| clinical models for anaerobic bacterial infections in dogs and their use in testing the efficacy of clindamycin and lincomycin. | two canine models of clinical anaerobic bacterial infections were developed for the study of the clinical parameters associated with these infections and for evaluation of antimicrobial agents that might be useful in therapy. in model i, a mixed culture of bacteroides fragilis, b melaninogenicus, and fusobacterium necrophorum was used as the inoculum. in model ii, a mixed culture of b fragilis and clostridium perfringens combined with an infection enhancer (sterile cinder dust) was used as the i ... | 1984 | 24049887 |
| effects of the dietary protein and carbohydrate ratio on gut microbiomes in dogs of different body conditions. | obesity has become a health epidemic in both humans and pets. a dysbiotic gut microbiota has been associated with obesity and other metabolic disorders. high-protein, low-carbohydrate (hplc) diets have been recommended for body weight loss, but little is known about their effects on the canine gut microbiome. sixty-three obese and lean labrador retrievers and beagles (mean age, 5.72 years) were fed a common baseline diet for 4 weeks in phase 1, followed by 4 weeks of a treatment diet, specifical ... | 2017 | 28119466 |
| specific members of the predominant gut microbiota predict pouchitis following colectomy and ipaa in uc. | pouchitis is the most common complication after colectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (ipaa) for uc and the risk is the highest within the 1st year after surgery. the pathogenesis is not completely understood but clinical response to antibiotics suggests a role for gut microbiota. we hypothesised that the risk for pouchitis can be predicted based on the faecal microbial composition before colectomy. | 2017 | 26423113 |
| distinct gut microbiota in southeastern african and northern european infants. | the intestinal microbiota composition in infants reflects the early environment. our objective was to compare the gut microbiota in 6-month-old infants living in rural malawi with children of the same age living in urban finland, both being breast-fed and having an age-appropriate diet typical for each area. | 2012 | 22228076 |
| in vitro inhibition of clostridium difficile and clostridium perfringens by commercial probiotic strains. | probiotics have gained importance in human and veterinary medicine to prevent and control clostridial enteric disease. limited information is available on the ability of different probiotic bacteria used in food products to inhibit clostridium difficile and clostridium perfringens. the objective of this study was to examine the in vitro inhibitory effects of selected commercial bacterial strains on pathogenic clostridia and their growth characteristics under simulated gastrointestinal conditions ... | 2013 | 23471038 |
| the effect of selected synbiotics on microbial composition and short-chain fatty acid production in a model system of the human colon. | prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics can be used to modulate both the composition and activity of the gut microbiota and thereby potentially affecting host health beneficially. the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of eight synbiotic combinations on the composition and activity of human fecal microbiota using a four-stage semicontinuous model system of the human colon. | 2012 | 23082149 |
| evaluation of impact of exposure of sudan azo dyes and their metabolites on human intestinal bacteria. | sudan azo dyes are banned for food usage in most countries, but they are illegally used to maintain or enhance the color of food products due to low cost, bright staining, and wide availability of the dyes. in this report, we examined the toxic effects of these azo dyes and their potential reduction metabolites on 11 prevalent human intestinal bacterial strains. among the tested bacteria, cell growth of 2, 3, 5, 5, and 1 strains was inhibited by sudan i, ii, iii, iv, and para red, respectively. ... | 2012 | 22634331 |
| computing smallest intervention strategies for multiple metabolic networks in a boolean model. | this article considers the problem whereby, given two metabolic networks n1 and n2, a set of source compounds, and a set of target compounds, we must find the minimum set of reactions whose removal (knockout) ensures that the target compounds are not producible in n1 but are producible in n2. similar studies exist for the problem of finding the minimum knockout with the smallest side effect for a single network. however, if technologies of external perturbations are advanced in the near future, ... | 2015 | 25684199 |
| feed supplementation with red seaweeds, chondrus crispus and sarcodiotheca gaudichaudii, affects performance, egg quality, and gut microbiota of layer hens. | the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the inclusion of red seaweed supplementation to standard poultry diets on production performance, egg quality, intestinal histology, and cecal short-chain fatty acids in lohmann brown classic laying hens. a total of 160 birds were randomly assigned to 8 treatment groups. control hens were fed a basal layer diet; positive control hens were fed a diet containing 2% inulin; and 6 treatment groups were fed a diet containing one of the following; 0. ... | 2014 | 25352682 |
| a probiotics-containing biscuit modulates the intestinal microbiota in the elderly. | evaluation of the impact of a biscuit containing the probiotics bifidobacterium longum bar33 and lactobacillus helveticus bar13 on the intestinal microbiota in the elderly. | 2013 | 23364497 |
| the principal fucosylated oligosaccharides of human milk exhibit prebiotic properties on cultured infant microbiota. | breast-fed infant microbiota is typically rich in bifidobacteria. herein, major human milk oligosaccharides (hmos) are assessed for their ability to promote the growth of bifidobacteria and to acidify their environment, key features of prebiotics. during in vitro anaerobic fermentation of infant microbiota, supplementation by hmos significantly decreased the ph even greater than supplementation by fructooligosaccharide (fos), a prebiotic positive control. hmos elevated lactate concentrations, in ... | 2013 | 23028202 |
| bacterial microbiota in harbor seals (phoca vitulina) from the north sea of schleswig-holstein, germany, around the time of morbillivirus and influenza epidemics. | we present microbiologic findings in harbor seal (phoca; phoca vitulina ) carcasses collected from the north sea of schleswig-holstein, germany, 1996-2014, and interpret results in relation to potential variations caused by phocine distemper virus and influenza a virus mass mortalities. we conducted microbiologic investigations on 2,124 tissue samples from lung, liver, kidney, spleen, intestine, and mesenteric lymph nodes from 549 dead harbor seals of the german north sea. a large variety of bac ... | 2017 | 28139956 |
| case-control study of microbiological etiology associated with calf diarrhea. | calf diarrhea is a major economic burden for the us cattle industry. a variety of infectious agents are implicated in calf diarrhea and co-infection of multiple pathogens is not uncommon in diarrheic calves. a case-control study was conducted to assess infectious etiologies associated with calf diarrhea in midwest cattle farms. a total of 199 and 245 fecal samples were obtained from diarrheic and healthy calves, respectively, from 165 cattle farms. samples were tested by a panel of multiplex pcr ... | 2013 | 23886509 |
