| risk factors for clostridium difficile diarrhea in patients with solid organ transplantation. | there is limited knowledge about specific risk factors for clostridium difficile infection (cdi). | 2016 | 27358344 |
| laboratory identification of anaerobic bacteria isolated on clostridium difficile selective medium. | despite increasing interest in the bacterium, the methodology for clostridium difficile recovery has not yet been standardized. cycloserine-cefoxitin fructose taurocholate (ccft) has historically been the most used medium for c. difficile isolation from human, animal, environmental, and food samples, and presumptive identification is usually based on colony morphologies. however, ccft is not totally selective. this study describes the recovery of 24 bacteria species belonging to 10 different gen ... | 2016 | 27352971 |
| deciphering adaptation strategies of the epidemic clostridium difficile 027 strain during infection through in vivo transcriptional analysis. | clostridium difficile is responsible for a wide spectrum of infection from asymptomatic carriage to severe, relapsing colitis. since 2003, c. difficile infections have increased with a higher morbidity and mortality due to the emergence of epidemic and hypervirulent c. difficile strains such as those of the epidemic lineage 027/bi/nap1. to decipher the hypervirulence and epidemicity of 027 strains, we analyzed gene expression profiles of the r20291 027 strain using a monoxenic mouse model during ... | 2016 | 27351947 |
| (1)h(n), (13)c, and (15)n resonance assignments of the cdtb-interacting domain (cdtabid) from the clostridium difficile binary toxin catalytic component (cdta, residues 1-221). | once considered a relatively harmless bacterium, clostridium difficile has become a major concern for healthcare facilities, now the most commonly reported hospital-acquired pathogen. c. difficile infection (cdi) is usually contracted when the normal gut microbiome is compromised by antibiotic therapy, allowing the opportunistic pathogen to grow and produce its toxins. the severity of infection ranges from watery diarrhea and abdominal cramping to pseudomembranous colitis, sepsis, or death. the ... | 2016 | 27351891 |
| clostridium difficile in food and animals: a comprehensive review. | zoonoses are infections or diseases that can be transmitted between animals and humans through direct contact, close proximity or the environment. clostridium difficile is ubiquitous in the environment, and the bacterium is able to colonise the intestinal tract of both animals and humans. since domestic and food animals frequently test positive for toxigenic c. difficile, even without showing any signs of disease, it seems plausible that c. difficile could be zoonotic. therefore, animals could p ... | 2016 | 27350639 |
| impact of antimicrobial stewardship on outcomes in hospitalized veterans with pneumonia. | the purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of an antimicrobial stewardship program (asp) on outcomes for inpatients with pneumonia, including length of stay, treatment duration, and 30-day readmission rates. | 2016 | 27349712 |
| vital signs: preventing antibiotic-resistant infections in hospitals - united states, 2014. | healthcare-associated antibiotic-resistant (ar) infections increase patient morbidity and mortality and might be impossible to successfully treat with any antibiotic. cdc assessed healthcare-associated infections (hai), including clostridium difficile infections (cdi), and the role of six ar bacteria of highest concern nationwide in several types of healthcare facilities. | 2016 | 27348802 |
| microbiota-regulated il-25 increases eosinophil number to provide protection during clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is the most common cause of hospital-acquired infection in the united states. host susceptibility and the severity of infection are influenced by disruption of the microbiota and the immune response. however, how the microbiota regulate immune responses to mediate cdi outcome remains unclear. here, we have investigated the role of the microbiota-linked cytokine il-25 during infection. intestinal il-25 was suppressed during cdi in humans and mice. restoration ... | 2016 | 27346351 |
| clinical characterization of clostridium difficile infection in elderly patients. | | 2016 | 27340722 |
| septins guide microtubule protrusions induced by actin-depolymerizing toxins like clostridium difficile transferase (cdt). | hypervirulent clostridium difficile strains, which are associated with increased morbidity and mortality, produce the actin-adp ribosylating toxin clostridium difficile transferase (cdt). cdt depolymerizes actin, causes formation of microtubule-based protrusions, and increases pathogen adherence. here, we show that septins (sept) are essential for cdt-induced protrusion formation. sept2, -6, -7, and -9 accumulate at predetermined protrusion sites and form collar-like structures at the base of pr ... | 2016 | 27339141 |
| clostridium difficile infection: an emerging cause of death in the twenty-first century. | enterocolitis due to clostridium difficile is major emerging cause of death in the u.s. between 1999 and 2012, c. diff. deaths rose by a staggering almost ten-fold amount, to 7,739 from 793. this article has three goals. first, we present a demographic description of c. diff. mortality in the u.s. since 1999. second, we test a hypothesis that the increase in c. diff. deaths is due to population aging. we find that the emergence of this cause of death follows a proportional hazard pattern above a ... | 2016 | 27337554 |
| clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile is an anaerobic, gram-positive, spore-forming, toxin-secreting bacillus that has long been recognized to be the most common etiologic pathogen of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. c. difficile infection (cdi) is now the most common cause of health care-associated infections in the united states and accounts for 12% of these infections (magill ss et al., n engl j med370:1198-1208, 2014). among emerging pathogens of public health importance in the united states, cdi has the hig ... | 2016 | 27337475 |
| novel clostridium difficile anti-toxin (tcda and tcdb) humanized monoclonal antibodies demonstrate in vitro neutralization across a broad spectrum of clinical strains and in vivo potency in a hamster spore challenge model. | clostridium difficile (c. difficile) infection (cdi) is the main cause of nosocomial antibiotic-associated colitis and increased incidence of community-associated diarrhea in industrialized countries. at present, the primary treatment of cdi is antibiotic administration, which is effective but often associated with recurrence, especially in the elderly. pathogenic strains produce enterotoxin, toxin a (tcda), and cytotoxin, toxin b (tcdb), which are necessary for c. difficile induced diarrhea and ... | 2016 | 27336843 |
