| cloning and characterisation of the aroa and arod genes of shigella dysenteriae type 1. | the aroa and arod genes from shigella dysenteriae type 1, encoding 5-enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate synthase and 3-dehydroquinase, respectively, were cloned by polymerase chain reaction (pcr). their nucleotide sequences were determined and predicted to code for 46 kda and 27.5 kda proteins, respectively. protein expressed from these genes using the minicell system, corresponded to the size of the predicted protein products. the cloned genes were shown to be functional by complementation of esc ... | 1997 | 9403507 |
| [bacterial diversity during the cholera epidemic in dakar, senegal (1995-1996)]. | vibrio cholerae o:1, serotype ogawa and biotype el tor (76.1%) was responsible of the outbreak of cholera in dakar, senegal (1995-1996). however, other bacteria were isolated, particularly vibrio cholerae non o:1/non o:139, vibrio fluvialis, vibrio alginolyticus. vibrio parahaemolyticus, salmonella sp.p, shigella sp.p (23.9%). the vibrio cholerae o:1 strains are multiresistant to sulfonamide, cotrimoxazole and chloramphenicol. 97% were also resistant to o/129 compound. fluoroquinolone and 3rd ge ... | 1997 | 9410248 |
| [clinical manifestations and treatment of intestinal dysbacteriosis in patients with flexner's dysentery]. | flexner's dysentery is often accompanied with intestinal dysbacteriosis. disbiotic changes in the intestine contribute to specific shigella endotoxins entering blood flow thus prolonging clinical symptoms of the underlying disease. administration of bacterial biological preparations (bifidumbacterin forte, lactobacterin) relieves specific endotoxemia, reduces the duration of the disease and has an immunomodulating action. | 1997 | 9411056 |
| epidemic shigella dysentery in south africa. | | 1997 | 9411815 |
| natural history and spectrum of disease in adults with hiv/aids in africa. | progression from seroconversion to the development of aids in africa may be shorter than in industrialized countries, but there are insufficient data to be certain. although the data are not always directly comparable, survival after an aids diagnosis appears to be substantially shorter in african countries and this may be partly because of later diagnosis of aids in africa, but may also be because of environmental factors such as increased exposure to pathogens of high virulence and lack of acc ... | 1997 | 9416366 |
| [epidemiological characteristics of outbreaks of diarrhea and food poisoning in the israel defense forces in the years 1978-1995]. | acute infectious diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and food poisoning are problems of great importance in the israel defense forces (idf). they involve individual and epidemic morbidity, with impairment of health of individual soldiers and in the activities of units. outbreaks of gastrointestinal infectious diseases must be reported to the idf army health branch, which conducts epidemiological investigation. this study is based on data from yearly epidemiological reports for 1978-1989, and ... | 1997 | 9418352 |
| survival and detection of shigella flexneri in vegetables and commercially prepared salads. | the normal bacterial microflora of 4 commercially prepared salads (coleslaw, crab salad, carrot salad, and potato salad) and 3 vegetables (green pepper, onion, and cabbage) were evaluated. twenty-eight species of bacteria, including potential pathogens, were isolated. the foods were artificially inoculated with an avirulent mutant strain of shigella flexneri 5 (phs1059) to develop a method for the rapid detection of shigella spp. bacteria were separated from insoluble and particulate salad ingre ... | 1997 | 9419858 |
| nosocomial transmission of shigella dysenteriae type 1. | an outbreak of dysentery due to shigella dysenteriae type 1 occurred in a chronic care psychiatric institution in durban, south africa. of the 10 patients who developed dysentery, 4 (40%) died. s. dysenteriae type 1 was isolated from stool samples from two of the four patients tested and ribotyping showed that these isolates were identical but differed from other community acquired strains. the isolates were resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline and co-trimoxazole. infection con ... | 1997 | 9421771 |
| a succinylanthranilic acid ester and other bioactive constituents of jolyna laminarioides. | methyl 2-[propanamide-2'-methoxycarbonyl] benzoate, fucosterol, trans-phytol and p-formylphenol were isolated for the first time from a methanolic extract of jolyna laminarioides. methyl 2-[propanamide-2'-methoxycarbonyl]-benzoate exhibited chymotrypsin inhibitory activity and also found to be active against escherichia coli and shigella boydii. fucosterol exhibited antifungal activity against curvularia lunata, stachybotrys atra and microsporum canis. | 1997 | 9423291 |
| immunogenicity of ipac-hybrid proteins expressed in the shigella flexneri 2a vaccine candidate sc602. | we have investigated the capacity of live attenuated shigella flexneri strains to act as vectors for the induction of local and systemic antibody responses against heterologous epitopes. the s. flexneri ipac antigen was selected as a carrier protein into which the c3 neutralizing epitope of the poliovirus vp1 protein was inserted in eight sites distributed along ipac. the resulting ipac-c3 hybrid proteins were expressed from recombinant plasmids in the s. flexneri 2a vaccine candidate, sc602. th ... | 1998 | 9423842 |
| antimicrobial susceptibility of shigella from a rural community in bangladesh. | of the 63 shigella strains isolated from stool cultures from 200 patients who attended a district hospital in bangladesh with bloody diarrhoea, 37 (59%) were s. dysenteriae type 1, 25 (39%) were s. flexneri and only one (2%) was s. sonnei. over half (54%) of the shigella isolates came from children aged < 10 years. most (89%) of the isolates of s. dysenteriae type 1 were resistant to ampicillin, cotrimoxazole, nalidixic acid, tetracycline and chloramphenicol. although many (60%) of the isolates ... | 1997 | 9425367 |
| occurrence in sudan of shigella dysenteriae type 1 with transferable antimicrobial resistance. | | 1997 | 9425371 |
| rfah and the ops element, components of a novel system controlling bacterial transcription elongation. | the rfah protein controls the transcription of a specialized group of escherichia coli and salmonella operons that direct the synthesis, assembly and export of the lipopolysaccharide core, exopolysaccharide, f conjugation pilus and haemolysin toxin. rfah is a specific regulator of transcript elongation; its loss increases transcription polarity in these operons without affecting initiation from the operon promoters. the operons of the rfah-dependent regulon contain a short conserved 5' sequence, ... | 1997 | 9426123 |