| the pathology of enterotoxemia by clostridium perfringens type c in calves. | the pathology of clostridium perfringens type c infection has been described with detail only in foals and piglets. the current report describes the diagnostic workup and detailed pathology of 3 cases of c. perfringens type c infection in calves. a 2-day-old jersey calf and fresh and fixed tissues from a 4-week-old angus calf and from a 1-week-old jersey calf were received at the california animal health and food safety laboratory system with a history of digestive disease and death. the gross c ... | 2013 | 23592750 |
| stress hormone epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline) effects on the anaerobic bacteria. | microbial endocrinology is a relatively new research area that already encompasses the anaerobes. stress hormones, epinephrine and norepinephrine, can affect the growth of anaerobic bacteria such as fusobacterium nucleatum, prevotella spp., porhyromonas spp., tanerella forsythia and propionibacterium acnes and can increase virulence gene expression, iron acquisition and many virulence factors of some anaerobic species such as clostridium perfringens, porphyromonas gingivalis and brachyspira pilo ... | 2017 | 28077337 |
| characteristics of metroxylon sagu resistant starch type iii as prebiotic substance. | resistant starch type iii (rs3 ) was produced from sago (metroxylon sagu) and evaluated for its characteristics as a prebiotic. two rs3 samples designated sago rs and hcl-sago rs contained 35.71% and 68.30% rs, respectively, were subjected to hydrolyses by gastric juice and digestive enzymes and to absorption. both sago rs and hcl-sago rs were resistant to 180 min hydrolysis by gastric acidity at ph 1 to 4 with less than 0.85% hydrolyzed. both samples were also resistant toward hydrolysis by gas ... | 2015 | 25739421 |
| pathogenic microbiological baseline survey of pork carcasses in taiwan. | from 2004 to 2010, pork carcass swabs from state-inspected slaughter plants in taiwan were intermittently analyzed to determine the prevalence of selected pathogenic microorganisms associated with foodborne illness. the prevalences of staphylococcus aureus each year from 2006 to 2010 were 6.6, 10.8, 5.1, 6.4, and 7.4%, respectively, while those of listeria monocytogenes were 1.2% in 2004, 1.3% in 2005, and 3.5% in 2008. the prevalences of clostridium perfringens were 0.9% in 2004, 3.2% in 2005, ... | 2013 | 23726203 |
| selection for pro-inflammatory mediators produces chickens more resistant to campylobacter jejuni. | campylobacter spp. are the second leading cause of bacterial-induced foodborne illnesses with an estimated economic burden of nearly $2b usd per year. most human illness associated with campylobacteriosis is due to infection by c. jejuni and chickens are recognized as a reservoir that could lead to foodborne illness in humans resulting from handling or consuming raw or undercooked chicken. we recently developed a novel breeding strategy based on identification and selection of chickens with an i ... | 2017 | 28339707 |
| administration of lactobacillus johnsonii fi9785 to chickens affects colonisation by campylobacter jejuni and the intestinal microbiota. | 1. campylobacter jejuni is the most common bacterial cause of human foodborne gastroenteritis in the world largely from contaminated poultry meat. new control measures to reduce or eliminate this pathogen from the animal gastrointestinal tract are urgently required, and the use of probiotics as competitive exclusion agents is a promising biocontrol measure to reduce c. jejuni in the food chain. 2. in this study, we assessed the potential of lactobacillus johnsonii fi9785, which has shown efficac ... | 2017 | 28318296 |
| enteric pathogens and their toxin-induced disruption of the intestinal barrier through alteration of tight junctions in chickens. | maintaining a healthy gut environment is a prerequisite for sustainable animal production. the gut plays a key role in the digestion and absorption of nutrients and constitutes an initial organ exposed to external factors influencing bird's health. the intestinal epithelial barrier serves as the first line of defense between the host and the luminal environment. it consists of a continuous monolayer of intestinal epithelial cells connected by intercellular junctional complexes which shrink the s ... | 2017 | 28208612 |
| a proteomics assay to detect eight cbrn-relevant toxins in food. | a proteomics assay was set up to analyze food substrates for eight toxins of the cbrn (chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear) threat, namely ricin, clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin (etx), staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins (sea, seb and sed), shigatoxins from shigella dysenteriae and entero-hemorragic escherichia coli strains (stx1 and stx2) and campylobacter jejuni cytolethal distending toxin (cdt). the assay developed was based on an antibody-free sample preparation followed by b ... | 2017 | 28008711 |
| decay rates of zoonotic pathogens and viral surrogates in soils amended with biosolids and manures and comparison of qpcr and culture derived rates. | the purpose of this study was to establish inactivation decay constants of foodborne pathogens and coliphage in clay and sandy soils for future "downstream" analyses such as quantitative microbial risk analysis and to compare cultivation-dependent and -independent (e.g. qpcr) methods. | 2016 | 27585434 |
| a modified bioautographic method for antibacterial component screening against anaerobic and microaerophilic bacteria. | direct bioautography is a useful method to identify antimicrobial compounds with potential therapeutic importance. because of technical limitations till now, it has been applied only for aerobic bacteria. in this work we present the modification of the original method by which antimicrobial screening of bacteria requiring modified atmosphere became feasible by direct bioautography. here we demonstrate its applicability by testing three anaerobic clostridium perfringens and three microaerophilic ... | 2016 | 26853123 |
| impact of a drug-free program on broiler chicken growth performances, gut health, clostridium perfringens and campylobacter jejuni occurrences at the farm level. | the use of antimicrobial agents as feed additives in poultry production is a public health concern due to the overall increase in antimicrobial resistance. although some alternative products are commercially available, little is known on their potential impact on flock health and productivity. a prospective study involving 1.55 million birds was conducted on eight commercial broiler farms in québec, canada, to evaluate the impact of replacing antibiotic growth promoters and anticoccidial drugs b ... | 2015 | 26047674 |
| claudin-related intestinal diseases. | with up to 200 m(2) the human intestine is the organ with the largest absorptive surface of the body. it is lined by a single layer of epithelial cells that separates the host from the environment. the intestinal epithelium provides both, selective absorption of nutrients, ions, and water but also a highly effective barrier function which includes the first line of defense against environmental antigens. the paracellular part of this barrier function is provided by tight junction (tj) proteins, ... | 2015 | 25999319 |