| correlation between fecal calprotectin levels, disease severity and the hypervirulent ribotype 027 strain in patients with clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile is the most common infectious etiology of nosocomial diarrhea. fecal calprotectin (fc) is a sensitive marker of intestinal inflammation, found to be associated with enteric bacterial infections and inflammatory bowel disease. | 2016 | 27334992 |
| the signal sequence of the abundant extracellular metalloprotease ppep-1 can be used to secrete synthetic reporter proteins in clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile is an opportunistic pathogen and the main cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. adherence of c. difficile to host cells is modulated by proteins present on the bacterial cell surface or secreted into the environment. cleavage of collagen-binding proteins is mediated by the zinc metalloprotease ppep-1, which was identified as one of the most abundant secreted proteins of c. difficile. here, we exploit the ppep-1 signal sequence to produce novel secreted enzymes. we have c ... | 2016 | 27333161 |
| understanding the mechanisms of faecal microbiota transplantation. | this review summarizes mechanistic investigations in faecal microbiota transplantation (fmt), which has increasingly been adapted into clinical practice as treatment for clostridium difficile infection (cdi) that cannot be eliminated with antibiotics alone. administration of healthy donor faecal microbiota in this clinical situation results in its engraftment and restoration of normal gut microbial community structure and functionality. in this review, we consider several main mechanisms for fmt ... | 2016 | 27329806 |
| using multiplex molecular testing to determine the etiology of acute gastroenteritis in children. | to detect the etiologic agents of acute gastroenteritis (age) in children using broad molecular-based techniques, and compare clinical presentations among etiologies. | 2016 | 27329497 |
| role of the microbiome, probiotics, and 'dysbiosis therapy' in critical illness. | loss of 'health-promoting' microbes and overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria (dysbiosis) in icu is believed to contribute to nosocomial infections, sepsis, and organ failure (multiple organ dysfunction syndrome). this review discusses new understanding of icu dysbiosis, new data for probiotics and fecal transplantation in icu, and new data characterizing the icu microbiome. | 2016 | 27327243 |
| erratum for marín et al., clostridium difficile isolates with high linezolid mics harbor the multiresistance gene cfr. | | 2016 | 27325817 |
| antibiotic-associated diarrhoea in emergency department observation unit patients. | clostridium difficile diarrhoea is an urgent threat to patients, but little is known about the role of antibiotic administration that starts in emergency department observation units (edous). we studied risk factors for antibiotic-associated diarrhoea (aad) and c. difficile infection (cdi) in edou patients. this prospective cohort study enrolled adult patients discharged after edou antibiotic treatment between january 2013 and 2014. we obtained medical histories, edou treatment and occurrence of ... | 2016 | 27324463 |
| outcomes associated with observation stays versus inpatient admissions for pulmonary embolism. | changes in reimbursement policies have led to an increased use of observation stays in the united states (us). we sought to compare outcomes among pulmonary embolism (pe) patients managed through observation stays or inpatient admissions.the premier perspective comparative hospital database was used to identify patients with a primary international classification of diseases, ninth-edition diagnosis of pe (415.1×) from 11/2012-3/2015. patients were required to have claims for ≥1 diagnostic tests ... | 2016 | 27324143 |
| comparison of enzyme immunoassays and rapid diagnostic tests for clostridium difficile glutamate dehydrogenase and toxin a + b to toxinogenic culture on a highly selective chromogenic medium. | to compare clostridium. (c.) difficile toxin a/b and glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) enzyme immunoassays or rapid diagnostic tests to toxinogenic culture on recently described highly selective agar plates. five hundred consecutive samples sent in for c. difficile diagnostics were tested by toxin a/b enzyme immunoassay (eia) and rapid diagnostic test (rdt), gdh eia and rdt, and culture on chromid c. difficile plates for 48 hrs, with toxin testing from culture if the toxin eia from feces was negativ ... | 2016 | 27323765 |
| evaluation of the xtag gastrointestinal pathogen panel assay for the detection of enteric pathogens in kuwait. | to evaluate the utility of the luminex xtag gastrointestinal pathogen panel (gpp) assay in the detection of enteric pathogens from diarrheal stool samples in kuwait. | 2017 | 27322647 |
| the economic burden of hospital-acquired clostridium difficile infection: a population-based matched cohort study. | background high-quality cost estimates for hospital-acquired clostridium difficile infection (cdi) are vital evidence for healthcare policy and decision-making. objective to evaluate the costs attributable to hospital-acquired cdi from the healthcare payer perspective. methods we conducted a population-based propensity-score matched cohort study of incident hospitalized subjects diagnosed with cdi (those with the international statistical classification of diseases and related health problems, 1 ... | 2016 | 27322606 |
| clostridium difficile infection in patients hospitalized with type 2 diabetes mellitus and its impact on morbidity, mortality, and the costs of inpatient care. | type 2 diabetes mellitus (t2dm) is often complicated by infections leading to hospitalization, increased morbidity, and mortality. not much is known about the impact of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) on health outcomes in hospitalized patients with t2dm. we estimated the prevalence and temporal trends of cdi; evaluated the associations between cdi and in-hospital mortality, length of stay (los), and the costs of inpatient care; and compared the impact of cdi with that of other infections ... | 2016 | 27321318 |
