| plasmodium yoelii yoelii 17xnl constitutively expressing gfp throughout the life cycle. | plasmodium yoelii is a rodent parasite commonly used as a model to study malaria infection. it is the preferred model parasite for liver-stage immunological studies and is also widely used to study hepatocyte, erythrocyte and mosquito infection. we have generated a p. yoelii yoelii 17xnl line that is stably transfected with the green fluorescent protein (gfp) gene. this parasite line constitutively expresses high levels of gfp during the complete parasite life cycle including liver, blood and mo ... | 2007 | 17049517 |
| efficacy of agnique mmf monomolecular surface film against anopheles stephensi breeding in urban habitats in india. | efficacy of agnique mmf, a monomolecular film formulation, was tested against immatures of anopheles stephensi, an urban malaria vector in india, in simulated and natural habitats. simulated field trials carried out in cement tanks showed 100% inhibition of adult emergence for up to 1 wk at 0.4 ml/m2 and up to 3 wk at 1 ml/m2. a small-scale field trial in tanks and wells at 1 and 2 ml/m2 produced more than 75% reduction of late instars and 100% reduction of pupae on day 1. the reduction in pupae ... | 2006 | 17067041 |
| plasmodium yoelii: the effect of second blood meal and anti-sporozoite antibodies on development and gene expression in the mosquito vector, anopheles stephensi. | the sporogonic development of the malaria parasite takes place in the mosquito and a wide range of factors modulates it. among those, the contents of the blood meal can influence the parasite development directly or indirectly through the mosquito response to the infection. we have studied the effect of a second blood meal in previously infected mosquitoes and the effect of anti-sporozoite immune serum on parasite development and mosquito response to the infection. the prevalence and intensity o ... | 2007 | 17083935 |
| simultaneous host and parasite expression profiling identifies tissue-specific transcriptional programs associated with susceptibility or resistance to experimental cerebral malaria. | the development and outcome of cerebral malaria (cm) reflects a complex interplay between parasite-expressed virulence factors and host response to infection. the murine cm model, plasmodium berghei anka (pba), which simulates many of the features of human cm, provides an excellent system to study this host/parasite interface. we designed "combination" microarrays that concurrently detect genome-wide transcripts of both pba and mouse, and examined parasite and host transcriptional programs durin ... | 2006 | 17118208 |
| survival of immature anopheles arabiensis (diptera: culicidae) in aquatic habitats in mwea rice irrigation scheme, central kenya. | the survivorship and distribution of anopheles arabiensis larvae and pupae was examined in a rice agro-ecosystem in mwea irrigation scheme, central kenya, from august 2005 to april 2006, prior to implementation of larval control programme. | 2006 | 17125501 |
| high levels of human chitotriosidase hinder the formation of peritrophic membrane in anopheline vectors. | in the anopheles midgut, plasmodium falciparum produces a specific chitinase able to penetrate the blood meal surrounding the chitin-containing peritrophic membrane (pm). high levels of an analogous chitinase, chitotriosidase (chit), may be found in human blood, being the markers of macrophage activation. to verify the hypothesis that chit present in malaria patient blood could help parasite to overcome pm, we carried out a bioassay by feeding anopheles stephensi females on an artificial apparat ... | 2007 | 17136386 |
| malaria parasite growth is stimulated by mosquito probing. | the ability of malaria parasites to respond positively to the presence of feeding mosquito vectors would clearly be advantageous to transmission. in this study, anopheles stephensi mosquitoes probed mice infected with the rodent malaria parasite, plasmodium chabaudi. growth of asexual stages was accelerated and gametocytes appeared 1-2 days earlier than in controls. this first study, to our knowledge, of the effects of mosquitoes on 'in-host' growth and development of plasmodium has profound imp ... | 2005 | 17148162 |
| nitric oxide metabolites induced in anopheles stephensi control malaria parasite infection. | malaria parasite infection in anopheline mosquitoes is limited by inflammatory levels of nitric oxide metabolites. to assess the mechanisms of parasite stasis or toxicity, we investigated the biochemistry of these metabolites within the blood-filled mosquito midgut. our data indicate that nitrates, but not nitrites, are elevated in the plasmodium-infected midgut. although levels of s-nitrosothiols do not change with infection, blood proteins are s-nitrosylated after ingestion by the mosquito. in ... | 2007 | 17157200 |
| the insulin signaling cascade from nematodes to mammals: insights into innate immunity of anopheles mosquitoes to malaria parasite infection. | as revealed over the past 20 years, the insulin signaling cascade plays a central role in regulating immune and oxidative stress responses that affect the life spans of mammals and two model invertebrates, the nematode caenorhabitis elegans and the fruit fly drosophila melanogaster. in mosquitoes, insulin signaling regulates key steps in egg maturation and immunity and likely affects aging, although the latter has yet to be examined in detail. reproduction, immunity and aging critically influenc ... | 2007 | 17161866 |
| identification, sequence analysis, and comparative study on gste2 insecticide resistance gene in three main world malaria vectors: anopheles stephensi, anopheles culicifacies, and anopheles fluviatilis. | glutathione s-transferases (gsts) are soluble dimeric proteins that are involved in the metabolism, detoxification, and excretion of a large number of endogenous and exogenous compounds such as insecticides from the cell. in the current study, field specimens of anopheles stephensi liston, anopheles fluviatilis james, and anopheles culicifacies giles collected from sistan and baluchistan province in iran and subjected to world health organization susceptibility test. only an. stephensi was resis ... | 2006 | 17162949 |
| development of lymphatic filarial parasite wuchereria bancrofti (spirurida: onchocercidae) in mosquito species (diptera: culicidae) fed artificially on microfilaremic blood. | the efficiency of laboratory colonies of mosquitoes such as anopheles stephensi liston, aedes aegypti (l.) liverpool strain, ae. aegypti wild type, aedes albopictus (skuse), culex tritaeniorhynchus giles, culex sitiens wiedemann, and armigeres subalbatus coquillett in supporting the development of wuchereria bancrofti (cobbold) (spirurida: onchocercidae) microfilariae to infective larvae was investigated. the mosquitoes were fed on heparinized microfilaremic human blood by using a membrane-feedi ... | 2006 | 17162957 |
| biting deterrent activity of a deet analog, two depa analogs, and ss220 applied topically to human volunteers compared with deet against three species of blood-feeding flies. | an earlier in vitro screening of n,n-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (deet) and n,n-diethylphenylacetamide (depa) analogs showed that two depa analogs, n,n-diethyl(3-bromophenyl) acetamide and n,n-diethyl[(alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluoro-m-tolyl)]acetamide, and one deet analog, n,n,diethyl[3-(trifluoromethyl)]benzamide, had biting-deterrent activities that were superior to deet against aedes aegypti (l.) and anopheles stephensi liston. in the current study, the three analogs and (1s,2's)-methylpiperidinyl ... | 2006 | 17162960 |