| effect of oxygen stress on growth and survival of clostridium perfringens, campylobacter jejuni, and listeria monocytogenes under different storage conditions. | this study investigated the growth and survival of three foodborne pathogens (clostridium perfringens, campylobacter jejuni, and listeria monocytogenes) in beef (7% fat) and nutrient broth under different oxygen levels. samples were tested under anoxic (<0.5%), microoxic (6 to 8%), and oxic (20%) conditions during storage at 7 °c for 14 days and at 22 °c for 5 days. two initial inoculum concentrations were used (1 and 2 log cfu per g of beef or per ml of broth). the results show that c. perfring ... | 2015 | 25836393 |
| comparison of two methods of bacterial dna extraction from human fecal samples contaminated with clostridium perfringens, staphylococcus aureus, salmonella typhimurium, and campylobacter jejuni. | in this study, 2 methods of dna extraction were evaluated for use in conjunction with the screening system rapid foodborne bacterial screening 24 (rfbs24), which employs multiplex real-time sybr green polymerase chain reaction (sg-pcr) and can simultaneously detect 24 target genes of foodborne pathogens in fecal dna samples. the qiaamp dna stool mini kit (qkit) and ultra clean fecal dna isolation kit (ukit) were used for bacterial dna extraction from fecal samples artificially inoculated with cl ... | 2014 | 25410559 |
| antibacterial and antioxidant activities in extracts of fully grown cladodes of 8 cultivars of cactus pear. | the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of some cultivars of the nopal cactus have not been determined. in this study, 8 cultivars of nopal cacti from mexico were assayed for phenolic content, antioxidant activities, and antimicrobial activities against campylobacter jejuni, vibrio cholera, and clostridium perfringens. plant material was washed, dried, and macerated in methanol. minimum bactericidal concentrations (mbcs) were determined using the broth microdilution method. antioxidant acti ... | 2014 | 24621296 |
| [nosocomial diarrhea in intensive care unit: other than clostridium difficile]. | to investigate the incidence and clinical features of non-clostridium difficile (c. difficile) associated nosocomial diarrhea in intensive care unit (icu) caused by klebsiella oxytoca and clostridium perfringens. | 2013 | 24059125 |
| immunity to bacterial infection in the chicken. | bacterial infections remain important to the poultry industry both in terms of animal and public health, the latter due to the importance of poultry as a source of foodborne bacterial zoonoses such as salmonella and campylobacter. as such, much focus of research to the immune response to bacterial infection has been to salmonella. in this review we will focus on how research on avian salmonellosis has developed our understanding of immunity to bacteria in the chicken from understanding the role ... | 2013 | 23648643 |
| garlic derivative propyl propane thiosulfonate is effective against broiler enteropathogens in vivo. | two experiments were carried out to study the effects of dietary supplementation with the garlic (allium sativum)-derived product propyl propane thiosulfonate (pts-o) on the intestinal log(10) number of copies of enteropathogens in broiler chickens, together with their intestinal morphology and growth performance. the additive had no significant effect on feed intake at any dose assayed. in experiment 1 (1 to 21 d of age), the bw of chickens fed on 45 mg of pts-o/kg of diet was higher (p < 0.01) ... | 2012 | 22912448 |
| application of artificial intelligence to the prediction of the antimicrobial activity of essential oils. | essential oils (eos) are vastly used as natural antibiotics in complementary and alternative medicine (cam). their intrinsic chemical variability and synergisms/antagonisms between its components make difficult to ensure consistent effects through different batches. our aim is to evaluate the use of artificial neural networks (anns) for the prediction of their antimicrobial activity. methods. the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of 49 eos, extracts, and/or fractions was extracted ... | 2015 | 26457111 |
| essential oil composition and antimicrobial activity of angelica archangelica l. (apiaceae) roots. | in this paper, the chemical composition and the antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of angelica archangelica l. (apiaceae) roots from central italy were analyzed. the major constituents of the oil were α-pinene (21.3%), δ-3-carene (16.5%), limonene (16.4%) and α-phellandrene (8.7%). the oil shows a good antimicrobial activity against clostridium difficile, clostridium perfringens, enterococcus faecalis, eubacterium limosum, peptostreptococcus anaerobius, and candida albicans with minimum ... | 2014 | 24788027 |
| enteropathogen infections in canine puppies: (co-)occurrence, clinical relevance and risk factors. | laboratory confirmation of the causative agent(s) of diarrhoea in puppies may allow for appropriate treatment. the presence of potential pathogens however, does not prove a causal relationship with diarrhoea. the aim of this study was to identify specific enteropathogens in ≤12 month old puppies with and without acute diarrhoea and to assess their associations with clinical signs, putative risk factors and pathogen co-occurrence. faecal samples from puppies with (n=113) and without (n=56) acute ... | 2016 | 27771056 |
| presence of infectious agents and co-infections in diarrheic dogs determined with a real-time polymerase chain reaction-based panel. | infectious diarrhea can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or protozoan organisms, or a combination of these. the identification of co-infections in dogs is important to determine the prognosis and to plan strategies for their treatment and prophylaxis. although many pathogens have been individually detected with real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr), a comprehensive panel of agents that cause diarrhea in privately owned dogs has not yet been established. the objective of this study was to use ... | 2014 | 24433321 |
| enteropathogens identified in dogs entering a florida animal shelter with normal feces or diarrhea. | to determine the frequency of enteropathogens in dogs entering an animal shelter with normal feces or diarrhea. | 2012 | 22812470 |
| surveillance for zoonotic and selected pathogens in harbor seals phoca vitulina from central california. | the infection status of harbor seals phoca vitulina in central california, usa, was evaluated through broad surveillance for pathogens in stranded and wild-caught animals from 2001 to 2008, with most samples collected in 2007 and 2008. stranded animals from mendocino county to san luis obispo county were sampled at a rehabilitation facility: the marine mammal center (tmmc, n = 175); wild-caught animals were sampled at 2 locations: san francisco bay (sf, n = 78) and tomales bay (tb, n = 97), that ... | 2014 | 25266897 |
| lyophilized carnobacterium divergens as7 bacteriocin preparation improves performance of broiler chickens challenged with clostridium perfringens. | the present study aimed to investigate the effects of carnobacterium divergens as7 bacteriocin (divercin as7) on growth performance, digestibility, fermentation processes, selected microbial populations, and histomorphology in broiler chickens challenged with a mixture of 3 clostridium perfringens isolates. in total, 480 one-day-old male ross 308 chicks were randomly assigned to 4 experimental groups (12 replicate pens of 10 birds per treatment). the diets were either nonsupplemented or suppleme ... | 2012 | 22802184 |