| mechanism of bacteriophage sfii-mediated serotype conversion in shigella flexneri. | we have isolated the lysogenic bacteriophage sfii, which mediates glucosylation of shigella flexneri o-antigen, resulting in expression of the type ii antigen. sfii belongs to group a of the bradley classification and has a genome size of 42.3kb. dna sequencing of a 4 kb bamhi subclone identified four open reading frames (orfs), of which only two were found to be necessary for serotype conversion. these genes were named bgt, which encodes a putative bactoprenol glucosyl transferase, and gtrii, e ... | 1997 | 9426131 |
| cytokines and the gut. | cytokines are peptide regulatory factors which are involved in initiating, amplifying, perpetuating and resolving the immune and inflammatory responses. each may have several actions, but can be broadly categorized into pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. the cytokine profile depends on the nature of the antigen, how it is presented to the host, and which cell types are involved in the response. elucidation of the cytokine cascade will improve understanding of the mechanisms of inflammation, a ... | 1997 | 9431892 |
| [the gas trophicity of pathogenic bacteria]. | yersinia pseudotuberculosis and listeria have been shown to be capable of assimilating carbon dioxide from the air and using its carbon for the synthesis of biopolymers of the bacterial cell. these microorganisms, the causative agents of saprozoonotic infections, have also been found to be capable of assimilating molecular nitrogen from the air in small amounts. the data on the influence of the growth conditions of the cultures (hydrogen concentration, the presence of carbon dioxide and oxygen, ... | 1997 | 9432851 |
| lack of reactivation of shigellosis in naturally infected enrofloxacin-treated cynomolgus monkeys after exogenous immunosuppression. | four cynomolgus macaques housed at our facility became acutely ill with dysenteric symptoms. enteric isolates established an etiologic diagnosis of shigella flexneri. enrofloxacin antimicrobial therapy cleared the infection with no perceptible bacterial shedding or clinical signs of disease. high-dose methyl-prednisolone therapy was administered to the four monkeys for 5 weeks. the animals were monitored for signs of shigellosis and bacterial shedding weekly throughout the study, for a total of ... | 1997 | 9433696 |
| hydrophobicity and outer membrane proteins of shigella dysenteriae type 1 after treatment with subinhibitory concentrations of aminoglycosides. | hydrophobicity and profiles of outer membrane proteins of shigella dysenteriae type 1 after treatment with subinhibitory concentrations (1/2 or 1/4 of the mic) of aminoglycosides were studied. the antimicrobial activity of the antibiotics tested was 3.12 mg/l (amikacin, tobramycin) and 6.25 mg/l (gentamicin). the hydrophobicity of the cell surface of s. dysenteriae type 1 was decreased after exposure to all aminoglycosides at a concentration of 1/2 of the mics; 1/4 of the mics of the antibiotics ... | 1997 | 9438357 |
| detection and speciation of bacteria through pcr using universal major cold-shock protein primer oligomers. | the detection of bacteria using pcr is a well-established diagnostic technique. however, conventional pcr requires the use of dna primer oligomers that are specific to the target organism and, as a consequence, a sample can only be tested for the presence of that specific target. a significant advantage would be to probe a sample for the presence of any bacteria, followed by identification. to achieve this it is necessary to identify a dna sequence common to all bacteria. here we demonstrate tha ... | 1997 | 9439003 |
| isolation of a fluoroquinolone resistant shigella dysenteriae 1 strain from calcutta. | fourteen strains of shigella spp. were isolated from patients aged 5-12 yr, hospitalized with dysentery during 1995-1996. the strains isolated were shigella dysenteriae 1, s. flexneri and s.sonnei. all but one of the 14 strains were sensitive to ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin. the mic of both the fluoroquinolones was 15 micrograms/ml for the resistant s.dysenteriae 1 strain (nrm4). therefore, the careful use of antimicrobials is required for therapy of shigellosis. | 1997 | 9439093 |
| involvement of an efflux system in high-level fluoroquinolone resistance of shigella dysenteriae. | shigella dysenteriae represent one of the growing list of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. quinolones are widely employed to treat shigellosis. however, quinolone resistance has already been reported, necessitating an understanding of the mechanisms of development of resistance. we demonstrate that high-level fluoroquinolone resistance of s. dysenteriae exposed to these antibiotics may occur in the absence of gyra mutations and involve a proton motive force(pmf)-dependent efflux system. | 1998 | 9439608 |
| plasmid profiles of drug resistant shigella boydii types 1-5, 8, 10, 12-14 from ethiopia (1974-85). | plasmid profile analysis by agarose gel electrophoresis was performed on 42 drug resistant strains of shigella boydii serotypes 1-5, 8, 10, 12-14, collected between 1974 and 1985 from endemic cases of shigellosis in ethiopia, and their escherichia coli k12 transconjugants. resistance factors (r factors) were further characterized by incompatibility testing. patterns of small plasmids, less than 15 kb, were similar within each of the individual s. boydii serotypes. plasmids of about 3.3-3.7 kb we ... | 1997 | 9440431 |
| identification and molecular characterization of a 27 kda shigella flexneri invasion plasmid antigen, ipaj. | shigella species and enteroinvasive escherichia coli contain a core set of virulence genes whose coordinated expression results in the invasion of host colonic epithelial cells and the dysenteric syndrome. a number of virulence determinants are carried by the 230 kb invasion plasmid found in all virulent strains of shigellae. many of these invasion plasmid genes encode immunogens that are recognized by convalescent serum, including proteins that mediate the invasion (ipab, ipac, ipad) and cell s ... | 1997 | 9441862 |
| involvement of a 70-kb plasmid of the epidemic shigella dysenteriae type 1 (dt66) strain in drug-resistance, lipopolysaccharide synthesis, and virulence. | the present work characterizes a 70 kb plasmid of the indian epidemic isolate shigella dysenteriae type 1 strain dt66 in relation to virulence and drug-resistance characters. curing of the plasmids of dt66 strain by acriflavine (af) yielded seven groups of af-cured derivatives. one group of derivatives containing 5 plasmids (70-2.5 kb) as against 6 (120-2.5 kb) in the wild type showed resistance to chloramphenicol, pivmecillinam, streptomycin, and tetracycline (cmrpivrsmrtcr) but sensitivity for ... | 1997 | 9442487 |
| protein purification and cdna cloning of a cecropin-like peptide from the larvae of fall webworm (hyphantria cunea). | a proteinous antimicrobial substance was purified from the bacteria-challenged larvae of the fall webworm, hyphantria cunea. it is a cecropin-like antibacterial peptide which exhibits antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, and known as hyphantria cecropin a. the cdna clones corresponding to this peptide were isolated from a cdna library constructed from the bacteria-challenged larvae and obtained complete nucleotide sequences. in addition to the hyphantria cecro ... | 1997 | 9443371 |