| [changes in the epidemiology of clostridium difficile infection during 2005-2014 in salamanca, spain]. | to know the most relevant epidemiological features of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) between 2005- 2014 in the province of salamanca (spain). | 2016 | 27318459 |
| efficacy of oral vancomycin in preventing recurrent clostridium difficile infection in patients treated with systemic antimicrobial agents. | we compared rates of recurrent clostridium difficile infection in patients receiving or not receiving oral vancomycin prophylaxis with systemic antimicrobial therapy. the incidence of c. difficile infection was significantly lower in patients receiving prophylaxis (4.2% vs 26.6% in those without prophylaxis; odds ratio, 0.12; 95% confidence interval, .04-.4; p < .001). | 2016 | 27318333 |
| reduction of antibiotic resistance genes in intestinal microbiota of patients with recurrent clostridium difficile infection after fecal microbiota transplantation. | | 2016 | 27317794 |
| the cellular lipids of romboutsia. | we have examined the lipids of three isolates, romboutsia lituseburensis, romboutsia ilealis, and romboutsia sp. strain frifi, of the newly described genus romboutsia by two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography (2d-tlc) and by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (lc/ms). we have found three phospholipids, phosphatidylglycerol (pg), cardiolipin and phosphatidic acid in all three species. a fourth phospholipid, lysyl-pg, was found in r. lituseburensis and strain frifi. polyprenyl-phosphates w ... | 2016 | 27317428 |
| effects of high-pressure treatment on spores of clostridium species. | this work analyzes the high-pressure (hp) germination of spores of the food-borne pathogen clostridium perfringens (with inner membrane [im] germinant receptors [grs]) and the opportunistic pathogen clostridium difficile (with no im grs), which has growing implications as an emerging food safety threat. in contrast to those of spores of bacillus species, mechanisms of hp germination of clostridial spores have not been well studied. hp treatments trigger bacillus spore germination through spores' ... | 2016 | 27316969 |
| epidemiological and economic burden of clostridium difficile in the united states: estimates from a modeling approach. | despite a large increase in clostridium difficile infection (cdi) severity, morbidity and mortality in the us since the early 2000s, cdi burden estimates have had limited generalizability and comparability due to widely varying clinical settings, populations, or study designs. | 2016 | 27316794 |
| fecal microbiota transplantation via fluoroscopy-guided nasojejunal catheter placement: indications, technique, and the role of radiology. | clostridium difficile is a well-established cause of nosocomial gastrointestinal disease. although antibiotics remain an effective first-line treatment for c. difficile colitis (cdc), relapse and recurrence are common. fmt has emerged as one of the safest and most effective known therapies available for recurrent or refractory cdc, which is likely due to restoration of the protective microbiotic barrier of the gastrointestinal tract. fmt varies greatly across institutions by route of delivery, d ... | 2016 | 27315076 |
| clostridium difficile infections amongst patients with haematological malignancies: a data linkage study. | identify risk factors for clostridium difficile infection (cdi) and assess cdi outcomes among australian patients with a haematological malignancy. | 2016 | 27314498 |
| diagnosing clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea using enzyme immunoassay: the clinical significance of toxin negativity in glutamate dehydrogenase-positive patients. | the enzyme immunoassay (eia) has lower sensitivity for clostridium difficile toxins a and b than the polymerase chain reaction in the diagnosis of c. difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad). furthermore, toxin positivity with eia performed on c. difficile isolates from stool cultures may be observed even in patients with eia glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh)-positive and toxin-negative stool specimens. it is unclear whether such patients should be treated as having cdad. | 2016 | 27313472 |
| evolution of an audit and monitoring tool into an infection prevention and control process. | in 2010, an infection prevention and control team in an acute hospital trust integrated an audit and monitoring tool (amt) into the management regime for patients with clostridium difficile infection (cdi). | 2016 | 27313140 |
| role of binary toxin in the outcome of clostridium difficile infection in a non-027 ribotype setting - corrigendum. | | 2016 | 27312805 |
| comparison of the vidas c. difficile and quik chek-60 glutamate dehydrogenase assays for the detection of clostridium difficile in faecal samples. | | 2016 | 27311869 |
| a mlst clade 2 clostridium difficile strain with a variant tcdb induces severe inflammatory and oxidative response associated with mucosal disruption. | the epidemiology of clostridium difficile infections is highly dynamic as new strains continue to emerge worldwide. here we present a detailed analysis of a new c. difficile strain (icc-45) recovered from a cancer patient in brazil that died from severe diarrhea. a polyphasic approach assigned a new pcr-ribotype and pfge macrorestriction pattern to strain icc-45, which is toxigenic (tcda(+), tcdb(+) and ctdb(+)) and classified as st41 from mlst clade 2 and toxinotype ixb. strain icc-45 encodes f ... | 2016 | 27311833 |
| characteristics of the clostridium difficile cell envelope and its importance in therapeutics. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is a challenging threat to human health. infections occur after disruption of the normal microbiota, most commonly through the use of antibiotics. current treatment for cdi largely relies on the broad-spectrum antibiotics vancomycin and metronidazole that further disrupt the microbiota resulting in frequent recurrence, highlighting the need for c. difficile-specific antimicrobials. the cell surface of c. difficile represents a promising target for the develo ... | 2017 | 27311697 |