| re-ingestion of plasmodium berghei sporozoites after delivery into the host by mosquitoes. | malaria-infected mosquitoes feeding on a mammalian host inject sporozoites into the skin to induce a malaria infection. the numbers of sporozoites ultimately able to reach the liver may be important determinants of the characteristics of the ensuing blood infection. because feeding mosquitoes not only inject sporozoites into the host but concomitantly ingest blood to obtain their bloodmeal, some sporozoites are re-ingested by the feeding mosquito. we studied transmission of fluorescent plasmodiu ... | 2006 | 17172393 |
| spatial epidemiology of plasmodium vivax, afghanistan. | plasmodium vivax is endemic to many areas of afghanistan. geographic analysis helped highlight areas of malaria risk and clarified ecologic risk factors for transmission. remote sensing enabled development of a risk map, thereby providing a valuable tool to help guide malaria control strategies. | 2006 | 17176583 |
| imp pcr primers detect single nucleotide polymorphisms for anopheles gambiae species identification, mopti and savanna rdna types, and resistance to dieldrin in anopheles arabiensis. | polymerase chain reactions to distinguish single-nucleotide polymorphisms are commonly used for mosquito identification and identifying insecticide resistance alleles. however, the existing methods used for primer design often result in analyses that are not robust or require additional steps. | 2006 | 17177993 |
| inhibition of plasmodium falciparum oocyst production by membrane-permeant cysteine protease inhibitor e64d. | during asexual intraerythrocytic growth, plasmodium falciparum utilizes hemoglobin obtained from the host red blood cell (rbc) as a nutrient source. papain-like cysteine proteases, falcipains 2 and 3, have been reported to be involved in hemoglobin digestion and are targets of current antimalarial drug development efforts. however, their expression during gametocytogenesis, which is required for malaria parasite transmission, has not been studied. many of the available antimalarials do not inhib ... | 2007 | 17178799 |
| novel acetylcholinesterase target site for malaria mosquito control. | current anticholinesterase pesticides were developed during world war ii and are toxic to mammals because they target a catalytic serine residue of acetylcholinesterases (aches) in insects and in mammals. a sequence analysis of aches from 73 species and a three-dimensional model of a malaria-carrying mosquito (anopheles gambiae) ache (agache) reported here show that c286 and r339 of agache are conserved at the opening of the active site of aches in 17 invertebrate and four insect species, respec ... | 2006 | 17183688 |
| long-lasting and transmission-blocking activity of antibodies to plasmodium falciparum elicited in mice by protein conjugates of pfs25. | malaria is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, estimated to cause >1 million childhood deaths annually. plasmodium falciparum causes the most severe form of the disease. there is as yet no licensed vaccine for this disease, despite over a half century of research. in this study, we investigated a transmission-blocking vaccine candidate, the ookinete surface protein pfs25. antibodies against pfs25, drawn in during a bite, can block parasite development in the mosquito midgut, preventing t ... | 2007 | 17190797 |
| a plant-derived morphinan as a novel lead compound active against malaria liver stages. | the global spread of multidrug-resistant malaria parasites has led to an urgent need for new chemotherapeutic agents. drug discovery is primarily directed to the asexual blood stages, and few drugs that are effective against the obligatory liver stages, from which the pathogenic blood infection is initiated, have become available since primaquine was deployed in the 1950s. | 2006 | 17194195 |
| fz2 and cdc42 mediate melanization and actin polymerization but are dispensable for plasmodium killing in the mosquito midgut. | the midgut epithelium of the mosquito malaria vector anopheles is a hostile environment for plasmodium, with most parasites succumbing to host defenses. this study addresses morphological and ultrastructural features associated with plasmodium berghei ookinete invasion in anopheles gambiae midguts to define the sites and possible mechanisms of parasite killing. we show by transmission electron microscopy and immunofluorescence that the majority of ookinetes are killed in the extracellular space. ... | 2006 | 17196037 |
| the effect of repellents ocimum forskolei and deet on the response of anopheles stephensi to host odours. | the behavioural response of anopheles stephensi liston (diptera: culicidae) to incubated host odours (from human and goat) and to human odour in combination with a repellent plant, ocimum forskolei (labiatae), or deet (n, n, diethyl-toluamide) (20%) was tested in a dual-port olfactometer. an. stephensi was significantly attracted to both host odours compared with air alone, but showed no preference when given a choice between both host odours simultaneously. in choice tests, the addition of deet ... | 2006 | 17199748 |
| expression of immune responsive genes in cell lines from two different anopheline species. | malaria infection results in increased expression of immune responsive genes, including those encoding antimicrobial peptides such as gambicin (gam1) and cecropin a (cec1). understanding how these genes are regulated will provide insights how the mosquito immune system is activated by plasmodium. we previously have shown that cec1 was primarily regulated by the imd-relish (rel2) pathway in the anopheles gambiae sua1b cell line. we show here that expression of defensin a (def1) and gam1 was reduc ... | 2006 | 17201765 |
| histone h1-like, lysine-rich low complexity amino acid extensions in mosquito ribosomal proteins rpl23a and rps6 have evolved independently. | histone h1-like amino acid extensions have been described at the amino terminus of drosophila rpl22 and rpl23a, and at the carboxyl terminus of mosquito ribosomal protein rps6. an in silico search suggested that rpl23a, but not rpl22, in anopheles gambiae has an amino-terminal extension. because low complexity amino acid extensions are not common on eukaryotic ribosomal proteins, and their functions are unknown, we cloned cdnas encoding rpl23a from aedes albopictus and anopheles stephensi mosqui ... | 2007 | 17212354 |
| plasmodium sporozoites trickle out of the injection site. | plasmodium sporozoites make a remarkable journey from the skin, where they are deposited by an infected anopheline mosquito, to the liver, where they invade hepatocytes and develop into exoerythrocytic stages. although much work has been done to elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which sporozoites invade hepatocytes, little is known about the interactions between host and parasite before the sporozoite enters the blood circulation. it has always been assumed that sporozoites rapidly exit the ... | 2007 | 17223931 |
| molecular identification of palearctic members of anopheles maculipennis in northern iran. | members of anopheles maculipennis complex are effective malaria vectors in europe and the caspian sea region in northern iran, where malaria has been re-introduced since 1994. the current study has been designed in order to provide further evidence on the status of species composition and to identify more accurately the members of the maculipennis complex in northern iran. | 2007 | 17233887 |