| evaluation of enzyme-labeled oligonucleotide probes to identify enterohaemorrhagic escherichia coli. | alkaline phosphatase-conjugated oligonucleotide probes were developed to detect the gene coding for vero toxin 1 (vt1) and vero toxin 2 (vt2). using these probes, 3 hr was enough to detect vt genes when suspicious colonies of enterohaemorrhagic escherichia coli (ehec) were obtained on an agar plate. the results of a hybridization test with 144 isolates of ehec o157 and one isolate of shigella dysenteriae type 1 agreed exactly with the immunological detection, reversed passive latex agglutination ... | 1997 | 9444330 |
| shigella gastroenteritis: clinical and epidemiological aspects, and antibiotic susceptibility. | the epidemiology and antibiotic sensitivity of shigella species is changing worldwide. the present study surveyed the changing clinical and epidemiological characteristics and antibiotic susceptibility of shigella gastroenteritis in hacettepe university ihsan dogramaci children's hospital diarrhoea training and treatment unit between 1987 and 1994. among 19,812 diarrheal admissions, 618 (3.2%) patient files with shigella gastroenteritis were reviewed retrospectively. shigella soneii has been the ... | 1997 | 9447757 |
| degradation of commercial detergent products by microbial populations of the lagos lagoon. | the biodegradability potentials of three detergent products with the trade names omo, teepol and sodium dodecyl sulfate (sds) by the native bacteria of the lagos lagoon was carried out using the lagoon die-away method. physicochemical parameters of the water samples showed that the lagoon in apapa was more polluted than at the university of lagos. in 12 days, approximately 30, 60 and 97% of omo, teepol and sds respectively were degraded. sds with an alkyl sulfate moiety as surfactant supported t ... | 1997 | 9449783 |
| a universal protocol for pcr detection of 13 species of foodborne pathogens in foods. | a universal protocol for pcr detection of 13 species of foodborne pathogens in foods was developed. the protocol used a universal culture medium and the same pcr conditions with 13 sets of specific primers. the 13 species of foodborne pathogens examined were escherichia coli, e. coli-etec, e. coli-o157:h7, shigella spp., salmonella spp., yersinia enterocolitica, y. pseudotuberculosis, vibrio cholerae, v. parahaemolyticus, v. vulnificus, listeria monocytogenes, staphylococcus aureus and bacillus ... | 1997 | 9449811 |
| diarrheal epidemics among rwandan refugees in 1994. management and outcome in a field hospital. | we describe the clinical course and outcome of rwandan refugees with cholera-like illness (n = 567) and clinical dysentery (n = 1,062) treated at the israeli army field hospital in the disaster region of goma, zaire, during the summer of 1994. vigorous fluid administration was the primary therapy, complemented with antibiotics for patients with presumed shigella infection. recovery rates were 94% and 96% for patients with cholera and dysentery, respectively. mortality was substantially affected ... | 1997 | 9451670 |
| characterization of serum antibody response to chlamydiae in patients with sexually acquired reactive arthritis. | sera from patients with sexually acquired reactive arthritis (sara) with antibodies reacting with c. trachomatis and c. pneumoniae (group 1; n = 20) and also with c. psittaci (group 2; n = 19) were analyzed for antibody specificity. sera from group 2 reacted significantly more often with c. trachomatis serotype e, h and k and had higher antibody titers to serotype e, as tested by microimmunofluorescence tests. cross-reactivities occurring in microimmunofluorescence tests were related to the pres ... | 1997 | 9453389 |
| prevalence of the "high-pathogenicity island" of yersinia species among escherichia coli strains that are pathogenic to humans. | the fyua-irp gene cluster contributes to the virulence of highly pathogenic yersinia (yersinia pestis, yersinia pseudotuberculosis, and yersinia enterocolitica 1b). the cluster encodes an iron uptake system mediated by the siderophore yersiniabactin and reveals features of a pathogenicity island. two evolutionary lineages of this "high pathogenicity island" (hpi) can be distinguished on the basis of dna sequence comparison: a y. pestis group and a y. enterocolitica group. in this study we demons ... | 1998 | 9453599 |
| intracellular multiplication and virulence of shigella flexneri auxotrophic mutants. | we have constructed and analyzed a group of shigella flexneri 5 auxotrophic mutants. the wild-type strain m90t was mutagenized in genes encoding enzymes involved in the synthesis of (i) aromatic amino acids, (ii) nucleotides, and (iii) diaminopimelic acid. in this way, strains with single (arob, aroc, arod, pure, thya, and dapb) and double (pure arob, pure aroc, pure arod, pure thya) mutations were obtained. although the aro mutants had the same nutritional requirements when grown in laboratory ... | 1998 | 9453608 |
| use of selenite enrichment broth for the detection of salmonella from stool: a report of one year experience at a provincial public health laboratory. | several references recommend that selenite enrichment be used only in stool cultures from suspect carriers, during outbreaks, and in other special circumstances. to determine the impact of such an approach, we examined results from 3977 specimens cultured by our laboratory. epidemiological information was collected from physicians and the public health department. salmonella spp. were identified in 74 specimens from 54 patients. four shigella spp. were recovered from four patients. forty-seven o ... | 1997 | 9458977 |
| [differences in the cellular surface of hybrid escherichia coli k12 bacteria inheriting the rfb a3,4 gene of shigella flexneri detected using atomic-force microscopy]. | the cell surface of e. coli initial parent strain k12 j62 his-, chemotype ra, and e. coli transductant strain k12 j62 his+, acquiring the capacity for synthesizing primary s-specific side chains of the lipopolysaccharide of s. flexneri o-antigen (group-specific factor 3,4), was studied by the method of atomic force microscopy. the comparative analysis of the images of the genetically linked pair of e.coli strains k12 j62 revealed the presence of essential differences in the topography of the sur ... | 1997 | 9460857 |
| [the immunosuppressive activity of shigella sonnei differing by the presence of plasmid pss120]. | s. sonnei virulent strain containing invasiveness plasmid pss120 was found to suppress delayed hypersensitivity (dh) to nonbacterial antigens. in the filtrate of the culture of this strain extracellular lipopolysaccharide (lps), capable of inducing immunosuppressing activity in nonvirulent bacteria, was detected. s. sonnei strain having plasmid pss120 whose invasiveness genes were blocked by the penetration of transposon tn5, as well as strains containing no invasiveness plasmid, proved to be no ... | 1997 | 9460870 |
