| investigation of sporulation in the desulfotomaculum genus: a genomic comparison with the genera bacillus and clostridium. | the genus desulfotomaculum, belonging to the firmicutes, comprises strictly anaerobic and endospore-forming bacteria capable of dissimilatory sulfate reduction. these microorganisms are metabolically versatile and are widely distributed in the environment. spore formation allows them to survive prolonged environmental stress. information on the mechanism of sporulation in desulfotomaculum species is scarce. herein, this process was probed from a genomic standpoint, using the bacillus subtilis mo ... | 2014 | 25132579 |
| a mother cell-to-forespore channel: current understanding and future challenges. | formation of endospores allows some bacteria to survive extreme nutrient limitation. the resulting dormant cell, the spore, persists in the environment and is highly resistant to physical and chemical stresses. during spore formation, cells divide asymmetrically and the mother cell engulfs the developing spore, encasing it within a double membrane and isolating it from the medium. communication between mother cell and isolated forespore involves a specialised connection system that allows nurtur ... | 2014 | 25105965 |
| engineering of bacillus subtilis strains to allow rapid characterization of heterologous diguanylate cyclases and phosphodiesterases. | microbial processes, including biofilm formation, motility, and virulence, are often regulated by changes in the available concentration of cyclic dimeric guanosine monophosphate (c-di-gmp). generally, high c-di-gmp concentrations are correlated with decreased motility and increased biofilm formation and low c-di-gmp concentrations are correlated with an increase in motility and activation of virulence pathways. the study of c-di-gmp is complicated, however, by the fact that organisms often enco ... | 2014 | 25085482 |
| conserved oligopeptide permeases modulate sporulation initiation in clostridium difficile. | the anaerobic gastrointestinal pathogen clostridium difficile must form a metabolically dormant spore to survive in oxygenic environments and be transmitted from host to host. the regulatory factors by which c. difficile initiates and controls the early stages of sporulation in c. difficile are not highly conserved in other clostridium or bacillus species. here, we investigated the role of two conserved oligopeptide permeases, opp and app, in the regulation of sporulation in c. difficile. these ... | 2014 | 25069979 |
| the regulatory network controlling spore formation in clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile, a gram-positive, anaerobic, spore-forming bacterium, is a major cause of nosocomial infections such as antibiotic-associated diarrhea. spores are the vector of its transmission and persistence in the environment. despite the importance of spores in the infectious cycle of c. difficile, little was known until recently about the control of spore development in this enteropathogen. in this review, we describe recent advances in our understanding of the regulatory network cont ... | 2014 | 25048412 |
| use of bacillus subtilis pxn21 spores for suppression of clostridium difficile infection symptoms in a murine model. | clostridium difficile is the primary cause of nosocomial diarrhoea in healthcare centres of the developed world. only a few antibiotics are available for treatment, and relapses are common in patients undergoing antibiotic therapy. new approaches are required to reduce reliance on antibiotics, the use of which represents a primary risk factor for development of c. difficile infections. supplementation of the gut flora with probiotics represents a key area for producing more successful treatment ... | 2014 | 24828432 |
| clostridium difficile spore biology: sporulation, germination, and spore structural proteins. | clostridium difficile is a gram-positive, spore-forming obligate anaerobe and a major nosocomial pathogen of worldwide concern. owing to its strict anaerobic requirements, the infectious and transmissible morphotype is the dormant spore. in susceptible patients, c. difficile spores germinate in the colon to form the vegetative cells that initiate clostridium difficile infections (cdi). during cdi, c. difficile induces a sporulation pathway that produces more spores; these spores are responsible ... | 2014 | 24814671 |
| the spore differentiation pathway in the enteric pathogen clostridium difficile. | endosporulation is an ancient bacterial developmental program that culminates with the differentiation of a highly resistant endospore. in the model organism bacillus subtilis, gene expression in the forespore and in the mother cell, the two cells that participate in endospore development, is governed by cell type-specific rna polymerase sigma subunits. σ(f) in the forespore, and σ(e) in the mother cell control early stages of development and are replaced, at later stages, by σ(g) and σ(k), resp ... | 2013 | 24098139 |
| genome-wide analysis of cell type-specific gene transcription during spore formation in clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile, a gram positive, anaerobic, spore-forming bacterium is an emergent pathogen and the most common cause of nosocomial diarrhea. although transmission of c. difficile is mediated by contamination of the gut by spores, the regulatory cascade controlling spore formation remains poorly characterized. during bacillus subtilis sporulation, a cascade of four sigma factors, σ(f) and σ(g) in the forespore and σ(e) and σ(k) in the mother cell governs compartment-specific gene expressi ... | 2013 | 24098137 |
| global analysis of the sporulation pathway of clostridium difficile. | the gram-positive, spore-forming pathogen clostridium difficile is the leading definable cause of healthcare-associated diarrhea worldwide. c. difficile infections are difficult to treat because of their frequent recurrence, which can cause life-threatening complications such as pseudomembranous colitis. the spores of c. difficile are responsible for these high rates of recurrence, since they are the major transmissive form of the organism and resistant to antibiotics and many disinfectants. des ... | 2013 | 23950727 |
| expression and display of clostridium difficile protein flid on the surface of bacillus subtilis spores. | the endospores of bacillus subtilis can serve as a tool for surface presentation of heterologous proteins. the unique properties of the spore protective layers make them perfect vehicles for orally administered vaccines. in this study, we successfully displayed a fragment of clostridium difficile flid protein on the surface of b. subtilis spores using the cotb, cotc, cotg and cotz spore coat proteins. the presence of the fusion proteins in the spore coat was verified by western blotting and immu ... | 2013 | 23475909 |