| an insight into the sialome of anopheles funestus reveals an emerging pattern in anopheline salivary protein families. | anopheles funestus, together with anopheles gambiae, is responsible for most malaria transmission in sub-saharan africa, but little is known about molecular aspects of its biology. to investigate the salivary repertoire of this mosquito, we randomly sequenced 916 clones from a salivary-gland cdna library from adult female f1 offspring of field-caught an. funestus. thirty-three protein sequences, mostly full-length transcripts, are predicted to be secreted salivary proteins. we additionally descr ... | 2007 | 17244545 |
| spatial and sex-specific dissection of the anopheles gambiae midgut transcriptome. | the midgut of hematophagous insects, such as disease transmitting mosquitoes, carries out a variety of essential functions that mostly relate to blood feeding. the midgut of the female malaria vector mosquito anopheles gambiae is a major site of interactions between the parasite and the vector. distinct compartments and cell types of the midgut tissue carry out specific functions and vector borne pathogens interact and infect different parts of the midgut. | 2007 | 17261194 |
| nature or nurture in mosquito resistance to malaria? | the genetic basis of mosquito resistance to malaria parasites is well established and currently receives a lot of attention. however this is not the sole determinant of the success or failure of an infection. in a recent article, lambrechts and colleagues report the influence of the quality of the external environment of a mosquito on infection. they indicate that external variations could substantially reduce the importance of resistance genes in determining infection by malaria parasites. furt ... | 2007 | 17276733 |
| reduced susceptibility to deltamethrin and kdr mutation in anopheles stephensi liston, a malaria vector in india. | the indian urban malaria vector anopheles stephensi liston was selected for deltamethrin resistance for 25 generations (f25) at larval and adult stages separately in the laboratory. there was roughly a 151-fold increase in the lethal concentration (lc)50 and a 99-fold increase in the lc90 in larval selection, when the f25 was compared with the parent colony. similarly, adult selection resulted in a 39-fold increase in the lc50 and a 31-fold increase in the lc90 in the adults. knockdown bioassays ... | 2006 | 17304937 |
| primary infection of c57bl/6 mice with plasmodium yoelii induces a heterogeneous response of nkt cells. | nkt cells are a population of innate-like lymphocytes that display effector functions and immunoregulatory properties. we characterized the nkt cell response induced in c57bl/6 mice during a primary infection with plasmodium yoelii sporozoites. we observed a heterogeneous nkt cell response that differed between liver and spleen. hepatic nkt cells found in infected livers consisted mainly of cd1d-dependent cd4+ and double-negative (dn) nkt cells, whereas cd1d-independent nkt cells exhibiting a tc ... | 2007 | 17307938 |
| ethnoveterinary medicines used for ruminants in british columbia, canada. | the use of medicinal plants is an option for livestock farmers who are not allowed to use allopathic drugs under certified organic programs or cannot afford to use allopathic drugs for minor health problems of livestock. | 2007 | 17324258 |
| female inheritance of malarial lap genes is essential for mosquito transmission. | members of the lccl/lectin adhesive-like protein (lap) family, a family of six putative secreted proteins with predicted adhesive extracellular domains, have all been detected in the sexual and sporogonic stages of plasmodium and have previously been predicted to play a role in parasite-mosquito interactions and/or immunomodulation. in this study we have investigated the function of pblap1, 2, 4, and 6. through phenotypic analysis of plasmodium berghei loss-of-function mutants, we have demonstra ... | 2007 | 17335349 |
| the role of metacaspase 1 in plasmodium berghei development and apoptosis. | the malaria parasite encodes a wide range of proteases necessary to facilitate its many developmental transitions in vertebrate and insect hosts. amongst these is a predicted cysteine protease structurally related to caspases, named plasmodium metacaspase 1 (pxmc1). we have generated plasmodium berghei parasites in which the pbmc1coding sequence is removed and replaced with a green fluorescent reporter gene to investigate the expression of pbmc1, its contribution to parasite development, and its ... | 2007 | 17335919 |
| uninfected mosquito bites confer protection against infection with malaria parasites. | despite decades of research and multiple initiatives, malaria continues to be one of the world's most debilitating infectious diseases. new insights for malaria control and vaccine development will be essential to thwart the staggering worldwide impact of this disease (a. bjorkman and a. bhattarai, acta trop. 94:163-169, 2005); ultimately successful vaccine strategies will undoubtedly be multifactorial, incorporating multiple antigens and targeting diverse aspects of the malaria parasites' biolo ... | 2007 | 17339356 |
| outer surface protein b is critical for borrelia burgdorferi adherence and survival within ixodes ticks. | survival of borrelia burgdorferi in ticks and mammals is facilitated, at least in part, by the selective expression of lipoproteins. outer surface protein (osp) a participates in spirochete adherence to the tick gut. as ospb is expressed on a bicistronic operon with ospa, we have now investigated the role of ospb by generating an ospb-deficient b. burgdorferi and examining its phenotype throughout the spirochete life cycle. similar to wild-type isolates, the ospb-deficient b. burgdorferi were ab ... | 2007 | 17352535 |
| [effect of anti-midgut-protein-ingredient antibodies of anopheles stephensi on the oocysts of plasmodium yoelii]. | to observe the inhibitory effect of the antibodies against midgut-protein-ingredient of anopheles stephensi on the oocysts of plasmodium yoelii. | 2006 | 17366975 |
| plasmodium berghei: plasmodium perforin-like protein 5 is required for mosquito midgut invasion in anopheles stephensi. | during its life cycle the malarial parasite plasmodium forms three invasive stages which have to invade different and specific cells for replication to ensue. invasion is vital to parasite survival and consequently proteins responsible for invasion are considered to be candidate vaccine/drug targets. plasmodium perforin-like proteins (pplps) have been implicated in invasion because they contain a predicted pore-forming domain. ookinetes express three pplps, and one of them (pplp3) has previously ... | 2007 | 17367780 |
| transgenic malaria-resistant mosquitoes have a fitness advantage when feeding on plasmodium-infected blood. | the introduction of genes that impair plasmodium development into mosquito populations is a strategy being considered for malaria control. the effect of the transgene on mosquito fitness is a crucial parameter influencing the success of this approach. we have previously shown that anopheline mosquitoes expressing the sm1 peptide in the midgut lumen are impaired for transmission of plasmodium berghei. moreover, the transgenic mosquitoes had no noticeable fitness load compared with nontransgenic m ... | 2007 | 17372227 |