| first detection of macrorhabdus ornithogaster in wild eurasian siskins (carduelis spinus) in germany. a case study. | the colonization of the gastric ascomycetous yeast macrorhabdus (m.) ornithogaster could be associated with a chronic wasting disease in several bird species in captivity. the prevalence and clinical relevance of m. ornithogaster in wild birds is unknown in detail. | 2015 | 25804259 |
| acute cholecystitis associated with infection of enterobacteriaceae from gut microbiota. | acute cholecystitis (ac) is one of the most common surgical diseases. bacterial infection accounts for 50% to 85% of the disease's onset. since there is a close relationship between the biliary system and the gut, the aims of this study were to characterize and determine the influence of gut microbiota on ac, to detect the pathogenic microorganism in the biliary system, and to explore the relationship between the gut and bile microbiota of patients with ac. a total of 185 713 high-quality sequen ... | 2015 | 26025761 |
| a clostridioides difficile bacteriophage genome encodes functional binary toxin-associated genes. | pathogenic clostridia typically produce toxins as virulence factors which cause severe diseases in both humans and animals. whereas many clostridia like e.g., clostridium perfringens, clostridium botulinum or clostridium tetani were shown to contain toxin-encoding plasmids, only toxin genes located on the chromosome were detected in clostridioides difficile so far. in this study, we determined, annotated, and analyzed the complete genome of the bacteriophage phisemix9p1 using single-molecule rea ... | 2017 | 28216103 |
| dissemination of clostridium difficile in food and the environment: significant sources of c. difficile community-acquired infection? | clostridium difficile is a significant pathogen with over 300 000 cases reported in north america annually. previously, it was thought that c. difficile was primarily a clinically associated infection. however, through the use of whole genome sequencing it has been revealed that the majority of cases are community acquired. the source of community-acquired c. difficile infections (cdi) is open to debate with foodborne being one route considered. clostridium difficile fits the criteria of a foodb ... | 2017 | 27813268 |
| assessing methanobrevibacter smithii and clostridium difficile as not conventional faecal indicators in effluents of a wastewater treatment plant integrated with sludge anaerobic digestion. | wastewater treatment plants (wwtp) are an important source of surface water contamination by enteric pathogens, affecting the role of environmental water as a microbial reservoir. we describe the release to the environment of certain anaerobes of human and environmental concern. the work was focused on emerging microbial targets. they are tracing, by rt-qpcr, on wwtp effluents, both liquid and solid, when an anaerobic digestion step is included. the focus is placed on clostridium spp. with the s ... | 2016 | 27697372 |
| effects of high-pressure treatment on spores of clostridium species. | this work analyzes the high-pressure (hp) germination of spores of the food-borne pathogen clostridium perfringens (with inner membrane [im] germinant receptors [grs]) and the opportunistic pathogen clostridium difficile (with no im grs), which has growing implications as an emerging food safety threat. in contrast to those of spores of bacillus species, mechanisms of hp germination of clostridial spores have not been well studied. hp treatments trigger bacillus spore germination through spores' ... | 2016 | 27316969 |
| a roadmap for gene system development in clostridium. | clostridium species are both heroes and villains. some cause serious human and animal diseases, those present in the gut microbiota generally contribute to health and wellbeing, while others represent useful industrial chassis for the production of chemicals and fuels. to understand, counter or exploit, there is a fundamental requirement for effective systems that may be used for directed or random genome modifications. we have formulated a simple roadmap whereby the necessary gene systems maybe ... | 2016 | 27234263 |
| ega protects mammalian cells from clostridium difficile cdt, clostridium perfringens iota toxin and clostridium botulinum c2 toxin. | the pathogenic bacteria clostridium difficile, clostridium perfringens and clostridium botulinum produce the binary actin adp-ribosylating toxins cdt, iota and c2, respectively. these toxins are composed of a transport component (b) and a separate enzyme component (a). when both components assemble on the surface of mammalian target cells, the b components mediate the entry of the a components via endosomes into the cytosol. here, the a components adp-ribosylate g-actin, resulting in depolymeriz ... | 2016 | 27043629 |
| non-clostridium perfringens infectious agents producing necrotic enteritis-like lesions in poultry. | necrotic enteritis (ne) produced by clostridium perfringens is amongst the most prevalent enteric diseases of chickens and turkeys. however, several other bacterial, parasitic and viral agents can cause clinical signs, gross and microscopic lesions in poultry very similar to those of ne and the diseases produced by those agents need to be differentiated from ne. the main differential diagnoses for c. perfringens ne include bacterial (clostridium colinum, clostridium sordellii, clostridium diffic ... | 2016 | 27009483 |
| evaluation of two raw diets vs a commercial cooked diet on feline growth. | objectives the objective of this study was to determine if two raw feline diets were nutritionally adequate for kittens. methods twenty-four 9-week-old kittens underwent an association of american feed control officials' (aafco) 10 week growth feeding trial with two raw diet groups and one cooked diet group (eight kittens in each). morphometric measurements (weight, height and length), complete blood counts, serum chemistry, whole blood taurine and fecal cultures were evaluated. results overall, ... | 2017 | 26927818 |
| involvement of bacteria other than clostridium difficile in antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. | antibiotic-associated diarrhoea (aad) is a common and unintended consequence of antibiotic use. clostridium difficile is the most common infectious aetiology of aad; however, only approximately 25% of all aad cases are associated with c. difficile infection, with the aetiology in the majority of cases remaining undetermined. numerous other bacterial infectious agents have been implicated in aad, including clostridium perfringens, staphylococcus aureus, and klebsiella oxytoca. aad is a complex di ... | 2016 | 26897710 |
| clostridium perfringens type a netf and nete positive and clostridium difficile co-infection in two adult dogs. | the aim of this study was to report two cases of clostridium perfringens type a and clostridium difficile co-infection in adult dogs. both animals were positive for a/b toxin. toxigenic c. difficile and c. perfringens type a positive for nete and netf-encoding genes were isolated. this report reinforces the necessity of studying a possible synergism of c. difficile and c. perfringens in enteric disorders. | 2016 | 26762654 |