| in vitro biological effects of two anti-diabetic medicinal plants used in benin as folk medicine. | extracts from polygonum senegalensis (polygonaceae) and pseudocedrela kotschyi (meliaceae) are two important traditionally used medicinal plants in rural benin to treat many diseases and notably type 2 diabetes. the aim of the study was to investigate the α-glucosidase inhibition, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of those plants extract: polygonum senegalensis leaves, and pseudocedrela kotschyi root. | 2013 | 23452899 |
| spoiva and sipl are clostridium difficile spore morphogenetic proteins. | clostridium difficile is a major nosocomial pathogen whose infections are difficult to treat because of their frequent recurrence. the spores of c. difficile are responsible for these clinical features, as they resist common disinfectants and antibiotic treatment. although spores are the major transmissive form of c. difficile, little is known about their composition or morphogenesis. spore morphogenesis has been well characterized for bacillus sp., but bacillus sp. spore coat proteins are poorl ... | 2013 | 23292781 |
| c. difficile 630δerm spo0a regulates sporulation, but does not contribute to toxin production, by direct high-affinity binding to target dna. | clostridium difficile is a gram positive, anaerobic bacterium that can form highly resistant endospores. the bacterium is the causative agent of c. difficile infection (cdi), for which the symptoms can range from a mild diarrhea to potentially fatal pseudomembranous colitis and toxic megacolon. endospore formation in firmicutes, including c. difficile, is governed by the key regulator for sporulation, spo0a. in bacillus subtilis, this transcription factor is also directly or indirectly involved ... | 2012 | 23119071 |
| novel high-molecular-weight, r-type bacteriocins of clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile causes one of the leading nosocomial infections in developed countries, and therapeutic choices are limited. some strains of c. difficile produce phage tail-like particles upon induction of the sos response. these particles have bactericidal activity against other c. difficile strains and can therefore be classified as bacteriocins, similar to the r-type pyocins of pseudomonas aeruginosa. these r-type bacteriocin particles, which have been purified from different strains, e ... | 2012 | 22984261 |
| bacterial spore structures and their protective role in biocide resistance. | the structure and chemical composition of bacterial spores differ considerably from those of vegetative cells. these differences largely account for the unique resistance properties of the spore to environmental stresses, including disinfectants and sterilants, resulting in the emergence of spore-forming bacteria such as clostridium difficile as major hospital pathogens. although there has been considerable work investigating the mechanisms of action of many sporicidal biocides against bacillus ... | 2012 | 22574673 |
| bioavailability of the anti-clostridial bacteriocin thuricin cd in gastrointestinal tract. | thuricin cd is a two component narrow spectrum bacteriocin comprising two peptides with targeted activity against clostridium difficile. this study examined the bioavailability of thuricin with a view to developing it as an effective antimicrobial against intestinal infection. one of the peptides, trn-β, was found to be degraded by the gastric enzymes pepsin and α-chymotrypsin both in vitro and in vivo, whereas trn-α was resistant to digestion by these enzymes and hence was detected in the intes ... | 2014 | 24287693 |
| an active principle of nigella sativa l., thymoquinone, showing significant antimicrobial activity against anaerobic bacteria. | thymoquinone (tq) is the major active principle of nigella sativa seed (black seed) and is known to control many fungi, bacteria, and some viruses. however, the activity of tq against anaerobic bacteria is not well demonstrated. anaerobic bacteria can cause severe infections, including diarrhea, aspiration pneumonia, and brain abscess, particularly in immunodeficient individuals. the present study aimed to investigate the in vitro antimicrobial activity of tq against some anaerobic pathogens in ... | 2017 | 28163966 |
| [design of artificial foetor flatus based on bacterial volatile compounds]. | excessive flatulence can be a huge social problem. the purpose of this study was to design artificial flatus from bacterial volatile compounds to stimulate research into neutralizing measures. | 2016 | 27966414 |
| effect of oligosaccharides on the adhesion of gut bacteria to human ht-29 cells. | the influence of five oligosaccharides (cellobiose, stachyose, raffinose, lactulose and chito-oligosaccharides) on the adhesion of eight gut bacteria (bifidobacterium bifidum atcc 29521, bacteroides thetaiotaomicron atcc 29148d-5, clostridium leptum atcc 29065, blautia coccoides atcc 29236, faecalibacterium prausnitzii atcc 27766, bacteroides fragilis atcc 23745, clostridium difficile atcc 43255 and lactobacillus casei atcc 393) to mucous secreting and non-mucous secreting ht-29 human epithelial ... | 2016 | 27018325 |
| alterations in the mucosa-associated bacterial composition in crohn's disease: a pilot study. | changes in the intestinal bacterial composition seem to play a major role in the pathogenesis and in the clinical course of inflammatory bowel diseases (ibd), which consist of crohn's disease (cd), and ulcerative colitis (uc). mutations in the nod2 gene are the most important genetic risk factors for the development of cd. in this study, the association between mucosal biopsies and the mucosa-associated bacterial composition from cd and uc patients regarding their genetic risk factors (mutations ... | 2016 | 26951181 |
| efficacy of vancomycin extended-dosing regimens for treatment of simulated clostridium difficile infection within an in vitro human gut model. | effects of two vancomycin extended-dosing regimens on microbiota populations within an in vitro gut model of simulated clostridium difficile infection (cdi) were evaluated. | 2016 | 26755495 |
| high occurrence of fusobacterium nucleatum and clostridium difficile in the intestinal microbiota of colorectal carcinoma patients. | colorectal carcinoma is considered the fourth leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. several microorganisms have been associated with carcinogenesis, including enterococcus spp., helicobacter pylori, enterotoxigenic bacteroides fragilis, pathogenic e. coli strains and oral fusobacterium. here we qualitatively and quantitatively evaluated the presence of oral and intestinal microorganisms in the fecal microbiota of colorectal cancer patients and healthy controls. seventeen patients (between 49 ... | 2016 | 26691472 |
| prevalence of gastrointestinal pathogenic bacteria in patients with diarrhoea attending groote schuur hospital, cape town, south africa. | diarrhoea due to gastrointestinal infections is a significant problem facing the south african (sa) healthcare system. infections can be acquired both from the community and from the hospital environment itself, the latter acting as a reservoir for potential pathogenic bacteria. | 2015 | 26242530 |