| evaluating the effectiveness of an antimicrobial stewardship program on reducing the incidence rate of healthcare-associated clostridium difficile infection: a non-randomized, stepped wedge, single-site, observational study. | the incidence rate of healthcare-associated clostridium difficile infection (ha-cdi) is estimated at 1 in 100 patients. antibiotic exposure is the most consistently reported risk factor for ha-cdi. strategies to reduce the risk of ha-cdi have focused on reducing antibiotic utilization. prospective audit and feedback is a commonly used antimicrobial stewardship intervention (asi). the impact of this asi on risk of ha-cdi is equivocal. this study examines the effectiveness of a prospective audit a ... | 2016 | 27309536 |
| immunoglobulin a vasculitis complicated with clostridium difficile infection: a rare case report and brief review of the literature. | immunoglobulin a (iga) vasculitis, formerly called henoch-schönlein purpura, is a leukocytoclastic type of vasculitis affecting small vessels with a deposition of immune iga complexes, clinically characterized by the classic tetrad of nonthrombocytopenic palpable purpura, arthralgia (or arthritis), and gastrointestinal and renal involvement. although the cause of the disease remains unknown, immune complexes of iga and unidentified antigens seem to play a central pathogenic role. the diagnosis i ... | 2016 | 27308656 |
| [infection control and safety culture in german hospitals]. | healthcare-associated infections (hai) are the most frequent adverse events in the healthcare setting and their prevention is an important contribution to patient safety in hospitals. | 2016 | 27306879 |
| chlorhexidine bathing effects on health-care-associated infections. | health-care-associated infections (hais), infections that patients contract during the course of their hospitalization, are receiving a growing amount of attention. heavy skin bacterial colonization aids in the transmission and development of hais. nurses frequently use bathing with chlorhexidine gluconate (chg) to reduce patients' cutaneous microbial burden. this intervention has been shown to have promising but mixed results in the prevention of hais. | 2017 | 27306279 |
| incidence and outcome of clostridium difficile infection in hospitalized patients with inflammatory bowel disease in the uk. | previous studies have reported that clostridium difficile infection [cdi] is more common, and has a worse outcome, in patients with inflammatory bowel disease [ibd] than in those without. we have now reassessed the incidence and outcome of cdi in in-patients with and without ibd, and the outcomes of admissions for ibd patients with and without cdi. | 2017 | 27302972 |
| mucoadhesive microparticles for local treatment of gastrointestinal diseases. | mucoadhesive microparticles formulated in a capsule and delivered to the gastrointestinal tract might be useful for local drug delivery. however, swelling and agglomeration of hydrophilic polymers in the gastrointestinal milieu can have a negative influence on particle retention of mucoadhesive microparticles. in this work, we investigated the impact of dry-coating with nano-sized hydrophilic fumed silica on dispersibility and particle retention of mucoadhesive microparticles. as a model for loc ... | 2016 | 27302556 |
| prevention program for clostridium difficile infection: a single-centre serbian experience. | clostridium difficile (c. difficile) diarrhea is a common, iatrogenic, nosocomial disease with a worldwide diffusion. recent studies reported that the incidence of c. difficile infection (cdi) is rising, due to aging of the population and to greater prevalence of hypervirulent strains. we investigated whether the application of a prevention program lead to a decline in the incidence of intrahospital cdi. | 2016 | 27302331 |
| safety of high-dose doripenem in adult patients with cystic fibrosis. | high doses of β-lactam antibiotics have been advocated for acute pulmonary exacerbations caused by pseudomonas aeruginosa in patients with cystic fibrosis (cf) secondary to high minimum inhibitory concentrations (mic) of the infecting organisms. some β-lactam antibiotics have increased elimination in cf patients. this case series examines the safety of high-dose doripenem (hdd), 2 g intravenously every 8 hours, which is 4 times the labeled dose, in cf patients. | 2016 | 27298719 |
| inflammatory bowel disease: a descriptive study of 716 local chilean patients. | to demographically and clinically characterize inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) from the local registry and update data previously published by our group. | 2016 | 27298570 |
| maldi-tof ms is more accurate than vitek ii anc card and api rapid id 32 a system for the identification of clostridium species. | all 50 clostridium difficile strains were definitely identified by vitek2 system, rapid id 32a system, and maldi-tof. for 18 non-difficile clostridium strains, the identification results were correct in 0, 2, and 17 strains by vitek2, rapid id 32a, and maldi-tof, respectively. maldi-tof could be used as the primary tool for identification of clostridium species. | 2016 | 27296834 |
| pleural empyema caused by salmonella enteritidis in a patient with non-hodgkin lymphoma. | extraintestinal manifestations of nontyphoidal salmonellosis are usually seen in patients with cellular immunodeficiency. pleural empyema caused by nontyphoidal salmonella is very rare clinical presentation of salmonellosis and there are just a few cases described in a literature. we presented a very rare case of pleural empyema caused by salmonella enteritidis in a patient with non-hodgkin limphoma. | 2016 | 27295915 |
| development and validation of a risk score for clostridium difficile infection in medicare beneficiaries: a population-based cohort study. | to create a risk stratification score for clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in elderly adults. | 2016 | 27295521 |
| zoonotic potential of the clostridium difficile rt078 family in taiwan. | clostridium difficile is the major cause of nosocomial diarrhea. we have previously demonstrated that in southern taiwan, severe c. difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) cases were due to the c. difficile rt 126 strain infection, indicating the arrival of an epidemic c. difficile clone in southern taiwan. rt126 has a close genetic relationship with rt078. however, the rt078 family is the predominant strain of c. difficile in animals worldwide, particularly in swine. in this study, we surveyed c. ... | 2016 | 27292030 |
| clostridium difficile in libya: a neglected pathogen? | | 2017 | 27290694 |