| [the clinico-pathogenetic significance of the outer membrane proteins determined by the invasiveness plasmid in flexner's shigellosis]. | s. flexneri 2a outer membrane proteins of 38, 43, 62 and 78 kd, determined by the 140 md invasiveness plasmid, serving as antigens and specific rabbit sera serving as antibodies were used for diagnosing s. flexneri infection in the enzyme immunoassay. the examination of 96 patients and 20 healthy donors showed the possibility of the detection of s. flexneri 2a protein invasins and antibodies to them at different periods of the disease. during the severe course of shigellosis a higher level of pr ... | 1997 | 9460875 |
| epidemic dysentery in western kenya. | this paper describes the epidemiology of a probable shigella dysenteriae type 1 dysentery epidemic in western kenya. a retrospective record review over 2 years of all cases of dysentery, amoebiasis and diarrhoea was carried out in 13 healthcare facilities in the rarieda division of nyanza province. of the 3301 cases recorded, 2191 were dysentery, giving a cumulative 2 years incidence rate for dysentery of 4%. the epidemic began in december 1994 and peaked in february 1995, coinciding with the ve ... | 1997 | 9463662 |
| isolation and identification of salmonella species from chelonians using combined selective media, serotyping and ribotyping. | thirty-two faecal samples from various pet chelonians were bacteriologically examined using various combinations of selective media for salmonella detection. strains identified as salmonella were clustered by rrna gene restriction pattern (ribotyping) analysis prior to serological typing. the combination of selenite broth and rambach or salmonella-shigella agars gave the maximum rate of salmonella recovery. of the 32 samples examined, 13 (40%), were positive for salmonella. five serovars were id ... | 1997 | 9467305 |
| studies on antimicrobial effect of the antihistaminic phenothiazine trimeprazine tartrate. | the antibacterial and bactericidal activities of the antihistamine trimeprazine were studied against 243 strains of bacteria which included both gram positive and gram negative types. the susceptibility of these bacterial strains to trimeprazine was assessed by determining their minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) which was found to be between 10 and 100 micrograms/ml. nineteen strains of staphylococcus spp. and salmonella spp. were trimeprazine. most of the strains belonging to bacillus spp. ... | 1997 | 9468728 |
| [toxic food infection caused by shigella flexneri in a military unit]. | food borne disease outbreaks have increased in france, but outbreaks caused by shigella are rare, accounting for only 73 cases (1.62%) in 1993. we report a food borne outbreak of shigella flexneri strain 3 infection in a fire fighting unit in paris between july 13th and 17th 1995. forty of the 127 firemen suffered symptoms including acute diarrhea (80%), fever (50%) and blood and mucus in stools (1 case, 2.5%). epidemiological investigation generated an unimodal epidemic curve suggesting a singl ... | 1997 | 9480034 |
| inhibition of prokaryotic translation by the shiga toxin enzymatic subunit. | shiga toxin, produced by shigella dysenteriae serotype 1, is a member of the large family of ribosome-inactivating proteins (rips) which are primarily produced by plants. all rips are rrna n-glycosidases which inactivate ribosomes through the removal of a specific adenine residue from the well-conserved aminoacyl-trna-accepting loop of rrna. as a type ii rip, stx is believed to have little effect on prokaryotic ribosomes. however, we have demonstrated that over-expression of the stx enzymatic (a ... | 1998 | 9480794 |
| [reliabilty of the antibiogram and plasmid profile in detection of epidemic strains of shigella sonnei]. | the aim of the study was to investigate and compare the type of resistance to antibiotics and plasmid profile of shigellae sonnei isolated at epidemics of bacillary dysentery to determine which method was most reliable in the identification of epidemic strains of that bacteria. it was investigated 130 isolates of sh. sonnei isolated from the stools of patients in 14 epidemics of bacillary dysentery in yugoslav army and citizens in period from 1987 to 1993 year. on the basis of identity of studie ... | 1997 | 9481933 |
| a chloride-inducible acid resistance mechanism in lactococcus lactis and its regulation. | previously, a promoter was identified in lactococcus lactis that is specifically induced by chloride. here, we describe the nucleotide sequence and functional analysis of two genes transcribed from this promoter, gadc and gadb. gadc is homologous to putative glutamate-gamma-aminobutyrate antiporters of escherichia coli and shigella flexneri and contains 12 putative membrane-spanning domains. gadb shows similarity to glutamate decarboxylases. a l. lactis gadb mutant and a strain that is unable to ... | 1998 | 9484886 |
| [treatment of severe dysentery]. | the paper presents analysis of clinical efficacy of etiotropic drugs in severe flexner's dysentery chosen by sensitivity of the causing agent, schemes of antibacterial drugs of choice in the treatment of this disease, principles of detoxication therapy. use of bacterial biological drugs in combined treatment of dysentery is validated. | 1997 | 9490365 |
| role of plasmids in the virulence of enteric bacteria. | plasmids have been shown to play an important role in the pathogenecity of most enterobacteria. their involvement in various enterobacteria was discovered at different times and there is resemblance in the type of toxins produced by a number of enterobacteria and in the genes responsible for the production of the toxins and invasiveness. this indicates a spread of a factor from one bacterial strain to another, thus enabling the recipient to demonstrate the characteristic coded for. this factor m ... | 1997 | 9491181 |
| structural determination of the o-antigenic polysaccharide from the enterotoxigenic escherichia coli o147. | the structure of the o-antigenic polysaccharide from enterotoxigenic escherichia coli o147 has been determined by nmr spectroscopy, and component and methylation analyses. the sequence of the sugar residues could be determined by noesy and heteronuclear-multiple-bond-connectivity nmr experiments. it is concluded that the polysaccharide is composed of tetrasaccharide repeating units with the following structure: -->4)-beta-d-galpa-(1-->3)-beta-d-galpnac-(1-->2)-alpha-l-rhap+ ++-(1-->2)-alpha-l-rh ... | 1998 | 9492329 |
| [scanning electronic microscopy of the small intestine in persistent diarrhea]. | persistent diarrhea very often leads children to malnutrition. it has become the major cause of death resulting from acute diarrhea episodes in developing countries. in order to determine the ultrastructural alterations of the small bowel that occur in the syndrome, 16 infants with severe persistent diarrhea were studied, utilizing light microscopy and the scanning electron microscope. stool and jejunal fluid samples were collected for culture, rotavirus, ova and parasite search. enteropathogeni ... | 1997 | 9496427 |