| conventional and molecular methods in the diagnosis of community-acquired diarrhoea in children under 5 years of age from the north-eastern region of poland. | the purpose of this study was to determine the main causative agents of community-acquired acute diarrhoea in children using conventional methods and pcr. | 2015 | 26159845 |
| predictors of monomicrobial necrotizing soft tissue infections. | broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy is critical in the management of necrotizing soft tissue infections (nsti) in the emergency setting. clindamycin often is included empirically to cover monomicrobial gram-positive pathogens but probably is of little value for polymicrobial infections and is associated with significant side effects, including the induction of clostridium difficile colitis. however, there have been no studies predicting monomicrobial infections prior to obtaining cultures. the pur ... | 2015 | 26110633 |
| intestinal microbiota and allergic diseases: a systematic review. | evidence suggests that possible imbalances in intestinal microbiota composition may be implicated in the occurrence of allergic diseases. although several studies published until 2006 indicated a correlation between microbiota composition and allergic symptoms, it has not been possible to distinguish protective microorganisms from those associated with increased risk of allergic diseases. therefore, the objective of this study was to review the studies published since 2007 that address the intes ... | 2016 | 25985709 |
| prevalence and characterization of enterotoxigenic bacteroides fragilis and toxigenic clostridium difficile in a taipei emergency department. | enterotoxigenic bacteroides fragilis (etbf) and toxin-encoding clostridium difficile (txcd) are associated with gastroenteritis. routine anaerobic blood culture for recovery of these anaerobic pathogens is not used for the detection of their toxins, especially for toxin-variant txcd. the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and risk factors of the genotypes of these anaerobes in patients with acute diarrheal illnesses. | 2017 | 25648668 |
| evaluation of the in vitro activity of levornidazole, its metabolites and comparators against clinical anaerobic bacteria. | this study evaluated the in vitro anti-anaerobic activity and spectrum of levornidazole, its metabolites and comparators against 375 clinical isolates of anaerobic bacteria, including gram-negative bacilli (181 strains), gram-negative cocci (11 strains), gram-positive bacilli (139 strains) and gram-positive cocci (44 strains), covering 34 species. minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics) of levornidazole, its five metabolites and three comparators against these anaerobic isolates were determined ... | 2014 | 25301712 |
| the intestinal microbiota composition and weight development in children: the koala birth cohort study. | to investigate whether the intestinal microbiota composition in early infancy is associated with subsequent weight development in children. | 2015 | 25298274 |
| activity of the investigational fluoroquinolone finafloxacin and seven other antimicrobial agents against 114 obligately anaerobic bacteria. | the activity of finafloxacin against 73 strains of the bacteroides fragilis group, 10 other gram-negative anaerobic rods and 31 clostridium difficile strains was determined by the broth microdilution technique. the activity was compared with that of moxifloxacin, levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, imipenem, piperacillin/tazobactam and metronidazole. mic(50/90) values (minimum inhibitory concentration, in μg/ml, at which 50% and 90% of the isolates tested are inhibited, respectively) for f ... | 2014 | 25264128 |
| efficacy of surotomycin in an in vitro gut model of clostridium difficile infection. | we investigated the efficacy of the cyclic lipopeptide surotomycin in treating clindamycin-induced clostridium difficile infection (cdi) using an in vitro gut model. | 2014 | 24816211 |
| design and in vitro evaluation of a novel poly(methacrylic acid)/metronidazole antibacterial nanogel as an oral dosage form. | to overcome the undesirable side-effects of metronidazole (mtz), ethylene glycol dimethacrylate is used as the cross-linker, and a series of poly(methacrylic acid) (pmaa) nanogels were prepared to load the mtz. we investigated the morphology, size, in vitro release property in the simulated gastrointestinal medium, long-term antibacterial performance against bacteroides fragilis, cytotoxicity, stability and activity of this novel mtz/pmaa nanogel. the results indicate that the mtz/pmaa nanogel s ... | 2014 | 24727529 |
| influence of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis against group b streptococcus on the early newborn gut composition and evaluation of the anti-streptococcus activity of bifidobacterium strains. | several factors are known to influence the early colonization of the gut in newborns. among them, the use of antibiotics on the mother during labor, referred to as intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis (iap), has scarcely been investigated, although this practice is routinely used in group b streptococcus (gbs)-positive women. this work is therefore aimed at verifying whether iap can influence the main microbial groups of the newborn gut microbiota at an early stage of microbial establishment. fift ... | 2014 | 24687755 |
| in vitro activity of cadazolid against clinically relevant clostridium difficile isolates and in an in vitro gut model of c. difficile infection. | we investigated the in vitro activity of cadazolid against 100 clostridium difficile isolates and its efficacy in a simulated human gut model of c. difficile infection (cdi). | 2014 | 24128668 |
| expanded therapeutic potential in activity space of next-generation 5-nitroimidazole antimicrobials with broad structural diversity. | metronidazole and other 5-nitroimidazoles (5-ni) are among the most effective antimicrobials available against many important anaerobic pathogens, but evolving resistance is threatening their long-term clinical utility. the common 5-nis were developed decades ago, yet little 5-ni drug development has since taken place, leaving the true potential of this important drug class unexplored. here we report on a unique approach to the modular synthesis of diversified 5-nis for broad exploration of thei ... | 2013 | 24101497 |
| growth-inhibiting and morphostructural effects of constituents identified in asarum heterotropoides root on human intestinal bacteria. | the growth-inhibiting and morphostructural effects of seven constituents identified in asarum heterotropoides root on 14 intestinal bacteria were compared with those of the fluoroquinolone antibiotic ciprofloxacin. | 2013 | 24083511 |