| long-term microbiota and virome in a zürich patient after fecal transplantation against clostridium difficile infection. | fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) is an emerging therapeutic option for clostridium difficile infections that are refractory to conventional treatment. fmt introduces fecal microbes into the patient's intestine that prevent the recurrence of c. difficile, leading to rapid expansion of bacteria characteristic of healthy microbiota. however, the long-term effects of fmt remain largely unknown. the c. difficile patient described in this paper revealed protracted microbiota adaptation processes ... | 2016 | 27286042 |
| clostridium difficile ribotype 033 colitis in a patient following broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment for kpcproducing klebsiella pneumoniae infection, italy. | this report describes a case of clostridium difficile ribotype 033 colitis in a patient treated with multiple antibiotics for kpc-producing klebsiella pneumoniae pancreatitis. diagnostic, clinical and therapeutic features are discussed. to the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of c. difficile ribotype 033 clinical infection reported from italy. | 2016 | 27284989 |
| tolerability and pharmacokinetics of syn-004, an orally administered β-lactamase for the prevention of clostridium difficile-associated disease and antibiotic-associated diarrhea, in two phase 1 studies. | syn-004 is an orally administered β-lactamase enzyme, designed to be given concurrently with certain intravenous β-lactam antibiotics like cephalosporins. syn-004 is intended to degrade residual antibiotics excreted into the intestine as a result of hepatobiliary excretion and to prevent the disruption of the gut microbiome by these excess antibiotics. preserving the gut microbiome is expected to prevent secondary infections by pathogens like clostridium difficile and protect against other antib ... | 2016 | 27283946 |
| ridinilazole: a novel therapy for clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is the leading cause of infectious healthcare-associated diarrhoea. recurrent cdi increases disease morbidity and mortality, posing a high burden to patients and a growing economic burden to the healthcare system. thus, there exists a significant unmet and increasing medical need for new therapies for cdi. this review aims to provide a concise summary of cdi in general and a specific update on ridinilazole (formerly smt19969), a novel antibacterial currently ... | 2016 | 27283730 |
| procalcitonin-guided antibiotic treatment in critically ill patients. | in critically ill patients, length of antibiotic treatment can be effectively guided by procalcitonin (pct) protocols. international sepsis guidelines and guidelines on antibiotic stewardship strategies recommend pct as helpful laboratory marker for a rational use of antibiotics. a number of studies and meta-analyses have confirmed the effectiveness of pct-protocols for shortening antibiotic treatment without compromising clinical outcome in critically ill patients. but in clinical practice, the ... | 2017 | 27283067 |
| evaluation of the vidas glutamate dehydrogenase assay for the detection of clostridium difficile. | we evaluated the performance of the vidas gdh assay for the detection of clostridium difficile. in total, 350 fecal specimens collected from patients clinically suspected of having cdi were analyzed by c. difficile culture and enzyme-linked fluorescent immunoassay (vidas gdh); the results were compared with those of toxigenic c. difficile culture (tc), pcr (xpert c. difficile assay), and toxin ab eia (vidas cdab). the numbers of culture-positive and culture-negative samples were 108 and 242, res ... | 2016 | 27282799 |
| clostridium difficile infection in a french university hospital: eight years of prospective surveillance study. | the epidemiology of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) has changed with an increase in incidence and severity. prospective surveillance was therefore implemented in a french university hospital to monitor the characteristics of patients at risk and to recognize local trends. between 2007 and 2014, all hospitalized patients (≥18 years) with cdi were included. during the survey, the mean incidence rate of cdi was 2.9 per 10,000 hospital-days. in all, 590 patients were included. most of the epis ... | 2016 | 27281101 |
| amelioration of clostridium difficile infection in mice by dietary supplementation with indole-3-carbinol. | to determine the therapeutic effects of dietary supplementation on clostridium difficile infection (cdi). | 2016 | 27280500 |
| low frequency of asymptomatic carriage of toxigenic clostridium difficile in an acute care geriatric hospital: prospective cohort study in switzerland. | the role of asymptomatic carriers of toxigenic clostridium difficile (tcd) in nosocomial cross-transmission remains debatable. moreover, its relevance in the elderly has been sparsely studied. | 2016 | 27280019 |
| universality of human microbial dynamics. | human-associated microbial communities have a crucial role in determining our health and well-being, and this has led to the continuing development of microbiome-based therapies such as faecal microbiota transplantation. these microbial communities are very complex, dynamic and highly personalized ecosystems, exhibiting a high degree of inter-individual variability in both species assemblages and abundance profiles. it is not known whether the underlying ecological dynamics of these communities, ... | 2016 | 27279224 |
| lectin binding studies on a glycopolymer brush flow-through biosensor by localized surface plasmon resonance. | a localized surface plasmon resonance biosensor in a flow-through configuration was applied for investigating kinetics of lectin binding to surface-grafted glycopolymer brushes. polycarbonate filter membranes with pore sizes of 400 nm were coated with a 114-nm thick gold layer and used as substrate for surface-initiated atom-transfer radical polymerization of a glycomonomer. these grafted from glycopolymer brushes were further modified with two subsequent enzymatic reactions on the surface to yi ... | 2016 | 27277814 |
| crispr/cas9-based efficient genome editing in clostridium ljungdahlii, an autotrophic gas-fermenting bacterium. | acetogenic bacteria have the potential to convert single carbon gases (co and co2) into a range of bulk chemicals and fuels. realization of their full potential is being impeded by the absence of effective genetic tools for high throughput genome modification. here we report the development of a highly efficient crispr/cas9 system for rapid genome editing of clostridium ljungdahlii, a paradigm for the commercial production of ethanol from synthesis gas. following the experimental selection of tw ... | 2016 | 27276212 |