| metagenomic approach for identification of the pathogens associated with diarrhea in stool specimens. | the potential to rapidly capture the entire microbial community structure and/or gene content makes metagenomic sequencing an attractive tool for pathogen identification and the detection of resistance/virulence genes in clinical settings. here, we assessed the consistency between pcr from a diagnostic laboratory, quantitative pcr (qpcr) from a research laboratory, 16s rrna gene sequencing, and metagenomic shotgun sequencing (mss) for clostridium difficile identification in diarrhea stool sample ... | 2016 | 26637379 |
| pathological and bacteriological characterization of neonatal porcine diarrhoea of uncertain aetiology. | neonatal porcine diarrhoea of uncertain aetiology has been reported from a number of countries. this study investigated 50 diarrhoeic and 19 healthy piglets from 10 affected swedish herds. the piglets were blood-sampled for analysis of serum γ-globulin and necropsied, and the intestines were sampled for histopathology and cultured for escherichia coli, clostridium perfringens and clostridium difficile. escherichia coli isolates (n = 276) were examined by pcr for virulence genes encoding lt, sta, ... | 2015 | 26272503 |
| clostridium sordellii genome analysis reveals plasmid localized toxin genes encoded within pathogenicity loci. | clostridium sordellii can cause severe infections in animals and humans, the latter associated with trauma, toxic shock and often-fatal gynaecological infections. strains can produce two large clostridial cytotoxins (lccs), tcsl and tcsh, related to those produced by clostridium difficile, clostridium novyi and clostridium perfringens, but the genetic basis of toxin production remains uncharacterised. | 2015 | 25981746 |
| effect of a probiotic on prevention of diarrhea and clostridium difficile and clostridium perfringens shedding in foals. | up to 60% of foals develop diarrhea within 6 months after birth. preventive measures are limited but potentially probiotics could be used. | 2017 | 25903509 |
| solution structure and dna binding of the catalytic domain of the large serine resolvase tnpx. | the transfer of antibiotic resistance between bacteria is mediated by mobile genetic elements such as plasmids and transposons. tnpx is a member of the large serine recombinase subgroup of site-specific recombinases and is responsible for the excision and insertion of mobile genetic elements that encode chloramphenicol resistance in the pathogens clostridium perfringens and clostridium difficile. tnpx consists of three structural domains: domain i contains the catalytic site, whereas domains ii ... | 2015 | 25720550 |
| a possible route for foodborne transmission of clostridium difficile? | spores of toxigenic clostridium difficile and spores of food-poisoning strains of clostridium perfringens show a similar prevalence in meats. spores of both species are heat resistant and can survive cooking of foods. c. perfringens is a major cause of foodborne illness; studies are needed to determine whether c. difficile transmission by a similar route is a cause of infection. | 2015 | 25599421 |
| clostridium perfringens enterotoxin and clostridium difficile toxin a/b do not play a role in acute haemorrhagic diarrhoea syndrome in dogs. | although an association between clostridial pathogens and canine idiopathic acute haemorrhagic diarrhoea syndrome (ahds) has been described, the relevance of those bacteria and their toxins remains unclear. the aim of this study was to evaluate the association between severity of clinical signs and presence of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe) and clostridium difficile toxin a/b (cdt a/b) in faeces of dogs with ahds. faecal samples of 54 dogs with idiopathic ahds were tested by qualitati ... | 2015 | 25467148 |
| novel receptors for bacterial protein toxins. | while bacterial effectors are often directly introduced into eukaryotic target cells by various types of injection machines, toxins enter the cytosol of host cells from endosomal compartments or after retrograde transport via golgi from the er. a first crucial step of toxin-host interaction is receptor binding. using optimized protocols and new methods novel toxin receptors have been identified, including metalloprotease adam 10 for staphylococcus aureus α-toxin, laminin receptor lu/bcam for esc ... | 2015 | 25461573 |
| biofilms of clostridium species. | the biofilm is a microbial community embedded in a synthesized matrix and is the main bacterial way of life. a biofilm adheres on surfaces or is found on interfaces. it protects bacteria from the environment, toxic molecules and may have a role in virulence. clostridium species are spread throughout both environments and hosts, but their biofilms have not been extensively described in comparison with other bacterial species. in this review we describe all biofilms formed by clostridium species d ... | 2014 | 25242197 |
| expression of the large clostridial toxins is controlled by conserved regulatory mechanisms. | the clostridia cause many human and animal diseases, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. host damage results from the action of potent exotoxins, an important group of which is the large clostridial toxins (lcts) produced by clostridium difficile, clostridium sordellii, clostridium perfringens and clostridium novyi. knowledge of the structure and function of these toxins has been attained, however, apart from c. difficile, the regulatory pathways that control lct production remain ... | 2014 | 25190355 |
| iron fortification adversely affects the gut microbiome, increases pathogen abundance and induces intestinal inflammation in kenyan infants. | in-home iron fortification for infants in developing countries is recommended for control of anaemia, but low absorption typically results in >80% of the iron passing into the colon. iron is essential for growth and virulence of many pathogenic enterobacteria. we determined the effect of high and low dose in-home iron fortification on the infant gut microbiome and intestinal inflammation. | 2015 | 25143342 |
| cyclophilin-facilitated membrane translocation as pharmacological target to prevent intoxication of mammalian cells by binary clostridial actin adp-ribosylated toxins. | clostridium botulinum c2 toxin, clostridium perfringens iota toxin and clostridium difficile cdt belong to the family of binary actin adp-ribosylating toxins and are composed of a binding/translocation component and a separate enzyme component. the enzyme components adp-ribosylate g-actin in the cytosol of target cells resulting in depolymerization of f-actin, cell rounding and cell death. the binding/translocation components bind to their cell receptors and form complexes with the respective en ... | 2015 | 25058685 |
| clostridium difficile and clostridium perfringens from wild carnivore species in brazil. | despite some case reports, the importance of clostridium perfringens and clostridium difficile for wild carnivores remains unclear. thus, the objective of this study was to identify c. perfringens and c. difficile strains in stool samples from wild carnivore species in brazil. a total of 34 stool samples were collected and subjected to c. perfringens and c. difficile isolation. suggestive colonies of c. perfringens were then analyzed for genes encoding the major c. perfringens toxins (alpha, bet ... | 2014 | 24979683 |