| the correlation between clostridium-difficile infection and human gut concentrations of bacteroidetes phylum and clostridial species. | we aimed to assess differences in bacterial intensities of bacteroidetes phylum and different clostridial species in the human intestines with respect to c. difficile infection. patients with a stool assay for c. difficile toxin were identified via the microbiology laboratory in our institute. bacterial populations were quantified from stool samples of four groups of patients: group i-patients with c. difficile associated diarrhea (cdad); group ii-asymptomatic c. difficile carriers; group iii-pa ... | 2014 | 24048726 |
| comparative in vitro activities of smt19969, a new antimicrobial agent, against clostridium difficile and 350 gram-positive and gram-negative aerobic and anaerobic intestinal flora isolates. | the comparative in vitro activity of smt19969, a novel, narrow-spectrum, nonabsorbable agent, was studied against 50 ribotype-defined clostridium difficile strains, 174 gram-positive and 136 gram-negative intestinal anaerobes, and 40 gram-positive aerobes. smt19969 was one dilution more active against c. difficile isolates (mic range, 0.125 to 0.5 μg/ml; mic90, 0.25 μg/ml), including ribotype 027 strains, than fidaxomicin (range, 0.06 to 1 μg/ml; mic90, 0.5 μg/ml) and two to six dilutions lower ... | 2013 | 23877700 |
| [assessment of susceptibility of strictly anaerobic bacteria originated from different sources to fluoroquinolones and other antimicrobial drugs]. | during the past 20 years, several studies at a national level in different countries followed resistance trends for bacteroides sp. and clostridium difficile. this study analysed antimicrobial susceptibility 73 anaerobic bacteria strains of bacteroides fragilis group (bfg) and c. difficile to fluoroquinolones and other antimicrobial drugs. | 2012 | 23072056 |
| evaluation of nvb302 versus vancomycin activity in an in vitro human gut model of clostridium difficile infection. | first-line treatment options for clostridium difficile infection (cdi) are limited. nvb302 is a novel type b lantibiotic under evaluation for the treatment of cdi. we compared the responses to nvb302 and vancomycin when used to treat simulated cdi in an in vitro gut model. | 2013 | 22966180 |
| [antimicrobial susceptibility of clinical isolates of aerobic gram-positive cocci and anaerobic bacteria in 2008]. | the activity of antibacterial agents against aerobic gram-positive cocci (25 genus or species, 1029 strains) and anaerobic bacteria (21 genus or species, 187 strains) isolated from clinical specimens in 2008 at 16 clinical facilities in japan were studied using either broth microdilution or agar dilution method. the ratio of methicillin-resistant strains among staphylococcus aureus and staphylococcus epidermidis was 59.6% and 81.2%, suggesting that resistant strains were isolated at high frequen ... | 2012 | 22808693 |
| oxygen tolerance in anaerobic pathogenic bacteria. | a prerequisite for successful identification of anaerobic pathogenic bacteria from samples of clinical material is the method of cultivation. currently, several methods of cultivation in anaerobic environment are used: cultivation in anaerobic box, anaerobic jar, and in nonrecurring cultivation system. here, we determined the suitability of the above methods of cultivation using the estimation of the growth (diameters of colony size) of commonly isolated anaerobic pathogens (bacteroides fragilis ... | 2012 | 22573259 |
| temporal bacterial community dynamics vary among ulcerative colitis patients after fecal microbiota transplantation. | fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) from healthy donors, which is an effective alternative for treatment of clostridium difficile-associated disease, is being considered for several disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, and metabolic syndrome. disease remission upon fmt is thought to be facilitated by an efficient colonization of healthy donor microbiota, but knowledge of the composition and temporal stability of patient microbiota after fmt is lacking. | 2013 | 24060759 |
| gut microbiota-produced succinate promotes c. difficile infection after antibiotic treatment or motility disturbance. | clostridium difficile is a leading cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. the mechanisms underlying c. difficile expansion after microbiota disturbance are just emerging. we assessed the gene expression profile of c. difficile within the intestine of gnotobiotic mice to identify genes regulated in response to either dietary or microbiota compositional changes. in the presence of the gut symbiont bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, c. difficile induces a pathway that metabolizes the microbiota fermen ... | 2014 | 25498344 |
| gastrointestinal colonization with a cephalosporinase-producing bacteroides species preserves colonization resistance against vancomycin-resistant enterococcus and clostridium difficile in cephalosporin-treated mice. | antibiotics that are excreted into the intestinal tract may disrupt the indigenous intestinal microbiota and promote colonization by health care-associated pathogens. β-lactam, or penicillin-type, antibiotics are among the most widely utilized antibiotics worldwide and may also adversely affect the microbiota. many bacteria are capable, however, of producing β-lactamase enzymes that inactivate β-lactam antibiotics. we hypothesized that prior establishment of intestinal colonization with a β-lact ... | 2014 | 24867962 |
| discovery of selective inhibitors of the clostridium difficile dehydroquinate dehydratase. | a vibrant and healthy gut flora is essential for preventing the proliferation of clostridium difficile, a pathogenic bacterium that causes severe gastrointestinal symptoms. in fact, most c. difficile infections (cdis) occur after broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment, which, by eradicating the commensal gut bacteria, allows its spores to proliferate. hence, a c. difficile specific antibiotic that spares the gut flora would be highly beneficial in treating cdi. towards this goal, we set out to disc ... | 2014 | 24586713 |
| loss of nhe3 alters gut microbiota composition and influences bacteroides thetaiotaomicron growth. | changes in the intestinal microbiota have been linked to diabetes, obesity, inflammatory bowel disease, and clostridium difficile (c. difficile)-associated disease. despite this, it remains unclear how the intestinal environment, set by ion transport, affects luminal and mucosa-associated bacterial composition. na(+)/h(+)-exchanger isoform 3 (nhe3), a target of c. difficile toxin b, plays an integral role in intestinal na(+) absorption. thus the nhe3-deficient mouse model was chosen to examine t ... | 2013 | 24072680 |
| microbiota-liberated host sugars facilitate post-antibiotic expansion of enteric pathogens. | the human intestine, colonized by a dense community of resident microbes, is a frequent target of bacterial pathogens. undisturbed, this intestinal microbiota provides protection from bacterial infections. conversely, disruption of the microbiota with oral antibiotics often precedes the emergence of several enteric pathogens. how pathogens capitalize upon the failure of microbiota-afforded protection is largely unknown. here we show that two antibiotic-associated pathogens, salmonella enterica s ... | 2013 | 23995682 |