| glucosylation drives the innate inflammatory response to clostridium difficile toxin a. | clostridium difficile is a major, life-threatening hospital-acquired pathogen that causes mild to severe colitis in infected individuals. the tissue destruction and inflammation which characterize c. difficile infection (cdi) are primarily due to the rho-glucosylating toxins a and b. these toxins cause epithelial cell death and induce robust inflammatory signaling by activating the transcription factor nf-κb, leading to chemokine and cytokine secretion. the toxins also activate the inflammasome ... | 2016 | 27271747 |
| [prevention of catheter-associated urinary tract infections]. | with a share of 22.4%, nosocomial urinary tract infections (nutis) are among the most frequent infections acquired in hospitals, along with surgical site infections (24.7%), pneumonia (21.5%), clostridium difficile infections (6.6%) and primary sepsis (6%) 1. 80% of all nutis are associated with indwelling urinary catheters, with 12-16% of all hospitalised patients and up to 81.8% of all intensive care patients receiving an indwelling urinary catheter during their hospital stay 2 3. therefore, p ... | 2016 | 27271450 |
| differences in the molecular epidemiology and antibiotic susceptibility of clostridium difficile isolates in pediatric and adult patients. | the rising incidence of clostridium difficile infections (cdis) in adults is partly related to the global spread of fluoroquinolone-resistant strains, namely, bi/nap1/027. although cdis are also increasingly diagnosed in children, bi/nap1/027 is relatively uncommon in children. little is known about the antibiotic susceptibility of pediatric cdi isolates. c. difficile was cultured from tcdb-positive stools collected from children diagnosed with cdi between december 2012 and december 2013 at an a ... | 2016 | 27270275 |
| prevention of clostridium difficile infection: a systematic survey of clinical practice guidelines. | background clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is the most common cause of hospital-acquired infectious diarrhea. objective to analyze the methodological quality, content, and supporting evidence among clinical practice guidelines (cpgs) on cdi prevention. design and setting we searched medical databases and gray literature for cpgs on cdi prevention published january 2004-january 2015. three reviewers independently screened articles and rated cpg quality using the appraisal of guidelines for ... | 2016 | 27267201 |
| characteristics and demographic distributions of toxigenic clostridium difficile strains in rajavithi hospital, 2009-2015. | in recent years, toxigenic clostridium difficile infection (cdi) has been the cause of c. difficile-associated diseases (cdad), resulting in increasing hospitalization, community infection outbreak and mortality all over the world. | 2016 | 27266236 |
| clostridium difficile infections in children: impact of the diagnostic method on infection rates. | background polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assays based on the detection of the toxin b gene are replacing enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa)-based toxin production detection or cell cytotoxicity assay in most laboratories. objective to determine the proportion of pediatric patients diagnosed with clostridium difficile infection by pcr who would have also been diagnosed by elisa and to compare the clinical characteristics of pcr+/elisa+ vs pcr+/elisa- patients. methods using the microbiol ... | 2016 | 27263967 |
| mdsine: microbial dynamical systems inference engine for microbiome time-series analyses. | predicting dynamics of host-microbial ecosystems is crucial for the rational design of bacteriotherapies. we present mdsine, a suite of algorithms for inferring dynamical systems models from microbiome time-series data and predicting temporal behaviors. using simulated data, we demonstrate that mdsine significantly outperforms the existing inference method. we then show mdsine's utility on two new gnotobiotic mice datasets, investigating infection with clostridium difficile and an immune-modulat ... | 2016 | 27259475 |
| isolation of c. difficile carriers alone and as part of a bundle approach for the prevention of clostridium difficile infection (cdi): a mathematical model based on clinical study data. | clostridium difficile infection is the most common hospital-acquired infection. besides infected patients, carriers have emerged as a key player in c. difficile epidemiology. in this study, we evaluated the impact of identifying and isolating carriers upon hospital admission on the incidence of cdi incidence and hospital-acquired c. difficile colonization, as a single policy and as part of bundle approaches. we simulated c. difficile transmission using a stochastic mathematical approach, conside ... | 2016 | 27258068 |
| antibiotic prophylaxis for subdural and subgaleal drains. | objective the authors sought to determine the effects of eliminating the use of prolonged prophylactic systemic antibiotics (ppsas) in patients with subdural and subgaleal drains. methods using a retrospective database, the authors collected data for patients over the age of 17 years who had undergone cranial surgery at their institution between december 2013 and july 2014 (ppsas period) or between december 2014 and july 2015 (non-ppsas period) and had subdural or subgaleal drains left in place ... | 2017 | 27257843 |
| 'no touch' technologies for environmental decontamination: focus on ultraviolet devices and hydrogen peroxide systems. | this article reviews 'no touch' methods for disinfection of the contaminated surface environment of hospitalized patients' rooms. the focus is on studies that assessed the effectiveness of ultraviolet (uv) light devices, hydrogen peroxide systems, and self-disinfecting surfaces to reduce healthcare-associated infections (hais). | 2016 | 27257798 |
| severe complicated clostridium difficile infection: can the upmc proposed scoring system predict the need for surgery? | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is one of the most common health care-associated infections, and it continues to have significant morbidity and mortality. the onset of fulminant colitis often requires total abdominal colectomy with ileostomy, which has a mortality rate of 35% to 57%. university of pittsburgh medical center (upmc) developed a scoring system for severity and recommended surgical consultation for severe complicated disease. the aim of this study was to evaluate if the upmc-pr ... | 2016 | 27257702 |