| clostridium perfringens and clostridium difficile in cooked beef sold in côte d'ivoire and their antimicrobial susceptibility. | the aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of clostridium difficile and clostridium perfringens in cooked beef sold in the streets in côte d'ivoire and their antimicrobial susceptibility. a total of 395 kidney and flesh samples of cooked beef were collected from vendors at abidjan and subjected to c. difficile and c. perfringens isolation and identification by using biochemical tests, api 20a system and pcr detection. subsequently, the antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed fo ... | 2014 | 24944124 |
| haemorrhagic toxin and lethal toxin from clostridium sordellii strain vpi9048: molecular characterization and comparative analysis of substrate specificity of the large clostridial glucosylating toxins. | large clostridial glucosylating toxins (lcgts) are produced by toxigenic strains of clostridium difficile, clostridium perfringens, clostridium novyi and clostridium sordellii. while most c. sordellii strains solely produce lethal toxin (tcsl), c. sordellii strain vpi9048 co-produces both hemorrhagic toxin (tcsh) and tcsl. here, the sequences of tcsh-9048 and tcsl-9048 are provided, showing that both toxins retain conserved lcgt features and that tcsl and tcsh are highly related to toxin a (tcda ... | 2014 | 24905543 |
| the effect of new neonatal porcine diarrhoea syndrome (nnpds) on average daily gain and mortality in 4 danish pig herds. | the study evaluated the effect of new neonatal porcine diarrhoea syndrome (nnpds) on average daily gain (adg) and mortality and described the clinical manifestations in four herds suffering from the syndrome. nnpds is a diarrhoeic syndrome affecting piglets within the first week of life, which is not caused by enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec), clostridium perfringens (c. perfringens) type a/c, clostridium difficile (c. difficile), rotavirus a, coronavirus, cystoisospora suis, strongyloide ... | 2014 | 24755093 |
| lrp1 is a receptor for clostridium perfringens tpel toxin indicating a two-receptor model of clostridial glycosylating toxins. | large glycosylating toxins are major virulence factors of various species of pathogenic clostridia. prototypes are clostridium difficile toxins a and b, which cause antibiotics-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis. the current model of the toxins' action suggests that receptor binding is mediated by a c-terminal domain of combined repetitive oligopeptides (crop). this model is challenged by the glycosylating clostridium perfringens large cytotoxin (tpel toxin) that is devoid of the c ... | 2014 | 24737893 |
| utility of the clostridial site-specific recombinase tnpx to clone toxic-product-encoding genes and selectively remove genomic dna fragments. | tnpx is a site-specific recombinase responsible for the excision and insertion of the transposons tn4451 and tn4453 in clostridium perfringens and clostridium difficile, respectively. here, we exploit phenotypic features of tnpx to facilitate genetic mutagenesis and complementation studies. genetic manipulation of bacteria often relies on the use of antibiotic resistance genes; however, a limited number are available for use in the clostridia. the ability of tnpx to recognize and excise specific ... | 2014 | 24682304 |
| evaluation of a multiplex pcr assay for simultaneous detection of bacterial and viral enteropathogens in stool samples of paediatric patients. | we evaluated a multiplex pcr assay, the seeplex diarrhoea ace detection, that simultaneously detects 15 enteric pathogens, including salmonella spp., shigella spp., vibrio spp., toxin b producer clostridium difficile, campylobacter spp., clostridium perfringens, yersinia enterocolitica, aeromonas spp., escherichia coli o157:h7, verocytotoxin-producing escherichia coli, adenovirus, group a rotavirus, norovirus gi and gii, and astrovirus. we compared this assay with clinical methods routinely used ... | 2014 | 24656922 |
| characterization of clostridium perfringens in the feces of adult horses and foals with acute enterocolitis. | up to 60% of cases of equine colitis have no known cause. to improve understanding of the causes of acute colitis in horses, we hypothesized that clostridium perfringens producing enterotoxin (cpe) and/or beta2 toxin (cpb2) are common and important causes of severe colitis in horses and/or that c. perfringens producing an as-yet-undescribed cytotoxin may also cause colitis in horses. fecal samples from 55 horses (43 adults, 12 foals) with clinical evidence of colitis were evaluated by culture fo ... | 2014 | 24396174 |
| diarylacylhydrazones: clostridium-selective antibacterials with activity against stationary-phase cells. | current antibiotics for treating clostridium difficile infections (cdi), that is, metronidazole, vancomycin and more recently fidaxomicin, are mostly effective but treatment failure and disease relapse remain as significant clinical problems. the shortcomings of these agents are attributed to their low selectivity for c. difficile over normal gut microflora and their ineffectiveness against c. difficile spores. this letter reports that certain diarylacylhydrazones identified during a high-throug ... | 2014 | 24360560 |
| detection of toxins a/b and isolation of clostridium difficile and clostridium perfringens from dogs in minas gerais, brazil. | the objective of this study was to detect c. difficile a/b toxins and to isolate strains of c. perfringens and c. difficile from diarrheic and non-diarrheic dogs in brazil. stool samples were collected from 57 dogs, 35 of which were apparently healthy, and 22 of which were diarrheic. c. difficile a/b toxins were detected by elisa, and c. perfringens and c. difficile were identified by multiplex pcr. c. difficile a/b toxins were detected in 21 samples (36.8%). of these, 16 (76.2%) were from diarr ... | 2013 | 24159295 |
| a retrospective study on the etiological diagnoses of diarrhea in neonatal piglets in ontario, canada, between 2001 and 2010. | laboratory surveillance data from the animal health laboratory, university of guelph, on the etiological diagnoses of neonatal diarrhea in piglets were analyzed to determine the relative importance and trends of different enteric pathogens in ontario. a total of 237 cases, including live and dead 1- to 7-day-old piglets, were submitted for diagnosis of gastrointestinal illness between 2001 and 2010. the combined frequencies for cases of gastrointestinal illness involving escherichia coli, clostr ... | 2013 | 24124267 |
| microbiological, pathological and histological findings in four danish pig herds affected by a new neonatal diarrhoea syndrome. | neonatal diarrhoea is a frequent clinical condition in commercial swine herds, previously regarded to be uncomplicated to treat. however, since 2008 it seems that a new neonatal diarrhoeic syndrome unresponsive to antibiotics and common management practices has emerged. routine laboratory examinations have not detected any pathogen related to this syndrome. the primary purpose of this study was to evaluate if well-known enteric pathogens could be associated with outbreaks of neonatal diarrhoea, ... | 2013 | 24119974 |
| enterotoxigenic clostridium perfringens infection and pediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease. | clostridium difficile is the major cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and is the most well known bacterial pathogen associated with inflammatory bowel disease (ibd). enterotoxigenic clostridium perfringens has also been detected in up to 15% of antibiotic-associated diarrhea cases, and it has not been found in healthy people. the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of c. perfringens infection in pediatric patients with ibd. | 2014 | 24060617 |