| effect of the antimicrobial peptide gomesin against different life stages of plasmodium spp. | while seeking strategies for interfering with plasmodium development in vertebrate/invertebrate hosts, we tested the activity of gomesin, an antimicrobial peptide isolated from the hemocytes of the spider acanthoscurria gomesiana. gomesin was tested against asexual, sexual and pre-sporogonic forms of plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium berghei parasites. the peptide inhibited the in vitro growth of intraerythrocytic forms of p. falciparum. when gomesin was added to in vitro culture of p. berghe ... | 2007 | 17376436 |
| binding of cyt1aa and cry11aa toxins of bacillus thuringiensis serovar israelensis to brush border membrane vesicles of tipula paludosa (diptera: nematocera) and subsequent pore formation. | bacillus thuringiensis serovar israelensis (b. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis) produces four insecticidal crystal proteins (icps) (cry4a, cry4b, cry11a, and cyt1a). toxicity of recombinant b. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis strains expressing only one of the toxins was determined with first instars of tipula paludosa (diptera: nematocera). cyt1a was the most toxic protein, whereas cry4a, cry4b, and cry11a were virtually nontoxic. synergistic effects were recorded when cry4a and/or cry4b was c ... | 2007 | 17416690 |
| transcriptional analysis of insecticide resistance in anopheles stephensi using cross-species microarray hybridization. | a large scale microarray (20k mmc1) from the african malaria vector anopheles gambiae was used to monitor gene expression in insecticide resistant and susceptible strains of the asian mosquito anopheles stephensi. heterologous hybridization at slightly reduced stringency yielded approximately 7000 significant signals. thirty-six putative genes were differentially transcribed between the pyrethroid-resistant (dub-r) and the susceptible (beech) strains. the expression profiles of selected transcri ... | 2007 | 17433071 |
| an insight into the sialome of the oriental rat flea, xenopsylla cheopis (rots). | the salivary glands of hematophagous animals contain a complex cocktail that interferes with the host hemostasis and inflammation pathways, thus increasing feeding success. fleas represent a relatively recent group of insects that evolved hematophagy independently of other insect orders. | 2007 | 17437641 |
| identification and characterization of a new kallikrein-kinin system inhibitor from the salivary glands of the malaria vector mosquito anopheles stephensi. | a new kallikrein-kinin system inhibitor, designated anophensin, was identified in the salivary glands of the malaria vector mosquito, anopheles stephensi. in vitro reconstitution experiments showed that anophensin inhibits activation of the kallikrein-kinin system by inhibiting the reciprocal activation of factor xii (fxii) and prekallikrein (pk), and subsequent release of bradykinin. additionally, anophensin inhibits activation of the kallikrein-kinin system on cultured human umbilical vein end ... | 2007 | 17456441 |
| minimum requirements for ookinete to oocyst transformation in plasmodium. | during their passage through a mosquito vector, malaria parasites undergo several developmental transformations including that from a motile zygote, the ookinete, to a sessile oocyst that develops beneath the basal lamina of the midgut epithelium. this transformation process is poorly understood and the oocyst is the least studied of all the stages in the malaria life cycle. we have used an in vitro culture system to monitor morphological features associated with transformation of plasmodium ber ... | 2007 | 17482621 |
| bacteria of the genus asaia stably associate with anopheles stephensi, an asian malarial mosquito vector. | here, we show that an alpha-proteobacterium of the genus asaia is stably associated with larvae and adults of anopheles stephensi, an important mosquito vector of plasmodium vivax, a main malaria agent in asia. asaia bacteria dominate mosquito-associated microbiota, as shown by 16s rrna gene abundance, quantitative pcr, transmission electron microscopy and in situ-hybridization of 16s rrna genes. in adult mosquitoes, asaia sp. is present in high population density in the female gut and in the ma ... | 2007 | 17502606 |
| genomic and evolutionary analyses of tango transposons in aedes aegypti, anopheles gambiae and other mosquito species. | tango is a transposon of the tc1 family and was originally discovered in the african malaria mosquito, anopheles gambiae. here we report a systematic analysis of the genome sequence of the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti, which uncovered three distinct tango transposons. we name the only an. gambiae tango transposon agtango1 and the three ae. aegypti tango elements aetango1-3. like agtango1, aetango1 and aetango2 elements both have members that retain characteristics of autonomous elements ... | 2007 | 17506852 |
| a long and winding road: the plasmodium sporozoite's journey in the mammalian host. | the plasmodium sporozoite, the infectious stage of the malaria parasite, makes a remarkable journey in its mammalian host. here we review our current knowledge of the molecular and cellular basis of this journey, which begins in the skin and ends in the hepatocyte. | 2007 | 17513164 |
| plasmodium yoelii sporozoites with simultaneous deletion of p52 and p36 are completely attenuated and confer sterile immunity against infection. | malaria infection starts when sporozoites are transmitted to the mammalian host during a mosquito bite. sporozoites enter the blood circulation, reach the liver, and infect hepatocytes. the formation of a parasitophorous vacuole (pv) establishes their intracellular niche. recently, two members of the 6-cys domain protein family, p52 and p36, were each shown to play an important albeit nonessential role in plasmodium berghei sporozoite infectivity for the rodent host. here, we generated p52/p36-d ... | 2007 | 17517871 |
| larvicidal effects of a neem (azadirachta indica) oil formulation on the malaria vector anopheles gambiae. | larviciding is a key strategy used in many vector control programmes around the world. costs could be reduced if larvicides could be manufactured locally. the potential of natural products as larvicides against the main african malaria vector, anopheles gambiae s.s was evaluated. | 2007 | 17519000 |
| induction of nitric oxide synthase and activation of signaling proteins in anopheles mosquitoes by the malaria pigment, hemozoin. | anopheles stephensi, a major vector for malaria parasite transmission, responds to plasmodium infection by synthesis of inflammatory levels of nitric oxide (no), which can limit parasite development in the midgut. we have previously shown that plasmodium falciparum glycosylphosphatidylinositols (pfgpis) can induce a. stephensi no synthase (asnos) expression in the midgut epithelium in vivo in a manner similar to the manner in which cytokines and no are induced by pfgpis in mammalian cells. in mo ... | 2007 | 17526741 |
| rubidium marking of anopheles mosquitoes detectable by field-capable x-ray spectrometry. | we present a mosquito marking technique suitable for mark-release-recapture that can be used with a hand-held, portable x-ray fluorescence (xrf) spectrometer, which is practical for field measurements. third instar anopheles gambiae giles sensu stricto (diptera: culicidae) and anopheles stephensi liston larvae were cultured to pupation in water containing rubidium (rb) cl at concentrations up to 1000 p.p.m. rb. anopheles gambiae larvae survived to adulthood at concentrations as high as 1000 p.p. ... | 2007 | 17550439 |