| phylogenetic analysis and identification of shigella spp. by molecular probes. | oligonucleotide probes were used for identification of shigella and analysis of the relationship between shigella spp. and escherichia coli. probe-based pcrs shown cross-reactions from shigella to e. coli. probe-based 16s rrna sequencing and phylogenetic analysis showed the four species of shigella: sh. dysenteriae, sh. boydii, sh. sonnei, and sh. flexneri, formed a cluster with e. coli. shigella flexneri and sh. sonnei are even more similar to e. coli than to the other two shigella species. the ... | 1997 | 9500811 |
| probiotic fermented food mixtures: possible applications in clinical anti-diarrhoea usage. | a probiotic fermented pcmt food mixture was developed by fermentation of an autoclaved and cooled slurry of pearl millet flour, chickpea flour, skim milk powder and fresh tomato pulp (pcmt 2:1:1:1, w/w) with lactobacillus acidophilus (10(5) cells/ml), a probiotic organism at 37 degrees c for 24 h. such a fermented mixture inhibited the growth of pathogenic organisms, namely shigella dysenteriae, salmonella typhosa and e. coli. a significant decline in ph with a corresponding increase in titratab ... | 1998 | 9502235 |
| trends in antibiotic resistance among diarrheal pathogens isolated in thailand over 15 years. | antibiotic resistance trends were examined for shigella species, nontyphoidal salmonella species, enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec), and campylobacter species isolates from indigenous persons and travelers in thailand for up to 15 years. resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was found in >90% of shigella and 40% of etec and nontyphoidal salmonella isolates. resistance to nalidixic acid was found in 97%-100% of shigella dysenteriae 1 strains isolated between 1992 and 1995. ciprofloxac ... | 1998 | 9502453 |
| shigella update. | | 1998 | 9509857 |
| bacteriophages show promise as antimicrobial agents. | the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has prompted interest in alternatives to conventional drugs. one possible option is to use bacteriophages (phage) as antimicrobial agents. we have conducted a literature review of all medline citations from 1966-1996 that dealt with the therapeutic use of phage. there were 27 papers from poland, the soviet union, britain and the u.s.a. the polish and soviets administered phage orally, topically or systemically to treat a wide variety of antibiotic-r ... | 1998 | 9515662 |
| resistance to ciprofloxacin in pathogenic enterobacteriaceae in england and wales in 1996. | in 1996, 6% of escherichia coli from extraintestinal infections were resistant to ciprofloxacin with minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics) > or = 2 mg/l (high level resistance). low level resistance (mic 0.125-1 mg/l) was also identified in 7% of salmonella typhi, 4% of s paratyphi a, and 4% of non-typhoidal salmonellas. however, resistance to ciprofloxacin was rarely identified in shigellas. for e coli, physicians should be aware that treatment failures may occur when patients with invasive ... | 1997 | 9516887 |
| "black holes" and bacterial pathogenicity: a large genomic deletion that enhances the virulence of shigella spp. and enteroinvasive escherichia coli. | plasmids, bacteriophages, and pathogenicity islands are genomic additions that contribute to the evolution of bacterial pathogens. for example, shigella spp., the causative agents of bacillary dysentery, differ from the closely related commensal escherichia coli in the presence of a plasmid in shigella that encodes virulence functions. however, pathogenic bacteria also may lack properties that are characteristic of nonpathogens. lysine decarboxylase (ldc) activity is present in approximately 90% ... | 1998 | 9520472 |
| diarrhoea in children in papua new guinea. | national data for diarrhoeal disease in children can only be used as a very rough guide to morbidity and mortality, since they are based on incomplete reporting. furthermore, when only one diagnosis per attendance, admission or cause of death is recorded, the true importance of diarrhoea as a cause of morbidity and mortality may be obscured. this may in part explain discrepancies between figures recorded in national and hospital statistics and those recorded in detailed studies of diarrhoeal adm ... | 1995 | 9522866 |
| a review of the current status of enteric vaccines. | much progress has been made in developing vaccines against the most important enteric infections. two new vaccines against typhoid fever (oral ty21a and parenteral vi polysaccharide) have been licensed in many countries. newer, more sophisticated typhoid vaccines undergoing clinical testing include recombinant attenuated salmonella typhi strains and vi polysaccharide-carrier-protein conjugate vaccines. two inactivated oral cholera vaccines, consisting of inactivated vibrio cholerae o1 bacteria a ... | 1995 | 9522876 |
| [shigella dysentery. detection, control, prevention]. | | 1997 | 9527601 |
| antimicrobial resistance in shigella flexneri and shigella sonnei in hong kong, 1986 to 1995. | three hundred and thirty-three shigella isolates obtained in 1986 to 1995 were tested for their susceptibilities to 19 antimicrobial agents. nalidixic acid resistance had emerged in 59.6% of shigella flexneri isolates during 1994 to 1995, with all tested resistant isolates having the mutation in gyra encoding the ser-83 alteration. multiresistance (resistance to four or more agents) was more common in s. flexneri than in shigella sonnei. | 1998 | 9527803 |
| an essential role for gamma interferon in innate resistance to shigella flexneri infection. | shigella spp. are the major cause of bacillary dysentery worldwide. to identify immune effectors associated with protection of the naive host during infection, the susceptibility to pulmonary shigella infection of each of various mouse strains that have a targeted deletion in a specific aspect of the immune system was evaluated. our results demonstrate that mice deficient in gamma interferon are 5 orders of magnitude more susceptible to shigella than are wild-type mice, whereas mice deficient in ... | 1998 | 9529051 |
| antimicrobial activity of some medicinal plants extracts on escherichia coli, salmonella paratyphi and shigella dysenteriae. | the antimicrobial activity of three plants extracts--momordica charantia, alstonia boonei, and ocimum bacilicum on pure and viable cultures of escherichia coli, salmonella paratyphi and shigella dysenterae was examined. cold maceration method of extraction using 95% ethanol was used for the extraction of the active constituents of the leaves. filter paper disks which were 6 mm in diameter were used for sensitivity testing. results showed that the extracts from the leaves of the three plants have ... | 1996 | 9532310 |
| milk catalase activity as an indicator of thermization treatments used in the manufacture of cheddar cheese. | pilot-scale studies were carried out to determine the effect of different heat treatments on catalase activity during the manufacture and maturation of cheddar cheese. three trials were conducted to monitor catalase activity using disk flotation and polarographic methods. cheese was manufactured from raw milk and from milk that had been treated at 60, 65 and 72 degrees c for 16 s using a high temperature, short time heat exchanger. catalase activity was also determined in samples of commercial m ... | 1998 | 9532488 |