| the efficacy of thuricin cd, tigecycline, vancomycin, teicoplanin, rifampicin and nitazoxanide, independently and in paired combinations against clostridium difficile biofilms and planktonic cells. | thuricin cd is a two-component antimicrobial, belonging to the recently designated sactibiotic subclass of bacteriocins. the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of thuricin cd, as well as the antibiotics, tigecycline, vancomycin, teicoplanin, rifampicin and nitazoxanide when used independently and when combined at low concentrations on the viability of clostridium difficile 20291 r027, tl178 r002, liv022 r106, dpc6350 and vpi10463 biofilms and planktonic cells. | 2016 | 27257437 |
| estimated hospital costs associated with preventable health care-associated infections if health care antiseptic products were unavailable. | health care-associated infections (hais) pose a significant health care and cost burden. this study estimates annual hai hospital costs in the us avoided through use of health care antiseptics (health care personnel hand washes and rubs; surgical hand scrubs and rubs; patient preoperative and preinjection skin preparations). | 2016 | 27257390 |
| management of candidemia in patients with clostridium difficile infection. | patients with c. difficile infection (cdi) experience intestinal microflora changes that can promote the overgrowth and subsequent translocation of gut resident pathogens into the blood. consistently, cdi due to pcr-ribotype 027 strain, severe or relapsing cdi, and treatment with high-dosage vancomycin are independent risk factors for candidemia. | 2016 | 27254270 |
| bacterial and fungal microbiota changes distinguish c. difficile infection from other forms of diarrhea: results of a prospective inpatient study. | this study sought to characterize the bacterial and fungal microbiota changes associated with clostridium difficile infection (cdi) among inpatients with diarrhea, in order to further explain the pathogenesis of this infection as well as to potentially guide new cdi therapies. twenty-four inpatients with diarrhea were enrolled, 12 of whom had cdi. each patient underwent stool testing for cdi prior to being treated with difficile-directed antibiotics, when appropriate. clinical data was obtained ... | 2016 | 27252696 |
| best practices in caring for patients infected with clostridium difficile. | | 2016 | 27252104 |
| rising vancomycin-resistant enterococcus infections in hospitalized children in the united states. | vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (vre) is an emerging drug-resistant organism responsible for increasing numbers of nosocomial infections in adults. few data are available on the epidemiology and impact of vre infections in children. we hypothesized a significant increase in vre infections among hospitalized children. additionally, we predicted that vre infection would be associated with certain comorbid conditions and increased duration and cost of hospitalization. | 2016 | 27250774 |
| blastocystis sp. infection mimicking clostridium difficile colitis. | we report an unusual case of severe diarrhea related to blastocystis sp. infection in a patient with end stage renal disease on hemodialysis. the patient was admitted due to profuse diarrhea associated with fever and leukocytosis. pertinent stool work-up such as leukocytes in stool, stool culture, clostridium difficile toxin b pcr, and serology for hepatitis a, hepatitis b, and hepatitis c and cytomegalovirus screening were all negative. ova and parasite stool examination revealed blastocystis s ... | 2016 | 27247810 |
| high morbidity and mortality of clostridium difficile infection and its associations with ribotype 002 in hong kong. | we aim to study the disease burden, risk factors and severity of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in hong kong. | 2016 | 27246801 |
| [antibiotic treatment of clostridial colitis]. | the advantages and disadvantages of various antibiotics used in the treatment of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) are compared with respect to their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. recommendations are made for their optimal use in clinical practice. metronidazole is suitable for the treatment of mild forms of cdi which are essentially self-limiting. vancomycin kills clostridia reliably but the treatment is encumbered with considerable risk of recurrence. this can be decrease ... | 2016 | 27246640 |
| cody-dependent regulation of sporulation in clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile must form a spore to survive outside the gastrointestinal tract. the factors that trigger sporulation in c. difficile remain poorly understood. previous studies have suggested that a link exists between nutritional status and sporulation initiation in c. difficile in this study, we investigated the impact of the global nutritional regulator cody on sporulation in c. difficile strains from the historical 012 ribotype and the current epidemic 027 ribotype. sporulation frequen ... | 2016 | 27246573 |
| [rational use of antibiotics]. | international and national campaigns draw attention worldwide to the rational use of the available antibiotics. this has been stimulated by the high prevalence rates of drug-resistant pathogens, such as methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) and vancomycin-resistant enterococci (vre), a threatening spread of development of resistance in gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria and the selection of clostridium difficile with a simultaneous clear reduction in the development of new antibiotic ... | 2016 | 27246321 |
| rifaximin improves clostridium difficile toxin a-induced toxicity in caco-2 cells by the pxr-dependent tlr4/myd88/nf-κb pathway. | clostridium difficile infections (cdis) caused by clostridium difficile toxin a (tcda) lead to severe ulceration, inflammation and bleeding of the colon, and are difficult to treat. | 2016 | 27242527 |
| bile acid sensitivity and in vivo virulence of clinical clostridium difficile isolates. | clostridium difficile is an anaerobic bacterium that causes diarrheal illnesses. disease onset is linked with exposure to oral antibiotics and consequent depletion of secondary bile acids. here we investigate the relationship between in vitro secondary bile acid tolerance and in vivo disease scores of diverse c. difficile strains in mice. | 2016 | 27241781 |