| an insight into immunogenic salivary proteins of anopheles gambiae in african children. | during blood feeding, the mosquito injects saliva into the vertebrate host. this saliva contains bioactive components which may play a role in pathogen transmission and in host-vector relationships by inducing an immune response in the vertebrate host. the evaluation of human immune responses to arthropod bites might also represent a research direction for assessing individual exposure to the bite of a malaria vector. | 2007 | 17550586 |
| cytokine responses of cd4+ t cells during a plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi (er) blood-stage infection in mice initiated by the natural route of infection. | investigation of host responses to blood stages of plasmodium spp, and the immunopathology associated with this phase of the life cycle are often performed on mice infected directly with infected red blood cells. thus, the effects of mosquito bites and the pre-erythrocytic stages of the parasite, which would be present in natural infection, are ignored in this paper, plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi infections of mice injected directly with infected red blood cells were compared with those of mice i ... | 2007 | 17555592 |
| enhanced malaria parasite transmission from helminth co-infected mice. | helminth infections are prevalent in malaria-endemic areas, yet the potential for helminths to alter malaria transmission has not been closely examined. we used the echinostoma caproni-plasmodium yoelii murine model of co-infection to assess the impact of helminth co-infection on malaria transmission. in four replicate experiments, anopheles stephensi mosquitoes exposed to co-infected mice five days post-malaria infection had a higher rate of infectivity (80.1%, n = 241) than those exposed to ma ... | 2007 | 17556610 |
| the anopheles gambiae vitellogenin gene (vgt2) promoter directs persistent accumulation of a reporter gene product in transgenic anopheles stephensi following multiple bloodmeals. | mosquitoes made resistant to pathogens through genetic engineering are proposed as a basis for developing a strategy to control disease transmission. transgenic approaches that introduce exogenous antipathogen effector genes into mosquito genomes require cis-acting regulatory dna to control tissue-, stage-, and sex-specific transgene expression. we show that control sequences derived from a vitellogenin-encoding gene of anopheles gambiae, a major vector in sub-saharan africa, can direct expressi ... | 2007 | 17556621 |
| morphological evidence for proliferative regeneration of the anopheles stephensi midgut epithelium following plasmodium falciparum ookinete invasion. | ookinetes are motile invasive stages of the malaria parasite that enter the midgut epithelium of the mosquito vector via an intracellular route. ookinetes often migrate through multiple adjacent midgut epithelial cells, which subsequently undergo apoptosis/necrosis and are extruded from the midgut epithelium into the midgut lumen. hundreds of ookinetes may simultaneously invade the midgut epithelium, causing destruction of an appreciable proportion of the total number of midgut epithelial cells. ... | 2007 | 17575986 |
| gene encoding a deubiquitinating enzyme is mutated in artesunate- and chloroquine-resistant rodent malaria parasites. | artemisinin- and artesunate-resistant plasmodium chabaudi mutants, as-art and as-atn, were previously selected from chloroquine-resistant clones as-30cq and as-15cq respectively. now, a genetic cross between as-art and the artemisinin-sensitive clone aj has been analysed by linkage group selection. a genetic linkage group on chromosome 2 was selected under artemisinin treatment. within this locus, we identified two different mutations in a gene encoding a deubiquitinating enzyme. a distinct muta ... | 2007 | 17581118 |
| the role of dna mismatch repair in generating genetic diversity and drug resistance in malaria parasites. | although the mechanisms by which malaria parasites develop resistance to drugs are unclear, current knowledge suggests a main mechanism of resistance is the alteration of target enzymes by point mutation. in other organisms, defects in dna mismatch repair have been linked to increased mutation rates and drug resistance. we have identified an unusual complement of mismatch repair genes in the plasmodium genome. an initial functional test of two of these genes (pfmsh2-1 and pfmsh2-2) using a domin ... | 2007 | 17583362 |
| functional conservation between structurally diverse ribosomal proteins from drosophila melanogaster and saccharomyces cerevisiae: fly l23a can substitute for yeast l25 in ribosome assembly and function. | the proposed drosophila melanogaster l23a ribosomal protein features a conserved c-terminal amino acid signature characteristic of other l23a family members and a unique n-terminal extension [koyama et al. (poly(adp-ribose) polymerase interacts with novel drosophila ribosomal proteins, l22 and l23a, with unique histone-like amino-terminal extensions. gene 1999; 226: 339-345)], absent from saccharomyces cerevisiae l25 that nearly doubles the size of fly l23a. the ability of fly l23a to replace th ... | 2007 | 17584789 |
| genetically attenuated plasmodium berghei liver stages persist and elicit sterile protection primarily via cd8 t cells. | live-attenuated plasmodium liver stages remain the only experimental model that confers complete sterile protection against malaria. irradiation-attenuated plasmodium parasites mediate protection primarily by cd8 t cells. in contrast, it is unknown how genetically attenuated liver stage parasites provide protection. here, we show that immunization with uis3(-) sporozoites does not cause breakthrough infection in t and b-cell-deficient rag1(-/-) and ifn-gamma(-/-) mice. however, protection was ab ... | 2007 | 17591958 |
| mosquito heparan sulfate and its potential role in malaria infection and transmission. | heparan sulfate has been isolated for the first time from the mosquito anopheles stephensi, a known vector for plasmodium parasites, the causative agents of malaria. chondroitin sulfate, but not dermatan sulfate or hyaluronan, was also present in the mosquito. the glycosaminoglycans were isolated, from salivary glands and midguts of the mosquito in quantities sufficient for disaccharide microanalysis. both of these organs are invaded at different stages of the plasmodium life cycle. mosquito hep ... | 2007 | 17597060 |
| leishmania manipulation of sand fly feeding behavior results in enhanced transmission. | in nature the prevalence of leishmania infection in whole sand fly populations can be very low (<0.1%), even in areas of endemicity and high transmission. it has long since been assumed that the protozoan parasite leishmania can manipulate the feeding behavior of its sand fly vector, thus enhancing transmission efficiency, but neither the way in which it does so nor the mechanisms behind such manipulation have been described. a key feature of parasite development in the sand fly gut is the secre ... | 2007 | 17604451 |
| effect of chloroquine on gene expression of plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis during its sporogonic development in the mosquito vector. | the anti-malarial chloroquine can modulate the outcome of infection during the plasmodium sporogonic development, interfering with plasmodium gene expression and subsequently, with transmission. the present study sets to identify plasmodium genes that might be regulated by chloroquine in the mosquito vector. | 2007 | 17605769 |