| increasing incidence of antibiotic resistance in shigellas from humans in england and wales: recommendations for therapy. | since 1983 the incidence of resistance to ampicillin in shigella dysenteriae, sh. flexneri, and sh. boydii infections in england and wales has increased from 42% to 65% and the incidence of resistance to trimethoprim, from 6% to 64%. furthermore, of 1524 strains received in 1995-1996, 46% were resistant to both of these antimicrobials. for sh. sonnei almost 50% of isolates were resistant to ampicillin or trimethoprim and 15% were resistant to both of these antimicrobials. these results demonstra ... | 1998 | 9533726 |
| conformational stabilization of the altruronic acid residue in the o-specific polysaccharide of shigella sonnei/plesiomonas shigelloides. | complete assignments for the 1h- and the 13c-nmr spectra of the o-specific polysaccharide of s. sonnei/plesiomonas shigelloides are reported. evidence is presented that in this polysaccharide both pyranose residues exist preferentially in the 4c1 chair conformation and that the polysaccharide exists in the zwitterion form. | 1997 | 9534229 |
| double-stranded dna can be translocated across a planar membrane containing purified mitochondrial porin. | the transport of genetic material across biomembranes is a process of great relevance for several fields of study. however, much remains to be learned about the mechanisms underlying transport, one of which implies the involvement of proteic dna-conducting pores. entry of genetic material into mitochondria has been observed under both physiological and pathological conditions. we report here that double-stranded dna can move through a planar bilayer membrane containing isolated mitochondrial por ... | 1998 | 9535222 |
| identification of a novel salmonella invasion locus homologous to shigella ipgde. | genes essential for salmonella typhimurium invasion have been localized to salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (spi1) on the chromosome. however, it is clear that other genes are required for the invasion process. mutations that abolish the spi1 invasion type iii secretion system do not significantly reduce invasion into chinese hamster ovary tissue culture cells. two invasion defective mutants were isolated by screening 2,500 tn10dtc insertion mutants of s. typhimurium in the tissue culture invas ... | 1998 | 9537377 |
| effect of subinhibitory concentrations of some quinolones on a strain of shigella dysenteriae type 1. | sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page) revealed that the outer membrane proteins of a strain of shigella dysenteriae exposed to four quinolone compounds (ciprofloxacin--cas 85721-33-1, ofloxacin--cas 83380-47-6, pefloxacin--cas 70458-95-6, and enoxacin--cas 74011-58-8) at subinhibitory concentrations of 1/4 or 1/8 of the minimal inhibitory concentration (mic) showed no alterations as compared to the control. also the hydrophobicity of the cell surface of the test st ... | 1998 | 9541731 |
| pcr for detection of shigella spp. in mayonnaise. | the use of pcr to amplify a specific vira gene fragment serves as a highly specific and sensitive method to detect virulent bacteria of the genus shigella and enteroinvasive escherichia coli. amplification of a 215-bp dna band was obtained by using isolated genomic dna of shigella, individual cells of shigella dysenteriae, and mayonnaise contaminated with s. dysenteriae. moreover, a multiplex pcr with specific (vira) and bacterium-restricted (16s ribosomal dna) primers generated an amplification ... | 1998 | 9546158 |
| shigella dysenteriae type 1 toxin induced lipid peroxidation in enterocytes isolated from rabbit ileum. | to evaluate the role of reactive oxygen species (ros) in shigella dysenteriae 1 toxin (stx) mediated intestinal infection, the ligated rabbit small intestinal loops were injected with stx. the enterocytes isolated from stx treated rabbit ileal loops had a significantly higher level of lipid peroxidation as compared to enterocytes isolated from control rabbit ileum. to study the role of second messengers in stx mediated intestinal damage, the in vivo and in vitro effects of modulators of lipid pe ... | 1998 | 9546597 |
| binding of shigella to rat and human intestinal mucin. | invasion of epithelial cells by shigella is an early step in their pathogenesis. adherence is generally presumed to be a prerequisite for invasion. this study examined the possibility of intestinal mucins serving as initial binding sites for clinical isolates of s. boydii and s. sonnei. the interactions of shigella with rat and human small intestinal and colonic mucin were investigated. in solid phase binding assays, [35s] labelled shigella did not show any preferential binding to rat/human smal ... | 1998 | 9546608 |
| [an epidemic outbreak of an acute intestinal infection in a children's center]. | | 1997 | 9547209 |
| the in situ infrared microspectroscopy of bacterial colonies on agar plates. | the specular reflectance infrared spectra of thirty species of bacteria were obtained in situ, without their removal from the agar growth media, using the infrared microscope. compared to transmittance spectra obtained from dehydrated films, the transformed reflectance spectra show significant band shifts which are greater for gram positive bacteria. the most notable shift occurs in the v[a](po2-) band which shifts 8 cm(-1) higher upon removal of water. in addition, some measure of the different ... | 1998 | 9551654 |
| antibiotic resistance of prevalent salmonella and shigella strains in northwest ethiopia. | salmonella and shigella strains were isolated prospectively from in- and outpatient specimens of the gondar college teaching hospital over a two year period, from june 1994 to may 1996. of 7993 miscellaneous specimens cultured, 80 yielded salmonella and 147 shigella. serogroup b dominated among the salmonella, accounting for 61% of isolates, followed by s. typhi (21%). s. flexneri (58.5%) and s. dysenteriae (36.7%) were the most frequently isolated species among the shigella. results of sensitiv ... | 1997 | 9557442 |
| using epidemiologic tools to control an outbreak of diarrhoea in a textile factory, bulawayo, zimbabwe. | dysentery is endemic in zimbabwe. more than 260,000 cases and a case fatality of four per thousand were reported in 1993. in late july 1994, the health services department in bulawayo was informed of two cases of shigella dysenteriae type i at a textile factory that employs 138 workers. workers were interviewed at the factory regarding the date of the onset of illness, symptoms, food consumed, and treatment received. factory water supply, cooking, and sanitary facilities were inspected. stool an ... | 1997 | 9557445 |
