurrently detected in the intestinal contents of 15 (36 per cent) cases. the data f ... | 2015 | 26428898 |
| differences in major bacterial populations in the intestines of mature broilers after feeding virginiamycin or bacitracin methylene disalicylate. | the purpose of this study was to compare the effects of feeding virginiamycin or bacitracin methylene disalicylate (bmd), two in-feed antibiotics typically used by commercial poultry producers in the united states, on the chicken gastrointestinal microbiota. | 2015 | 26425940 |
| antibiotic sensitivity of clostridium perfringens isolated from faeces in tabriz, iran. | clostridium perfringens, a gram-positive, anaerobic bacterium that produces at least 16 virulence factors including 12 toxins (α-ν), enterotoxin, hemolysin and neuraminidase, can create variable pathogenic condition, ranging from a food poisoning to life-threatening myonecrosis. among c. perfringens strains, resistance to the drug choices such as penicillin as well as to alternatives of penicillin like metronidazole and clindamycin has also been observed. | 2015 | 26421135 |
| evaluation of a novel human igg1 anti-claudin3 antibody that specifically recognizes its aberrantly localized antigen in ovarian cancer cells and that is suitable for selective drug delivery. | membrane protein claudin3 has been recently suggested as a marker for biologically aggressive tumors and a possible target for the therapeutic delivery of active anti-cancer compounds. claudin3-binding molecules such as the clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe), cpe-related molecules, and murine and chimeric antibodies have shown promising antitumor efficacy in preclinical oncological settings. we first engineered a fully human anti-claudin3 igg1 antibody (iggh6) by fusing the human igg1 fc- ... | 2015 | 26416446 |
| dietary capsicum and curcuma longa oleoresins increase intestinal microbiome and necrotic enteritis in three commercial broiler breeds. | three commercial broiler breeds were fed from hatch with a diet supplemented with capsicum and curcuma longa oleoresins, and co-infected with eimeria maxima and clostridium perfringens to induce necrotic enteritis (ne). pyrotag deep sequencing of bacterial 16s rrna showed that gut microbiota compositions were quite distinct depending on the broiler breed type. in the absence of oleoresin diet, the number of operational taxonomic units (otus), was decreased in infected cobb, and increased in ross ... | 2015 | 26412535 |
| fumonisins affect the intestinal microbial homeostasis in broiler chickens, predisposing to necrotic enteritis. | fumonisins (fbs) are mycotoxins produced by fusarium fungi. this study aimed to investigate the effect of these feed contaminants on the intestinal morphology and microbiota composition, and to evaluate whether fbs predispose broilers to necrotic enteritis. one-day-old broiler chicks were divided into a group fed a control diet, and a group fed a fbs contaminated diet (18.6 mg fb1+fb2/kg feed). a significant increase in the plasma sphinganine/sphingosine ratio in the fbs-treated group (0.21 ± 0. ... | 2015 | 26394675 |