| an investigation into the association between cpb2-encoding clostridium perfringens type a and diarrhea in neonatal piglets. | to investigate the possible role of cpb2-positive type a clostridium perfringens in neonatal diarrheal illness in pigs, the jejunum and colon of matched normal and diarrheic piglets from 10 farms with a history of neonatal diarrhea were examined grossly and by histopathology, and tested for c. perfringens, for c. perfringens beta2 (cpb2) toxin, as well as for clostridium difficile toxins, salmonella, enterotoxigenic escherichia coli, rotavirus, transmissible gastroenteritis (tge) virus, and cocc ... | 2013 | 23814355 |
| infectious agents associated with diarrhoea in neonatal foals in central kentucky: a comprehensive molecular study. | diarrhoea caused by infectious agents is common in foals but there is no comprehensive molecular work-up of the relative prevalence of common agents and appearance of coinfections. | 2014 | 23773143 |
| in vitro selective inhibitory effect of 8-hydroxyquinoline against bifidobacteria and clostridia. | 8-hydroxyquinoline (8hq) inhibited clostridium tertium, clostridium clostridioforme, clostridium difficile and clostridium perfringens in vitro with mics of 8, 16, 32 and 32 μg/ml, respectively. in contrast, mics of most bifidobacteria (84%) were 512 μg/ml or higher. thus, 8hq could be used as anti-clostridial agent or in selective media for bifidobacteria isolation. | 2013 | 23770542 |
| diarrhea-associated pathogens, lactobacilli and cellulolytic bacteria in equine feces: responses to antibiotic challenge. | antibiotics are important to equine medicine, but antibiotic-associated diarrhea (aad) can lead to poor performance and even mortality. aad is attributed to disruption of the hindgut microbiota, which permits proliferation of pathogenic microbes. the goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of common antibiotics on cellulolytic bacteria, lactobacilli, and aad-associated pathogens in the feces of healthy horses. fifteen horses were assigned to three treatment groups (blocked by age and sex) ... | 2013 | 23769300 |
| genetic characteristics of toxigenic clostridia and toxin gene evolution. | clostridia comprise a heterogenous group of environmental bacteria containing 15 pathogenic species, which produce the most potent toxins. the origin of toxins is still enigmatic. it is hypothesized that toxins exhibiting an enzymatic activity have derived from hydrolytic enzymes, which are abundantly secreted by these bacteria, and that pore-forming toxins have evolved from an ancestor transmembrane protein. the presence of related toxin genes in distinct clostridium species and the variability ... | 2013 | 23707611 |
| clostridium difficile infection in horses: a review. | clostridium difficile is considered one of the most important causes of diarrhea and enterocolitis in horses. foals and adult horses are equally susceptible to the infection. the highly resistant spore of c. difficile is the infectious unit of transmission, which occurs primarily via the fecal-oral route, with sources of infection including equine feces, contaminated soil, animal hospitals, and feces of other animals. two major risk factors for the development of c. difficile associated disease ... | 2013 | 23642413 |
| diagnosing clostridial enteric disease in poultry. | the world's poultry industry has grown into a multibillion-dollar business, the success of which hinges on healthy intestinal tracts, which result in effective feed conversion. enteric disease in poultry can have devastating economic effects on producers, due to high mortality rates and poor feed efficiency. clostridia are considered to be among the most important agents of enteric disease in poultry. diagnosis of enteric diseases produced by clostridia is usually challenging, mainly because man ... | 2013 | 23572451 |
| detection of a/b toxin and isolation of clostridium difficile and clostridium perfringens from foals. | toxin detection and screening could contribute to knowledge of the transmission patterns, risk factors and epidemiology of clostridium difficile and clostridium perfringens. | 2013 | 23452044 |
| cd44 promotes intoxication by the clostridial iota-family toxins. | various pathogenic clostridia produce binary protein toxins associated with enteric diseases of humans and animals. separate binding/translocation (b) components bind to a protein receptor on the cell surface, assemble with enzymatic (a) component(s), and mediate endocytosis of the toxin complex. ultimately there is translocation of a component(s) from acidified endosomes into the cytosol, leading to destruction of the actin cytoskeleton. our results revealed that cd44, a multifunctional surface ... | 2012 | 23236484 |
| nosocomial infections in leukemic and solid-tumor cancer patients: distribution, outcome and microbial spectrum of anaerobes. | nosocomial infections cause significant morbidity and mortality in cancer patients. as a result of their debilitated immune system, cancer patients are likely candidates for colonization with anaerobes. we sought to compare the distribution of nosocomial infections in neutropenic and non-neutropenic cancer patients and to calculate the associated mortality rates. | 2012 | 23231490 |
| sensitivity of pathogenic and commensal bacteria from the human colon to essential oils. | the microbiota of the intestinal tract plays an important role in colonic health, mediating many effects of dietary components on colonic health and during enteric infections. in the context of the increasing incidence of antibiotic resistance in gut bacteria, complementary therapies are required for the prevention and treatment of enteric infections. here we report the potential application of essential oils (eo) and pure eo compounds to improve human gut health. nerolidol, thymol, eugenol and ... | 2012 | 22878397 |
| presence and molecular characterization of clostridium difficile and clostridium perfringens in intestinal compartments of healthy horses. | clostridium difficile and clostridium perfringens are commonly associated with colitis in equids, but healthy carriers exist. scarce information is available on the prevalence of clostridium spp. in gastrointestinal compartments other than faeces in healthy horses, and it is unknown whether faecal samples are representative of proximal compartments. the objectives were to investigate the prevalence of c. difficile and c. perfringens in different intestinal compartments of healthy adult horses an ... | 2012 | 22748233 |
| prophage carriage and diversity within clinically relevant strains of clostridium difficile. | prophages are encoded in most genomes of sequenced clostridium difficile strains. they are key components of the mobile genetic elements and, as such, are likely to influence the biology of their host strains. the majority of these phages are not amenable to propagation, and therefore the development of a molecular marker is a useful tool with which to establish the extent and diversity of c. difficile prophage carriage within clinical strains. to design markers, several candidate genes were ana ... | 2012 | 22706062 |