| plasmid profile analysis and restriction enzyme analysis in characterizing shigella flexneri isolates from an outbreak. | shigella flexneri strains which are multiply resistant to antimicrobial agents were isolated from 11 children from an orphanage in cluj-napoca during an epidemiological investigation initiated by the department of epidemiology. plasmid profile analysis and restriction endonuclease analysis were used in conjunction with biotyping, serotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility testing for identifying epidemiological related isolates. all strains were serotype 2a and with one exception all of them sh ... | 1996 | 9558965 |
| [effect of various lipopolysaccharides of gram-negative bacteria on the macrophage activity, oxidative metabolism, and liver microsomal activity]. | | 1998 | 9559133 |
| molecular mechanisms of bacterial pathogenicity. | cautious optimism has arisen over recent decades with respect to the long struggle against bacteria, viruses, and parasites. this has been offset, however, by a fatal complacency stemming from previous successes such as the development of antimicrobial drugs, the eradication of smallpox, and global immunization programs. infectious diseases nevertheless remain the world's leading cause of death, killing at least 17 million persons annually [61]. diarrheal diseases caused by vibrio cholerae or sh ... | 1998 | 9562989 |
| macrophage apoptosis in microbial infections. | upon infection with a pathogen, eukaryotic cells can undergo programmed cell death as an ultimate response. therefore, modulation of apoptosis is often a prerequisite to establish a host-pathogen relationship. some pathogens kill macrophages by inducing apoptosis and thus overcome the microbicidal arsenal of the phagocyte. apoptotic macrophages, on the other hand, can elicit an inflammation by secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. shigella flexneri, the aetiological agent of bacillary dysenter ... | 1997 | 9571693 |
| identification of epitope and surface-exposed domains of shigella flexneri invasion plasmid antigen d (ipad). | transport and surface expression of the invasion plasmid antigens (ipa proteins) is an essential trait in the pathogenicity of shigella spp. in addition to the type iii protein secretion system encoded by the mxi/spa loci on the large virulence plasmid, transport of ipab and ipac into the surrounding medium is modulated by ipad. to characterize the structural topography of ipad, the geysen epitope-mapping system was used to identify epitopes recognized by surface-reactive monoclonal and polyclon ... | 1998 | 9573082 |
| [induction of uterine contractions by shigella]. | the uterus-contracting properties of shigellae in a clinically relevant dose of 10(5) organisms per ml was investigated in 17 uterine strips which where dissected during caesarean section from the lower uterine segment. a highly significant (p < 0.001) increase in uterine activity was observed. | 1998 | 9577922 |
| comparative efficacy of cefixime and ampicillin-sulbactam in shigellosis in children. | shigellosis is still an important health problem in developing and underdeveloped countries as it is resistance to commonly used antibiotics including ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, chloramphenicol and tetracycline. between may 1996 and october 1996, in a prospective randomized double-blind trial, cefixime was compared with ampicillin-sulbactam, both given orally for a period of 5 days, for the treatment of 80 children with acute bloody diarrhea. forty patients were treated with a si ... | 1998 | 9581302 |
| neural wiskott-aldrich syndrome protein is implicated in the actin-based motility of shigella flexneri. | shigella, the causative agent of bacillary dysentery, is capable of directing its own movement in the cytoplasm of infected epithelial cells. the bacterial surface protein virg recruits host components mediating actin polymerization, which is thought to serve as the propulsive force. here, we show that neural wiskott-aldrich syndrome protein (n-wasp), which is a critical target for filopodium formation downstream of cdc42, is required for assembly of the actin tail generated by intracellular s.f ... | 1998 | 9582270 |
| induction of type iii secretion in shigella flexneri is associated with differential control of transcription of genes encoding secreted proteins. | shigella, the etiological agent of human bacillary dysentery, invades the colonic epithelium where it induces an intense inflammatory response. entry of shigella into epithelial cells involves a type iii secretion machinery, encoded by the mxi and spa operons, and the ipaa-d secreted proteins. in this study, we have identified secreted proteins of 46 and 60 kda as the products of vira and ipah9.8, respectively, the latter being a member of the ipah multigene family. inactivation of vira did not ... | 1998 | 9582283 |
| release of interleukin-2 induced by a major antigenic outer membrane protein of shigella dysenteriae type 1 in natural infection. | an antigen specific modulation of peripheral blood lymphocyte function was examined in a patient-based study of shigella dysenteriae type 1 infection. interleukin-2 (il-2) production by the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) from shigella-infected patients was correlated with the expression of host cellular immune responses. to evaluate the role of a 57 kd major antigenic outer membrane protein of s. dysenteriae 1 in the proliferation of pbmc and the production of il-2, the in vitro blast ... | 1997 | 9589610 |
| [the evaluation of cefmetazole in clinical use. the study group of cefmetazole in clinical use]. | to study the clinical effect of cefmetazole (cmz), we treated with cmz 1,926 patients with various infections involving the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, liver and biliary tract, skin and soft tissue and others. the marked effect rate was 56.5%, and the effect rate 33.7%. the sensitivity test of cmz was also performed in vitro. staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus, staphylococcus epidermis, e. coli, s. typhi, b. salmonella, b. shigella, b. klebsiella pneumoniae, b. proteus, etc. wer ... | 1996 | 9592326 |
| a prolonged outbreak of shigella sonnei infections in traditionally observant jewish communities in north america caused by a molecularly distinct bacterial subtype. | during 1994-1996, shigella sonnei outbreaks occurred in 8 north american traditionally observant jewish communities. these communities remain relatively separate from neighboring populations while maintaining close contact by travel with coreligionists in other cities. epidemiologic investigations suggested community-to-community transmission via travel. outbreak-related and control isolates of s. sonnei from each city were subtyped by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) to confirm an epidem ... | 1998 | 9593035 |
| enteroaggregative escherichia coli strains as a cause of traveler's diarrhea: a case-control study. | to elucidate the importance of enteroaggregative escherichia coli (eaggec) strains as a cause of traveler's diarrhea in spanish travelers, a prospective case-control 1:1 study was done in a university hospital clinic for travelers. eaggec strains were isolated from 23 of 165 case-patients and from 4 of 165 controls (p = .0003). in 16 patients, this was the only isolate recovered. six of the eaggec-positive isolates from the case-patients and 2 from the controls were positive for the enteroaggreg ... | 1998 | 9593036 |