| genetically attenuated plasmodium berghei liver stages induce sterile protracted protection that is mediated by major histocompatibility complex class i-dependent interferon-gamma-producing cd8+ t cells. | at present, radiation-attenuated plasmodia sporozoites ( gamma -spz) is the only vaccine that induces sterile and lasting protection in malaria-naive humans and laboratory rodents. however, gamma -spz are not without risks. for example, the heterogeneity of the gamma -spz could explain occasional breakthrough infections. to avoid this possibility, we constructed a double-knockout p. berghei parasite by removing 2 genes, uis3 and uis4, that are up-regulated in infective spz. we evaluated the doub ... | 2007 | 17624847 |
| "sexual" population structure and genetics of the malaria agent p. falciparum. | the population genetics and structure of p. falciparum determine the rate at which malaria evolves in response to interventions such as drugs and vaccines. this has been the source of considerable recent controversy, but here we demonstrate the organism to be essentially sexual, in an area of moderately high transmission in the lower shire valley, malawi. seven thousand mosquitoes were collected and dissected, and genetic data were obtained on 190 oocysts from 56 infected midguts. the oocysts we ... | 2007 | 17637829 |
| post-integration behavior of a minos transposon in the malaria mosquito anopheles stephensi. | transposable elements represent important tools to perform functional studies in insects. in drosophila melanogaster, the remobilization properties of transposable elements have been utilized for enhancer-trapping and insertional mutagenesis experiments, which have considerably helped in the functional characterization of the fruitfly genome. in anopheles mosquitoes, the sole vectors of human malaria, as well as in other mosquito vectors of disease, the use of transposons has also been advocated ... | 2007 | 17638017 |
| imaging malaria sporozoites in the dermis of the mammalian host. | the initial phase of malaria infection is the pre-erythrocytic phase, which begins when parasites are injected by the mosquito into the dermis and ends when parasites are released from hepatocytes into the blood. we present here a protocol for the in vivo imaging of gfp-expressing sporozoites in the dermis of rodents, using the combination of a high-speed spinning-disk confocal microscope and a high-speed charge-coupled device (ccd) camera permitting rapid in vivo acquisitions. the steps of this ... | 2007 | 17641635 |
| role of heat-labile serum factor or host complement in the inhibition of plasmodium falciparum sporogonic stages in anopheles stephensi by gametocyte carriers' serological factors. | this study investigated the significance of serum complement on transmission-reducing activity (tra) of field sera from 24 infected plasmodium falciparum gametocyte carriers (from cameroon) against cultured nf54 p. falciparum. laboratory-reared anopheles stephensi were given infectious blood meals prepared either with sera from naïve dutch donor (ab type) or pair-matched field serum samples, both with and without active complement. tra of serum factors and host complement on mosquito infection r ... | 2007 | 17645813 |
| genetic variation of male reproductive success in a laboratory population of anopheles gambiae. | for anopheline mosquitoes, the vectors of human malaria, genetic variation in male reproductive success can have important consequences for any control strategy based on the release of transgenic or sterile males. | 2007 | 17663767 |
| disruption of plasmodium falciparum development by antibodies against a conserved mosquito midgut antigen. | malaria parasites must undergo development within mosquitoes to be transmitted to a new host. antivector transmission-blocking vaccines inhibit parasite development by preventing ookinete interaction with mosquito midgut ligands. therefore, the discovery of novel midgut antigen targets is paramount. jacalin (a lectin) inhibits ookinete attachment by masking glycan ligands on midgut epithelial surface glycoproteins. however, the identities of these midgut glycoproteins have remained unknown. here ... | 2007 | 17673553 |
| transmission-blocking activity induced by malaria vaccine candidates pfs25/pvs25 is a direct and predictable function of antibody titer. | mosquito stage malaria vaccines are designed to induce an immune response in the human host that will block the parasite's growth in the mosquito and consequently block transmission of the parasite. a mosquito membrane-feeding assay (mfa) is used to test transmission-blocking activity (tba), but in this technique cannot accommodate many samples. a clear understanding of the relationship between antibody levels and tba may allow elisa determinations to be used to predict tba and assist in plannin ... | 2007 | 17686163 |
| effect of discriminative plant-sugar feeding on the survival and fecundity of anopheles gambiae. | a previous study showed for anopheles gambiae s.s. a gradation of feeding preference on common plant species growing in a malaria holoendemic area in western kenya. the present follow-up study determines whether there is a relationship between the mosquito's preferences and its survival and fecundity. | 2007 | 17711580 |
| a randomized and controlled comparison of the wash-resistances and insecticidal efficacies of four types of deltamethrin-treated nets, over a 6-month period of domestic use with washing every 2 weeks, in a rural area of iran. | in a randomized, prospective, 6-month-long field study in a rural area of iran, the wash resistances of 200 nets (40 permanet, 40 yorkool and 40 a-z nets), that their manufacturers claimed be long-lasting insecticidal nets (llin), were compared with those of 40 nets conventionally treated with deltamethrin (using k-o tab tablets). all the nets were kept in routine domestic use and subjected to standardized hand-washing at 2-week intervals. wild-caught or laboratory-reared anopheles stephensi wer ... | 2007 | 17716435 |
| exploring the midgut transcriptome of phlebotomus papatasi: comparative analysis of expression profiles of sugar-fed, blood-fed and leishmania-major-infected sandflies. | in sandflies, the blood meal is responsible for the induction of several physiologic processes that culminate in egg development and maturation. during blood feeding, infected sandflies are also able to transmit the parasite leishmania to a suitable host. many blood-induced molecules play significant roles during leishmania development in the sandfly midgut, including parasite killing within the endoperitrophic space. in this work, we randomly sequenced transcripts from three distinct high quali ... | 2007 | 17760985 |
| direct microscopic quantification of dynamics of plasmodium berghei sporozoite transmission from mosquitoes to mice. | the number of malaria sporozoites delivered to a host by mosquitoes is thought to have a significant influence on the subsequent course of the infection in the mammalian host. we did studies with anopheles stephensi mosquitoes with salivary gland infections of plasmodium berghei sporozoites expressing a red fluorescent protein. after individual mosquitoes fed on an ear pinna or the ventral abdomen of a mouse, fluorescence microscopy was used to count numbers of sporozoites. mosquitoes allowed to ... | 2007 | 17785479 |