| effect of bifidobacterium upon clostridium difficile growth and toxicity when co-cultured in different prebiotic substrates. | the intestinal overgrowth of clostridium difficile, often after disturbance of the gut microbiota by antibiotic treatment, leads to c. difficile infection (cdi) which manifestation ranges from mild diarrhea to life-threatening conditions. the increasing cdi incidence, not only in compromised subjects but also in traditionally considered low-risk populations, together with the frequent relapses of the disease, has attracted the interest for prevention/therapeutic options. among these, probiotics, ... | 2016 | 27242753 |
| prebiotic preferences of human lactobacilli strains in co-culture with bifidobacteria and antimicrobial activity against clostridium difficile. | to evaluate robustness, prebiotic utilization of lactobacillus paracasei f8 and lactobacillus plantarum f44 in mono- and co-cultures with bifidobacterium breve 46 and bifidobacterium animalis sub sp. lactis 8 : 8 and antimicrobial activity of co-culture against clostridium difficile. | 2015 | 26381324 |
| in vitro inhibition of clostridium difficile and clostridium perfringens by commercial probiotic strains. | probiotics have gained importance in human and veterinary medicine to prevent and control clostridial enteric disease. limited information is available on the ability of different probiotic bacteria used in food products to inhibit clostridium difficile and clostridium perfringens. the objective of this study was to examine the in vitro inhibitory effects of selected commercial bacterial strains on pathogenic clostridia and their growth characteristics under simulated gastrointestinal conditions ... | 2013 | 23471038 |
| use of a collagen membrane to enhance the survival of primary intestinal epithelial cells. | intestinal epithelial cell culture is important for biological, functional and immunological studies. since enterocytes have a short in vivo life span due to anoikis, we aimed to establish a novel and reproducible method to prolong the survival of mouse and human cells. cells were isolated following a standard procedure, and cultured on ordered-cow's collagen membranes. a prolonged cell life span was achieved; cells covered the complete surface of bio-membranes and showed a classical enterocyte ... | 2016 | 27626762 |
| probiotics for the primary and secondary prevention of c. difficile infections: a meta-analysis and systematic review. | clostridium difficile infections are a global clinical concern and are one of the leading causes of nosocomial outbreaks. preventing these infections has benefited from multidisciplinary infection control strategies and new antibiotics, but the problem persists. probiotics are effective in preventing antibiotic-associated diarrhea and may also be a beneficial strategy for c. difficile infections, but randomized controlled trials are scarce. this meta-analysis pools 21 randomized, controlled tria ... | 2015 | 27025619 |
| protective effect of bifidobacteria in an experimental model of clostridium difficile associated colitis. | the aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of bifidobacterium strains to prevent the effects associated with clostridium difficile infection in a hamster model of enterocolitis. after clindamycin treatment (30 mg/kg), animals were infected intragastrically with c. difficile (5×108 cfu per animal). seven days prior to antibiotic administration, probiotic treatment was started by administering bacterial suspensions of bifidobacteria in drinking water. strains cidca 531, cidca 5310, cidca 53 ... | 2013 | 23611644 |
| bacteria-mediated hypoxia-specific delivery of nanoparticles for tumors imaging and therapy. | the hypoxia region in a solid tumor has been recognized as a complex microenvironment revealing very low oxygen concentration and deficient nutrients. the hypoxic environment reduces the susceptibility of the cancer cells to anticancer drugs, low response of free radicals, and less proliferation of cancer cells in the center of the solid tumors. however, the reduced oxygen surroundings provide an appreciable habitat for anaerobic bacteria to colonize. here, we present the bacteria-mediated targe ... | 2016 | 27148804 |
| intestinal microbiota in pediatric surgical cases administered bifidobacterium breve: a randomized controlled trial. | the efficacy of perioperative probiotic administration has been reported in adults. we examined the effects of orally administered bifidobacterium breve strain yakult (bbg-01) on outcomes in pediatric surgical cases by assessing intestinal and blood microbiota. bbg-01 was well tolerated without adverse effects, and postoperative infectious complications were significantly decreased. fecal analysis showed increased bifidobacterium and decreased enterobacteriaceae, clostridium difficile, and pseud ... | 2016 | 26859092 |
| a novel multi-strain probiotic and synbiotic supplement for prevention of clostridium difficile infection in a murine model. | the protective effect of a multi-strain probiotic and synbiotic formulation was evaluated in c57bl/6 mice infected with clostridium difficile (cd) nap1/027. antibiotic-treated mice were divided into the following four groups: group 1, fed with a synbiotic formulation consisting of lactobacillus plantarum f44, l. paracasei f8, bifidobacterium breve 46, b. lactis 8:8, galacto-oligosaccharides, isomalto-oligosaccharides, and resistant starch; group 2, fed with the same four probiotic strains as gro ... | 2014 | 25059277 |
| in vitro evaluation of antimicrobial activity of lactic acid bacteria against clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) has become a significant threat to public health. although broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy is the primary treatment option for cdi, its use has evident limitations. probiotics have been proved to be effective in the treatment of cdi and are a promising therapeutic option for cdi. in this study, 4 strains of lactic acid bacteria (lab), namely, lactobacillus rhamnosus (lr5), lactococcuslactis (sl3), bifidobacterium breve (br3), and bifidobacterium lactis (bl ... | 2013 | 24278635 |
| antipathogenic activity of probiotics against salmonella typhimurium and clostridium difficile in anaerobic batch culture systems: is it due to synergies in probiotic mixtures or the specificity of single strains? | probiotics are currently being investigated for prevention of infections caused by enteric pathogens. the aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the influence of three single probiotics: lactobacillus casei ncimb 30185 (pxn 37), lactobacillus acidophilus ncimb 30184 (pxn 35), bifidobacterium breve ncimb 30180 (pxn 25) and a probiotic mixture containing the above strains plus twelve other strains belonging to the lactobacillus, bifidobacterium, lactococcus, streptococcus and bacillus genera o ... | 2013 | 24091275 |