| antibiotic-induced alterations of the gut microbiota alter secondary bile acid production and allow for clostridium difficile spore germination and outgrowth in the large intestine. | it is hypothesized that the depletion of microbial members responsible for converting primary bile acids into secondary bile acids reduces resistance to clostridium difficile colonization. to date, inhibition of c. difficile growth by secondary bile acids has only been shown in vitro. using targeted bile acid metabolomics, we sought to define the physiologically relevant concentrations of primary and secondary bile acids present in the murine small and large intestinal tracts and how these impac ... | 2017 | 27239562 |
| faecal microbiota transplantation: applications and limitations in treating gastrointestinal disorders. | the process of stool transfer from healthy donors to the sick, known as faecal microbiota transplantation (fmt), has an ancient history. however, only recently researchers started investigating its applications in an evidence-based manner. current knowledge of the microbiome, the concept of dysbiosis and results of preliminary research suggest that there is an association between gastrointestinal bacterial disruption and certain disorders. researchers have studied the effects of fmt on various g ... | 2016 | 27239328 |
| clostridium difficile infection: early history, diagnosis and molecular strain typing methods. | recognised as the leading cause of nosocomial antibiotic-associated diarrhoea, the incidence of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) remains high despite efforts to improve prevention and reduce the spread of the bacterium in healthcare settings. in the last decade, many studies have focused on the epidemiology and rapid diagnosis of cdi. in addition, different typing methods have been developed for epidemiological studies. this review explores the history of c. difficile and the current scope ... | 2016 | 27238460 |
| nitroimidazole carboxamides as antiparasitic agents targeting giardia lamblia, entamoeba histolytica and trichomonas vaginalis. | diarrhoeal diseases caused by the intestinal parasites giardia lamblia and entamoeba histolytica constitute a major global health burden. nitroimidazoles are first-line drugs for the treatment of giardiasis and amebiasis, with metronidazole 1 being the most commonly used drug worldwide. however, treatment failures in giardiasis occur in up to 20% of cases and development of resistance to metronidazole is of concern. we have re-examined 'old' nitroimidazoles as a foundation for the systematic dev ... | 2016 | 27236016 |
| high fecal iga is associated with reduced clostridium difficile colonization in infants. | colonization of infants with clostridium difficile is on the rise. although better tolerated by infants than adults, it is a risk factor for future allergic disease. the present study describes associations between infant fecal immunoglobulin a (iga) and colonization with c. difficile in 47 infants enrolled in the canadian healthy infant longitudinal development (child) study. c. difficile colonization was observed in over half (53%) of the infants. median iga was lower in infants colonized with ... | 2016 | 27235197 |
| effect of prolonged diarrhea in renal transplant recipients at a single center in taiwan. | post-renal transplantation diarrhea is a common complication; however, it is easily ignored. this study aimed to determine the factors influencing graft function for renal transplant recipients with diarrhea. | 2016 | 27234755 |
| misuse of antibiotics reserved for hospital settings in outpatients: a prospective clinical audit in a university hospital in southern france. | some antibiotics are reserved essentially for hospital settings owing to cost effectiveness and in order to fight the emerging antibiotic resistance crisis. in some cases, antibiotics reserved exclusively for use in hospitals may be prescribed in outpatients for serious infections or in the absence of a therapeutic alternative. a 30-day prospective audit of outpatient prescriptions of antibiotics reserved exclusively for use in hospitals was performed. the objective of this study was to evaluate ... | 2016 | 27234677 |
| a roadmap for gene system development in clostridium. | clostridium species are both heroes and villains. some cause serious human and animal diseases, those present in the gut microbiota generally contribute to health and wellbeing, while others represent useful industrial chassis for the production of chemicals and fuels. to understand, counter or exploit, there is a fundamental requirement for effective systems that may be used for directed or random genome modifications. we have formulated a simple roadmap whereby the necessary gene systems maybe ... | 2016 | 27234263 |
| fecal microbiota transplantation for severe clostridium difficile infection after left ventricular assist device implantation: a case control study and concise review on the local and regional therapies. | we report herein a case of fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) used for severe clostridium difficile infection for a 65-year-old lebanese man who underwent left ventricular assist device implantation. to the best of our knowledge this is the first case report from lebanon and the region presenting such technique. | 2016 | 27233894 |
| production and characterization of chemically inactivated genetically engineered clostridium difficile toxoids. | a recombinant clostridium difficile expression system was used to produce genetically engineered toxoids a and b as immunogens for a prophylactic vaccine against c. difficile-associated disease. although all known enzymatic activities responsible for cytotoxicity were genetically abrogated, the toxoids exhibited residual cytotoxic activity as measured in an in vitro cell-based cytotoxicity assay. the residual cytotoxicity was eliminated by treating the toxoids with 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminoprop ... | 2016 | 27233688 |
| reduction in post-operative acute kidney injury following a change in antibiotic prophylaxis policy for orthopaedic surgery: an observational study. | evidence has shown that a prophylactic antibiotic regimen of flucloxacillin and gentamicin for orthopaedic surgery was associated with increased rates of post-operative acute kidney injury (aki). this resulted in changes in the national antibiotic policy recommendation for orthopaedic surgical prophylaxis. this study aimed to assess whether this change from flucloxacillin and gentamicin to co-amoxiclav was associated with changes in the rates of aki and clostridium difficile infection (cdi). | 2016 | 27231276 |