| efficacy of permanet 2.0 against anopheles culicifacies and anopheles stephensi, malaria vectors in india. | bioefficacy of permanet was evaluated in both the laboratory and field against anopheles culicifacies and an. stephensi, major malaria vectors in india. contact bioassays were carried out after repeated washings and ring net bioassays to determine the median knockdown time of mosquitoes. three villages were selected for the field trial: in the 1st village permanets were distributed, in the 2nd village untreated nets were distributed, and the 3rd village was a control. entomological data were col ... | 2007 | 17847857 |
| linkage group selection: towards identifying genes controlling strain specific protective immunity in malaria. | protective immunity against blood infections of malaria is partly specific to the genotype, or strain, of the parasites. the target antigens of strain specific protective immunity are expected, therefore, to be antigenically and genetically distinct in different lines of parasite. here we describe the use of a genetic approach, linkage group selection, to locate the target(s) of strain specific protective immunity in the rodent malaria parasite plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi. in a previous such an ... | 2007 | 17848988 |
| analysis of the immune-inducible transcriptome from microbial stress resistant, rat-tailed maggots of the drone fly eristalis tenax. | the saprophagous and coprophagous maggots of the drone fly eristalis tenax (insecta, diptera) have evolved the unique ability to survive in aquatic habitats with extreme microbial stress such as drains, sewage pools, and farmyard liquid manure storage pits. therefore, they represent suitable models for the investigation of trade-offs between the benefits resulting from colonization of habitats lacking predators, parasitoids, or competitors and the investment in immunity against microbial stress. ... | 2007 | 17875201 |
| molecular genetic studies of anopheles stephensi in pakistan. | anopheles stephensi liston s.l. (diptera: culicidae) is one of the major vectors of malaria in pakistan, india, iran and afghanistan. in parts of its range this species has shown increases in both relative and absolute abundance in what is hypothesized to be a response to human-mediated environmental change resulting from extensive irrigation. we attempted to detect the molecular genetic signatures of this population instability based on three samples obtained from two villages (149/6r and 111/6 ... | 2007 | 17897367 |
| vesicle trafficking during sporozoite development in plasmodium berghei: ultrastructural evidence for a novel trafficking mechanism. | oocysts from anopheles stephensi mosquitoes fed on murine blood infected with plasmodium berghei berghei, were fixed for electron microscopy 6-12 days post-feeding. ultrastructural analysis focused on golgi-related trafficking pathways for rhoptry and microneme formation during sporogony. a small golgi complex of 1-3 cisternae is formed close to the spindle pole body from coated vesicles budded from the nuclear envelope which is confluent with the endoplasmic reticulum. rhoptries begin as small ... | 2008 | 17908361 |
| combination of protein and viral vaccines induces potent cellular and humoral immune responses and enhanced protection from murine malaria challenge. | the search for an efficacious vaccine against malaria is ongoing, and it is now widely believed that to confer protection a vaccine must induce very strong cellular and humoral immunity concurrently. we studied the immune response in mice immunized with the recombinant viral vaccines fowlpox strain fp9 and modified virus ankara (mva), a protein vaccine (cv-1866), or a combination of the two; all vaccines express parts of the same preerythrocytic malaria antigen, the plasmodium berghei circumspor ... | 2007 | 17908809 |
| low levels of mammalian tgf-beta1 are protective against malaria parasite infection, a paradox clarified in the mosquito host. | nitric oxide (no), derived from catalysis of inducible no synthase (inos), limits malaria parasite growth in mammals. transforming growth factor (tgf)-beta1 suppresses inos in cells in vitro as well as in vivo in mice, but paradoxically severe malaria in humans is associated with low levels of tgf-beta1. we hypothesized that this paradox is a universal feature of infection and occurs in the mosquito anopheles stephensi, an invertebrate host for plasmodium that also regulates parasite development ... | 2008 | 17920060 |
| plasmodium yoelii: correlation of up-regulated prophenoloxidase and phenoloxidases with melanization induced by the antimalarial, nitroquine. | although knowledge of the mosquito immune response has recently improved, less is known about the impact of antimalarial drugs on mosquito immunity. in the present study, we found that nitroquine, an effective antimalaria drug, could also induce melanotic encapsulation of plasmodium by anopheles stephensi. the melanization rate of the nitroquine treated group was 60.8%. to explore the effect of nitroquine on mosquito immunity, we determined the increase in activity of phenoloxidases (po) enzyme, ... | 2008 | 17936755 |
| mosquitoes inoculate high doses of west nile virus as they probe and feed on live hosts. | west nile virus (wnv) is transmitted to vertebrate hosts by mosquitoes as they take a blood meal. the amount of wnv inoculated by mosquitoes as they feed on a live host is not known. previous estimates of the amount of wnv inoculated by mosquitoes (10(1.2)-10(4.3) pfu) were based on in vitro assays that do not allow mosquitoes to probe or feed naturally. here, we developed an in vivo assay to determine the amount of wnv inoculated by mosquitoes as they probe and feed on peripheral tissues of a m ... | 2007 | 17941708 |
| cross-protection between attenuated plasmodium berghei and p. yoelii sporozoites. | an attenuated plasmodium falciparum sporozoite (pfspz) vaccine is under development, in part, based on studies in mice with p. berghei. we used p. berghei and p. yoelii to study vaccine-induced protection against challenge with a species of parasite different from the immunizing parasite in balb/c mice. one-hundred percent of mice were protected against homologous challenge. seventy-nine percent immunized with attenuated p. berghei sporozoite (pbspz) (six experiments) were protected against chal ... | 2007 | 17944745 |
| susceptibility of anopheles gambiae and anopheles stephensi to tropical isolates of plasmodium falciparum. | the susceptibility of anopheline mosquito species to plasmodium infection is known to be variable with some mosquitoes more permissive to infection than others. little work, however, has been carried out investigating the susceptibility of major malaria vectors to geographically diverse tropical isolates of plasmodium falciparum aside from examining the possibility of infection extending its range from tropical regions into more temperate zones. | 2007 | 17958900 |
| release of hepatic plasmodium yoelii merozoites into the pulmonary microvasculature. | plasmodium undergoes one round of multiplication in the liver prior to invading erythrocytes and initiating the symptomatic blood phase of the malaria infection. productive hepatocyte infection by sporozoites leads to the generation of thousands of merozoites capable of erythrocyte invasion. merozoites are released from infected hepatocytes as merosomes, packets of hundreds of parasites surrounded by host cell membrane. intravital microscopy of green fluorescent protein-expressing p. yoelii para ... | 2007 | 17997605 |