| prebiotic-non-digestible oligosaccharides preference of probiotic bifidobacteria and antimicrobial activity against clostridium difficile. | bifidobacterium breve 46, bifidobacterium lactis 8:8 and bifidobacterium longum 6:18 and three reference strains b. breve ccug 24611, b. lactis jcm 10602, and bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum jcm 1200 were examined for acid and bile tolerance, prebiotic utilization and antimicrobial activity against four clostridium difficile (cd) strains including the hypervirulent strain, pcr ribotype nap1/027. b. lactis 8:8 and b. lactis jcm 10602 exhibited a high tolerance in mrsc broth with ph 2.5 for 30 m ... | 2012 | 22940065 |
| screening of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli able to antagonize the cytotoxic effect of clostridium difficile upon intestinal epithelial ht29 monolayer. | clostridium difficile is an opportunistic pathogen inhabiting the human gut, often being the aetiological agent of infections after a microbiota dysbiosis following, for example, an antibiotic treatment. c. difficile infections (cdi) constitute a growing health problem with increasing rates of morbidity and mortality at groups of risk, such as elderly and hospitalized patients, but also in populations traditionally considered low-risk. this could be related to the occurrence of virulent strains ... | 2016 | 27148250 |
| production of biologically active scfv and vhh antibody fragments in bifidobacterium longum. | bifidobacteria constitute a significant part of healthy intestinal microbiota in adults and infants and present a promising platform for construction of genetically modified probiotic agents for treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. in this study, three strains of bifidobacterium longum were constructed that express and secrete biologically active single-chain antibodies against human tnf-α and clostridium difficile exotoxin a. anti-tnf-α scfv antibody d2e7 was produced at the level of 25 μg ... | 2015 | 25994292 |
| selective growth-inhibitory effect of 8-hydroxyquinoline towards clostridium difficile and bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum in co-culture analysed by flow cytometry. | the major risk factor for clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is the use of antibiotics owing to the disruption of the equilibrium of the host gut microbiota. to preserve the beneficial resident probiotic bacteria during infection treatment, the use of molecules with selective antibacterial activity enhances the efficacy by selectively removing c. difficile. one of them is the plant alkaloid 8-hydroxyquinoline (8hq), which has been shown to selectively inhibit clostridia without repressing bif ... | 2014 | 25298160 |
| [outcomes of clostridium difficile enterocolitis after administration of antibiotics along with probiotic supplement]. | clostridium difficile enterocolitis is a potentially fatal disease showing increasing incidence in hospital environment. therapeutic approach in the management of clostridium difficile enterocolitis is highly complex, particularly because of its tendency to relapse and reinfection. the study was aimed at investigating the factors influencing the development of clostridium difficile enterocolitis and outcomes of enterocolitis after administration of standard antimicrobial therapy combined with pr ... | 2013 | 23888728 |
| a probiotics-containing biscuit modulates the intestinal microbiota in the elderly. | evaluation of the impact of a biscuit containing the probiotics bifidobacterium longum bar33 and lactobacillus helveticus bar13 on the intestinal microbiota in the elderly. | 2013 | 23364497 |
| a retrospective study to describe the epidemiology and outcomes of opportunistic infections after abdominal organ transplantation. | most epidemiologic studies of opportunistic infections (oi) following abdominal organ transplant (aot) are derived prior to the era of contemporary immunosuppression and prophylaxis. these studies suggest that most oi occur within the first 6 months post transplant. | 2017 | 28273393 |
| molecular appraisal of intestinal parasitic infection in transplant recipients. | diarrhoea is the main clinical manifestation caused by intestinal parasitic infections in patients, with special reference to transplant recipients who require careful consideration to reduce morbidity and mortality. further, molecular characterization of some important parasites is necessary to delineate the different modes of transmission to consider appropriate management strategies. we undertook this study to investigate the intestinal parasitic infections in transplant recipients with or wi ... | 2016 | 27934806 |
| donor recruitment for fecal microbiota transplantation. | increasing demand for fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) has created a need for stool banks sourced from long-term healthy donors. here, we describe our experience in recruiting and screening fecal donors. | 2015 | 26070003 |
| gastrointestinal pathogens detected by multiplex nucleic acid amplification testing in stools of pediatric patients and patients returning from the tropics. | gastrointestinal infections are caused by a broad spectrum of pathogens. conventional diagnostic procedures are resource and time consuming due to single pathogen testing, often in different laboratories. | 2014 | 25015433 |
| immunological function of familial mediterranean fever disease protein pyrin. | pyrin, encoded by mefv gene, is conserved in humans and mice. mutations in the mefv gene are associated with the human autoinflammatory disease familial mediterranean fever (fmf). pyrin can interact with the inflammasome adaptor asc and induce inflammatory caspase-1 activation in monocytic cells, but the physiological function of pyrin has been unknown for many years. here we summarize previous studies of pyrin function under the context of fmf and immunity, and discuss a recent study demonstrat ... | 2014 | 25307949 |
| innate immune sensing of bacterial modifications of rho gtpases by the pyrin inflammasome. | cytosolic inflammasome complexes mediated by a pattern recognition receptor (prr) defend against pathogen infection by activating caspase 1. pyrin, a candidate prr, can bind to the inflammasome adaptor asc to form a caspase 1-activating complex. mutations in the pyrin-encoding gene, mefv, cause a human autoinflammatory disease known as familial mediterranean fever. despite important roles in immunity and disease, the physiological function of pyrin remains unknown. here we show that pyrin mediat ... | 2014 | 24919149 |
| establishing a list of qualifying pathogens under the food and drug administration safety and innovation act. final rule. | the food and drug administration (fda or agency) is issuing a regulation to establish a list of "qualifying pathogens'' that have the potential to pose a serious threat to public health. this final rule implements a provision of the generating antibiotic incentives now (gain) title of the food and drug administration safety and innovation act (fdasia). gain is intended to encourage development of new antibacterial and antifungal drugs for the treatment of serious or life-threatening infections, ... | 2014 | 24908687 |