| adherence of clostridium difficile spores to caco-2 cells in culture. | clostridium difficile is the causative agent of the majority of antibiotic associated diarrhoea cases. c. difficile spores are recognized as the persistent and infectious morphotype as well as the vehicle of transmission of cdi. however, there is a lack of knowledge on how c. difficile spores interact with the host's epithelial surfaces. in this context, we have characterized the ability of c. difficile spores to adhere to human caco-2 cells. despite the similarities in spore-surface hydrophobic ... | 2012 | 22595914 |
| treatment with histamine-type 2 receptor antagonists and omeprazole increase the risk of diarrhoea in neonatal foals treated in intensive care units. | the use of anti-ulcer medication in the neonatal intensive care unit (icu) is common due to the concern for development of catastrophic gastric ulcerdisease. in man, however, the use of acid-suppressive medication has been shown in some studies to be a substantial riskfactorfor the development of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (cdad), bacteraemia and neonatal sepsis. | 2012 | 22594032 |
| longitudinal study of clostridium difficile and antimicrobial susceptibility of escherichia coli in healthy horses in a community setting. | point prevalence studies have reported carriage rates of enteric pathogens in healthy horses, but longitudinal data are lacking. commensal e. coli is an indicator organism to evaluate antimicrobial resistance of enteric bacteria, yet there are limited data for horses. the objectives of this study were to investigate and molecularly characterize isolates of clostridium difficile, clostridium perfringens and salmonella, collected sequentially over a one year period, and to determine the antibiotic ... | 2012 | 22554764 |
| bidirectional attack on the actin cytoskeleton. bacterial protein toxins causing polymerization or depolymerization of actin. | the actin cytoskeleton is one of the major targets of bacterial protein toxins. the family of binary actin-adp-ribosylating toxins, including clostridium difficile transferase cdt, clostridium perfringens iota toxin and clostridium botulinum c2 toxin, modifies arginine-177 of actin. thereby actin polymerization is blocked. by contrast, actin polymerization is facilitated by the tripartite photorhabdus luminescens toxin complex including tccc3, which modifies actin at threonine-148. the review di ... | 2012 | 22543189 |
| fk506-binding protein 51 interacts with clostridium botulinum c2 toxin and fk506 inhibits membrane translocation of the toxin in mammalian cells. | the binary clostridium botulinum c2 toxin consists of the binding/translocation component c2iia and the separate enzyme component c2i. c2iia delivers c2i into the cytosol of eukaryotic target cells where c2i adp-ribosylates actin. after receptor-mediated endocytosis of the c2iia/c2i complex, c2iia forms pores in membranes of acidified early endosomes and unfolded c2i translocates through the pores into the cytosol. membrane translocation of c2i is facilitated by the activities of host cell chape ... | 2012 | 22420783 |
| comparative in vitro activities of lff571 against clostridium difficile and 630 other intestinal strains of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. | the in vitro activities of lff571, a novel analog of ge2270a that inhibits bacterial growth by binding with high affinity for protein synthesis elongation factor tu, fidaxomicin, and 10 other antimicrobial agents were determined against 50 strains of clostridium difficile and 630 other anaerobic and aerobic organisms of intestinal origin. lff571 possesses potent activity against c. difficile and most other gram-positive anaerobes (mic(90), ≤ 0.25 μg/ml), with the exception of bifidobacteria and ... | 2012 | 22290948 |
| detection of pathogenic clostridia in biogas plant wastes. | as the number of biogas plants has grown rapidly in the last decade, the amount of potentially contaminated wastes with pathogenic clostridium spp. has increased as well. this study reports the results from examining 203 biogas plant wastes (bgws). the following clostridium spp. with different frequencies could be isolated via a new enrichment medium (krüne medium) and detected by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms): clostridium perfringens ... | 2015 | 24984829 |
| receptor-binding and uptake of binary actin-adp-ribosylating toxins. | binary actin-adp-ribosylating toxins (e.g., clostridium botulinum c2 toxin or clostridium perfringens iota toxin ) consist of two separate proteins: an adp-ribosyltransferase, which modifies actin thereby inhibiting actin polymerization, and a binding component that forms heptamers after proteolytic activation. while c2 toxin interacts with carbohydrate structures on host cells, the group of iota-like toxins binds to lipolysis-stimulated lipoprotein receptor (lsr). here, we review lsr and discus ... | 2016 | 27817176 |
| detection of toxigenic clostridium perfringens and clostridium botulinum from food sold in lagos, nigeria. | food-borne diseases contribute to the huge burden of sickness and death globally and in the last decade, have become more frequently reported in africa. in line with this, food safety is becoming a significant and growing public health problem in nigeria. diarrhoea is a common problem in nigeria and has been reported but there has been little data on the possibility of clostridia as aetiological agents. clostridium species are ubiquitous in the environment and in the gastrointestinal tract of ma ... | 2016 | 27789246 |
| chloroquine analog interaction with c2- and iota-toxin in vitro and in living cells. | c2-toxin from clostridium botulinum and iota-toxin from clostridium perfringens belong both to the binary a-b-type of toxins consisting of two separately secreted components, an enzymatic subunit a and a binding component b that facilitates the entry of the corresponding enzymatic subunit into the target cells. the enzymatic subunits are in both cases actin adp-ribosyltransferases that modify r177 of globular actin finally leading to cell death. following their binding to host cells' receptors a ... | 2016 | 27517960 |
| view from the front lines: an emergency medicine perspective on clostridial infections in injection drug users. | injection drug use (idu), specifically non-intravenous "skin-popping" of heroin, seems to provide optimal conditions for clostridial infection and toxin production. idu is therefore a major risk factor for wound botulism and clostridial necrotizing soft tissue infections (nsti) and continues to be linked to cases of tetanus. case clusters of all 3 diseases have occurred among idus in western u.s. and europe. medical personnel who care for the idu population must be thoroughly familiar with the c ... | 2014 | 25230330 |
| eutrophication and bacterial pathogens as risk factors for avian botulism outbreaks in wetlands receiving effluents from urban wastewater treatment plants. | due to the scarcity of water resources in the "mancha húmeda" biosphere reserve, the use of treated wastewater has been proposed as a solution for the conservation of natural threatened floodplain wetlands. in addition, wastewater treatment plants of many villages pour their effluent into nearby natural lakes. we hypothesized that certain avian pathogens present in wastewater may cause avian mortalities which would trigger avian botulism outbreaks. with the aim of testing our hypothesis, 24 loca ... | 2014 | 24795377 |