| heparan sulfate proteoglycans provide a signal to plasmodium sporozoites to stop migrating and productively invade host cells. | malaria infection is initiated when anopheles mosquitoes inject plasmodium sporozoites into the skin. sporozoites subsequently reach the liver, invading and developing within hepatocytes. sporozoites contact and traverse many cell types as they migrate from skin to liver; however, the mechanism by which they switch from a migratory mode to an invasive mode is unclear. here, we show that sporozoites of the rodent malaria parasite plasmodium berghei use the sulfation level of host heparan sulfate ... | 2007 | 18005753 |
| exoerythrocytic development of plasmodium gallinaceum in the white leghorn chicken. | plasmodium gallinaceum typically causes sub-clinical disease with low mortality in its primary host, the indian jungle fowl gallus sonnerati. domestic chickens of european origin, however, are highly susceptible to this avian malaria parasite. here we describe the development of p. gallinaceum in young white leghorn chicks with emphasis on the primary exoerythrocytic phase of the infection. using various regimens for infection, we found that p. gallinaceum induced a transient primary exoerythroc ... | 2008 | 18005972 |
| continuous exposure to plasmodium results in decreased susceptibility and transcriptomic divergence of the anopheles gambiae immune system. | plasmodium infection has been shown to compromise the fitness of the mosquito vector, reducing its fecundity and longevity. however, from an evolutionary perspective, the impact of plasmodium infection as a selective pressure on the mosquito is largely unknown. | 2007 | 18053261 |
| wash resistance of permanets in comparison to hand-treated nets. | the wash resistance of factory produced permanets (with deltamethrin bonded to the netting with a resin) was studied by bioassays with anopheles stephensi. commercial detergent powders were used to wash the nets. for comparison, conventionally treated nets were washed and bio-assayed. nets were washed under laboratory conditions using a rotary shaker for 10min. mosquito bioassays used standard who plastic cones with an exposure time of 3min. the permanet caused almost a 100% mortality of an. ste ... | 2008 | 18053964 |
| inhibition of collagen-induced platelet aggregation by anopheline antiplatelet protein, a saliva protein from a malaria vector mosquito. | during blood feeding, mosquitoes inject saliva containing a mixture of molecules that inactivate or inhibit various components of the hemostatic response to the bite injury as well as the inflammatory reactions produced by the bite, to facilitate the ingestion of blood. however, the molecular functions of the individual saliva components remain largely unknown. here, we describe anopheline antiplatelet protein (aapp) isolated from the saliva of anopheles stephensi, a human malaria vector mosquit ... | 2008 | 18056842 |
| a virosomal malaria peptide vaccine elicits a long-lasting sporozoite-inhibitory antibody response in a phase 1a clinical trial. | peptides delivered on the surface of influenza virosomes have been shown to induce solid humoral immune responses in experimental animals. high titers of peptide-specific antibodies were also induced in a phase 1a clinical trial in volunteers immunized with virosomal formulations of two peptides derived from the circumsporozoite protein (csp) and the apical membrane antigen 1 (ama-1) of plasmodium falciparum. the main objective of this study was to perform a detailed immunological and functional ... | 2007 | 18060072 |
| regulation of carbohydrate metabolism and flight performance by a hypertrehalosaemic hormone in the mosquito anopheles gambiae. | the role of adipokinetic hormones (akhs) in the regulation of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and flight performance was evaluated for females of the african malaria mosquito, anopheles gambiae. injection of various dosages of synthetic anoga-akh-i increased carbohydrate levels in the haemolymph and reduced glycogen reserves in sugar-fed females but did not affect lipid levels. anoga-akh-i enhanced the flight performance of both intact and decapitated sugar-fed females, during a 4 h flight per ... | 2008 | 18062987 |
| an insight into the sialome of the soft tick, ornithodorus parkeri. | while hard ticks (ixodidae) take several days to feed on their hosts, soft ticks (argasidae) feed faster, usually taking less than 1h per meal. saliva assists in the feeding process by providing a cocktail of anti-hemostatic, anti-inflammatory and immunomodullatory compounds. saliva of hard ticks has been shown to contain several families of genes each having multiple members, while those of soft ticks are relatively unexplored. analysis of the salivary transcriptome of the soft tick ornithodoru ... | 2008 | 18070662 |
| construction and characterization of an expressed sequenced tag library for the mosquito vector armigeres subalbatus. | the mosquito, armigeres subalbatus, mounts a distinctively robust innate immune response when infected with the nematode brugia malayi, a causative agent of lymphatic filariasis. in order to mine the transcriptome for new insight into the cascade of events that takes place in response to infection in this mosquito, 6 cdna libraries were generated from tissues of adult female mosquitoes subjected to immune-response activation treatments that lead to well-characterized responses, and from aging, n ... | 2007 | 18088419 |
| morphological method for sexing anopheline larvae. | most of autocidal control of malaria vectors relies on the rearing and release of large numbers of sterile male into a wild population and it would be crucial to separate the males from females before release. this could result in enormous economic benefits in the mass rearing and raise the efficiency of the field operations. the development of genetic sexing of mosquitoes, enabling the release of males only, but impairing the overall fitness of the released insect has been considered greatly. h ... | 2007 | 18092530 |
| serial analysis of gene expression in plasmodium berghei salivary gland sporozoites. | the invasion of anopheles salivary glands by plasmodium sporozoites is an essential step for transmission of the parasite to the vertebrate host. salivary gland sporozoites undergo a developmental programme to express genes required for their journey from the site of the mosquito bite to the liver and subsequent invasion of, and development within, hepatocytes. a serial analysis of gene expression was performed on anopheles gambiae salivary glands infected or not with plasmodium berghei and we r ... | 2007 | 18093287 |
| improved isolation of murine hepatocytes for in vitro malaria liver stage studies. | primary hepatocyte cultures are a valuable tool for the understanding of cellular and molecular phenomena occurring during malaria liver stage. this paper describes an improved perfusion/dissociation procedure to isolate hepatocytes from mouse liver that is suitable for malaria studies and allows reproducible preparation of primary hepatocytes with consistent cell yields and controlled purity. | 2007 | 18096071 |
| sterile protection against malaria is independent of immune responses to the circumsporozoite protein. | background: research aimed at developing vaccines against infectious diseases generally seeks to induce robust immune responses to immunodominant antigens. this approach has led to a number of efficient bacterial and viral vaccines, but it has yet to do so for parasitic pathogens. for malaria, a disease of global importance due to infection by plasmodium protozoa, immunization with radiation-attenuated sporozoites uniquely leads to long lasting sterile immunity against infection. the circumsporo ... | 2007 | 18159254 |