| prevalence of opportunistic intestinal parasitic infections among hiv-infected patients with low cd4 cells counts in france in the combination antiretroviral therapy era. | the use of combination antiretroviral therapy (cart) has dramatically reduced the prevalence of opportunistic infections, however data on the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in hiv-infected patients with low cd4 cell counts in the cart era are scarce. | 2012 | 22771183 |
| a culture-independent sequence-based metagenomics approach to the investigation of an outbreak of shiga-toxigenic escherichia coli o104:h4. | identification of the bacterium responsible for an outbreak can aid in disease management. however, traditional culture-based diagnosis can be difficult, particularly if no specific diagnostic test is available for an outbreak strain. | 2013 | 23571589 |
| high incidence of campylobacter concisus in gastroenteritis in north jutland, denmark: a population-based study. | the incidence of non-thermophilic campylobacter species was assessed in an unselected population-based study in a mixed urban and rural community in north jutland, denmark. in a 2-year study period, 11,314 faecal samples from 8302 patients with gastroenteritis were cultured with supplement of the filter method. we recovered a high incidence of campylobacter concisus (annual incidence 35/100,000 inhabitants), almost as high as the common campylobacter jejuni/coli. in contrast, there was a very lo ... | 2013 | 22512739 |
| mplex: a method for simultaneous pathogen inactivation and extraction of samples for multi-omics profiling. | the continued emergence and spread of infectious agents is of great concern, and systems biology approaches to infectious disease research can advance our understanding of host-pathogen relationships and facilitate the development of new therapies and vaccines. molecular characterization of infectious samples outside of appropriate biosafety containment can take place only subsequent to pathogen inactivation. herein, we describe a modified folch extraction using chloroform/methanol that facilita ... | 2017 | 28091625 |
| [nosocomial diarrhea in intensive care unit: other than clostridium difficile]. | to investigate the incidence and clinical features of non-clostridium difficile (c. difficile) associated nosocomial diarrhea in intensive care unit (icu) caused by klebsiella oxytoca and clostridium perfringens. | 2013 | 24059125 |
| safety of long-term ppi therapy. | proton pump inhibitors have become the mainstay of medical treatment of acid-related disorders. long-term use is becoming increasingly common, in some cases without a proper indication. a large number of mainly observational studies on a very wide range of possible associations have been published in the past decade and are critically reviewed in this article and the existing evidence is evaluated and translated into possible clinical consequences. based on the existing evidence the benefits of ... | 2013 | 23998981 |
| is clostridium difficile associated with relapse of inflammatory bowel disease? results from a retrospective and prospective cohort study in the netherlands. | although clostridium difficile may be associated with exacerbations in inflammatory bowel diseases (ibd), prospective studies identifying the role of c. difficile in disease activity are currently lacking. we examined the prevalence of c. difficile in feces of (1) symptomatic ibd patients retrospectively and (2) consecutive outpatients in relation to disease activity prospectively. | 2013 | 23867869 |
| systematic application of multiplex pcr enhances the detection of bacteria, parasites, and viruses in stool samples. | to determine whether systematic testing of faecal samples with a broad range multiplex pcr increases the diagnostic yield in patients with diarrhoea compared with conventional methods and a clinician initiated testing strategy. | 2013 | 23603249 |
| antibacterial and cytotoxic activity of isoprenylated coumarin mammea a/aa isolated from mammea africana. | the stem bark of mammea africana is widely distributed in tropical africa and commonly used in traditional medicine. this study aims to identify the active compound in mammea africana and to evaluate its antimicrobial and antiproliferative activity. | 2013 | 23466248 |
| microbial ecosystem analysis in root canal infections refractory to endodontic treatment. | the purpose of this study was to combine multiple displacement amplification and checkerboard dna-dna hybridization to qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate the microbiota present in infections refractory to endodontic treatment. | 2016 | 27377440 |
| interspecies interactions between clostridium difficile and candida albicans. | the facultative anaerobic polymorphic fungus candida albicans and the strictly anaerobic gram-positive bacterium clostridium difficile are two opportunistic pathogens residing in the human gut. while a few studies have focused on the prevalence of c. albicans in c. difficile-infected patients, the nature of the interactions between these two microbes has not been studied thus far. in the current study, both chemical and physical interactions between c. albicans and c. difficile were investigated ... | 2017 | 27840850 |
| periodontal-disease-associated biofilm: a reservoir for pathogens of medical importance. | the ecological diversity of the periodontal microenvironment may provide suitable conditions for the colonization of species not usually considered members of the oral microbiota. in this investigation, we aimed to determine the prevalence and levels of pathogenic species of medical relevance in the microbiota of individuals with distinct periodontal clinical status. subgingival biofilm was obtained from patients with periodontal health (h, n = 81), gingivitis (g, n = 55), generalized aggressive ... | 2016 | 26416306 |
| profiling humoral immune responses to clostridium difficile-specific antigens by protein microarray analysis. | clostridium difficile is an anaerobic, gram-positive, and spore-forming bacterium that is the leading worldwide infective cause of hospital-acquired and antibiotic-associated diarrhea. several studies have reported associations between humoral immunity and the clinical course of c. difficile infection (cdi). host humoral immune responses are determined using conventional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) techniques. herein, we report the first use of a novel protein microarray assay to d ... | 2015 | 26178385 |
| essential oil composition and antimicrobial activity of angelica archangelica l. (apiaceae) roots. | in this paper, the chemical composition and the antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of angelica archangelica l. (apiaceae) roots from central italy were analyzed. the major constituents of the oil were α-pinene (21.3%), δ-3-carene (16.5%), limonene (16.4%) and α-phellandrene (8.7%). the oil shows a good antimicrobial activity against clostridium difficile, clostridium perfringens, enterococcus faecalis, eubacterium limosum, peptostreptococcus anaerobius, and candida albicans with minimum ... | 2014 | 24788027 |