| clearance of shigella flexneri infection occurs through a nitric oxide-independent mechanism. | nitric oxide (no) generated by gamma interferon (ifn-gamma) activation of macrophages mediates the killing of many intracellular pathogens. ifn-gamma is essential to innate resistance to shigella flexneri infection. we demonstrate that no is produced following s. flexneri infection both in mice and in activated cells in vitro and that while it is able to kill s. flexneri in a cell-free system, it is not required for clearance of s. flexneri in either infected mice or in activated cells in vitro. | 1998 | 9596784 |
| mechanism of antigenic variation in shigella flexneri bacilli. iv. role of lipopolysaccharides and their components in the sensitivity of shigella flexneri 1b and its lac+ recombinant to killing action of serum. | the effect of lipopolysaccharides (lps) on the normal bovine serum (nbs) bactericidal reactions against mixture of s. flexneri 6713 1b strain and its 3b lac+ recombinant were investigated. the serum killing of s. flexneri strains was inhibited, in different degree, by lps extracted from either organisms. these properties were mainly due to lps molecules; the lipid a fraction showed only low anticomplement activity, the polysaccharide fraction inhibited the killing activity of nbs in very low deg ... | 1997 | 9597093 |
| listeria and shigella actin-based motility in host cells. | | 1998 | 9601135 |
| assessment of invasion frequencies of cultured hep-2 cells by clinical isolates of helicobacter pylori using an acridine orange assay. | recent studies suggest that helicobacter pylori is an invasive enteropathogen. however, the efficiency with which this pathogen invades mammalian cells remains unknown. therefore, this study was designed to investigate the invasion frequencies of hep-2 cells by clinical strains of h pylori. | 1998 | 9602686 |
| escherichia coli clone sonnei (shigella sonnei) had a chromosomal o-antigen gene cluster prior to gaining its current plasmid-borne o-antigen genes. | o antigen is part of the lipopolysaccharide present in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria. the surface-exposed o antigen is subject to selection by the host immune system, which may account for the maintenance of many different o-antigen forms. characteristically, all genes specific to o-antigen synthesis are clustered in a region close to the his and gnd genes on the chromosome of escherichia coli and related species. shigella sonnei, essentially a clone of e. coli (e. coli clone sonn ... | 1998 | 9603891 |
| the vacb gene required for virulence in shigella flexneri and escherichia coli encodes the exoribonuclease rnase r. | vacb, a gene previously shown to be required for expression of virulence in shigella and enteroinvasive escherichia coli, has been found to encode the 3'-5' exoribonuclease, rnase r. thus, cloning of e. coli vacb led to overexpression of rnase r activity, and partial deletion or interruption of the cloned gene abolished this overexpression. interruption of the chromosomal copy of vacb eliminated endogenous rnase r activity; however, the absence of rnase r by itself had no effect on cell growth. ... | 1998 | 9603904 |
| [antibacterial activity of lactobacilli]. | the antagonistic action of lactobacilli is an important factor in the protection of the vagina of fertile women from infection by other microorganisms. in the present study the authors investigated 17 strains of lactobacilli, incl. 11 of vaginal origin. the objective was to investigate in more detail the antibacterial activity of lactobacilli and to attempt to assess substances responsible for inhibition. the investigated lactobacilli inhibited some strains of escherichia coli, serratia marcesce ... | 1998 | 9611889 |
| [multiple antibiotic resistance mediated by r plasmid in shigella flexneri strains isolated in the northeast of brazil]. | in shigella strains were studied the molecular mechanism that mediated the multiply antibiotic-resistance. twenty-six strains of shigella flexneri were utilised in this investigation. these strains were submitted to disk diffusion test, mating experiments and plasmid isolation. in relation to antibiotics resistance standard it was observed that all shigella flexneri strains were resistant to at least, three antibiotics tested. from twenty-six shigella flexneri strains donors submitted to conjuga ... | 1998 | 9612017 |
| [infectious etiology of diarrheal morbidity in a senegalese region of high exposure to schistosoma mansoni]. | endemic schistosomiasis due to schistosoma mansoni has been observed in richard-toll (the senegal river basin) in senegal since 1990. because of its high prevalence, schistosomiasis is assumed to be the cause of most cases of diarrhea observed in the region. the purpose of the present study carried out within the framework of the espoir program for control of bilharziasis in the senegal river region was to confirm the exact etiology of diarrhea in the region. a total of 109 subjects presenting d ... | 1997 | 9612777 |
| [the adaptation of therapeutic standards as a function of antibiotic sensitivity of strains of shigella spp. isolated in rwanda in 1997]. | | 1997 | 9612786 |
| type iii protein secretion systems in bacterial pathogens of animals and plants. | various gram-negative animal and plant pathogens use a novel, sec-independent protein secretion system as a basic virulence mechanism. it is becoming increasingly clear that these so-called type iii secretion systems inject (translocate) proteins into the cytosol of eukaryotic cells, where the translocated proteins facilitate bacterial pathogenesis by specifically interfering with host cell signal transduction and other cellular processes. accordingly, some type iii secretion systems are activat ... | 1998 | 9618447 |
| [mechanism of resistance of shigella flexneri 2a resistant to new quinolone antibiotics]. | a shigella flexneri 2a strain, which did not respond clinically or in laboratory tests to treatment with new quinolone derivatives, was isolated for the first time in japan from a patient admitted for diarrhea to a tokyo hospital. the mechanism of resistance was examined by sequencing the quinolone resistance determining region (qrdr) of the gyra (a quinolone target enzyme) gene and by comparing the active efflux mechanisms of two strains isolated from this patient (before hospitalization and af ... | 1998 | 9621565 |
| epidemiologic study of shigella sonnei from sequential outbreaks and sporadic cases using different typing techniques. | we noted that eight outbreaks of shigella sonnei from an unknown source occurred sequentially in aichi prefecture, japan, between october 1992-june 1993. for comparative purposes we analyzed 53 outbreak-related isolates of shigella sonnei using different subtyping methods and studied the epidemiology of the outbreaks. it appeared from our study that dna-based techniques such as plasmid typing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) were more useful tools for subtyping shigella sonnei than co ... | 1998 | 9623912 |