| essential oil composition and antimicrobial activity of aerial parts and ripe fruits of echinophora spinosa (apiaceae) from italy. | the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils obtained from the flowering aerial parts and ripe fruits of echinophora spinosa l. (apiaceae) from central italy were analyzed by gc/ms. the major constituents of the oil from the aerial parts were beta-phellandrene (34.7%), myristicin (16.5%), delta3-carene (12.6%), alpha-pinene (6.7%) and alpha-phellandrene (6.2%), and of the oil from the ripe fruits p-cymene (50.2%), myristicin (15.3%), alpha-pinene (15.1%) and alpha-ph ... | 2013 | 23738471 |
| rifaximin therapy and hepatic encephalopathy: pros and cons. | hepatic encephalopathy (he) is the second most common major complication in cirrhotics and it significantly impacts quality of life. therapeutic approaches for he treatment and prevention mainly continue to rely on ammonia-lowering strategies and non-absorbable disaccharides are currently considered the cornerstone therapy. non-absorbable antibiotics, such as neomycin and paramomycin, are effective in treatment of acute he episodes but their prolonged use for recurrence prevention is hampered by ... | 2012 | 22966484 |
| enteropathogen infections in canine puppies: (co-)occurrence, clinical relevance and risk factors. | laboratory confirmation of the causative agent(s) of diarrhoea in puppies may allow for appropriate treatment. the presence of potential pathogens however, does not prove a causal relationship with diarrhoea. the aim of this study was to identify specific enteropathogens in ≤12 month old puppies with and without acute diarrhoea and to assess their associations with clinical signs, putative risk factors and pathogen co-occurrence. faecal samples from puppies with (n=113) and without (n=56) acute ... | 2016 | 27771056 |
| the potential role of nemonoxacin for treatment of common infections. | nemonoxacin , a novel non-fluorinated quinolone, exhibits potent activity against gram-positive bacteria, including mrsa and fluoroquinolone-resistant mrsa, gram-negative and atypical pathogens. this agent also has a reduced propensity for resistance development in many kinds of pathogens. | 2015 | 25529577 |
| current indications for the use of clindamycin: a critical review. | to review the literature and develop evidence-based guidelines for the use of the antibiotic clindamycin. | 1998 | 22346533 |
| nfil3 is crucial for development of innate lymphoid cells and host protection against intestinal pathogens. | the bzip transcription factor nfil3 (also known as e4bp4) is required for the development of natural killer (nk) cells and type 1 innate lymphoid cells (ilc1s). we find that nfil3 plays a critical role in the development of other mucosal tissue-associated innate lymphocytes. type 3 ilcs (ilc3s), including lymphoid tissue inducer (lti)-like cells, are severely diminished in both numbers and function in nfil3-deficient mice. using mixed bone marrow chimeric mice, we demonstrate that nfil3 is criti ... | 2014 | 25113970 |
| detection of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (vre) in stool specimens submitted for clostridium difficile toxin testing. | the aim of this study was to determine the association between clostridium difficile (c. difficile) and vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (vre) and efficacy of screening stools submitted for c. difficile toxin assay for prevalence of vre. between april 2012 and february 2014, 158 stool samples submitted for c. difficile toxin to the marmara university microbiology laboratory, were included in the study. stool samples were analyzed by enzyme immuno assay test; vidas (biomerieux, france) for toxin ... | 2017 | 28389190 |
| oral teicoplanin as an alternative first-line regimen in clostridium difficile infection in elderly patients: a case series. | elderly patients are more susceptible to clostridium difficile infections (cdis). despite existing guidelines, there is no specific treatment for cdi in geriatrics. vancomycin is commonly used in the treatment of cdi. teicoplanin is an alternative glycopeptide which recently received marketing authorization approval for cdi in europe. | 2017 | 28386820 |
| genome sequence of a toxin-positive clostridium difficile strain isolated from murine feces. | herein, we report the genome sequence of a clostridium difficile strain isolated from the feces of antibiotic-treated c57bl/6 mice. we have named this strain, which differs considerably from those of the previously sequenced c. difficile strains, lem1. | 2017 | 28385835 |
| kick the bucket: one hospital system's journey to reduce clostridium difficile. | albert einstein defines insanity as doing the same thing over again but expecting different results. although the united states claims to reduce antibiotic abuse, practice strict isolation, and clean meticulously, the burden of clostridium difficile outpaces goals. unless innovative approaches are tried, we risk culling elderly, immunosuppressed, and otherwise debilitated populations. emergency departments are a primary access point for patients who are unable to wait for primary care. as a resu ... | 2017 | 28385299 |
| silver potentiates aminoglycoside toxicity by enhancing their uptake. | the predicted shortage in new antibiotics has prompted research for chemicals that could act as adjuvant and enhance efficacy of available antibiotics. in this study, we tested the effects of combining metals with aminoglycosides on escherichia coli survival. the best synergising combination resulted from mixing aminoglycosides with silver. using genetic and aminoglycoside uptake assays, we showed that silver potentiates aminoglycoside action in by-passing the pmf-dependent step, but depended up ... | 2017 | 28383153 |
| challenges and strategies for prevention of multidrug-resistant organism transmission in nursing homes. | nursing home residents are at high risk for colonization and infection with bacterial pathogens that are multidrug-resistant organisms (mdros). we discuss challenges and potential solutions to support implementing effective infection prevention and control practices in nursing homes. | 2017 | 28382547 |
| use of a perianal swab compared with a stool sample to detect symptomatic clostridium difficile infection. | objective to evaluate the use of a perianal swab to detect cdi. methods a perianal swab was collected from each inpatient with a positive stool sample for c. difficile (by polymerase chain reaction [pcr] test) and was tested for c. difficile by pcr and by culture. the variables evaluated included demographics, cdi severity, bathing before perianal swab collection, hours between stool sample and perianal swab, cycle threshold (ct) to pcr positivity, and doses of cdi treatment before stool sample ... | 2017 | 28376944 |